Battle of Borodino: war and peace in brief. The Battle of Borodino in the history of Russia and the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". I. Message of the lesson topic, lesson topic, goals, objectives

The Battle of Borodino in the novel "War and Mi"

The picture of the Battle of Borodino is a picture of the incredible feat of the Russian army. Tolstoy concludes his story about Borodino with the words: “Not only Napoleon experienced that dream-like feeling that the terrible swing of his arm was falling powerlessly, but everyone experienced the same feeling of horror in front of that enemy who, having lost half the army, stood just as menacingly at the end as at the beginning of the battle, the moral strength of the French attacking army was exhausted; a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his own powerlessness, was won by the Russians at Borodino.

The French invasion, like an enraged beast that received a mortal wound in its run, felt its death; it had to die, bleeding from the mortal wound inflicted at Borodino. The direct consequence of the Battle of Borodino was the causeless flight of Napoleon from Moscow and the death of Napoleonic France, which for the first time at Borodino was laid down by the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit.”

Borodin's Day is a bright and solemn day for the Russian people, a day of great national feat. With every minute, the soldiers more and more noticeably surrendered to an inspired patriotic impulse, driven by the consciousness of the cruel need to defend their homeland. “On all faces there shone... a hidden warmth of feeling.” “As if from an approaching thundercloud, the lightning of a hidden, flaring fire flashed more and more often, brighter and brighter on the faces of all these people.”

On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky explained to Pierre Bezukhov that the success of tomorrow does not depend on the “orders of the headquarters,” but on the direct participants in the battle, on the moral state of the army, “on the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin , - in every soldier." Explaining his belief in the victory of the Russians, Andrei said: The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, they have insulted and are insulting me every second. She is my enemy, they are all criminals according to my standards. And Timokhin and the entire army think the same. We must execute them."

Russian soldiers and officers and generals close to them are united by the consciousness of a common cause. From the explanations of Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre understood “that hidden, as they say in physics, warmth of patriotism,” which manifests itself at the moment of meeting the enemy and does not need external stimulation, orders or disciplinary coercion. Even in the third Sevastopol story, Tolstoy comes to recognize those hidden forces of patriotism that are hidden for the time being in the souls of the Russian people. In their ordinary lives, they can give themselves up to petty passions, selfish, proud impulses, but in a moment of danger one cannot doubt their valor: “... each of these people will cheerfully and proudly go towards death and die firmly and calmly... At the bottom of the soul of each lies that noble spark that will make him a hero: but this spark gets tired of burning brightly - the fatal moment will come, it will burst into flames and illuminate great deeds.”

Tolstoy ends the epic with the glorification of the Russian people's war - cruel and merciless and at the same time heroic, defensive and therefore fair. The partisan war, which broke out immediately after the retreat from Smolensk, expresses with particular force the national aspiration of the people to victory over the enemy: “... the club of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic force and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity , but with expediency, without disassembling anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion was destroyed.”

In War and Peace, Tolstoy loved popular thought. “For a work to be good, you must love the main, fundamental idea in it,” Tolstoy said on March 3, 1877. - So, in “Anna Karenina” I love the family thought, in “War and Peace” I loved the people’s thought, as a result of the war of 1812...”15 The real heroes of this war were ordinary people: Tushin, Timokhin, Dokhturov, Konovnitsyn and countless soldiers , whose heroism, according to N. N. Strakhov, is “passive, calm, patient.” Their undoubted greatness was reflected in their ability to maintain mental balance, a sense of tact and strength of mind even in a moment of mortal danger; their extreme internal tension was expressed only in the feeling of a flaring spiritual fire associated with their readiness to clear the Russian land from the invasion of the French. The leader of this people's just war could only be Kutuzov, who carried the people's moral feeling in his chest. “This simple, modest and therefore truly majestic figure could not fit into that deceitful form of a European hero, ostensibly ruling people, which history has invented.” The same, N. N. Strakhov believes, should be said about all Russian people, direct participants in the militia: “The entire Russian spiritual structure is simpler, more modest, represents that harmony, that balance of forces that alone agree with true greatness...”

