The meaning of Amur ants (Count Nikolai Nikolaevich) in a brief biographical encyclopedia. Muravyov-Amursky Nikolay Nikolaevich Nikolay Muravyov
MURAVYOV-AMURSKY NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH - Count of Amur (1858), Russian statesman and military leader, infantry general (1858).
From the family of Murav-yo-vykh, son of N.N. Mu-rav-eva, uncle N.V. Mu-rav-yo-va. He graduated from the Pazhe Corps (1827), began military service in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829 (from the capture of the fortress of Var-na in 1828), according to Polish uprising of 1830-1831.
In 1833-1838 in retirement. Since 1838, an officer of special ru-che-niy under the commanding Caucasian corps E.A. Go-lo-vi-ne, participated in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864.. Head of the 2nd department of the Black Sea coast howl line (1840-1844). Co-written a note “On the pre-la-gai-my military actions against Sha-mi-la” (1844). In 1845, he was assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and carried out a revision of the Novgorod province. The first of the gu-ber-on-the-ditch obos-no-val not-about-ho-di-most whether-to-vi-da-tion of the cre-on-st-no-go rights (for -writing “Experience of the possibility of a near-equalization of conditions and the destruction of cre-by-st-but- go-government in the Russian Tsar-st-ve without any tremors in the state-su-dar-st-ve”, 1846).
Governor-General and commander of the troops of the Eastern Siberia (1847-1861). General-ad-yu-tant (1857). Actively but fought with taking-no-thing and counter-tra-ban-doy. Lo-yal-but from-but-sil-sya to the exiled de-kab-rists. The first of the ru-ko-vo-di-te-ley of the Si-Bir-skaya ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion in the se-til Kam-chat-ku (184). You stood for the refusal of the system from the mining industry and the establishment of free gold cha-st-ny-mi about-mouse-len-ni-ka-mi.
Before the os-in-bo-zh-de-niya from the obligatory work of the mountain-behind-the-water peasants of the Eastern Siberia, from which (as well as from the Cossacks of the Chinese border line and the Trans-Baikal cities and stanich Cossacks) according his presence and under his leadership the formation of the Trans-Baikal Ka-za-whose army (1851). Co-deed with the creation of the Siberian Geographical Society from the Russian Geographical Society (1851), becoming a center for scientific research -ny in the region. In the 1850s, he put forward the idea of building railway roads in Siberia, establishing a non-ho-di-most pro-ve -de-tion of the telegraph line St. Petersburg - Niko-la-evsk (now not Niko-la-evsk-on-Amur).
He considered joining the Amur region to Russia as his main goal. In 1849, he proposed to occupy, with military force, the left bank of the Amur River, including its mouth, and the northern part of the island of Sa -ha-lin. Co-de-st-vo-val G.I. Ne-vel-sko-mu in the organization and pro-ve-de-nii of the Amur ex-pe-di-tion 1849-1855, whether research -ma-na Amu-ra. Convinced Emperor Nicholas I to grant him the right to have direct relations with the foreign-non-political department. vom of China (1854), the initiation of the re-go-vo-ry about the establishment of a new Russian-Chinese border, before-ka-zy- The Chinese authorities have expressed the importance of cooperation between Great Britain and France.
Received from Nikolay the first permission to raft the Amur from its upper reaches to the mouth (“but whatever it smelled like-ro-ho- you're blowing smoke"). Notified of his ex-pe-di-tion, he made his first voyage along the Amur River, and is alive at the end of the su-do-hod-st -wu along this river (1854). During the rafting with his participation in 1855 and 1858, the left-of-the-be-re-zhie Amur for-sa-la-elk ka-za-ka-mi, sol-da -ta-mi and the god-I-am-on-mi, which means the actual unification of the Amur region with Russia.
As the authorized representative of the Russian im-per-ra-to-ra under-pi-sal Ai-gunsky do-gov-vor of 1858, ut-verified the Russian-Chinese border along the Amur River up to the confluence of the Us-su-ri River. According to his proposal, the Primorsky region (1856) and the Amur region (1858) were founded. As a result of the active re-settlement settlement of Muravyov-Amursky in the upper reaches of the Amur by 1861, 39 ca- why-their villages and on the middle Amur - 36 villages; for the protection of the newly established border, on the initiative of Muravyov-Amursky, the Amur Ka-za-whose army was created (1858 year).
The main city was Bla-go-ve-shchensk (1856; until 1858 the Ust-Zeysky post) and the military post of Kha-ba-rov-ka (1858; now the year of Kha-ba -rovsk), gave the names for Peter Ve-li-ko, Amur and Us-su-riy, military under Vladimir di-vo-stok (now not the city of Vla-di-vo-stok). Pre-la-gal to resolve a free (“free”) colony of the Amur Region, introduce private land property in the region. Member of the State Council (since 1861). He spent the last years of his life in France.
The central street in Kha-barovsk, on the peninsula in the Gulf of Peter the Great, is named after Muravyov-Amursky. In 1891, in Kha-barovsk, Us-ta-nov-len, a monument to Muravyov-Amursky by the sculptor A.M. Ope-ku-shi-na (destroyed in 1925, restored in 1992).
Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky August 11 (23), 1809 - November 18 (30), 1881
“One of the best and most useful people in Russia... he is a decisive democrat... in all instincts, in clear and firm conviction, in the entire direction of his head, heart and life, he is noble, like a knight, pure, like few people in Russia ... He is an avowed enemy of the bureaucracy, a friend of life and business...”.
"... He was completely dizzy from the power and the lack of any control. But what is it like for a country to be under unconditional dependence on a mad pasha?"
These statements are about one person, Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov. And such polar opposite assessments were given to this major statesman throughout his life, and even after his death, decades and decades later, the same discord was observed. Moreover, historians are far from unanimous, as they should be above personal or other biases. However, addictions can’t explain much either. After all, the two statements above do not belong to political or class opponents. The first of the characteristics was given to Muravyov by the ideologist of Russian anarchism, revolutionary M. A. Bakunin, and the second by his comrade, one of the first Russian socialists, Petrashevite F. N. Lvov. Professor P. I. Kabanov rightly noted 40 years ago in his book “The Amur Question”: “Among the administrators of Tsarist Russia, not only of Nicholas’ time, but of the entire 19th century, there is, perhaps, not a single figure who has evoked as many contradictory reviews, assessments, and characteristics as N. N. Muravyov-Amursky... Some spoke enthusiastically about him, others they represented him as a tyrant, a stubborn ambitious man, whose entire activity brought nothing but evil to Siberia".
N. N. Muravyov was appointed Governor-General of Eastern Siberia in September 1847. This appointment caused a lot of speculation both in Siberia and St. Petersburg. The military general (participant in the Russian-Turkish war and the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1831, wounded in the Caucasus by a mountain bullet) transferred to civilian service for only three years - he inspected the Novgorod province and spent a year as governor in Tula. But the surprise of the world was not explained by this - there were many such administrators with shoulder straps in Russia. The gossip and conversations were caused by two unprecedented circumstances. Firstly, the new governor-general came from the disgraced Muravyov family. The Muravyovs took such an active part in the Decembrist uprising that after December 14, 1825, Nicholas I avoided appointing any of them to prominent posts. There were, however, exceptions: hatred of Poland helped make the career of Mikhail Nikolaevich Muravyov, who was later awarded the title of count and the nickname Hangman for the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863. The future Count of Amur was helped by the patronage of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the wife of the Tsar’s younger brother; in his youth, Muravyov was her chamber-page. The favorable attitude of the liberal-minded Grand Duchess, who became famous for her active role in preparing the reforms of the 60s of the last century, could also be explained by the fact that during the short time of his tenure as Tula governor N. N. Muravyov prepared a liberation project that was very liberal for that time peasants He claimed that "serfdom, shameful and humiliating for humanity, should not exist in Russia, which has become on a par with European states". The second circumstance that caused bewilderment of the world was the age of the new dignitary - he was 38 years old. Appointment to such a responsible position at this age was unheard of in those years. But in Russia in the middle of the 19th century there were only 10 governors-general, and they were representatives of emergency supervision, reporting directly to the emperor - their power was essentially unlimited. The arbitrariness of governors-general was especially characteristic of remote outskirts, such as Siberia; the arbitrariness of the “Siberian satraps” became part of folk legends.
So, in 1848 N.N. Muravyov arrived in Irkutsk. An educated and charming person, an intelligent and far-sighted politician, he soon gained not only the respect, but also the sympathy of Irkutsk society. His wife Ekaterina Nikolaevna, née de Richemont, who came to distant Siberia from Southern France, played a significant role in this. The activities of the new energetic governor-general during the years 1848-1861, which he held in this post, left such a noticeable imprint on the history of the region at that time that these years in numerous memoirs of contemporaries are constantly referred to as the “Muravyev era”, “Muravyov century”.
The main event of the “Muravyov time” in Siberia and the main work of N. N. Muravyov’s life was the return of the Amur region to Russia, the development and settlement of the Amur lands. Since the conclusion of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China (1689), the left bank of the Amur region began to be considered Chinese territory. True, representatives of the Beijing government promised not to populate this region. In fact, it remained empty for a long time, and the vast spaces served as a kind of neutral territory. This situation could not be called normal.
N. N. Muravyov saw the main condition for the economic and cultural development of Siberia in bringing it closer to the Pacific Ocean, in using it as a natural route to the Far Eastern seas, and in reviving connections with China, Japan, and America. Therefore, the Amur issue became the central problem of the Governor-General’s activities. To resolve it, N. N. Muravyov took a number of diplomatic and practical steps. The most important role was played by the expedition of G.I. Nevelsky to explore and strengthen the mouth and along. Three out of four such fusions were led by the Governor-General himself, showing his best qualities: the ability to organize work, find capable people and entrust them with exactly the work that they did best, resolve all issues quickly, without the bureaucratic procedures he so hated .
