Sun Angola. Characteristics of the Angola arms market. Internal and external threats

Armed forces of the world

Angolan Armed Forces

Thanks to its large territory and enormous mineral reserves, including oil and diamonds, Angola is potentially one of the richest countries in tropical Africa. Moreover, in the 70s - 80s. it was one of the closest allies of the USSR, receiving a huge amount of military equipment from it. In 1975-2002, there was a very difficult civil war in Angola, and in 1975-1988 there was also a war against South Africa (in which Cuban troops fought on the side of Angola). Despite very heavy losses and destruction, in the end the country's government forces won both wars. Currently, Angola has maintained a special relationship with Russia, from where it continues to receive fairly modern military equipment. A certain amount of weapons is also purchased from Europe and Brazil.

Due to significant losses during wars, resource depletion and poor operation, the amount of combat-ready equipment in the Angolan Armed Forces is known very approximately. But in any case, the Angolan army is one of the five strongest in Tropical Africa.

Ground troops are divided into five military districts.

The district in the Cabinda enclave includes the 1st Infantry Division (it includes the 10th Motorized Infantry, 11th and 12th Infantry Brigades).

Northern Military District (headquarters in Uige) includes the 2nd Infantry Division (20th Motorized Infantry, 21st, 22nd Infantry Brigades), 42nd and 52nd Infantry, 62nd, 70th, 71st - motorized infantry brigades.

The Central Military District (Huambo) includes the 4th Infantry Division (40th Infantry, 41st Motorized Infantry Brigade), 74th Motorized Infantry Brigade.

Eastern Military District (Luena) includes the 3rd Infantry Division (30th Motorized Infantry, 31st, 32nd Infantry Brigades), 72nd Motorized Infantry, 75th Infantry Brigades.

Southern Military District (Lubango) includes the 5th (50th motorized infantry, 51st infantry brigades) and 6th (60th, 61st infantry brigades) infantry divisions.

There are also separate 101st Tank Brigade and Artillery Brigade (both in Luanda).

The tank fleet includes from 200 to 400 old Soviet T-54/55, from 50 to 364 T-62, 22 relatively new T-72, from 12 to 65 light PT-76.

In service there are from 200 to 427 BRDM-2, approximately 250 BMP-1 and BMP-2, as well as up to 250 armored personnel carriers - 48 South African Casspir, 11 relatively new Soviet BTR-80, from 60 to 430 old BTR-60PB, 31 MTLB, up to 50 old Czech OT-62 and 9 several newer OT-64, 5 Chinese WZ-551.

Artillery includes 50 self-propelled guns (12 2S1 (122 mm), 4 2S3 (152 mm), 34 2S7 (203 mm)), approximately 500 towed guns (up to 277 D-30 (122 mm), up to 170 M-46 (130 mm ), 40 D-20 (152 mm)), more than 700 mortars (from 250 to 460 82 mm), 500 (120 mm)), more than 100 MLRS (from 50 to 101 Soviet BM-21, 58 Czech RM-70 ( 122 mm)).

There are approximately 500 old Soviet Malyutka ATGMs (including 10 self-propelled ones on the BRDM-2), up to 40 self-propelled SU-100 anti-tank guns from World War II and 10 Chinese self-propelled anti-tank missiles PTL-02 (100 mm).

The military air defense includes up to 7 divisions of the Kvadrat air defense system, up to 80 short-range air defense systems (up to 29 Strela-1 air defense systems, up to 25 Osa, up to 25 Strela-10), more than 1 thousand MANPADS (up to 1000 “Strela-2”, up to 300 “Strela-3”, 150 “Igla-1”, up to 90 ZSU (up to 40 ZSU-57-2 (57 mm), up to 49 ZSU-23-4 (23 mm) ).

Air Force occupy first place in Tropical Africa in terms of the number of combat aircraft, although it is extremely difficult to determine their real combat effectiveness.

