Types of decorative brickwork. Presentable decorative brickwork for interiors. Wall features with architectural details

Decorative brickwork has a clear geometric pattern of seams. The most widespread masonry with continuous or interrupted vertical seams.

The technology for performing decorative masonry does not differ from the technology of conventional masonry, however, in addition to observing dressing, ordering and vertical masonry, masons must correctly lay the bottom row and, during masonry, carefully monitor horizontality, verticality and the same thickness of external seams. Bricks facing the facade plane must have even edges, a clean surface and the same color shade.

The front verst (with tied or untied vertical seams) has a multi-row dressing system, the inner verst and backfill - single-row.

At laying the corners of walls two bricks thick(Fig. 63) the first row has an outer and an inner verst of pokes. The laying of the front verst (with continuous vertical seams) begins with two halves, and with interrupted vertical seams - with two three-quarters laid with a spoon. With the laying of two three-quarters, the corner of the inner verst begins. With interrupted vertical seams on the facade, the gaps in the backfill are filled with quarters. The second and fourth rows are the same: the outer and inner versts are made of spoons; rubbish is driven by poking. The third row has an outer verst and a filling of spoons, and an inner verst of pokes. For dressing the inner verst and backing, three three-quarters are used. Compared with the row below, they are laid in the direction of the longitudinal or transverse wall.

The seams on the front surface of the decorative masonry are embroidered. First, vertical and then horizontal seams are processed. The architectural expressiveness of the masonry depends on the shape (profile) of the jointing of the external seams. The seams are given a convex, concave, recessed or single-cut shape.

The most common decorative masonry options are Gothic (Polish) , in which bonder and spoon rows of bricks alternate, and cross complex , in which bonder and two spoon bricks are alternately laid.

The walls are two-brick thick Gothic masonry on the facade (Fig. 64, a) they are erected in the following sequence: the first row of the outer verst - alternating poke and spoon bricks, the inner verst - bricks laid with a poke, a backing of spoons; the second row of the outer verst repeats the first, but with the dressing of the vertical seams on the facade; the inner verst is laid in the same way as the outer one, and the filling is done with pokes.

When laying walls two bricks thick cross complex masonry on the facade (Fig. 64,b) the first row of the outer verst - alternating pokes with two spoons, the inner verst - bricks laid with pokes, a backing of spoons; the second row of the outer verst repeats the first, but in such a way that the vertical seam between the spoons is located in the middle of the underlying poke; the inner verst repeats the outer one; zabutka consists of poking.

When laying piers with gothic pattern of seams(Fig. 65, a) the first row is performed in the same way as in the area of \u200b\u200bdeaf walls, but with laying quarters in the outer verst. In the second row, the outer and inner versts are the same - these are alternating spoons and pokes. To comply with the dressing, the corners of the inner verst are completed with three-quarters. The gaps in the backfill are performed in quarters.

Walls with a complex cross pattern of seams they are laid out on the facade in this order: the first row is the same as in the areas of blank walls, but with two three-quarters laid in the outer verst; the second row is outer and innerversts are the same, but halves and three-quarters are used to comply with the dressing. Zabutka - from bricks laid with a poke, with gaps filled with incomplete bricks.

Right angles with gothic seam pattern on the facade (Fig. 66, a) are laid out in this sequence. First row: the outer verst begins with a three-quarter and a whole brick, then on both sides of the corner alternate bond and spoon bricks; the inner verst begins with two three-quarters laid with a spoon, and continues with poking; backfilling is carried out with spoons, a quarter and a half of a brick are laid in the corner. Second row: the outer verst begins with a whole brick and three-quarters, then alternate pokes and spoons, laid with dressing of vertical seams on the facade; the inner verst repeats the outer one; zabutka is driven by poking, and the corner is filled with three-quarters and a quarter.

Right corners of walls with a complex cross pattern of seams (Fig. 66, b) are laid out in the following sequence: the first row: the outer verst begins with two three-quarters laid with a spoon, then spoon and poke bricks are laid, after which two spoons and a poke alternate; on the other side of the corner, the outer verst consists of alternating two spoons and a poke; the inner verst begins with two three-quarters and continues with pokes on both sides of the corner; filling is done with spoons; second row: the outer verst begins with two three-quarters laid with poke, then two spoons and a poke alternate; on the other hand, a spoon and a poke adjoin the three-quarter, and then two spoons alternate with poke; the inner verst begins with two three-quarters, tying the bricks located below, and continues laying the bricks in the same order as in the front verst; the filling is carried out by poking, only two spoons are placed in the inner part of the corner.

Decorative masonry does not require expensive materials, it gives buildings architectural expressiveness and an individual look.

combines a clear grid of facade seams with compositions of flat or relief patterns - ornaments (Fig. 67). At the same time, the ends of buildings, piers, under-cornice strips and other sections of the walls are decorated with decorative figures, stylized drawings, giving the building architectural expressiveness and originality. Ornaments can be laid out with bricks of different colors.

The architectural design of the facades is achieved by various methods, for example, non-bearing pilasters made of silicate brick with a continuous vertical seam can protrude from the plane of the walls; masonry sections under windows, above lintels and vertical rows framing the opening are laid out of red brick. Stylized images of animals, plants or other drawings are laid out according to templates.

|| Brickwork || Rubble and rubble concrete masonry || Front masonry and wall cladding || Waterproofing of stone structures || Carrying out work in winter conditions || Furnace masonry

General masonry rules. Decorative masonry is a kind of facial masonry. To ensure the expressiveness of decorative masonry, various methods of cutting the facing layer with vertical seams are used. By combining the methods of dressing and laying out bricks in the front layer, as well as bricks of different colors and sizes, various patterns can be obtained during front laying (Fig. 41).

Rice. 41. .

In construction, decorative masonry with transverse vertical seams partially untied in the front verst is widespread. For example, in the front layer, transverse vertical seams are tied up only after 3-6 rows, or the entire front surface of the masonry is divided by continuous vertical seams into brick-wide strips. Within each of these strips, after 2-3 rows of masonry, pokes are laid, which creates a dressing of the front layer with the wall masonry. There are other options for ligation of the vertical transverse sutures of the facial layer. However, in any case, it is necessary to ensure that the lining of the masonry of the facing layer and the main mass of the wall are connected. The alternation of spoon and bonder bricks in such masonry is indicated in the project.

For decorative design of the front surface of the masonry, patterned and embossed masonry, belts with a height of one row of bricks or several, as well as various methods of jointing, are used. To give the surface of the masonry a relief pattern, the bricks are placed, for example, so that in terms of the plane of their faces they form an angle with the plane of the wall. Some bricks are laid flat, others - on the edge, placing them in a checkerboard pattern, resulting in a relief pattern (Fig. 42).

Rice. 42. .
a - a belt of bricks laid at an angle; b - a belt of bricks laid at an angle and on an edge; c - detail of a wall of bricks laid at an angle.

Wall masonry with architectural details. The architectural details of the facades of buildings, made of bricks and stones, complicate the masonry. The complexity of the masonry of the outer walls is set for each floor as a whole as a percentage of the ratio of the area occupied by the complicated parts of the masonry (on both sides of all outer walls) to the total area of the front side of the outer walls without deduction of openings.
Depending on the complexity of the masonry, the outer walls are: simple - with complicated parts that occupy an area not exceeding 10% of the front surface of the outer walls; medium complexity - with complicated parts, which occupy an area, respectively, not more than 20% of the area of the front surface of the outer walls; complex - complicated parts they occupy no more than 40% of the area of the front surface of the outer walls; especially complex - with a complicated surface, occupying more than 40% of the total area.

Complicated parts of the masonry include cornices made of brick or ceramic stones, pilasters, corbels, sandriks, rustication, buttresses, semi-columns, bay windows, frames of curvilinear openings, as well as window sills and other niches.

Sandrik- an architectural detail of a wall above a window or doorway; usually this is a cornice protruding beyond the plane of the wall above the casing, topped with a pediment. Framing of openings and platbands of windows can be rectangular or curvilinear in shape.