On May 16, 1858, the Aigun Treaty was signed between Russia and China, according to which the terms of the Nerchinsk Treaty were revised and Russia received a huge tract of Amur lands. For this, N.N. Muravyov was awarded the title of Count of the Russian Empire and an honorary addition to his surname - Amursky. The conclusion of the Aigun Treaty was met with universal approval in Russia, which cannot be said about the subsequent colonization of the newly annexed region, or rather, about its methods and the related activities of the governor-general. They were waiting for quick and effective results, the flourishing of the economy of Siberia and the Amur region, promised by Muravyov-Amursky and his supporters. Muravyov tried to carry out colonization through free peasant resettlement. In the draft rules for settlers in the Amur region, he proposed that “serfs who entered these areas become free. These plans could not be implemented due to the resistance of the St. Petersburg authorities. (Nevertheless, Muravyov eventually secured the liberation of 12 thousand peasants from serfdom , who worked in the cabinet mines near the city of Nerchinsk).
The development of the new region was carried out using military-feudal methods: Cossack villages were created, but without independence and will. At times they resembled military settlements. Funds for the development of new lands had to be found by saving them in Eastern Siberia, since St. Petersburg refused funding from the state budget. This gave rise to new difficulties. The first results of the Amur epic indicated that the fulfillment of bright hopes was still very, very far away. The progress of colonization caused a lot of public criticism, including fair ones.
Over the thirteen years of N.N. Muravyov's governor-generalship, he acquired many admirers and enemies in various strata of Siberian society, from peasants and exiled settlers to the richest merchants, gold miners and the highest officials of the region. Siberian peasants and Cossacks told legends about its simplicity and accessibility/every day the general got up at first light... He went to bed later than everyone else... He wore a gray army cloth overcoat... He ate soldiers' cabbage soup and porridge with rye crackers... He did not tolerate honors . He always noticed and thanked everyone for their good service, removing careless and dishonest officials,” this is what his companion, the Amur Cossack R.K. Bogdanov wrote about N.N. Muravyov-Amursky. But he (Muravyov) ordered the formation of penalty soldiers expelled from Russia to , in pairs with Transbaikal peasant girls and marry them: to settle the Amur region, families were needed, not bachelors.
One of the best administrators, a talented organizer, a born diplomat, honest and selfless (which was a rarity for high-ranking officials both then and later), a person passionately devoted to the interests of Russia, Muravyov-Amursky glorified his name with many good deeds: he helped the exiled Decembrists and their families , turned a blind eye to the reading of the Bell, and made liberal speeches.
But the general was scary and cruel in anger. He could put him in prison for complaining about his favorite from among the “golden youth”, he could prosecute judges who passed a sentence he did not like, he could protect officials whose lack of management was the reason for the death of dozens of Cossacks from hunger from fair punishment. He fought against feudal, serfdom - wine farming, state-owned factories, monopolies; even before the reforms of 1861, he freed the mining peasants of the Trans-Baikal region from serfdom. And he tried to ensure a privileged, monopoly position for the Amur trading company, organized under his patronage; prohibited free trade in bread, since high prices made it difficult to purchase grain to supply the Amur region.
With the active participation of Muravyov, the Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, a genuine scientific center of Siberia, was established, the newspapers “Irkutsk Provincial Gazette” began to be published (Muravyov appointed as editor N.A. Speshnev, who had just been released from hard labor under an amnesty and sent to a settlement) and “ Cupid." The very name of the second of them indicated that the interests of the newspaper extended to the newly acquired region. It was private, it was published and edited by M.V. Zagoskin, a Siberian educator and writer. In the first year of publication (1860), the newspaper "Amur" quite boldly denounced the Siberian order, but explained the confusion associated with the development of the Amur lands by the remoteness of the region, the lack of roads, and bad weather. Sometimes the newspaper scolded N.N. Muravyov-Amursky himself. However, on the whole she approved of his policies. The excessive development of glasnost in these Irkutsk newspapers caused the displeasure of the St. Petersburg authorities.
Muravyov dispersed most of the old bribe-taking officials and recruited young, educated people from the best noble families to serve in Eastern Siberia. Under him, a graduate of the famous Alexander Lyceum could serve as a zemstvo police officer in a remote county. But under him, it was not easy for many independent people who had an opinion different from the governor general’s and were accustomed to defending their position. Such intolerance led to a break between the general and the most talented and enterprising employees, whose place was often replaced by mediocrity or opportunists.
After failing to obtain approval for several projects to transform the administrative structure and management in Siberia, N. N. Muravyov-Amursky resigned in 1861 and, as was customary, received a position as a member of the State Council - an honorary and unburdensome one. He spent almost all the last years of his life in his wife’s homeland, near the city of Pau in France, and died in Paris in 1881.
The count was replaced as governor-general on the latter's strong recommendation by his cousin, who served for many years under an older relative -. He ruled the region, and all this time Muravyov, who corresponded with his successor, was aware of all Siberian news. Advice from Paris was received in Irkutsk with gratitude. But after the resignation and death of Korsakov, ties with Siberia weakened, and the new governor-general and his henchmen, as usual, belittled and even denigrated almost everything that had been done by their predecessors.