The War of 1812 was glorified by Tolstoy as a national feat, but the war was also condemned by Tolstoy from a high moral position. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky says to Pierre: “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and we must understand this and not play at war. We must take this terrible necessity strictly and seriously. The purpose of war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and its encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, their robbery or theft to feed the army; deception and lies, called stratagems; the morals of the military class are lack of freedom, i.e. discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite this, this is the highest class, respected by everyone.”

Pictures of the Battle of Borodino end with pictures of mass destruction of people. “No, now they will leave it, now they will be horrified by what they did!” “thought Pierre, aimlessly following the crowds of stretchers moving from the battlefield.” The author’s objective narration says: “The clouds gathered, and rain began to fall on the dead, on the wounded, on the frightened and exhausted, and on the doubting people. It was as if he was saying: “Enough, enough, people. Stop it... come to your senses. What are you doing?". Both the Russians and the French “began to doubt whether they should still exterminate each other.” Experiencing horror and mental shock, they naturally come to the thought: “Why, for whom should I kill and be killed?”

This is how the protest of moral feeling against the shedding of human blood is manifested.

Pierre in captivity and Marshal Davout, “known for his cruelty,” are also ultimately united by belonging to the human race. “They looked at each other for a few seconds, and this look saved Pierre... Both of them at that moment vaguely felt countless things and realized that they were children of humanity, that they were brothers.”

The exhibition is located in the building of the former hotel of the Spaso-Borodinsky Monastery, where in 1867 the author of the epic novel “War and Peace”, the most famous work of world fiction about the era of the Napoleonic wars, stayed. The historical interior of the hotel has not been preserved; it has been converted into a museum space, in which the story is told about the author of the novel and the heroes of Borodin’s twenty chapters.

In the first hall L.N. Tolstoy is presented both as an artillery officer, a participant in military operations in the Caucasus and Crimea, and as an aspiring writer who gave priority to military themes in his work, striving “with all the strength of his soul” for a truthful description of events and phenomena. The chapters of the novel “War and Peace”, dedicated to its climax - the Battle of Borodino, were rewritten several times by the writer. In order to achieve the most reliable description of the battle scenes and landscapes of the field, Tolstoy arrived in Borodino. For two days, September 26 and 27, he “walked and drove through the area where half a century earlier more than a hundred thousand people had died, took his notes and drew a battle plan...”. Returning to Moscow, Tolstoy told his wife: “I will write a Battle of Borodino that has never happened before.” Books, photographs, graphic sheets, reproductions of the writer’s manuscripts, finds from the battlefield tell about the preliminary work on the novel, including a trip to Borodino, details of which can be found in the multimedia program.

The “battle like never before” is described in the second room. It is filled with images of historical characters and fictional heroes of the novel who took part in the fighting on the Borodino field in August 1812. First of all, these are the commanders-in-chief of the armies M.I. Kutuzov and Napoleon. Most of the generals of both armies mentioned in Borodin's chapters are represented here. Portraits of historical characters and quotes from the novel reflect the artful interweaving of historical reality and fiction that underlies the panorama of the grandiose battle. The well-known images of Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky are shown in the hall with illustrations and Borodin’s pages of the novel in the context of battle graphics and authentic items of weapons, equipment, and personal belongings of the battle participants. It also reflects the second life of the heroes of the novel “War and Peace”, which they received thanks to small books with individual chapters of the novel, published during the Great Patriotic War, the opera of the same name by S.S. Prokofiev and the film by S.F. Bondarchuk.

The conclusion of the writer Tolstoy about the moral victory of the Russian army at Borodino was and remains undeniable.
The exhibition “Heroes of the novel “War and Peace” on the Borodino Field” was opened in the year of the 140th anniversary of the completion of the complete book publication of the novel and is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Russia’s victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.