Rusty- horizontal furrows in masonry with a depth of 30-60 mm, located in 4-8 rows. Rusts divide the facade of the wall into belts, creating a relief surface.

The laying of architectural elements from rectangular and shaped bricks is carried out simultaneously with the construction of the outer and inner walls of the building. Details of belts and cornices are laid out from bricks protruding in the form of brackets with a stepped profile. Brackets are made of facing bricks placed on edge or laid flat. The fields between the brackets are filled with ordinary or shaped bricks or artistic inserts. The protruding rows of masonry in cornices, corbels, etc., regardless of the dressing system, are made of whole bricks. In this case, the overhang of each row of masonry is allowed no more than 1/4 of the length of the brick, and the total removal of the unreinforced cornice is no more than 1/4 of the wall thickness.

If the wall is laid out of hollow brick, then for overhanging rows of cornices, corbels, as well as other parts that require bricks, use an ordinary (solid) or special (profile) face brick. For wall cladding, simultaneously with their construction, mortgages are used, that is, pinched in masonry, and other types of plates, which are fixed with steel brackets, hooks and wire. Staples, hooks and wire are laid in the seams between bricks or stones during the laying process. Cladding with plates is also used, fixed not only with wire, but also with laying rows embedded in the masonry. Concrete, ceramic, silicate concrete slabs and natural stone slabs are used for cladding simultaneously with masonry.

Before starting the laying of walls with simultaneous facing with large-sized slabs, a horizontal surface of the base is prepared. A layer of solution is laid out on this surface. Lighthouse facing plates are placed at the corners of the walls and a mooring cord is pulled. All intermediate slabs are installed along the mooring cord to the height of one row and the correctness of their installation is checked by a plumb line and level, after which the brickwork of the wall is performed to the height of the installed row of slabs. Then the laying process is repeated.

When facing with natural stone slabs, the slabs of a row are interconnected with brackets or lamellar hooks embedded in the end grooves of the slabs. Natural stone slabs are fixed with anchors, and concrete slabs are attached to the masonry by loops with wire anchors. The laying of walls with their simultaneous cladding with ceramic, concrete or silicate slabs, fixed with the help of laying rows, is performed in the following sequence (Fig. 43).

Rice. 43. .
1 - anchor; 2 - pyron; 3 - leaning facing plates; 4 - applied row of plates.

After laying the laying row, first a row of facing slabs is exposed, then the masonry of the wall is erected to the level of the top of the leaning facing slabs and the laying row of cladding is laid again.

Attachment of architectural details. Concrete and reinforced concrete architectural details are used in the design of architraves and slopes of door and window openings, the installation of belts, large cornices and for decorating facades. For the same purposes, architectural details made of ceramics are used.

Plinths, architraves and slopes are mainly decorated with architectural details made of natural stone, as well as belts are arranged from them.
Architectural details, like other facing products, are installed both during the masonry process and on previously erected walls. In this case, the same methods of fastening are used: with hooks or crutches embedded in nests, or staples embedded in the seams of the masonry during its construction, and in other ways in accordance with the instructions provided in the working drawings. Cornices from prefabricated parts, having an extension exceeding half the thickness of the wall, are fixed with anchor bolts, pre-embedded in the masonry to a depth specified by the project.

Unusual laying of decorative bricks will help to change the interior style of the interior or update the outdated facade of the building. To fix the material to the wall, liquid nails or special glue are used. Using decorative elements, it will be possible to create an imitation of brick, decorate the room to your taste and give the home a unique atmosphere.

What tools are needed?

In order for the decorative brickwork to be of high quality and to meet the required appearance, it is recommended to prepare the following working equipment:

level, tape measure, ruler;
pencil, brushes;
hand saw;
spatula;
rubber mallet.

If it becomes necessary to lay decorative bricks on the outer walls of the building, it is recommended to prepare an additional electric grinder or a saw and sandpaper for polishing the sawn off bricks. Facing the inside of the building is carried out using liquid nails or a special adhesive designed to install the facing material. It is better to lay outside with outdoor glue, which is sold in the form of dry mixes or a pasty solution.

Decorative bricks come in 2 varieties:

Planar. Designed for flat surfaces.
Angular. Used for finishing corners.

Features of the work

To determine the area covered by the material, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a doorway in the wall.

Before proceeding with the facing work, the total area of \u200b\u200bcoverage is calculated. For these purposes, use the formula:

S = d x h, where S is the area of the walls, d is the length, h is the height.

From the finished result, the sum of the areas that are not subject to cladding is subtracted - window and door openings. To find out the required number of corner elements, first measure the height of the external or inside corners required for finishing. After that, from the main area of the coating, the areas that will be covered with corner materials are taken away. When buying artificial bricks, it is recommended to take a small margin - an average of about 5%, in case of unforeseen damage, selection, trimming.

What are the ways to lay out decorative bricks?

The masonry method is called taking into account the location of the surface of the brick block: spoons - long edge, poke or end - short.

Decorative brick masonry is of the following types:

This type of masonry is somewhat similar to Gothic.

Gothic. The installation of blocks in each row alternates - the long sides are replaced by short ones, and between the rows an offset is made by half of the smaller side of the block.
Silesian. The arrangement of the bricks is reminiscent of the Gothic. The row must be laid in 2 spoons and 1 poke, while the vertical seams through the row must match.
Cross. This is a complex decorative brickwork, in which it is alternately necessary to glue the bonder and then the spoon rows.
Laying a path. With this variety, each brick is laid on the long side, offset by ½ or ¼ of the block.
Brandenburg. Gluing occurs with the alternation of two long and one short side, while in each row they should replace each other.
. In this case, the short and long sides of the blocks are unevenly spaced. The result is a pattern that is unusual in shape and color scheme.
Dutch. This decoration with decorative bricks is popular in Holland. With her, the first rad fits with alternating pokes and spoons, but in the second row only a poke is used.

Also, brickwork can be carried out by a seamless method or with seams. In order for the masonry method to look organic, before choosing one or another type, it is recommended to take into account the features of the general interior of the dwelling. Artificial material fits into any room design, but it is recommended to pay attention to this point before installation.

Training

Before starting masonry work, the walls must be primed.

To securely glue the decorative material to the surface, you need to properly process the walls. To do this, the old base is cleaned of dust, dirt and bumps. Further, the wall is treated with a primer solution with deep penetration. Before gluing the elements, the artificial material is laid out on the floor. This will help you understand how to properly place the bricks on the wall. During installation, this method reduces the number of sawn tiles.

In order for the masonry to have a complete look, it is worth purchasing corner elements. Thanks to them, a natural one will turn out, in addition, the process of laying and forming even corners will be facilitated. If a decision is made to use the elements of a corner tile under a brick, then the cladding necessarily begins with them, while the long and short sides alternate in turn.

How is the installation carried out?

Adhesive for decorative bricks is applied to the surface with a flat construction spatula. The material is carefully rubbed into the base to reduce irregularities and cracks. Next, the wall is re-treated with an adhesive solution, but with a notched trowel, it is important to hold the tool at an angle of 60 °. Then the glue is applied to the surface of the decorative tile with a layer of up to 3 mm, after which the brick is firmly pressed to the base. If the adhesion of the wall and brick is unreliable, glue is squeezed out on the sides or the stone slides. In this case, it is recommended to prepare a thicker and more plastic solution.

To imitate a natural brick wall, you need to choose a material color that is close to natural.

The selection of sizes, shades and the sticker of the material itself is a creative process, so here you can show your imagination and bring bold ideas to life. But it is important to note that masonry that imitates real brick should not have clear distinctions in color contrast and size, otherwise the surface will turn out to be unnatural.

If the laying of tiles with the formation of joints was used, grouting is started no earlier than after 24 hours. Do not neglect this stage of installation. Proper finishing of the seams will protect the lined surface from moisture penetration. In addition, the finished masonry will take on a natural, finished look. It is important to keep in mind that the color of the grout must match the shade of the bricks. The grout is placed in a special gun, then it is evenly distributed along the seams.

Decorative brickwork is a subspecies of the front. In order to make the masonry more expressive, various methods of cutting the facing layer with vertical seams are used.