Changeable, as noted above, was the attitude towards N.N. Muravyov-Amursky of both descendants and historians. However, progressive-minded people from among the governor-general's contemporaries highly valued his activities from the very beginning and believed that Russia owed him a lot. It was these people who persistently raised the issue of perpetuating his memory. The idea of transferring the ashes of Muravyov-Amursky to his homeland also has a long history. Briefly, it can be stated as follows. Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov, in his address to Khabarovsk residents in October 1891, wrote: “Gentlemen! You can go all over the Montmartre cemetery and not find Muravyov’s grave there... So know that the great Russian man who died in a foreign land has a foreign grave, but not his own!... To find it, you will have to stop in front of the modest, albeit thick, tombstone of the Richemont family, rummage through the metal wreaths covering it, and then only find in one corner of the undivided stone the French inscription: “Nikolai Muravyov Count of Amur”("Russian Antiquity", 1891. Book 10).
Back in 1903, by agreement of the ministries of France and Russia, the ashes of our eminent compatriot were supposed to be buried in Vladivostok. But the Russo-Japanese War interfered. In 1908, the count's remains were transferred to a separate grave in the same Paris cemetery. This was accomplished by merchants and authorities from Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Nikolsk (now Ussuriysk). A tombstone was erected on the grave and a silver wreath was laid with the inscription: “Cities of the Primorsky region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Nikolsk-Ussuriysky - to Count Muravyov-Amursky. 1858 - 1908.” The dates indicate that this event was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Aigun Treaty. Nikolai Nikolaevich had no direct descendants, and his resting place in France was left unattended. In addition, in the future the cemetery will be subject to reconstruction. The residents of Vladivostok had an idea - to transfer the ashes of Muravyov-Amursky to their homeland, to do what their grandfathers did not manage to do at the beginning of the 20th century.
In December 1990, the remains of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia were flown by Aeroflot in a special sarcophagus to Vladivostok. The burial place of Muravyov-Amursky was also determined - on the peninsula that bears his name. The burial ceremony was scheduled for Sunday, September 21, 1991. The sarcophagus with the ashes of N. N. Muravyov-Amursky was installed in the House of Fleet Officers, and on the same day a funeral liturgy was held here.
Residents of the city walked and walked to the funeral hall. to pay tribute of deep respect to the memory of this outstanding statesman. Military sailors and Cossacks stood in a guard of honor at the coffin. And so the funeral procession filled the main street of Vladivostok. The sarcophagus with the ashes of the Governor General was installed on the howitzer carriage. The armored personnel carrier moved slowly. The city of six hundred thousand accompanied N.N. Muravyov-Amursky to his final resting place. Cossacks and sailors carried the Russian flag and the St. Andrew's flag behind the carriage. The great citizen of Russia was given the highest military honors, everything was furnished solemnly and sadly, there was a sea of flowers and wreaths.
N. N. Muravyov-Amursky did so much for Russia that his services are simply invaluable. And the return of his ashes to the region, the acquisition of which was the main task of his life, is the best symbol of eternal gratitude and appreciation of his descendants.
MURAVYOV-AMURSKY (COUNT NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH)
Muravyov-Amursky, Count Nikolai Nikolaevich - statesman. Born August 11, 1809. After completing a course in the page corps, he served in the guard, took part in the Turkish campaign of 1828-29 and in military operations against the Poles (1831). In 1833, M. retired and spent four years farming on his father’s estate. When General E.A. Golovin was appointed commander of a separate Caucasian corps and chief administrator of the civil part and border affairs in Transcaucasia; M. was assigned to him for special assignments (1838) and took part in expeditions against the highlanders. From 1840 to 1844, M. was the head of one of the departments of the Black Sea coastline and contributed to the pacification of the Ubykh tribe. In 1846, M. was appointed governor of Tula. In the report on his first audit, he pointed out the inconvenience of prison premises and the decline of agriculture, to accommodate which he designed the establishment of a provincial agricultural society in Tula. He was the first of the governors to raise the question of the liberation of the peasants: nine landowners signed the address prepared, at M.’s inspiration, to the sovereign: the matter remained without progress, but the sovereign drew attention to M. as a “liberal and democrat.” Nevertheless, he was appointed, in 1847, governor-general of eastern Siberia. He took the initiative in returning the Amur, ceded to China in 1689. Despite the opposition encountered in St. Petersburg, M. managed to achieve that the fact of occupying the mouths of the Amur was recognized by the sovereign. On January 11, 1854, Emperor Nicholas I granted M. the right to conduct all relations with the Chinese government regarding the delimitation of the eastern outskirts and allowed the rafting of troops along the Amur. On May 16, 1858, M. concluded the Aigun Treaty with China, according to which the Amur to the very mouth became the border between Russia and China. M. received the title of Count of Amur. He made attempts to populate deserted places along the Amur, but these attempts were not successful; further settlements took place along with the Transbaikal Cossacks, and voluntary resettlement to the Amur stopped. Settlements along the river were also unsuccessful. May, in 1851. M. and the establishment of proper steamship communication along the Amur failed. He achieved the release of Nerchinsk peasants from compulsory work in the mines and formed a Cossack army from them, which was settled on the banks of the Amur. In 1861, M. left the post of governor-general, due to the non-acceptance of his project to divide eastern Siberia into two governor-generalities, and was appointed a member of the state council. For twenty years before his death (in Paris, November 18, 1881), he only occasionally came to Russia to take part in meetings of the State Council. In 1891, in the city of Khabarovsk, on the banks of the Amur, a monument to M. was erected. The acquisition of the Amur was the subject of lively debate in magazines of 1858 - 1864 (see Zavalishin’s article in Russian Antiquity, 1881, ¦ 9 and 10: “The Amur affair and its influence on Eastern Siberia and the state”). In 1891, I. Barsukov’s essay was published: “Count N. N. M.-Amursky according to his letters, official documents, stories of contemporaries and printed sources.” In the “Report on the award of the Macarius Metropolitan of Moscow Prize” (St. Petersburg, 1895), Professor Butsinsky reacted negatively to M. In defense of the latter, V.P. Efimov published a brochure: “Gr. N. N. M.-Amursky before the court of Professor Butsinsky” (St. Petersburg, 1896). - Wed. Schumacher's article "On the history of the acquisition of the Amur" (Russian Archive, 1878, ¦ 11); Philipson's memoirs in the Russian Archive (1883, ¦ 6); memoirs of B. Milyutin (“Historical Bulletin”, 1888, ¦ 11 and 12); biographical sketch of M. Venyukov ("Russian Antiquity", 1882, ¦ 2); A. Zaborinsky "Gr. N.N. Muravyov-Amursky in 1846 - 56 years" ("Russian Antiquity", 1883); A. Baranov "On the Amur River in 1854 - 55, memories of officers from N.N. Muravyov's detachment" ("Russian Antiquity", 1891).