• State Borodino Military Historical Museum Reserve
  The author of the project is E.V. Semenishcheva
  Scientific supervisor – Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation A.V. Gorbunov
  Researchers-exhibitors – E.A. Rogacheva, V.N. Fedorov, S.N. Khomchenko
• LLC Studio "Museum Design"
  The author of the artistic concept and artistic director of the project is Honored Artist of the Russian Federation A.N. Konov
  Artist-designers – V.E. Voitsekhovsky, A.M. Gassel
  Exhibition graphics – D.S. Rudko
• LLC "Intmedia"
  Video and technical support – E.V. Kamenskaya, A.A. Lazebny

Description of the Battle of Borodino occupies twenty chapters of the third volume of War and Peace. This is the center of the novel, its culmination, the decisive moment in the life of the entire country and many of the heroes of the work. Here the paths of the main characters cross: Pierre meets Dolokhov, Prince Andrei meets Anatole, here each character is revealed in a new way, and here for the first time the enormous force that won the war manifests itself - the people, the men in white shirts.

The picture of the Borodino battle in the novel is given through the perception of a civilian, Pierre Bezukhov, the most seemingly unsuitable hero for this purpose, who understands nothing in military affairs, but perceives everything that happens with the heart and soul of a patriot. The feelings that possessed Pierre in the first days of the war will become the beginning of his moral rebirth, but Pierre does not yet know about it. “The worse the state of affairs, and especially his affairs, the more pleasant it was for Pierre...” For the first time, he felt not alone, a useless owner of enormous wealth, but part of a single multitude of people. Having decided to travel from Moscow to the battlefield, Pierre experienced “a pleasant feeling of awareness that everything that makes up people’s happiness, the convenience of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense that is pleasant to discard in comparison with something...”

This feeling is naturally born in an honest person when the common misfortune of his people hangs over him. Pierre does not know that Natasha, Prince Andrei will experience the same feeling in burning Smolensk and in Bald Mountains, as well as many thousands of people. It was not curiosity alone that prompted Pierre to go to Borodino; he sought to be among the people, where the fate of Russia was being decided.

On the morning of August 25, Pierre left Mozhaisk and approached the location of the Russian troops. Along the way, he met numerous carts with wounded, and one old soldier asked: “Well, fellow countryman, will they put us here, or what? Ali to Moscow? There is not only hopelessness in this question, but the same feeling that possesses Pierre is felt in it. And another soldier, who met Pierre, said with a sad smile: “Today I’ve seen not only soldiers, but also peasants!” They drive out the peasants too... Nowadays they don’t understand... They want to attack all the people, one word - Moscow. They want to make one end.” If Tolstoy had shown the day before the Battle of Borodino through the eyes of Prince Andrei or Nikolai Rostov, we would not have been able to see these wounded people or hear their voices. Neither Prince Andrei nor Nikolai would have noticed all this, because they are professional military men accustomed to the horrors of war. But for Pierre all this is unusual; like an inexperienced viewer, he notices all the smallest details. And looking with him, the reader begins to understand both him and those with whom he met near Mozhaisk: “the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense that is nice to put aside in comparison with something...”

And at the same time, all these people, each of whom could be killed or maimed tomorrow - they all live today, without thinking about what awaits them tomorrow, look with surprise at Pierre’s white hat and green tailcoat, laugh and wink at the wounded. The name of the field and the village next to it has not yet gone down in history: the officer whom Pierre addressed still confuses him: “Burdino or what?” But on the faces of all the people Pierre met there was a noticeable “expression of consciousness of the solemnity of the coming moment,” and this consciousness was so serious that during the prayer service even the presence of Kutuzov with his retinue did not attract attention: “the militia and soldiers, without looking at him, continued to pray.”

“In a long frock coat on a huge body, with a stooped back, with an open white head and with a leaking, white eye on a swollen face,” this is how we see Kutuzov before the Battle of Borodino. Kneeling down in front of the icon, he then “tried for a long time and could not get up from heaviness and weakness.” This senile heaviness and weakness, physical weakness, emphasized by the author, enhances the impression of spiritual power emanating from him. He kneels before the icon, like all people, like the soldiers whom he will send into battle tomorrow. And just like them, he feels the solemnity of the present moment.