By combining different colors and sizes of bricks, as well as using various layout and dressing methods, original geometric patterns are obtained.

Decorative brickwork is a subspecies of facial brickwork.

In general, the technology by which decorative masonry is performed does not differ from the usual technology of facial masonry. However, to obtain a relief pattern, the bricks can be arranged in a certain way, for example, some bricks are placed on the edge, while others are laid flat, while being staggered. Various architectural delights on the facades of buildings, made of stones and bricks, significantly complicate the use of decorative brickwork, as this creates certain restrictions. So, the protruding rows in the belts and cornices are made only from whole bricks, while taking into account that the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the length of the brick. The total removal of an unreinforced cornice should be done within 1/2 of the wall thickness. If the total extension of the cornice is more than 1/2 of the wall thickness, then a grade of at least 25 is used. In the case when hollow brick masonry is used, a special (profile) or solid brick is used for the protruding rows in the cornices and corbels.

Wall features with architectural details

Schemes of artistic masonry: stepped; block; cross (Venetian); gothic; brandenburg; savage.

When assessing complexity, the ratio of the area occupied by the complicated parts to the total area of the front surface, expressed as a percentage, is used, without deduction of openings.

simple - these are walls, the complicated parts of which occupy no more than 10% of the front surface;
walls of medium complexity - these are walls, the complicated parts of which occupy no more than 20% of the front surface;
complex - walls, the complicated parts of which occupy no more than 40% of the front surface;
especially complex - walls with a complicated surface, which occupies more than 40% of the front surface of the outer walls.

Figured brick opens up new frontiers for architects and builders, makes the design of complex architectural elements and details hassle-free: figured window sills, pilasters, exquisite arches, straight and rounded bevels, concave and curved planes.

Complicated surfaces include:

sandriks;
buttresses;
semi-columns;
bay windows;
pilasters;
belts;
brick cornices;
rusty;
niches.

Such architectural features significantly complicate the process of work and increase the period of its implementation, however, they are not an obstacle to the creation of decorative design. Today, thanks to modern technologies, the range of facing material has expanded significantly, and its quality and technical characteristics are growing every day.

Common varieties

Often in construction, to create a decorative design, such options as Gothic (Polish) masonry and complex cross masonry are used.

in Gothic alternate spoon and bricks;
in the cross complex, two spoon bricks and one bond brick are alternately laid.

The walls of complex cross masonry are performed in the following order:

The 1st row is carried out according to the same principles as in the areas of blank walls, while laying two “three-fours” in the outer verst.
In the 2nd row, the outer and inner versts are identical, however, to comply with the dressing, “three-fours” and “halves” are used. Zabutka is made with a poke, with filling with an incomplete brick.

Walls with a Gothic pattern of seams are performed in the following order:

The 1st row is performed according to the same principles as in the areas of blank walls, while laying “fours” in the outer verst.
In the 2nd row, the outer and inner versts are identical - alternating pokes and spoons. The corners of the inner versts are completed with “three-fours” to comply with the dressing.

masonry mortar

To emphasize the original geometric pattern, not only the beauty of the masonry itself is used, but also a colored mortar, which is designed to contrast with the color of the brick. Thus, the masonry looks more harmonious. The color solution can be bought in the form of a ready-made dry mix or you can prepare it yourself. To obtain different colors on your own, you should use the following additional ingredients.

Decorative brickwork has a clear geometric pattern of seams. The most widespread masonry with continuous or interrupted vertical seams.

The front verst (with tied or untied vertical seams) has a multi-row dressing system, the inner verst and backfill - single-row.

At laying the corners of walls two bricks thick(rice.
) the first row has an outer and inner verst of pokes. The laying of the front verst (with continuous vertical seams) begins with two halves, and with interrupted vertical seams - with two three-quarters laid with a spoon. With the laying of two three-quarters, the corner of the inner verst begins. With interrupted vertical seams on the facade, the gaps in the backfill are filled with quarters. The second and fourth rows are the same: the outer and inner versts are made of spoons; rubbish is driven by poking. The third row has an outer verst and a filling of spoons, and an inner verst of pokes. For dressing the inner verst and backing, three three-quarters are used. Compared with the row below, they are laid in the direction of the longitudinal or transverse wall.

Walls with a complex cross pattern of seams they are laid out on the facade in this order: the first row is the same as in the areas of blank walls, but with two three-quarters laid in the outer verst; the second row - the outer and inner versts are the same, but halves and three-quarters are used to comply with the dressing. Zabutka - from bricks laid with a poke, with gaps filled with incomplete bricks.

Right corners of walls with a complex cross pattern of seams(rice.
, b) lay out in the following sequence: the first row: the outer verst begins with two three-quarters laid with a spoon, then spoon and poke bricks are laid, after which two spoons and a poke alternate; on the other side of the corner, the outer verst consists of alternating two spoons and a poke; the inner verst begins with two three-quarters and continues with pokes on both sides of the corner; filling is done with spoons; second row: the outer verst begins with two three-quarters laid with poke, then two spoons and a poke alternate; on the other hand, a spoon and a poke adjoin the three-quarter, and then two spoons alternate with poke; the inner verst begins with two three-quarters, tying the bricks located below, and continues laying the bricks in the same order as in the front verst; the filling is carried out by poking, only two spoons are placed in the inner part of the corner.

Decorative masonry does not require expensive materials, it gives buildings architectural expressiveness and an individual look.

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CONTENT:

INTRODUCTION 3

SECTION 1. Work production technology __________________5

1.1. Types of facade finishing _________________________________5

1.2. Front masonry of bricks and stones _____________________6

1.3. Decorative masonry and masonry with architectural details ________________________________________________9

1.4. Wall cladding simultaneously with masonry _______________15

1.5. Masonry with cladding, performed in winter ________ 17

SECTION 2. MATERIALS _______________________________________________18

SECTION 3. Tools and fixtures ________________ 23

SECTION 4. Occupational safety ______________________________________ 29

CONCLUSION _____________________________________________________________33

List of used literature ______________________ 34

INTRODUCTION

The theme of the course work is "Decorative masonry".

Brick and ceramic stones are also used for decorative masonry: external and internal walls and other structures of buildings and structures, as well as for the manufacture of wall panels and blocks.

Masonry made of natural stones and regular-shaped blocks has high strength, resistance to weathering and freezing, and low abrasion. Due to the high cost and laboriousness of processing, processed natural hard rocks are mainly used for decorative purposes, for example, for facing plinths or individual parts of monumental public and industrial buildings and structures, facing bridge supports, embankments.

As a building and finishing material, natural stone - marble, granite, limestone, onyx and dolomite - has been used by man since ancient times. And it is not for nothing that historians call the first era in the development of mankind the “Stone Age”: it was then that stone began to be used as a material for the production of tools.

Later, the stone began to be used for the construction of houses and temples, the manufacture of columns, steps, and decoration elements. Across the globe, residents of different countries and eras have left many buildings, sculptures and other beautiful works of art made of marble, granite, dolomite.

Marble is one of the oldest natural stones that has been processed. Along with an attractive appearance and a variety of colors and shades, this material has high strength, reliability and durability. Various types of granite played a leading role in the architecture of the two Baltic cities - St. Petersburg and Helsinki. The architectural masterpiece of the religious and historical center of Spain, Escorial, was built from beautiful light gray granite.

The object of observation is decorative masonry.

The subject of observation is the methods, methods, features of creating decorative masonry in construction.

The purpose of this work is to study the features of decorative masonry. Research objectives:

to reveal such concepts as decorative masonry, types of decorative masonry;
explore issues such as types of facade finishes; front masonry of bricks and stones; decorative masonry and masonry walls with architectural details; wall cladding simultaneously with masonry; masonry with cladding, performed in winter; materials, tools and devices for decorative masonry; occupational Safety and Health;
show the importance of decorative masonry in construction.

The main research methods were theoretical analysis and synthesis, the logical method, the method of generalizing independent characteristics, the method of studying literary sources and documents, the method of observation, the comparative method, quantitative methods, and the historical method.