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
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NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH (Senior) (1831-1891), leader. prince, third son of the emperor. Nicholas I, general-feldm. (1878), rev. Part Petersburg AN (1855). WITH … - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NIKOLAI NIKOLAEVICH (Junior) (1856-1929), leader. Prince, son of Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder), cavalry general (1901). In 1895-1905, inspector general of the cavalry, with ... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1859-1919), leader. prince, grandson of the imp. Nicholas I, infantry general (1913), historian, honorary. Part Petersburg AN (1898). Monographs… - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAS OF CUSANUS (Nicolaus Cusanus) (Nicholas Krebs, Krebs) (1401-64), philosopher, theologian, scientist, church. and watered. activist Closest advisor to Pope Pius II... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAS OF DAMASCUS (64 BC - early 1st century AD), ancient Greek. historian. From op. reached in fragments: “History” (in 144 books), ... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAY II (1868-1918), the last one grew up. Emperor (1894-1917), eldest son of the Emperor. Alexander III, hon. Part Petersburg AN (1876). His reign coincided... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAY I (1796-1855), grew up. Emperor since 1825, third son of the Emperor. Paul I, rev. Part Petersburg AN (1826). He ascended the throne... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAS I (?-867), Pope from 858; under him there was a break with the East. ... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAS of Autrecourt (c. 1300 - after 1350), French philosopher, representative of nominalism. Taught in Paris. Criticized scholastic Aristotelianism, ... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NIKOLAY (in the world Bor. Dorofeevich Yarushevich) (1892-1961), church. activist In 1922-24 in exile. In 1942-43 he replaced the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, metropolitan... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NIKOLAY (in the world Iv. Dm. Kasatkin) (1836-1912), church. activist, since 1870 head of Russia. Orthodox missions in Japan, founder of Japan. ... - NICHOLAY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
NICHOLAY (4th century), Archbishop of Myra (Myra in Lycia, M. Asia), Christ. saint, widely revered in the East. and Zap. ... - ANTS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
MURAVYOV (Karsky) Nick. Nick. (1794-1866), state and military activist, gene from infantry (1853). Brother A.N. and M.N. Muravyov. Abolitionist... - ANTS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
MURAVYOV Nikita Mikh. (1796-1843), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, captain (1825). Brother A.M. Muravyova. Foreign participant ...