In organizational terms, the Angolan Air Force includes six air regiments: 21st transport helicopters (stationed at VVB Luena), 22nd combat helicopters (Huambo), 23rd transport aircraft (Luanda), 24th training (Menongue), 25th fighter (Kuito), 26th strike aviation (Mosamedish).

Strike aircraft include 6 fairly modern Brazilian light attack aircraft A-29 (aka EMB-314) and up to 37 old Soviet Su-20 and Su-22 (including 2 Su-22UM, 1 more in storage). In addition, 1 Su-24 bomber and up to 13 Su-25 attack aircraft are in storage.

The fighter aviation includes up to 12 old MiG-23 (up to 6 ML, up to 6 UB; another 3-5 ML in storage) and up to 7 relatively new Su-27 (including up to 3 UB), 12 modern Su -30K. In addition, up to 25 obsolete MiG-21s are in storage (9 bis, 3 PFM, 7 MF, 6 UM).

There are 3 reconnaissance aircraft in storage (1 An-30, 2 EMB-110).

Transport aviation is very diverse in its composition. It includes 6 Soviet Il-76TD, 1 Yak-40, up to 2 An-26 (up to 2 more in storage), up to 8 An-12 (5-6 more in storage), 5-7 Ukrainian An-32 (4 more in storage), 10 An-72 (1 more in storage), 1 An-74, 2 Canadian DHC-8, 1 Brazilian ERJ-135, 2 Spanish S-212 (up to 3 more in storage), 1 German Do-28D , 9-11 American Cessna-172, 1 Cessna-501, 1 Beach-B60 and 1 L-100, up to 6 English BN-2A (up to 4 more in storage). 3 American Boeing 707s and 1 Soviet An-24 are in storage.

Training aircraft - up to 14 Swiss RS-7 and up to 4 RS-9, up to 14 Brazilian EMB-312 (1 more in storage), up to 10 Czechoslovakian L-29, 3 L-39, 4 Z-142.

The Air Force has up to 29 Soviet and Russian Mi-24/25/35 combat helicopters (up to 21 more, possibly in storage), up to 8 French SA342M and up to 6 AS565UA. Multi-purpose and transport helicopters - up to 40 Soviet Mi-8 and Russian Mi-17 (5 more in storage), 8 American Bell-212 (UH-1N), up to 49 French SA316 and similar Romanian IAR316, 4 AS365N (in aviation police; 2 more in storage), 4 Italian AW139 and 2 A-109.

Ground-based air defense includes 7 divisions of the old Soviet S-75 air defense system (42 launchers) and up to 24 divisions of the S-125 air defense system (up to 96 launchers).

Navy and naval forces Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries consist of 5 Soviet missile boats Project 205 and 6 torpedo boats Project 206, 3 Dutch-built patrol ships (2 Ngola Kiluange type (Damen-6210), 1 Damen-2810 type), up to 30 patrol boats (1 Soviet pr. 1400, 4 Mandume type (Spanish Cormoran type), 5 PVC-170 type, 3 Patroleiro type, 2 Namacurra type (South African), 4 Argos type (Portuguese ), 5 types each "Matadi" and "Santana"), 2 Soviet minesweepers pr. 1258 and 3 DK pr. 771. In reality, all Soviet ships and boats and the Portuguese "Argos" are not combat-ready and are in disrepair. The patrol ships and patrol boats in service carry almost no weapons, so the combat potential of the Angolan Navy is close to zero.

There are no foreign troops on Angola's territory, although its army regularly participates in hostilities in other African countries.

Despite a significant amount of outdated equipment and a mediocre level of combat training of personnel, by the standards of Tropical Africa, the potential of the Angolan Armed Forces (taking into account the presence of significant combat experience) is very high, allowing the country to claim the role of a regional superpower.

Alexander Khramchikhin,

Deputy Director

Institute of Political and Military Analysis

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Central Africa

NAVY
NAVY SUMMARY
Assessment
Chain of Command
Organization
Role and Deployment
UN Contributions
Training
Navy Bases
Inventory: Surface Fleet

NAVY SUMMARY TOP

STRENGTH
1,000 (2003 estimate)

Assessment TOP

The navy is considered to be in a state of near total disarray. Nevertheless, riverine operations are critical for the DRC due to the country's extensive system of navigable rivers and poor roads. Indeed, the importance of river transport led the government to withdraw all such vessels from the east of the country ahead of the rebel and foreign armies advance in 1998.