SECTION 1

Work production technology

1.1. Types of facade finishing
The following methods are used for decorative finishing of the walls of buildings made of brick and other stone materials, and for protecting walls from atmospheric influences: plastering with lime or mixed mortars for painting or plastering with decorative plaster; front and decorative masonry made of bricks, ceramic and natural stones; facing (coating) of the masonry surface with natural or artificial materials.

There are two types of front masonry: masonry of the wall and its front surface from the same material; the front surface of the walls - from a special front brick or stone, having an artificial or natural color and smooth or textured surfaces, and the rest of the masonry - from ordinary masonry materials.

______________________________________________________

1.2. Brick and stone facing
Front masonry made of ordinary clay or silicate brick with jointing is the most common way to finish facades. The front surface of the walls is laid out from selected whole bricks or stones with regular edges and corners, and the rest of the masonry is made from ordinary stones or bricks. Brick or stones for facing are selected with the same color tone. Masonry is performed, as a rule, using a multi-row dressing system. The facing layer is tied up with the main mass of the wall, laying rows of bonders in the front layer every five spoon rows of masonry.

Brick walls with a thickness of 88 mm lined with facing bricks are tied up according to the scheme shown in fig. 1.1. Wall masonry made of ceramic stones with a height of 138 mm is tied up with facing brickwork through one or two rows of stones (Fig. 1.2. and 1.3.); masonry of ceramic stones with longitudinal slit-like voids with facing masonry of facing ceramic stones - bonded rows through two rows of masonry (Fig. 1.4.).

To ensure the dressing of the vertical seams of the facing layer, in the corners of the masonry it is recommended to lay three-quarters in adjacent rows of bonders alternately with the bonder side, then with the spoon side. Accordingly, vertical seams in versts will be displaced and tied up.

It is also necessary to lay three-quarters in the corners of the bonded rows of brick cladding when laying walls made of modular bricks with a thickness of 88 mm (see Fig. 1.1.).

Rice. 1.1. Ligation of brickwork with face brick cladding: 1 - face brick, 2 - modular brick
It is expedient to carry out the masonry of walls with front masonry made of bricks with a “four” or “five” link. During operation, the “four” link is divided into two “twos”, and the “five” - into “two” and “three”. The first link "two" performs the laying of the cladding, the second - "two" or "three" - the laying of a wall of brick or ceramic stones. They also organize work when laying walls made of cinder-concrete and other artificial stones with facing bricks.

Rice. 1.2. Ligation of front masonry from brick with masonry from ceramic stones through one row of stones (wall 510 mm thick): 1 - front brick, 2 - ordinary brick, 3 - ceramic stones

Rice. 1.3. Bonding of facing brick masonry with ceramic stone masonry through two rows of stones (510 mm thick wall):

1 - front brick, 2 - ordinary brick, 3 - ceramic stones

Rice. 1.4. Bandaging of masonry from ceramic stones with facing with ceramic stones from light-burning clays: 1 - front stones, 2 - wall stones
1.3. Decorative masonry and wall masonry with architectural details
Decorative masonry is a kind of facial masonry. To ensure greater expressiveness of the decorative masonry, various methods are used for cutting the facing layer with vertical seams, dressing and laying out bricks in the front layer, as well as bricks of different colors and sizes (Fig. 1.5).
______________________________________________________
Walls with architectural details. The architectural details of the facades of buildings, made of bricks and stones, complicate the laying.

The complicated architectural parts of the masonry include

cornices made of bricks or ceramic stones, pilasters, belts, sandriks, rustications, buttresses, half-columns, bay windows, framing of curvilinear openings, as well as window sills and others.
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Rice. 1.5. Decorative masonry using different types of bricks
Before installation, the back sides of the parts are notched and moistened with water. Then the solution is applied to the part and to the place prepared for it. The part is fixed with steel ties for anchors embedded in the masonry. Steel fasteners are coated with an anti-corrosion compound or protected with cement mortar. The part is installed accurately, without distortion, observing its location in the plane of the wall. The gap between the parts and the wall is sealed with cement mortar and cleaned.

Prefabricated elements of eaves with the removal of more than half the thickness of the wall are fixed with anchor bolts embedded in the masonry.

Rice. 1.6. Decorative front masonry of piers with untied vertical seams:

a - with through vertical seams, b - with displaced pokes.

Cornices, pilasters, corbels are shown in fig. 1.7.

Sandrik (Fig. 1.8.) - a detail of the wall above the window or doorway. Usually this is a cornice protruding beyond the plane of the wall above the casing, crowned with a pediment, framing of openings and window casings can be rectangular (see Fig. 1.8.) Or curvilinear outline.
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a - a belt of bricks placed at an angle, b - the same, of bricks installed at an angle and on an edge, c - a detail of a wall of bricks placed at an angle.
The protruding rows of masonry in cornices, corbels, etc., regardless of the dressing system, are made of whole bricks. In this case, the overhang of each row of masonry is allowed no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick, and the total removal of the unreinforced cornice is no more than 1/2 of the wall thickness. Cornices with a total extension of more than 1/2 of the wall thickness are made of reinforced brickwork on a mortar grade of at least 25 or from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements anchored in the masonry. They are erected in strict accordance with the instructions of the project.

Hanging rows of cornices, belts, as well as other parts of the walls, for the laying of which hewn brick is used, are laid out from ordinary (solid) or special (profile) facing bricks, even when the walls are built from hollow bricks.

In addition to architectural details made of bricks, ceramic stones, ceramic, stone and concrete slabs, details made of concrete, ceramics and natural stone are used in the design of building facades.

Rice. 1.8. Sandrik above the front door
Concrete and reinforced concrete architectural details are used in the design of architraves and slopes of door and window openings, the installation of belts, large cornices and for decorating facades. For the same purposes, architectural details made of ceramics are used, and cornices with ceramic details are only allowed to be tied with overlapping masonry. The total extension should not exceed half the thickness of the wall.

Plinths, architraves and slopes are mainly decorated with architectural details made of natural stone, as well as belts are arranged from them.

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1.4. Wall cladding along with masonry
For wall cladding, simultaneously with their construction, mortgages are used, that is, pinched in masonry, and other types of plates, which are fixed with steel brackets, hooks and wire. Staples, hooks and wire are laid in the seams between bricks or stones during the laying process. Cladding is also used with slabs fixed with spacer rows embedded in the masonry. Concrete, ceramic, silicate concrete and natural stone slabs are used for facing simultaneously with masonry.

All intermediate slabs are installed along the mooring cord to the height of one row and the correctness of their installation is checked by a plumb line and level, after which the brickwork of the wall is performed to the height of the installed row of slabs. Then the laying process is repeated.

When facing with natural stone slabs (Fig. 1.9., a), the slabs of the row are connected to each other with pyrons 2, brackets or lamellar hooks embedded in the end grooves of the slabs. Natural stone slabs are fixed with metal anchors, and concrete slabs are attached to the masonry by loops with wire anchors.

Rice. 1.9. Wall masonry with simultaneous cladding with slabs:

a - from natural stone, b - silicate or ceramic; 1 - anchor, 2 - pyron, 3 - laying row of plates, 4 - leaning facing plates
The laying of walls with their simultaneous cladding with ceramic or silicate slabs (Fig. 1.9., b), fixed with the help of laying rows, is performed in the following sequence. After the laying row 3, first, a row of facing slabs 4 is exposed, then the wall masonry is erected to the level of the top of the slabs and the lining row is again laid with a gasket. The horizontal seams between the top of the large-sized slabs and the padding slabs are left unfilled. They are filled and embroidered after the full loading of the masonry and its precipitation. When laying with cladding, masons' workplaces are organized according to the usual scheme. The only difference is that in the area of materials next to the packages of wall materials, packages of facing materials are installed. Details of cladding fastening are located near the packages of cladding materials on the side of the transport zone.
1.5. Laying with cladding, performed in winter
Wall cladding, which is carried out in winter simultaneously with masonry, is structurally associated with it, i.e., the protrusions of the facing slabs are embedded in the masonry; it is advisable to additionally attach the cladding to the wall with wire. Solutions for cladding are used grades of at least 50 and the same temperature as for masonry walls by freezing. In order for the cladding and masonry to work normally when the walls settle during their thawing, it is necessary to leave empty all horizontal seams between the facing slabs when cladding with slabs with protrusions embedded in the masonry, and when cladding with leaning slabs tied to the masonry with laying (bond) rows, leave empty horizontal cladding seams under each bond row.