N. N. Muravyov was born on August 23 (11), 1809 in St. Petersburg. He came from an old family of serving nobles. Father was Secretary of State under Emperor Alexander I. Mother was a very educated, religious woman, loved nature, the countryside, was a caring mother, a kind daughter and a faithful wife. She died when her eldest son was ten years old. Having received his initial education under the influence of his mother, after her death N.N. Muravyov was sent to the private boarding school of Godenius to prepare for entering the university. But Emperor Alexander I, as a favor to his father, ordered the two sons of the Muravyovs to be admitted to the Corps of Pages. At the age of 14, well prepared, N. N. Muravyov was promoted to chamber-page and then to sergeant-major. After graduating with honors from the Corps of Pages, he entered service as a warrant officer in the Life Guards Finnish Regiment. He gained his first military experience in the war with Turkey (1828–1829); in Poland he participated in the pacification of Polish rebels. In 1838–1844 served in the active army in the Caucasus, where he became a general, and was wounded. In 1846–1847 was the governor of the Tula region. In 1847, Emperor Nicholas I appointed N.N. Muravyov to the post of Governor-General of Irkutsk and Yenisei and commander of the troops of Eastern Siberia. In 1848 he became governor-general of Eastern Siberia. By this time, economic development persistently raised the issue of providing the vast Siberian region with access to the Pacific Ocean. The key to exit was the Amur - a powerful latitudinal river highway, which, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), was inaccessible to the Russians. The Russian government was looking for approaches to solving the Amur problem. The foreign policy situation was favorable for this. The appearance of English and French warships in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean and their attack on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (1854–1855) could not but worry the government of the Russian Empire. This same circumstance alarmed the power of the Daiqing Empire. This created the political prerequisites for jointly counteracting the Anglo-French aggression of two neighboring empires – the Russian and Daitsin. For 13 years of governorship of N.N. Muravyov proved himself not only to be an intelligent administrator, but also a far-sighted politician and diplomat. The “Amur issue” became the core of all his activities, its solution became the main task of N. N. Muravyov’s life. His energetic associate in solving this grandiose task was the experienced sailor G.I. Nevelskoy. Supporting G.'s discoveries before the government. I. Nevelskoy, he contributed to the official approval of the Amur expedition in 1851. In the same year, with the participation of N.N. Muravyov, the opening of the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society took place in Irkutsk, concentrating in its hands all scientific work and research carried out in the region. With the Amur expedition of G.I. Nevelsky, which proved that the mouth of the Amur is navigable and Sakhalin is an island, the actual settlement of the Amur region by Russians began. In 1850, the military post of Nikolaevsk was founded, the Russian flag was raised, which meant: the lower Amur region became part of Russia. Since the Minister of War did not have extra soldiers, and the Minister of Finance did not have free money, N. N. Muravyov had to rely on his own limited forces in carrying out his plan and act in a short time in order to present Western European diplomats with a fait accompli. This is how an original plan for rafting along the Amur arose to supply food and equipment to the Russian people located in the lower reaches of the Amur. Having received permission from Emperor Nicholas for the rafting, “so that there would be no smell of gunpowder,” and informing the Chinese government, N. N. Muravyov in 1854 successfully carried out the first rafting on the Amur, and then four more, two of which he himself participated in. The main purpose of the raftings was the settlement and development of the Amur shores. To carry them out, steamships and barges, longboats, whaleboats and many other vessels were built, which sailed to the mouth of the Amur. Among the rafting participants were expeditions of scientific geographers, cartographers, surveyors, naturalists, and ethnographers. During the raftings, at the direction of N.N. Muravyov, the locations of future settlements were determined, soldiers of the Siberian line battalions under the command of officers founded military posts, and the Cossacks set up villages. During these years, several dozen Russian settlements arose along the Amur, including the future cities of Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk. In Primorye N.N. Muravyov outlined the site for the founding of Vladivostok. Assessing his campaigns, N. N. Muravyov said that “With the first rafting he discovered the Amur, with the second he protected it, with the third he annexed it to Russia.” As a result, with minimal government support, in a short time, peacefully, without the use of weapons, and with small means, N. N. Muravyov returned to Russia the discoveries discovered by Russian explorers in the 17th century. Amur lands. In 1858, during the next rafting in Aigun, negotiations took place with representatives of China. N. N. Muravyov, who had all the powers granted to him by Alexander II, signed on May 28 (16), 1858. Aigun Russian-Chinese Treaty, according to which the left bank of the Amur became the possession of the Russian state, and the right bank up to the river. Ussuri is a possession of the Daiqing Empire. The Aigun Treaty was a major diplomatic success for Russia, and it largely owes this success to N.N. Muravyov, who showed amazing individuality, insight, a bright mind, and diplomatic tact in the Amur issue. He managed to attract the attention of Russia's ruling circles to the Far East, convincing them of the need to “put a firm foot on the Amur.” Recognizing Muravyov’s merits, the emperor elevated him to the dignity of count of the Russian Empire with the addition of the prefix “Amursky” to his surname, and gave him the rank of infantry general.
The Aigun Treaty, ratified in Russia and China, became the basis for the conclusion of the Tianjin (1858) and Beijing (1860) Russian-Chinese treaties, according to which the entire Ussuri region became part of Russia, and it received the right to trade with the neighboring state not only by land, but and the sea. The establishment of the Russian-Chinese border met the national interests of both the Russian state and the Celestial Empire. As a result of skillful administrative, political and diplomatic decisions, a territory of 1.5 million square meters was annexed to Russia. km, equal to several European countries. This gave Russia a Eurasian character and firmly brought it to the Pacific coast. On the annexed lands, Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky laid the solid foundations of Russian statehood. Administrative-territorial management was established - the Primorsky region (1856) with the center in the city of Nikolaevsk and the Amur region (1858) with the center in the city of Blagoveshchensk were formed. Another major act of N.N. Muravyov as Siberian governor was the creation of the Amur Cossack Army in the Amur region (December 8, 1858), designed to ensure the protection of the new state border. In his activities, N. N. Muravyov-Amursky always used the results of scientific research and relied on the help of scientists. The Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society that he created served as the basis for the creation in 1884 of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region in Vladivostok and the Amur Department of the IRGO in Khabarovsk (1894) - the first scientific organizations in the Far East.