But Tolstoy reminds us that there are other people who think differently: “For tomorrow, great rewards should be given out and new people brought forward.” The first among these “hunters of awards and promotions” is Boris Drubetskoy, in a long frock coat and with a whip over his shoulder, like Kutuzov. With a light, free smile, he first, confidentially lowering his voice, scolds Pierre's left flank and condemns Kutuzov, and then, noticing the approaching Mikhail Illarionovich, praises both his left flank and the commander-in-chief himself. Thanks to his talent to please everyone, he “managed to stay at the main apartment” when Kutuzov kicked out many like him. And at this moment he managed to find words that might be pleasant to Kutuzov, and he said them to Pierre, hoping that the commander-in-chief would hear them: “The militia - they directly put on clean, white shirts to prepare for death. What heroism, Count! Boris calculated correctly: Kutuzov heard these words, remembered them - and with them Drubetskoy.

Pierre’s meeting with Dolokhov is also not accidental. It is impossible to believe that Dolokhov, a reveler and a brute, can apologize to anyone, but he does it: “I am very glad to meet you here, Count,” he told him loudly and without being embarrassed by the presence of strangers, with particular decisiveness and solemnity. “On the eve of the day on which God knows which of us is destined to survive, I am glad to have the opportunity to tell you that I regret the misunderstandings that existed between us, and I would like you not to have anything against me.” Please forgive me."

Pierre himself could not explain why he went to the Borodino field. He only knew that it was impossible to stay in Moscow. He wanted to see with his own eyes that incomprehensible and majestic thing that was about to happen in his fate and the fate of Russia, and also to see Prince Andrei, who was able to explain to him everything that was happening. Only he could Pierre trust, only from him did he expect important words at this decisive moment in his life. And they met. Prince Andrey behaves coldly, almost hostilely, towards Pierre. Bezukhov, with his very appearance, reminds him of his former life, and most importantly, of Natasha, and Prince Andrei wants to forget about her as quickly as possible. But, having gotten into conversation, Prince Andrei did what Pierre expected of him - he expertly explained the state of affairs in the army. Like all soldiers and most officers, he considers the greatest good the removal of Barclay and the appointment of Kutuzov to the post of commander-in-chief: “While Russia was healthy, a stranger could serve her, and there was an excellent minister, but as soon as she is in danger, she needs her own, dear Human".

For Prince Andrei, as for all soldiers, Kutuzov is a man who understands that the success of the war depends on “the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin, “in every soldier.” This conversation was important not only for Pierre, but also for Prince Andrei. Expressing his thoughts, he himself clearly understood and fully realized how sorry he was for his life and his friendship with Pierre. But Prince Andrei is his father’s son, and his feelings will not manifest themselves in any way. He almost forcibly pushed Pierre away from him, but, saying goodbye, “quickly walked up to Pierre, hugged him and kissed him...”

August 26 - the day of the Battle of Borodino - through the eyes of Pierre we see a beautiful sight: the bright sun breaking through the fog, flashes of gunfire, “lightning of the morning light” on the bayonets of the troops... Pierre, like a child, wanted to be where these smokes were, these shiny bayonets and guns, this movement, these sounds.” For a long time he still did not understand anything: having arrived at the Raevsky battery, “I never thought that this ... was the most important place in the battle,” and did not notice the wounded and killed. In Pierre's view, war should be a solemn event, but for Tolstoy it is hard and bloody work. Together with Pierre, the reader is convinced that the writer is right, watching with horror the progress of the battle.

Each one occupied his own niche in the battle, fulfilled his duty honestly or not. Kutuzov understands this very well, almost does not interfere in the course of the battle, trusting the Russian people, for whom this battle is not a vanity game, but a decisive milestone in their life and death. Pierre, by the will of fate, ended up on the “Raevsky battery”, where decisive events took place, as historians would later write. But to Bezukhov, even without them, “it seemed that this place (precisely because he was on it) was one of the most significant places of the battle.” The blind eyes of a civilian cannot see the full scale of events, but only what is happening around. And here, as if in a drop of water, all the drama of the battle, its incredible intensity, rhythm, and tension from what was happening was reflected. The battery changes hands several times. Pierre fails to remain a contemplative; he actively participates in protecting the battery, but does everything on a whim, out of a sense of self-preservation. Bezukhov is scared of what is happening, he naively thinks that “... now they (the French) will leave it, now they will be horrified by what they did! But the sun, obscured by smoke, still stood high, and in front, and especially to the left of Semyonovsky, something was boiling in the smoke, and the roar of shots, shooting and cannonade not only did not weaken, but intensified to the point of despair, like a man who, struggling , screams with all his might.”