The seams between the plates are embroidered at positive temperatures, after the hardening of the mortar in the masonry is completed and the masonry and cladding are completely settled. Cladding with slabs with a height not exceeding the height of a row of masonry can be done with joints filled with mortar.

SECTION 2

MATERIALS

For laying the walls of buildings and structures, stone wall materials are used (GOST 22951-78).

Stone wall materials are classified according to the following criteria: type of products, purpose, type of raw materials used and method of manufacture, density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength.

There are natural and artificial stone materials.

According to the type of products, they distinguish: bricks and stones, ceramic and silicate; hollow and solid brick weighing no more than 4.4 kg; concrete hollow and solid stones and from rocks weighing no more than 16 kg; small blocks of ceramic, silicate, concrete, hollow and solid and from rocks weighing no more than 40 kg. By purpose, stone materials are divided into ordinary, intended for laying external and internal walls, and front, Intended for facing the walls of buildings and structures.
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Profile details - plinths, steps, window sills and others (GOST 22851-78) are made from igneous rocks (granites, Labrador, gabbro, etc.) and marble. Used for interior decoration of monumental buildings.

Wall stones (GOST 4001-77) for laying walls, partitions and other structural elements are made from limestone, volcanic tuff and other rocks with a density of 900-2200 kg/m3.

ceramic materials. Materials and products made from clay mass by molding, drying and subsequent firing are called ceramic. Ceramic materials are classified according to their purpose, the structure of the shard formed after firing, and the quality of the raw materials used in production. By purpose, ceramic materials and products are divided into the following groups:

wall materials and products - brick and ceramic stone of plastic and semi-dry pressing, solid or hollow;
chimney bricks, pattern bricks, sewer stones, pavement bricks (clinker);
brick and facing stones for cladding facades of buildings;
tiles for cladding walls, floors and other products for interior cladding of buildings;
acid-resistant brick;
porous aggregates - gravel and sand from expanded clay, agloporite;
refractory brick.

Brick and ceramic stones (GOST 530-80) are used for masonry: external and internal walls and other structures of buildings and structures, as well as for the manufacture of wall panels and blocks. By strength, brick and stones are divided into grades 300, 250, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75; for frost resistance - for grades Mrz 15, 25, 35 and 50,

Ceramic bricks are made solid or hollow by plastic molding or semi-dry pressing. Brick dimensions, mm: ordinary - 250X120X65; thickened 250X120X80; modular - 288X138x63. The surface of the edges can be smooth and corrugated.

Ceramic stones are made only by hollow plastic molding. Sizes of stones, mm: usual 250x120x138; enlarged 250x250X138; modular 288x138X138; with a horizontal arrangement of voids 250x150X120 (250). The thickness of the stone corresponds to two bricks laid flat, taking into account the thickness of the seam between them. The surface of the faces of the stones can be smooth and corrugated.

Ceramic products for cladding are produced glazed and unglazed. These include face brick and stone, facade and carpet facing tiles.

Glazed (faience) tiles of various colors are produced by semi-dry pressing.

Carpet facing tiles are typed into "carpets" by sticking their front surface onto paper.

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Cement is made from natural marls of a certain chemical composition or from a mixture of limestone and clay fired in rotary kilns before sintering. The raw material after firing is called clinker. With the joint grinding of clinker with gypsum and other additives, a grayish powder is obtained - cement.

Currently, more than 30 types of cement are produced. Portland cement, Portland slag cement (about 27%) and Portland pozzolanic cement (about 6%) account for the largest volume of output (over 60%). Cements (GOST 23464-79) are classified: by type of clinker and material composition; hardening strength; by hardening speed; by special properties.

Placeholders. Mortars and concretes are prepared from a binder, water and aggregate. Aggregates, making up 70-85% of the mass of the mixture, form a stone frame in mortar and concrete. Binders after dissolution with water, enveloping the aggregate particles, as if lubricating them, give the mortar or concrete mixture mobility. Aggregates, reducing the consumption of binders, at the same time reduce the shrinkage of mortars and concretes during hardening.

Grain size aggregates are divided into fine (sand) and coarse (gravel and crushed stone).

Sands are characterized by grain composition (coarse, medium, fine, very fine) and size modulus (Table 11).

Gravel (GOST 8268-82) is mountain (ravine), river and sea. River and sea gravel is cleaner than gully gravel, but has a polished surface, which impairs its adhesion to cement and other binders.

Crushed stone (GOST 8267-82) is a mixture obtained after crushing pieces of rocks or artificial stones. Crushed stone has an acute-angled shape and a rough surface, due to which its adhesion to binders is stronger than that of gravel. Crushed stone contains less or no organic impurities and dust particles, so it is a good aggregate for concrete.

Additives. Mineral natural and artificial additives are used to reduce the consumption of binders and improve the workability of mortar and concrete mixtures.

SECTION 3

Tools and fixtures
The masonry process consists of work steps performed in this sequence; setting orders; stretching the moorings to ensure the correct laying of bricks and rows; supply and layout of bricks on the wall; shoveling the solution in the box; supplying the solution to the wall and spreading it under the outer verst; laying the outer verst; spreading the solution under the inner verst; laying the inner verst; spreading the solution under the backfill; laying zabotki; checking the correctness of the laid out row of masonry. The sequence of laying versts may be different and depends on the system of dressing and the method of organizing work. In addition to these operations, masons have to cut and hew bricks, as well as embroider the seams. Each working operation in the masonry process is performed with certain tools. The main ones are trowel, mortar shovel, jointing, pickaxe hammer.

Trowel (GOST 9533-71) (Fig. 3.1., a) - a steel spatula polished on both sides with a wooden handle - designed to level the mortar over the masonry, fill vertical joints with mortar and trim excess mortar in the joints.

A mortar shovel (GOST 3620-76) (Fig. 3.1., b) serves to supply and spread the mortar on the wall. With a shovel, the bricklayer, in addition, mixes the solution in the box and can level it between versts under the rubble.

Joints (Fig. 3.1., c) process the seams, i.e. give them a certain shape. The cross-sectional profile and dimensions of the jointing (GOST 12803-76) are selected in accordance with the specified shape and thickness of the joints.

Rice. 3.1. Masonry tools:

a - combined trowel, b - mortar shovel, c - jointing for convex and concave seams, d - pick hammer, d - mop

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Rice. 3.2. Control and measuring tools:
a - plumb line, b - tape measure, c - folding rule, e - square, d - building level, e - duralumin rule; 1, 2 - ampoules

Rice. 3.3. Bricklayer's tool bag

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Rice. 3.4. Inventory wooden ordering (a) and fastening the ordering to the masonry (b): 1 - rail, 2 - holder, 3 - wedge.

SECTION 4

Occupational Safety and Health

Each newly arriving worker is allowed to work only after an introductory briefing on safety, fire safety and industrial sanitation, as well as an initial briefing directly at the workplace with a demonstration of safe working methods and methods. Each such briefing is recorded in the journal in the prescribed form. Re-instruction on labor safety is carried out for all workers at least once every three months. After the initial briefing at the workplace and testing of knowledge, the workers during the first 2-5 shifts (depending on length of service, experience, nature of work) perform work under the supervision of a foreman, foreman, after which their admission to independent work is issued.

For facing walls with facing stones and ceramic tiles, the quality of the mortar is of particular importance. Do not use solutions on light fillers (slag, CHP ash, pumice sand), as well as solutions with organic plasticizers. The mobility of the solution should be determined during the work at least once a shift. At the same time, the mobility of the mortar should be for masonry with simultaneous wall cladding in the range from 9 to 12 cm when laying from non-moistened bricks and from 7 to 9 cm - from moistened bricks, for fixing the cladding on previously erected walls - from 5 to 7 cm.
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When erecting masonry with cladding, it is necessary to follow the safety regulations provided for stone work.