The most often used vessels are civilian or merchant river barges that have been converted to military use. These vessels are often armored and may have machine guns and other heavy weapons mounted upon them. Their most notable actions during the war included the successful relief of Ikela (in association with Zimbabwean special forces) in January 2000, and the disastrous defeat near Libenge on the Ubangi river in August 2000. In the later action an ambush by the rebel Movement for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement de libération du Congo: MLC) sank one troop carrying barge, and disabled two others. Newspaper accounts reported that some 700 Congolese troops died in the battle, which marked the high point of the government's mid-2000 offensive in Equateur Province.

Zimbabwe Special Forces are thought to have initially trained with Congo"s Lake Command in 1998, enabling many covert missions to occur on Lake Tanganyika in the early stages of the war. Again, it is unclear if Congolese boats or reported but unconfirmed United States supplied /sourced Raiders were used by the Zimbabweans in these missions. Late 2000 reports revealed that a shipment of Zimbabwean manufactured patrol boats were delivered to the Kinshasa-allied Burundian Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Forces pour la defense de démocratie: FDD) by way of Zambian ports on southern lake Tanganyika. Subsequently, a Congolese and Zimbabwean offensive aiming to reopen a corridor to Lake Tanganyika failed in November 2000.

Chain of Command TOP

Under the mid-2003 re-organization of the armed forces, command of the navy was allocated to the former rebel group, the MLC. Chief of the Navy Major-General Dieudonné Amuli Bahigwa was duly appointed in September 2003. His predecessor under the Kabilas, Lieutenant-General Liwanga Maata Nyamunyobo, became armed forces chief of staff at this time. The position of Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy was to be appointed by the RCD-Goma.

Chain of Command

Organization TOP

All of the 1,000 personnel are believed to be volunteers; of these, 70 are officers and up to 600 are marines.

The Navy was placed under army command by the new government in 1997 but its independence was re-established under the military unification and restructuring plan of 2003. Coastal command is located at Matadi, riverine command at Kinshasa and lake command at Kalémié on Lake Tanganyika. The latter was under rebel control from late-1998.

Role and Deployment TOP

There are three commands: Coastal, Riverine, and Lake. With the informal nature of the fleet since the late 1990s, it is unclear how the few remaining vessels have been allocated between bases and commands.

There are believed to be a few Chinese supplied coast launched HY-2 Silkworm surface to surface missiles, almost certainly non-operational.

UN Contributions TOP

The navy has made no contributions to UN operations. Revised MONUC deployment plans from February 2001 emphasized the importance of safe transit along the DRC"s rivers and lakes for Congolese security by specifying that a 400 strong unit of peacekeepers be delegated for waterborne patrol. Some 240 members of the Uruguayan Navy were subsequently deployed with patrol boat to re-open the River Congo.

Retraining of the Navy is likely to occur alongside the restructuring and training of the unified national armed forces, although it will be of low priority compared to the ground forces. Given the extended period of naval activity, the lack of boats and dearth of expertise by any armed faction in naval operations, the Navy is likely to require virtual recreation from base level.

Theoretically, naval bases are located at:

Boma
Kinshasa (Riverine HQ)
Matadi (Coastal HQ)
The following two bases on Lake Tanganyika were under the control of the RCD-Goma from 1998/99:

Kalémié (former Lake HQ)
Moba
Under these conditions, the Kinshasa government maintained access to Lake Tanganyika only via its FDD garrisoned enclave at Moliro on the Zambian border, which was used to launch infiltration vessels up the lake to Burundi and rebel-occupied South Kivu province.

Inventory: Surface Fleet TOP

Most operations in the Congolese conflict have involved unclassified civilian vessels improvised to serve as attack craft or river transports. These are not listed in the navy"s official inventory.