Tolstoy sought to show the war through the eyes of its participants and contemporaries, but sometimes looked at it from the point of view of a historian. Thus, he drew attention to poor organization, successful and unsuccessful plans that collapsed due to the mistakes of military leaders. By showing military operations from this side, Tolstoy pursued another goal. At the beginning of the third volume, he says that war is “an event contrary to human reason and all human nature.” There was no justification for the last war at all, because it was fought by emperors. There was truth in this war: when the enemy comes to your land, you are obliged to defend yourself, which is what the Russian army did. But be that as it may, war still remained a dirty, bloody affair, as Pierre understood at the Raevsky battery.

The episode when Prince Andrey was wounded cannot leave the reader indifferent. But the most offensive thing is that his death is meaningless. He did not rush forward with a banner, as at Austerlitz, he was not on the battery, as at Shengraben - he only walked across the field, counting his steps and listening to the noise of shells. And at that moment he was overtaken by an enemy core. The adjutant standing next to Prince Andrei lay down and shouted to him: “Get down!” Bolkonsky stood and thought that he did not want to die, and “at the same time, he remembered that they were looking at him.” Prince Andrei could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor, with his noble valor, could not lie down. In any situation there are people who cannot run, cannot remain silent and cannot hide from danger. Such people usually die, but remain heroes in the memory of others.

The prince was mortally wounded; was bleeding, Russian troops stood on occupied lines. Napoleon was horrified, he had never seen anything like this: “two hundred guns are aimed at the Russians, but... the Russians are still standing...” He dared to write that the battlefield was “magnificent,” but it was covered with the bodies of thousands, hundreds thousands killed and wounded, but Napoleon was no longer interested in this. The main thing is that his vanity is not satisfied: he did not win a crushing and brilliant victory. Napoleon at this time “yellow, swollen, heavy, with dull eyes, a red nose and a hoarse voice... sat on a folding chair, involuntarily listening to the sounds of gunfire... He awaited with painful melancholy the end of the matter that he considered himself the cause of, but whom I couldn’t stop.”

Here Tolstoy shows it as natural for the first time. On the eve of the battle, he took care of his toilet for a long time and with pleasure, then received a courtier who had arrived from Paris and performed a small performance in front of the portrait of his son. For Tolstoy, Napoleon is the embodiment of vanity, the very thing that he hates in Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna. A real person, according to the writer, should not care about the impression he makes, but should calmly surrender to the will of events. This is how he portrays the Russian commander. “Kutuzov sat, with his gray head bowed and his heavy body slumped, on a carpeted bench, in the very place where Pierre had seen him in the morning. He did not make any orders, but only agreed or disagreed with what was offered to him.” He doesn't fuss, trusting people to take initiative where needed. He understands the meaninglessness of his orders: everything will be as it will be, he does not bother people with petty care, but believes in the high spirit of the Russian army.

The great humanist L.N. Tolstoy truthfully and accurately reflected the events of August 26, 1812, giving his own interpretation of the most important historical event. The author denies the decisive role of personality in history. It was not Napoleon and Kutuzov who led the battle; it went as it should have gone, as thousands of people participating in it on both sides were able to “turn” it. An excellent battle painter, Tolstoy was able to show the tragedy of war for all participants, regardless of nationality. The truth was on the side of the Russians, but they killed people, they themselves died for the sake of the vanity of one “little man.” Speaking about this, Tolstoy seems to “warn” humanity against wars, against senseless hostility and against bloodshed.

Methodological development according to literature

“The Battle of Borodino is the culmination of the novel “War and Peace”

The purpose of the lesson . Prove that the Battle of Borodino is the culmination of the novel “War and Peace.”

Educational purpose. Instilling patriotic feelings in students and pride in the history of the Fatherland.

Lesson motto . “It’s not for nothing that all of Russia remembers Borodin’s Day” (lesson motto on the board).

Equipment . The text of the novel “War and Peace”, episodes from the movie “War and Peace”, handouts (Comparative table No. 1. Comparative table No. 2), cards with questions in 2 versions.