The organization of workplaces must ensure labor safety at all stages of work. Workplaces are equipped with fences and safety devices. Openings in ceilings, to which people can access, must be closed or have fences along the entire perimeter with a height of at least 1.1 m. Open wall openings at the level of ceilings are fenced. It is not allowed, as a rule, the simultaneous performance of work along one vertical line without the installation of special protective devices.

The construction site in populated areas or on the territory of existing enterprises is fenced. Fences adjacent to places of mass passage of people are equipped with a continuous protective visor. Trenches, pits, pits and other excavations in the ground at the construction site are fenced off and illuminated with electric light signal lamps at night.

To protect people from electric shock, all temporary electrical installations and networks in construction are performed with insulated wire. It is suspended at a height of at least 2.4 m above workplaces, 3.5 m above walkways and 5 m above driveways.

Work from ladders with the use of manual machines is prohibited. When laying foundations, before starting work, they check the stability of the slopes of the trenches (pits) and the reliability of their fastening. The stone is fed into the trench by mechanisms or along inclined chutes.
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The condition of scaffolding and scaffolding is checked daily before starting work. Scaffolding and scaffolding, stairs, ladders must be freed from construction debris in a timely manner. Metal scaffolding is attached to the wall of a building under construction and grounded. The dismantling of the forest is carried out from top to bottom; dismantled elements are lowered using winches. It is forbidden to destroy forests.

When installing or dismantling scaffolding and scaffolding, make sure that unauthorized persons are not allowed to the place of work.

In winter conditions, masons are provided with winter overalls and a room for heating. The decks of scaffolds and scaffolding are cleared of snow and ice and sprinkled with sand. The supporting elements of scaffolds and scaffolding are installed on surfaces cleared of snow. Chemical additives are added to the solution under the supervision of engineering and technical personnel, taking precautions against burns and poisoning. Areas of masonry heated by electric current are fenced off.

Ras. 4.1. Protective canopy for masonry walls (deck not shown)
The slinging of structures is carried out only after they are securely fastened with permanent or temporary connections. It is forbidden to straighten structures after slinging. At night, the construction site must be lit. Installation work is stopped in case of ice, thunderstorm or fog, which excludes visibility within the front of work, with a wind speed of 15 m/s or more.

CONCLUSION

Decorative masonry is a kind of facial masonry. To ensure the expressiveness of decorative masonry, various methods of cutting the facing layer with vertical seams are used. Combining the methods of dressing and laying bricks in the front layer, as well as bricks of different colors and sizes, various patterns can be obtained during front laying.

Aradovsky Ya.L., Samsonova G.V. Stone work. - M.: TSNTI on civil engineering and architecture, 1984. - 246 p.
Bazhenov Yu.N., Komar A.G. Masonry technology. - M.: Higher School, 1984. - 255 p.
Volkov L.A. Equipment for the work of the builder. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1982. – 311 p.
Ganevsky G.M., Goldin I.I. Construction. Stone work. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1987. – 246 p.
Zalmanova M.E. Masonry technology. - K .: Budivelnik, 1975. - 250 p.
Ivlev N.G., Naidenko N.V., Shibanov N.M. Overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment for builders. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1972. – 234 p.
Kalischuk A.L. Safety in construction. - K .: Vishcha school. Head publishing house, 1969. - 260 p.
Kolodziy I.I. Construction. - M.: Higher school, 1987. - 246 p.
Koroev Yu.I. Tools for builders. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1987. - 300 p.
Korolev K.M. Equipment for the work of the builder. - M: Higher School, 1982. - 238 p.
Kostusev P.M. Masonry technology. - L .: Transport, 1978. - 208s.
Kostyaev P.S. Materials science for the builder. - M.: Higher School, 1985. - 266 p.
Kreindlin L.N. Construction works. - M .: Higher school, 1985. - 286 p.
Kuzmin E.D., Shikhnenko I.V. Life. Robot with stone // Bud. materials and designs, 1976, No. 6. - P. 17 - 18.
Mironov S.A. Theory and methods of winter concreting. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1975. - 700 p.
Pavlov G., Filipov G. Occupational health and safety in construction // Building, gaz., 1984, No. 136. - P. 15-25.
Popsuenko K.V. Safety and industrial sanitation at the construction site. - K .: Budivelnik, 1974. - 211 p.
Application of local materials in construction / A.M. Sergeev, G.D. Diorov, E.I. Shmitko and others - K .: Budivelnik, 1975. - 280 p.
Production of construction works in winter / Ed. A.P. Kapustina. – K.: Bud. materials and designs, 1984. - 416 p.
Bricklayer's Handbook / Ed. A.L. Smirnova. – K.: Bud. materials and designs, 1984. - 315 p.

nenuda.ru

What tools are needed?

In order for the decorative brickwork to be of high quality and to meet the required appearance, it is recommended to prepare the following working equipment:

level, tape measure, ruler;
pencil, brushes;
hand saw;
spatula;
rubber mallet.

If it becomes necessary to lay decorative bricks on the outer walls of the building, it is recommended to prepare an additional electric grinder or a saw and sandpaper for polishing the sawn off bricks. Facing the inside of the building is carried out using liquid nails or a special adhesive designed to install the facing material. It is better to lay decorative bricks on the outside with outdoor glue, which is sold in the form of dry mixes or a pasty solution.

Decorative bricks come in 2 varieties:

Planar. Designed for flat surfaces.
Angular. Used for finishing corners.

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Features of the work

To determine the area covered by the material, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a doorway in the wall.

Before proceeding with the facing work, the total area of \u200b\u200bcoverage is calculated. For these purposes, use the formula:

S = d x h, where S is the area of the walls, d is the length, h is the height.

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What are the ways to lay out decorative bricks?

The masonry method is called taking into account the location of the surface of the brick block: spoons - long edge, poke or end - short.

Decorative brick masonry is of the following types:

This type of masonry is somewhat similar to Gothic.

Gothic. The installation of blocks in each row alternates - the long sides are replaced by short ones, and between the rows an offset is made by half of the smaller side of the block.
Silesian. The arrangement of the bricks is reminiscent of the Gothic. The row must be laid in 2 spoons and 1 poke, while the vertical seams through the row must match.
Cross. This is a complex decorative brickwork, in which it is alternately necessary to glue the bonder and then the spoon rows.
Laying a path. With this variety, each brick is laid on the long side, offset by ½ or ¼ of the block.
Brandenburg. Gluing occurs with the alternation of two long and one short side, while in each row they should replace each other.
Bavarian. In this case, the short and long sides of the blocks are unevenly spaced. The result is a pattern that is unusual in shape and color scheme.
Dutch. This decoration with decorative bricks is popular in Holland. With her, the first rad fits with alternating pokes and spoons, but in the second row only a poke is used.

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Training

Before starting masonry work, the walls must be primed.

In order for the masonry to have a complete look, it is worth purchasing corner elements. Thanks to them, a natural imitation of natural brick will be obtained, in addition, the process of laying and forming even corners will be facilitated. If a decision is made to use the elements of a corner tile under a brick, then the cladding necessarily begins with them, while the long and short sides alternate in turn.

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How is the installation carried out?

To imitate a natural brick wall, you need to choose a material color that is close to natural.

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Conclusion

Decorative brick tiles can be glued in any room, whether it be a living room, kitchen, corridor or bedroom. But you should not load the dwelling with facing artificial material, because the room will take on a rough look. Preparing the surface for work and the installation itself is a simple process, but it requires compliance with certain rules. If you carefully study the instructions and follow the scheme, you will be able to revet the dwelling on your own, without outside help. Decorative gypsum bricks are easy to cut and stick to the surface, so even a person who is not related to construction and decoration will easily cope with tiles.