After 13 years of faithful service to the throne and the Fatherland, at the beginning of 1861 N. N. Muravyov-Amursky left the post of governor general and left Siberia forever, and soon Russia. He was relatively young - he was not even 52 years old, and he could count on continued service, but did not receive it. He was appointed a member of the State Council under the Emperor and awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree with swords. For his services to the Fatherland, N. N. Muravyov-Amursky was also awarded the Order of St. Anna III degree with a bow, St. Vladimir IV degree with a bow, St. Anna II degree with an imperial crown, St. Stanislav I degree, St. Anna I degree, St. George IV degree, St. Vladimir I degree with swords, Order of Alexander Nevsky, decorated with diamonds. He spent the last years of his life in France, only occasionally coming to Russia. He died in Paris and was buried in Montmartre Cemetery. And, if the capital’s aristocracy tried to consign the name of the great citizen of Russia to oblivion, then in the Far East the memory of Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky was sacredly preserved and passed on to new generations of Russian people who were exploring the Far Eastern lands. The time of his governorship began to be called the Muravyovsky Age, emphasizing the scale of his actions. Companions of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky initiated the creation of a monument to the count, which was erected on the high Khabarovsk cliff in 1891. In 1991, his ashes were transported from Paris to Russia and reburied in Vladivostok.
In September 1847 It was announced the appointment of a new acting governor-general of Irkutsk and Yenisei and commander of the troops stationed in Eastern Siberia. This is the first Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, a thirty-eight-year-old general, Count Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky. The merits of this outstanding person and statesman are truly difficult to overestimate. It was he who moved the so-called Amur issue, which had been facing Russia for two centuries. All his activities were aimed at the reunification of the Amur region with Russia. Nicholas I even once deigned to joke about this: “Eh, Muravyov, you really will go crazy about Amur someday!”
In 1859, on the corvette "America" he sailed along the coast of Primorye, during which the Eastern Bosphorus Strait, Peter the Great, Amur and Ussuri Bays were named and two military posts were founded: Novgorod and Vladivostok.
A descendant of an ancient noble family, after graduating from the Corps of Pages, he took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, in the Polish campaign of 1831. In 1838-1845. participated in the hostilities of Russian troops in the Caucasus. After serving for seven years in the Caucasus, he became a major general, received several orders for military merit and his first star, and not even bullets escaped him. In the battle of Akhulgo, Shamil’s last fortress, his right hand was crushed. The wound was deep, it was healing poorly, and Muravyov went abroad for treatment.
There he met a Frenchwoman from Lorraine, Catherine de Richemont. I met and fell in love like a boy, passionately and recklessly. But the brilliant beauty, behind whom was a swarm of gentlemen, did not remain indifferent. Young, elegant, witty, well-mannered, and the general’s uniform suits him. And this arm in a sling is a hero! How can a weak woman's heart resist? In a word, Ekaterina Nikolaevna, as they began to call her later, agreed to Nikolai Muravyov’s proposal and soon went with him to distant Irkutsk, where he was appointed Governor-General of Eastern Siberia. 
In 1846, with the rank of major general, he was appointed governor of Tula, and a year later - governor-general of Irkutsk and Yenisei and commander of the troops located in Eastern Siberia. Assisted G.I. Nevelsky in his research. At the suggestion of N.N. Muravyov, on January 29, 1949, a Special Committee for the Amur met, at which G.I. Nevelsky was instructed to explore the mouth of the Amur, the northern part of the estuary and establish contacts with the Gilyaks (Nivkhs). Subsequently, a program for studying the Amur region was developed. Ruling Eastern Siberia in 1847-1861. Muravyov-Amursky, having thoroughly studied materials on the region, identified three main areas of government activity: the Amur issue, trade and gold mining. First of all, measures were taken to transfer funds from the extraction of valuable metal to the state treasury. Muravyov actually destroyed the system of unprecedented speculation and corruption in gold mining. Traders who kept high prices for bread, as well as speculators and resellers, were imprisoned. The new governor-general tried to change the existing order of trade in vodka. He proposed creating uniform product standards, streamlining the distribution network for the sale of vodka products, selling them only for takeaway and in sealed containers. These innovations of Muravyov received support and were then introduced throughout Russia. Thus, order was restored, but the number of enemies and ill-wishers grew faster.
Another important problem that occupied Muravyov was the state of Russian-Chinese trade. Active trade was carried out through Kyakhta, the only border point approved by the treaty of 1727. Tea went to Russia, Russian manufacture went to China. Gold went south through smuggling routes. Trade volumes in the 50s, due to the increasing influence of the British and competition between their goods and Russian ones, began to fall. One of the solutions to the current situation was the solution to the Amur issue - the creation of new mutual trade centers on political and legally established borders.