Individual training . Students' report about Napoleon's victorious wars in Europe. Students' message about the history of the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God.

During the classes.

1. Greeting

2. Organizational moment

3. Checking homework and repeating.

4. Studying new material.

5. Summing up the lesson

6. Homework with explanation.

7. Grading.

1. Declaration of the purpose of the lesson. The motto of the lesson is written down in a notebook.

Teacher's word . The purpose of today's lesson is to prove that the Battle of Borodino is the culmination of the entire novel, since the Russian troops won a moral victory, the offensive of the French troops actually choked, and during the battle the fates of most of the heroes of the novel crossed. Before we begin to talk about the course and preparation for the battle, let us turn to the history of the Napoleonic wars in Europe.

Student report about Napoleon's victorious wars in Europe .

Teacher's word. Napoleon's huge army invaded the Russian Empire. Let's figure out what the nature of the war is at the first stage.

P. Reading and analyzing an excerpt from a novel(vol. 3, part 1, chapter 9).

Prince Andrei arrived at the army headquarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, trying to connect with the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by large forces of the French. Everyone was dissatisfied with the general course of military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.

Questions for the passage.

1. Is the war recognized by the army and the people as Patriotic?

Teacher's word . Let us analyze the attitude of high society to military events.

Sh. Reading an excerpt from a novel(vol. 3, part 2, chapter 6).

Among the countless divisions that can be made in the phenomena of life, we can subdivide them all into those in which content predominates, others in which form predominates. Among these, in contrast to village, zemstvo, provincial, and even Moscow life, one can include St. Petersburg life, especially salon life. This life is unchanged.

Since 1805, we have made peace and quarreled with Bonaparte, we have made constitutions and divided them, and Anna Pavlovna’s salon and Helen’s salon were exactly the same as they were, one seven years, the other five years ago.

Questions for the passage.

1. Is patriotism manifested in high society?

2. How does high society evaluate patriotism?

Teacher's word . Guys! We have characterized the beginning of the War of 1812. At what point does war become a people's war? Why is the army enthusiastically accepting Kutuzov’s appointment?

Student answers .

Teacher's word . When Napoleon learned that Kutuzov had been appointed commander-in-chief, he told his generals: “Congratulations on the appointment of that old fox Kutuzov - now we should expect a general battle.”

Question. Why do you think Napoleon moved his troops to Moscow, and not to St. Petersburg, where the country's political leadership was located?

Students' response.

Let's figure out how both sides prepared for the upcoming battle. Let's listen to a message about the history of the Smolensk Mother of God.

Student's message about the history of the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God.

1U. Viewing and analysis of the prayer service scene before the Battle of Borodino.

Questions about the episode.

1. How is Kutuzov depicted?

2. What is the morale of the troops?

3. What is the relationship between the army and the people?

Teacher's word . Now let's see how Napoleon prepared for the upcoming battle.

U. Reading an excerpt from a novel(vol. 3, part 2, chapter 27).

Napoleon spent the entire day of August 25, as his historians say, on horseback, inspecting the area, discussing the plans presented to him by his marshals, and personally giving orders to his generals. Napoleon drove across the field, thoughtfully or incredulously peered at the area, shook his head to himself approvingly or incredulously, and, without informing the generals around him of the thoughtful move that guided his decisions, conveyed to them only final conclusions in the form of orders.

During the entire battle, Napoleon was so far from him that (as it turned out later) the course of the battle could not be known to him, and not a single order of his during the battle could be carried out.

Questions for the passage.

1. Was there unity between the army and Napoleon?

2. Did Napoleon, according to Tolstoy, influence the course of the battle?

Conclusion based on the watched episode and excerpt ( notebook entry).

The morale of the Russian army was extremely high; the army, people and commanders were united in their desire to win. There was no unity between the French army and Napoleon.

U1. Kutuzov and Napoleon during the Battle of Borodino.

Comparison table No. 1

UP. Viewing and analysis of episodes of the Battle of Borodino. The scene of the wounding of Prince Andrei.

After viewing, a table is presented in which students answer the questions:

1.Who is the most active participant in the battle?

2. Who is entrusted with the description of these events?

3. Why was Pierre entrusted with writing the events that took place?

4. Why, in your opinion, did Prince Andrei not try to save himself?

Comparison table No. 2

Conclusion from the table (write in notebook).