Type
Role
Quantity
Delivered

Shanghai II Class (136 tons)
Fast Patrol/Attack Craft
n/a
1976-1987

Note:
First four delivered from China in 1976-78. All were thought to be beyond repair by 1985 but two of the four were patched up, two replacements were delivered in February 1987 and one more has been recovered since then. New radar and communications fitted in 1990. P 101 sunk at moorings in mid-1990. No lake patrols were reported after the 1997 Kabila victory. One of these craft reported captured by rebels in 1998 and another two were reported deleted the same year. Any remaining vessels were inoperable by 2000 and are unlikely to be revived in the future.

FOREIGN MILITARY REVIEW No. 11/2005, pp. 27-32

GROUND TROOPS

Colonel L. BANDALETS

The military-political leadership (GLP) of the Republic of Angola (RA) pays great attention to the development of the national armed forces (AF), considering them as the main guarantor of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country, as well as the main support of the ruling regime in matters of ensuring internal political stability. The VPR, taking into account the special role of the Armed Forces in the political system of the state, takes all necessary measures to maintain them in combat readiness.

The fundamental principles of the construction and operation of the Angolan Armed Forces are reflected in the laws “On National Security” and “On National Defense and Armed Forces” of 1993.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Angola, the supreme commander of the armed forces is the President of the Republic (J. E. dos Santos). They are directly supervised by the Minister of Defense (General K. Payama), and operational control of the troops is entrusted to the Chief of the General Staff (Army General A. F. Nelumba).

As in most African countries, military service in Angola is a prestigious activity that provides the opportunity for a sustainable income and a respected position in society.

The country's leadership is taking measures to reform the Armed Forces, which operate in the conditions of new military-political realities and resist internal and external threats to the national independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Armenia.

After the end of hostilities in March 2002, financial expenditures on defense were significantly reduced (the military department budget in 2004 was about $1 billion). Currently, the main attention of the military leadership is focused on finding potential partners who can provide assistance on preferential terms in restoring the combat readiness of weapons and military equipment (WME) located in units and subunits, as well as improving the repair base of the armed forces.

The Angolan armed forces consist of three branches: the ground forces (ground forces), the air force (air force) and the navy (navy). The total number of personnel of the Armed Forces is 112.4 thousand people, including: Ground Forces - 97.9 thousand, Air Force - 8.8 thousand and Navy - 5.7 thousand.

Ground troops are the main and most numerous type of aircraft. Administratively, they are subordinate to the Minister of Defense, and operationally, to the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. This type is directly supervised by the commander (General Mateus Miguel Angelo), who is also the chief of staff of the ground forces.

The Ground Forces headquarters - the central control body of this type of armed forces - carries out the operational management of the Ground Forces in wartime, as well as planning combat training and organizing the daily activities of units and subunits in peacetime (for the organizational structure of the Ground Forces headquarters, see the diagram).

According to the Angolan military leadership, the ground forces are an independent branch of the armed forces and are intended to conduct combat operations on land. In terms of their combat capabilities, they are capable, both independently and in cooperation with other types of armed forces, to conduct an offensive with the aim of defeating groupings of enemy troops and capturing its territory, delivering fire strikes to operational depth, repelling an enemy invasion, including fighting its air and sea forces. landings.

In wartime, the Army is entrusted with the following tasks: protection of national territory and population; repelling an enemy invasion, inflicting maximum damage on it with available forces and means; carrying out retaliatory strikes in order to restore the situation along the state border; pursuing the enemy beyond national territory until he is completely defeated.

In peacetime, the primary functions of the Army are: protecting the national territory from external and internal threats; participation in the restoration of the country’s infrastructure and demining of its own territory; participation in peacekeeping operations to maintain peace within international organizations; participation in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters.

Currently, the ground forces include: ten district headquarters, nine separate brigades (seven motorized infantry, tank and artillery), 19 separate regiments (16 infantry, special forces, air defense and military police).