As Muravyov noted, in the previous century Russia had no competitors in Siberia, but now they have appeared. This is due to the prospect that has emerged in this recently distant outskirts. To speed up the solution of the problem, he proposed transferring the powers of direct communication with the neighboring side to the governor-general, i.e. To himself, this bold and risky decision practically eliminated the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from resolving issues regarding the determination of the state border, which caused sharp discontent in the capital. N. N. Muravyov directed all his remarkable energy to annex the Amur region to Russia, and his many years and arduous deeds ended with the signing of the Aigun Treaty in 1858, according to which the entire left bank of the river. Amur, as well as the right bank of the river. Ussuri became (since 1860) a new Russian territory, equal in area to two Frances and which, as stated in the preamble, was concluded with China “... by common agreement, for the sake of eternal mutual friendship of the two states, for the benefit of their subjects.. "... This was a truly great event. Historical justice triumphed: the region traversed by the Russian Cossacks became the pearl of the eastern Russian possessions. It was for this that, by the Decree of Alexander II, the prefix Amursky was attached to the surname of N.N. Muravyov in memory of the region to which his whole life was dedicated.
And two years later - on November 2 (14), 1860, an additional agreement was signed in 1860 - a new treaty was signed in Beijing, establishing forever the border line between the Ussuri region and Chinese territories and granting Russia rights to the Ussuri region. Muravyov-Amursky did not sign it, but prepared it with all his activities. 
Another thing is also important: for his time, Muravyov-Amursky was a progressive statesman. It’s amazing, but true: a loyal subject of the royal throne was a liberal. He was the first of all Russian governors to raise the issue of emancipating the serfs. He allowed the Decembrists to travel around Siberia as they pleased, without asking for any permission. And he not only allowed, warmed, welcomed “state criminals”, they say, it’s necessary for the cause, there are not enough literate and intelligent people in Siberia, so their abilities should not be wasted? I met the princesses Volkonskaya, Trubetskoy, and the Bestuzhev brothers, and went to visit them. And one more detail: the governor-general never did much on his campaigns - he always ate at the same table with the servants.
The famous Russian writer I. A. Goncharov met with Muravyov in Ayan and was completely delighted with this meeting:
“What energy! What breadth of horizons, quick thoughts, unquenchable fire in his entire organization, a will that fought against the obstacles that slowed down his zealous ardor! Small in stature, nervous, agile. I have never seen a tired look or sluggish movement in him.
He conquered nature, revived, cultivated and populated endless deserts. But he, in turn, was overcome by officials...” It must be admitted that Muravyov was lucky with both his enemies and his supporters. If he is a friend, then he is smart and selflessly loyal, and if he is an enemy, then he is strong, extraordinary and also not stupid. The conclusion from here , it seems to me, one - Muravyov himself was an extraordinary person, and his deeds matched him.
The Governor-General paid much attention to the settlement and development of the Pacific coast. “It is very natural for Russia to dominate the entire Asian coast of the Eastern Ocean,” wrote Muravyov. And later “... At the mouth of the Sui-Fung River there are many beautiful bays. In general, this entire space of the sea coast, from Posyet to the Povorotny Cape, is replete with beautiful bays and harbors, so attractive for a maritime power... For us, this area represents an opportunity establishing a settlement for seafarers, which is what we should strive for.” New transport routes were important for the development of the eastern territories, and the Governor-General was the first to raise the question of the need to build a railway. Forty years later, the first passenger trains were launched along the Ussuri State Railway from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok. On the initiative of Nikolai Nikolaevich, the Transbaikal (1851) and Amur (1860) Cossack troops were established, and in 1856 - the Siberian flotilla.
The complexity of managing a huge territory led Muravyov to the idea of the need to change the administrative-territorial division of Eastern Siberia. This idea was realized in 1884, when, by decree of the emperor, the Amur Governorate General was formed, consisting of the Amur, Transbaikal, Primorsky regions and about. Sakhalin.
In 1854 he made the first rafting of troops along the Amur. Two more raftings were carried out in 1855 and 1858. Assessing the enormous importance of the Far East for Russia, the need for its development and settlement, Muravyov-Amursky paid special attention to the construction of a port for the Siberian flotilla. In the summer of 1859, on the corvette "America" he sailed from Cape Povorotny to Posyet Bay. During this trip, Nakhodka Bay, Nakhodka Bay, Lisiy Island were discovered, the boundaries of Peter the Great Bay were determined, the Eastern Bosphorus Strait and the Golden Horn Bay were explored. Muravyov-Amursky determined the location of the future port - Vladivostok.
In 1861 he was dismissed and appointed a member of the State Council. After retiring, he handed over his position to his successor Korsakov and moved to Paris, the homeland of his wife. He lived there for twenty years, and at the age of seventy-two, died in November 1881. N. N. Muravyov-Amursky was buried at the Montmartre cemetery.
At the beginning of the century they tried to transfer his ashes to Russia. The military agent in Paris, Colonel Count V.V. Muravyov-Amursky, expressed full sympathy and consent to transfer the ashes of his famous ancestor to the Amur region. Vladivostok was determined as the burial place for the ashes of Count Muravyov-Amursky.
But the Russo-Japanese War broke out at the wrong time. Shortly before the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Aigun, a delegation was sent to Paris from the cities of Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Nikolaevsk and Nikolsk-Ussuriysk, which crowned a modest tombstone in the Montmartre cemetery with a Russian Orthodox cross with a specially cast silver wreath. He is still there to this day.
And then the Second World War broke out, and then the October Revolution, the civil war.
And finally, in December 1990, the ashes of Muravyov-Amursky were transported to Vladivostok and buried in the city center the following summer.