1. The author entrusted Pierre, a civilian, to experience the events and convey thoughts and feelings to the reader.

2. Active participants in the events are Russian soldiers and commander Kutuzov.

USH. Reading an excerpt from a novel(vol. 3, part 2, chapter 39).

The moral strength of the French attacking army was exhausted. Not the victory that is determined by the pieces of material picked up on sticks called banners, and by the space on which the troops stood and are standing, but a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his own powerlessness, was won by the Russians under Borodin. (...) The direct consequence of the Battle of Borodino was the causeless flight of Napoleon from Moscow, the return along the old Smolensk road, the death of the five hundred thousandth invasion and the death of Napoleonic France, which for the first time at Borodino was laid down by the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit.

Conclusion (write in notebook).

The Battle of Borodino ended in a moral victory for the Russian army and the entire people. The compositional role of the Borodino battle in its scale and significance is the climax of the novel.

Teacher's word . Later, while in exile, Napoleon wrote: “The most terrible of all my battles that I ever fought was the battle I fought near Moscow. Under Borodin, the French gained the glory of being victorious, and the Russians - undefeated.”

Homework . Prepare quotation characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon.

Grading. The lesson is over.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy gives readers a broad picture of the life of our country from 1805 to 1820 in the novel War and Peace. - one of the most important episodes in the work. The entire historical period described in the novel was full of dramatic events. But still, the most fateful year that influenced the subsequent life of Russia is 1812, described in detail in the novel “War and Peace.” The Battle of Borodino took place precisely then. Also in 1812, there was a fire in Moscow and the defeat of Napoleonic army. You will learn more about the Battle of Borodino in the novel "War and Peace" by reading this article.

How does Tolstoy describe the Battle of Borodino on the pages of the novel?

Quite a lot of space is devoted to the episode of his depiction in the novel. The author describes the Battle of Borodino with the scrupulousness of a historian. "War and Peace" is a novel in which, at the same time, the depiction of events is given by a great master of words. Reading the pages dedicated to this episode, you feel the tension and drama of what is happening, as if everything that was said was in the reader’s memory: everything is so truthful and visible.

Tolstoy takes us first to the camp of Russian soldiers, then to the ranks of Napoleon’s troops, then to the regiment of Prince Andrei, then to where Pierre was. The writer needs this in order to truthfully and fully depict the events that took place on the battlefield. For every Russian patriot who fought at that time, this was the line between death and life, shame and glory, dishonor and honor.

Perception of Pierre Bezukhov

Largely through the perception of Pierre Bezukhov, a civilian, War and Peace shows the Battle of Borodino. He is poorly versed in tactics and strategy, but he feels the events taking place with the soul and heart of a patriot. It is not only curiosity that drives him to Borodino. wants to be among the people when the fate of Russia must be decided. Bezukhov is not just a contemplator of what is happening. Pierre is trying to be helpful. He does not stand still, ends up not where he wanted, but where it was “predestined by fate”: having gone down the mountain, the general, behind whom Bezukhov was riding, turned sharply to the left, and the hero, having lost sight of him, wedged himself into the ranks of infantry soldiers. Pierre did not know that there was a battlefield here. The hero did not hear the sounds of bullets flying past, or shells, did not see the enemy on the other side of the river, did not notice the wounded and killed for a long time, although many fell very close to him.

Kutuzov's role in the battle

The Battle of Borodino on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" is depicted as a large-scale battle. Lev Nikolaevich is deeply convinced that it is impossible to lead such a huge number of soldiers. In the work "War and Peace" the Battle of Borodino is presented in such a way that everyone occupies his assigned niche in it, honestly or not fulfilling his duty. Kutuzov understands his role well. Therefore, the commander-in-chief practically does not interfere in the course of the battle, trusting the Russians (this is shown in the novel “War and Peace” by Tolstoy). The Battle of Borodino for the Russian soldiers was not a vanity game, but a decisive event in their lives. Largely thanks to this, they won.