This type of armed forces is armed with: 389 battle tanks, 1,663 pieces of artillery (including 191 calibers over 100 mm), 130 MLRS, 1,342 mortars, 299 anti-tank and 261 anti-aircraft weapons, 334 armored combat vehicles.

The issues of recruiting the ground forces, serving in them by various categories of military personnel, their status and social status, as well as the procedure for providing various types of allowances are enshrined in a number of state regulations. These include the laws “On Military Service” (No. 1/93 of March 26, 1993) and “On Pensions,” as well as a number of other additional legislative acts and regulations relating to military service issues.

Citizens are called up for military service for a period of two years, and volunteers are also recruited on short-term (16-24 months) and long-term (three to five years) contracts.

The male population of the republic (citizens of the country) aged 18 to 50 years is liable for military service. The exception is those who permanently reside abroad, as well as stateless persons who enjoy the rights of refugees or internally displaced persons permanently residing in Angola.

Article 2 of the Law “On Military Service” states that universal conscription is established in Angola. According to the country's constitution, the defense of national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic is the sacred duty and honorable responsibility of every Angolan citizen.

Deployment diagram of Angolan ground forces

Military service is divided into active and reserve service. Men between the ages of 20 and 30 are called up for active military service. Upon completion, the personnel are demobilized, while remaining in the reserve, from where they can be called back into the ranks of the armed forces, depending on the needs of the Ministry of Defense for scarce military specialties. Military personnel whose period of stay in the Armed Forces Reserve has expired (on reaching 50 years of age or due to health reasons) are considered to have completed their military service.

Recruitment of regular officers is carried out, as a rule, by graduates of the officer school (Lobito), as well as reserve officers and those who graduated from the A. Neto University (Luanda) and decided to connect their lives with the army. Most of them are sent to serve in infantry and motorized infantry units. Graduates of the school occupy positions up to and including company commander, and as they advance in their careers, they can be awarded the military rank up to and including captain. Students study at the school for two years. During the first year, cadets receive the basics of military knowledge and skills necessary for a squad and platoon commander. After this, they are awarded the military rank of “graduate student” and are sent for an internship with the troops (for four to six months, depending on their specialization). Then, for the remaining time, future officers are trained to manage units up to the company level inclusive. According to the curriculum, about 50 percent. time is allocated to the study of military disciplines, up to 40 percent. - for general education subjects and 10 percent. - for physical training.

The operational and combat training of headquarters, units and subunits as a whole is at a satisfactory level, allowing them to solve the tasks assigned to the ground forces and the armed forces as a whole. At the same time, there are no noticeable qualitative changes in the organization of the educational process; officials do not pay due attention to working out practical issues. Insufficient funding and poor logistics support for troops, as well as the lack of necessary experience among many commanders, often lead to the disruption of planned events and the postponement of their implementation.

At the same time, fundamental documents have recently been developed, the implementation of which can raise combat training to a qualitatively new level (organizational and methodological instructions for the training of ground forces, plans for the training of command and control bodies and troops, a combat training program for motorized infantry (infantry, tank) units and subunits, officer command training program).

Recently, the following events have been carried out in SV:

Training and methodological gatherings at the Army headquarters with the heads of operational directorates and combat training departments on planning and organizing operational and combat training; in military districts (MD) - with commanders of formations and units, heads of combat training departments of military districts, battalion commanders on the methods of organizing and conducting classes with a platoon, company, battalion in the main subjects of training;

Demonstrative separate staff training with the operational control of the Ground Forces headquarters, separate staff training in the directorates of the Ground Forces headquarters;

Command post exercises with 5 military units;

Joint staff training with the Army Headquarters;

Demonstration exercises on conducting company tactical exercises with live firing and live firing of platoons.

In addition, ground forces units participated in the Felino 2004 exercise within the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries.

An analysis of the activities carried out shows that the leadership of the Armed Forces managed to achieve the desired result in operational and combat training, and the process of improving the training and material base is underway. The level of methodological and professional skills of officers, interaction between command and control bodies and troops has increased significantly, but it still does not allow for a full, high-quality solution to issues related to operational and combat training.