In order for the masonry to be harmonious, attractive, it is recommended to take gypsum material from different packaging, while monitoring the alternation of tiles in thickness, size, shade, texture. When the wall is completely dry, to protect it from moisture, it is recommended to treat it with a special liquid that will provide the tiles with water-repellent properties and give a glossy, more attractive appearance. In addition, a wall treated with such a liquid can be wiped with a damp cloth.

etokirpichi.ru

What will be required from the tools?

To perform masonry, you will need the following tools and materials:

brick;
building level;
staples, hooks, crutches or other devices for attaching various architectural details;
plumb lines;
cement mortar;
solution container;
rail;
cord;
rule;
stitching;
trowel.

Varieties of decorative masonry

Despite the fact that such a design takes more time and is more laborious, the result is fully justified. To date, the range of this material offers anyone a huge choice. Decorative brick cladding allows you to lay curly window sills, bevels and elegant arches.

In most cases, masonry options such as Gothic and cross are the most popular. When choosing the first of them, one spoon and one bonder rows alternate, with the second, two spoon bricks with one bonder are laid. In addition to the original layout, after which a certain geometric pattern is formed, brick laying of different shades is often used in the cladding. When choosing, it is very important to pay attention to the fact that it has even edges. Sometimes a difference in shade can spoil the appearance.

Features of masonry

When using brick for decorative masonry, it is very important to follow the rules for the bottom row. This work requires constant monitoring of a clear horizontal and vertical. This can be done using the building level. It is important to maintain a uniform thickness of the seams.

If the wall is two bricks thick, then in the first outer row it is necessary to alternate the spoon and bond types of decorative bricks.

When laying out the inner row, they use tychkovy, and when laying the backing - spoon. When filling the second row, the layout of the first is repeated, however, with the use of dressing of the front seams vertically. After that, the inner verst is laid according to the principle of laying the outer one, but with the filling of bonded bricks.

If, with the same thickness of the brick wall, a cross-shaped decorative masonry is arranged, then in the outer row it is necessary to alternate one poke with two spoon bricks. All pokes are located on the inner verst, and all spoons are on the back.

When performing the second outer row, the layout of the first is repeated. The only difference is to place the vertical seam exactly in the middle of the spoons of the bottom poke. Zabotka is erected by poking, and the inner row is built according to the principle of the outer one.

Decorative wall masonry often involves the presence of a variety of ornaments that are easy to perform using different colors of bricks and a pre-thought-out composition. This design option will make the building not only durable and attractive, but also give it individuality.

Pilasters are usually made of sand-lime brick, the area under the window, as well as framing for windows and doors, are made of brick in contrasting shades (for example, red). A template is used to lay out the figures of various objects, animals or plants. Similar details can be used for framing and placing accents around the architraves, as well as belts and sandriks.

The last is considered to be a cornice that extends beyond the surface, framed by a rectilinear or curvilinear pediment. Usually sandrik is performed above a window or door.

Rusts, protruding parts and fastening

Another frequently used detail is rustication. They are horizontal grooves, which are located every 4-8 rows of bricks and go to a depth of 0.6 cm. Rusts divide the facade, giving its surface a relief.

Masonry for performing protruding rows is easily done using solid bricks. In this case, the dressing here does not matter. A prerequisite is not to exceed the overhang of such rows by more than a third of the length of the brick and the removal of the cornice without reinforcement - by half the thickness of the wall. If the overhang was exactly half, it is necessary to make the cornice already from reinforced masonry, which is easy to recreate using mortar (preferably grade 25) or using reinforced concrete.

A separate item that should be considered in this process is the fastening of various architectural details. There are several ways:

with hooks;
using crutches, which are usually embedded in nests;
using staples that must be sealed into the seams of the masonry itself in the process of its creation.

If there are working drawings, such fastening must be carried out using those devices that are directly indicated in them.

Features of outdoor decorative masonry

Bricklaying with the use of decorative elements can be used not only during construction, but also on already erected walls.

Before proceeding to the cladding, you need to perform certain preparatory work. First of all, the wall must be level. You can check this with the help of plumb lines.

A similar check must be carried out in areas that are limited by horizontal belts that extend beyond the surface of the facade. For more accurate hanging, it is also necessary to install horizontal slats with markings on vertical seams between the facing slabs. It is on these rails that the facing plate will be installed. If irregularities are revealed during hanging, they must be removed.

ostroymaterialah.ru

How to improve the facade

There is an ordinary laying, and there is a front one. Accordingly, a simple or facing brick is used for its maintenance.

In terms of strength characteristics, they are the same, so it cannot be said that the front masonry is less durable. The main difference between ordinary and front bricks is their appearance, the requirements for them, and, of course, the price.

Facade bricks used for wall cladding must have regular geometric shapes, without chips and cracks. The same shade of color and a clean, smooth surface are also very important.

Note! Increased requirements are imposed not only on the material, but also on the finished brickwork: the uniform thickness of the seams and their jointing, the evenness of the rows. Otherwise, no matter how interesting the brick may be in design, beautiful masonry will not work.

Advantages and problems of decorative masonry

First, let's decide what kind of masonry should be called decorative. In this regard, there is a very clear definition in construction.

This is a masonry with a clear geometric pattern formed by the seams; or masonry with a combination of such a pattern and compositions formed due to the relief protruding bricks. In the course of the article, we will present interesting samples of brick facades, decorated with decorative and front masonry.

Most often, builders use masonry options with continuous or vertically interrupted seams. In any case, learning how to lay a brick with your own hands using these methods is much easier than, for example, making a relief composition on the wall, similar to the one we see below.

Masonry can be spoon, bonder or combined, with single-row or multi-row dressing of seams- it is she who is the decoration for blank walls. But a brick facade, on which there is one or more window openings, can also be decorated with protruding elements.
These are ledges, which are a vertically displaced part of the masonry. Popular techniques with which brick facades are decorated are also laps and cuts. In the first case, the bricks of the upper row protrude by a third above the lower one, and in the second, on the contrary, they move inside the masonry.
Sandriks over openings and brick pilasters look incredibly beautiful you see in the photo below. Pilasters usually crown columns or half-columns, and during the construction of the masonry they are tied up with the wall. Such architectural elements on the facade look great, and everything would be fine if it were not for the whitish coating on the brick, which is called “efflorescence”.

Since we have already mentioned this unpleasant phenomenon, we will immediately say that efflorescence is very difficult to remove. Cleaning of a brick facade from sparingly soluble mineral salts, which protrude to the surface over time as a result of moisture, is carried out using chemicals such as "anti-salt".

These are concentrated formulations that must be diluted with water, as the manufacturer's instructions say. After the time allotted for the effect of the drug has passed, it is washed off with water, the walls are dried, and then covered with a water-repellent impregnation. But if you treat the masonry with a water repellent immediately after erection, you can save yourself from an extra headache in the form of cleaning the facade during operation.

The use of colored and textured bricks

Incredibly beautiful compositions are obtained when various seam patterns are combined on the facade with the use of colored bricks. Thus, on the front surface of the masonry, you can get an ornament or create a pattern.

In the simplest version, this is the finishing of corner and window zones, alternating bricks in masonry in shades, as shown in the example below. But there are masters who can lay out incredibly beautiful compositions on the entire wall.

Not everyone can do this work on their own. The calculation of brick facades, in this case, is made on the basis of sketches - otherwise how to determine how much and what kind of brick is needed for work.

Flat ornaments can be obtained when performing chain, that is, single-row masonry, using different types of bricks. In particular, silicate bricks can alternate with clay bricks of traditional red-brown color, or bricks made of light-burning clays.
In this way, under-eaves lines, end walls of a house, piers, or an entrance group are often decorated, which gives the building a certain originality and exclusivity. Of course, a brick building can be given architectural expressiveness with the help of such complex elements as columns with pilasters, arches and massive cornices.

But an amateur cannot do such work, and the services of masters of this level, who are still not so easy to find, are not cheap. It is much easier to take a facade textured brick, which is very beautiful in itself, and, having lined the facade with it, decorate it with snow-white polyurethane stucco molding, as was done in the above example.