Bezukhov's participation in the Battle of Borodino

By the will of fate, Pierre found himself at the Raevsky battery, where the decisive battles took place, as historians would later write. However, it already seemed to Bezukhov that this place (since he was there) was one of the most significant. The full scale of events is not visible to the blind eyes of a civilian. He observes only locally what is happening on the battlefield. The events seen by Pierre reflected the drama of the battle, its rhythm, incredible intensity, and tension. Several times during the battle the battery passed from one hand to another. Bezukhov fails to remain only a contemplator. He takes an active part in protecting the battery, but does this out of a sense of self-preservation, on a whim. Bezukhov is scared of what is happening; he naively thinks that now the French will be horrified by what they have done and will stop the battle. But the sun, obscured by smoke, stood high, and the cannonade and shooting not only did not weaken, but, on the contrary, intensified, like a man who is screaming with all his might, straining himself.

Main events of the battle

The main events took place in the middle of the field, when the infantrymen collided after the cannonade. Either on horseback or on foot, they fought for several hours in a row, clashing, shooting, not knowing what to do. The adjutants reported conflicting information as the situation was constantly changing. Napoleon Bonaparte gave orders, but many of them were not carried out. Because of the chaos and confusion, things were often done the other way around. The Emperor was in despair. He felt that the “terrible wave of his hand” was falling powerlessly, although the generals and troops were the same, the same disposition, and he himself was even much more skillful and experienced now...

Napoleon did not take into account the patriotism of the Russians, who stood in dense ranks behind the mound and Semenovsky, and their guns smoked and hummed. The emperor did not dare to allow his guard to be defeated 3000 versts from France, so he never brought it into battle. On the contrary, Kutuzov did not fuss, giving his people the opportunity to take the initiative where necessary. He understood that his orders were meaningless: everything would be as it should be. Kutuzov does not bother people with petty supervision, but believes that the Russian army has a high spirit.

Prince Andrey's Regiment

Prince Andrei's regiment, standing in reserve, suffered serious losses. The flying cannonballs knocked out people, but the soldiers stood, not trying to escape, not retreating. Prince Andrei also did not run when the grenade fell at his feet. Andrei was mortally wounded. He was bleeding. Despite numerous losses, Russian troops did not leave the occupied lines. This amazed Napoleon. He had never seen anything like it.

Awareness of the events of Napoleon and Kutuzov

Napoleon is shown as a man who does not know the actual state of affairs on the battlefield (in the novel War and Peace). He observes the Battle of Borodino from afar, following what is happening on the contrary, Kutuzov, although he does not show external activity, is well aware of all the events and even before the end of the battle he speaks of victory: “The enemy is defeated...”.

The role of personality in history according to Tolstoy

The vanity of the French emperor was not satisfied: he did not win a bright and crushing victory. It started to rain at the end of the day - like “tears of heaven.” Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, a great humanist, accurately documented the events of 1812 (August 26), but gave his own interpretation of what was happening.

Tolstoy denies the popular belief that the individual plays a decisive role in history. The battle was not led by Kutuzov and Napoleon. It went the way the thousands of people who participated in it on both sides were able to “turn” events.

"People's Thought"

In the depiction of patriotism and heroism of the Russian army and people during the Patriotic War, “people's thought” was manifested. Lev Nikolaevich shows extraordinary courage, perseverance and fearlessness of the best part of the officers and ordinary soldiers. The role of the Battle of Borodino in the novel "War and Peace" was, in particular, to convey this "people's thought." Lev Nikolaevich writes that not only Napoleon and his generals, but also all the soldiers who fought on the French side, during the battle experienced a “sense of horror” in front of the Russians, who, having lost half of the army, stood just as menacingly at the end as and at the beginning of the battle. The role of the Battle of Borodino in the novel “War and Peace” is also great because it shows the clash of the Russian people, morally strong, with an enemy whose invasion was criminal. That is why the spirit of the French army was weakened.

It is very interesting to study the Battle of Borodino based on L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. Lev Nikolaevich is an excellent battle painter who was able to show that for all participants the war was a tragedy, regardless of nationality. The Russians had truth on their side, but they had to kill people and also die themselves. And all this happened only because of the vanity of the “little man.” Tolstoy’s description of the events of the Battle of Borodino seems to warn humanity against further wars.