Negotiations on cooperation in the field of military education with the Russian Federation, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Cuba, Israel, China, and South Africa are yielding certain positive results. Angolan military personnel will be able to receive education not only abroad, but also at home thanks to the help of foreign military specialists.

The formations and units of the Angolan Army are armed with weapons and military equipment mainly of Soviet production, a significant part of which has exhausted its service life and is obsolete, which, with a weak repair base, makes their maintenance and combat use difficult. A particularly difficult situation, as Western experts note, has arisen in armored and artillery units, where the shortage of military equipment is 60 and 80 percent, respectively.

The country's difficult economic situation and lack of financial resources are forcing the Angolan government to turn to foreign partners for help, including Russia and the CIS countries.

The overwhelming majority of the personnel of the Angolan Armed Forces are loyal to the ruling regime, which is primarily due to the high social status of military personnel and the wide range of benefits they have.

In the context of the country's transition to peaceful construction, its military-political leadership plans to take a number of steps to reform the Armed Forces. In particular, by 2010 it is planned to reduce the number of personnel by 10-15 percent, reorganize the command and control system, and also implement a set of measures aimed at increasing the combat readiness of formations and units (primarily by updating the fleet of combat vehicles).

The General Staff, when deciding on the issue of reducing the number of personnel, proceeds from the fact that insufficiently competent commanders and superiors, as well as persons whose loyalty to the current VIR is in doubt, should be dismissed from the ranks of the armed forces. According to the RA military leadership, these organizational measures should not negatively affect the level of combat readiness of the troops.

In general, at present, the Angolan armed forces in general and the ground forces in particular, given their low level of equipment with modern weapons and military equipment, are able to carry out the tasks facing them only to a limited extent. Western experts associate further improvement of the armed forces with foreign military assistance.

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Angolan Armed Forces(port. Forças Armadas Angolanas, FAA listen)) is a military organization of the Republic of Angola, designed to protect the freedom, independence and territorial integrity of the state. Consists of the ground forces, air force and navy.

Story

General information

Composition of the armed forces

Ground troops

The Angolan ground forces are divided into five military districts - Luanda, North, Center, East, South. They consist of the 1st AK, five infantry divisions (from the 2nd to the 6th) and the 101st tank brigade.

The tank fleet includes from 200 to 400 old Soviet T-54/55, from 50 to 364 T-62, 22 relatively new T-72, from 12 to 65 light PT-76.

In service there are from 200 to 427 BRDM-2, approximately 250 BMP-1 and BMP-2, as well as up to 250 armored personnel carriers - 48 South African Casspir, 11 relatively new Soviet BTR-80, from 60 to 430 old BTR-60PB, 31 MTLB, up to 50 old Czech OT-62 and 9 several newer OT-64.

Artillery includes 28 self-propelled guns (12 2S1 (122 mm), 4 2S3 (152 mm), 12 2S7 (203 mm)), approximately 450 towed guns (up to 273 D-30 (122 mm), up to 170 M-46 (130 mm ), 4 D-20 (152 mm)), more than 700 mortars (from 250 to 460 82 mm), 500 (120 mm)), more than 100 MLRS (from 50 to 93 Soviet BM-21, 58 Czech RM-70 ( 122 mm)).

There are approximately 500 old Soviet Malyutka ATGMs (including 10 self-propelled ones on the BRDM-2) and up to 40 SU-100 self-propelled anti-tank missile systems from World War II.

The military air defense includes up to 7 divisions of the Kvadrat air defense system, up to 80 short-range air defense systems (up to 29 Strela-1 air defense systems, up to 25 Osa, up to 25 Strela-10), more than 1 thousand MANPADS (up to 1000 “Strela-2”, up to 300 “Strela-3”, 150 “Igla-1”, up to 90 ZSU (up to 40 ZSU-57-2 (57 mm), up to 49 ZSU-23-4 (23 mm) ).

Air Force

Naval forces

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