Masonry, which combines both a geometrically correct grid of seams and three-dimensional compositions, is called relief-patterned. It is often used to decorate friezes - wide decorative stripes that emphasize the upper perimeter of the wall.

Those parts of the walls where there are protruding elements are laid only from solid bricks.

There are many options for laying out bricks, which are commonly called decorative dressings. Many of them are historical, and, forming a beautiful pattern in the masonry, are not subject to plastering. For example, with a Gothic dressing, brick spoons and pokes alternate in each row.

But when a brick is laid with a poke, it is shifted by half the width of the end, either all the time in one direction, or in one row to the right and in the other to the left. As a result, an oblique line, or a vertical zigzag, is formed. And when bricks of a contrasting color are used for laying the bond rows, a very beautiful ornament is obtained.

The Flemish masonry also looks interesting, in which spoons alternate with pokes in each row. Again, if the bonded bricks contrast in color with the spoon ones, you will get something that looks like a chess field. Offset masonry, made from spoons alone, also looks incredibly interesting.

You can see the most original brick laying options in the picture above, although this is only a small fraction of what masters of their craft can do. As you can see, all types of seam dressing involve the use of bricks in two contrasting colors.

Ventilated brick facades

For cladding of external walls, facade hollow bricks are usually used. The reason is simple: its thermal performance is four to five times better than that of a solid brick.

Plus, its light weight makes it possible to reduce the load on the foundation. There are two options for installing brick cladding: close to the bearing wall, and with a ventilation gap.

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Front and decorative masonry of the facade

Brickwork is one of the main ways to finish the exterior walls of a house. There are two types of masonry: front and decorative.

Face masonry is considered the most common way to finish facades.

Masonry, in which the outer verst is lined with painted or textured brick with jointing, is called front. With such masonry, the outer surface of the walls is laid out only with bricks with regular edges and corners, the rest of the wall with ordinary brick and stone.

For exterior cladding, ceramic bricks or stones with a smooth surface (textured and embossed), painted silicate bricks and silicate stones are most often used. A profiled brick with a convex, triangular or concave face, a poke or spoon, is laid on the outer verst with a single-row or multi-row dressing system. Such masonry is used for decorative stripes on the upper parts of the walls (friezes), some inserts and blind areas of the ends of the building.

To give the building a unique look, patterned and embossed drawings are laid out on the facades, belts several rows of bricks high, ornaments, and colored stitching is used.

When laying out the details of the belt on the facade, a ledge is made in the form of brackets with a stepped profile. The release of brackets should not exceed half or three-quarters of a brick. Brackets are laid out of brick laid on edge or flat. The gaps between them are laid out from ordinary bricks and filled with concrete inserts.

To create chiaroscuro on the facade, the bricks must be placed with faces at an angle to the plane of the wall. In this case, the protruding bricks are laid in a checkerboard pattern; some of them are laid flat during construction, while others are laid on edge.

To ensure the dressing of the vertical seams of the facing layer in the corners of the masonry, the three-quarters are laid in adjacent bond rows alternately either with the bond or with the spoon side. In this case, the vertical seams in versts will be displaced and bandaged accordingly. By the same principle, three-quarters are laid in the corners of the bonded rows of brick cladding when laying walls made of thickened brick 88 mm thick.

The laying of front ceramic bricks with a thickness of 138 mm is tied with the rest of the wall through six rows of bonded rows of bricks or ceramic stones through three rows.

The laying of walls from concrete and ceramic stones, from bricks with facing ceramic stones is carried out in the usual sequence, starting from the outer verst. At the same time, it is necessary to observe the thickness of the horizontal seams in the facing verst - 10-15 mm - and the thickness of the vertical ones - 8-15 mm.

Decorative masonry is used to decorate the front surface of the masonry and is distinguished by a clear geometric pattern of seams. To obtain a variety of patterns on the surface of the wall, masonry is used with various ways of dressing and laying out bricks, and bricks of different colors and sizes are also used.

The technology for performing decorative masonry is the same as with conventional masonry. But here it is important to correctly lay the bottom row and, in the process of work, carefully monitor the horizontal and vertical, and also ensure that the thickness of the outer seams is the same.

Bricks facing the front plane must have even edges, a clean surface and the same color shade.

With tied or untied vertical seams, the front verst has a multi-row dressing system, and the inner verst and backfill have a single-row system. The alternation of spoon and bonder bricks in masonry is indicated in the project.

During the laying of the corners of the walls, the thickness of which is two bricks, the first row should have an outer and inner verst of pokes. The laying of the front verst with continuous vertical seams begins with two halves, with interrupted vertical seams - with two three-quarters laid with a spoon. Further, the process continues in accordance with the figure (Fig. 1).

The seams on the front surface of the decorative masonry are embroidered: first vertical, then horizontal. The expressiveness of the architectural masonry depends on the profile (shape) of the jointing of the external joints. The seams are usually given a convex, concave, recessed or single-cut shape.

The most common variant of decorative masonry is Gothic (Polish), in which bonded and spoon rows of bricks alternate, and complex cross, in which bonded and two spoon bricks are stacked alternately.

Walls two bricks thick are erected as shown in. figure.

When laying walls two bricks thick, in the first row of the outer verst, bonded and spoon bricks alternate, the inner verst is laid out with bricks laid by poking, and the backfill - with spoons. The second row of the outer verst repeats the first, but with the dressing of the vertical seams on the facade. The inner verst is laid in the same way as the outer one, and the filling is done by poking.

The construction of walls two bricks thick can be done with complex cross masonry. At the same time, in the front row of the outer verst, pokes with two spoons alternate. The inner verst is made up of bricks laid with pokes, and the backfill is made up of spoons. The second row of the outer verst completely repeats the first, but the vertical seam should be located in the middle between the spoons of the underlying poke. The inner verst repeats the outer one, and the filling is made from pokes.

Relief-decorative masonry is a clear grid of facade joints with compositions of flat or relief ornamental patterns (Fig. 2, 3).

Ornaments, as a rule, are laid out with bricks of different colors.

Decorative masonry gives buildings a special architectural expressiveness and individual appearance.

In the architectural design of facades, various design techniques are used. For example, pilasters can be laid out of silicate brick; from red brick - areas under windows, above lintels and vertical rows framing window or door openings. Stylized images of figures of animals, plants and other objects are usually laid out according to templates.

In addition, architectural details serve to decorate architraves, slopes, belts, plinths, facades and are classified as complicated parts of the masonry. These are brick cornices, pilasters, belts, rustication, sandriks, bay windows, etc.

Sandrik is called architectural details above window or door openings, most often in the form of a cornice protruding beyond the plane of the wall, topped with a pediment. Frames come in both rectangular and curvilinear outlines.

Rusts are horizontal furrows that are located through four to eight rows in the masonry to a depth of 30-60 mm. They divide the facade into belts and create a relief surface.

Depending on the complexity of the masonry, walls are distinguished:
- simple exterior: complicated parts occupy an area of no more than 10% of the total front surface of the walls;
- medium complexity: complicated parts occupy an area of no more than 20% of the front surface of the outer walls;
- complex: complicated parts occupy no more than 40% of the total surface;
- especially complex: complicated parts occupy more than 40% of the total area.

The architectural details are laid out from bricks, which act as brackets with a stepped profile. Brackets are made with a face brick laid flat or placed on edge. The fields between the brackets are filled with ordinary or profiled bricks or artistic inserts.

The protruding rows of masonry are made of whole bricks, regardless of the dressing. In this case, the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the length of the brick, and the total extension of the unreinforced cornice should not exceed 1/2 of the wall thickness. If the offset is 1/2 of the wall thickness, then cornices are made of reinforced brickwork on mortar grade 25 or from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements anchored in the masonry.

For overhanging rows of cornices, corbels and other details that require brick tessellation, hollow and facing bricks are used.

Architectural details are fixed in the same way as during masonry: with hooks, crutches (embedded in sockets) and brackets (embedded in masonry seams). Some other methods are also used.

Prefabricated cornices, which have an extension slightly larger than the thickness of the wall, are fixed with anchor bolts pre-embedded in the masonry.

Facade – Front and decorative masonry of the facade