The development of parliamentarism in Russia. Section I Test 6 the formation of Russian parliamentarism option 2

1. Parliamentary law is:
A) system of constitutional and legal relations;
B) legislative activity of the state;
C) a set of legal norms that protect fundamental human rights and freedoms and establish for these purposes a certain system of state power;
D) a system of legal norms regulating the organization and activities of parliament.

2. The specificity of the subject of parliamentary law lies in its:
A) industry characteristics;
B) subordinately to the federal and regional parliaments;
C) in the absence of subordination of the federal and regional parliaments;
D) There is no correct answer

3. The methods of parliamentary law are characterized by:
A) dispositive influence
B) imperative influence
C) imperative-coordinating influence
D) coordinating influence

4. To which block of sources of parliamentary law do parliamentary customs, customs, and precedents belong:
A) to legal;
B) recommendatory-procedural;
C) doctrinal-legal
D) doctrinal.

5. The stages of the formation of Russian parliamentarism are called:
A) Soviet,
B) post-Soviet
C) industrial
D) post-industrial

6. In accordance with what principles the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation is formed:
A) popular representation
B) direct democracy
C) periodic updates
D) democracy, separation of powers, legality.

7. The numerical composition of the State Duma of the Russian Federation is:
A) 240 deputies
B) 300 deputies
C) 450 deputies
D) 500 deputies

8. The principle of rotation is:
A) A combination of direct and indirect elections.
B) Dependence of the number of senators on the population.
C) Equal terms of office for both chambers.
D) There is no correct answer.

9. The main form of work of both chambers of the Russian parliament is:
A) voting chambers
B) hearing chambers
C) decisions of the chambers
D) chamber meetings

10. Parliamentary hearings are:
A) form of interaction with government authorities;
B) discussing significant issues with accountability;
C) reasoning conclusions on the issues under consideration;
D) discussing issues;

11. The formation of the State Duma is based on:
A) majoritarian electoral system;
B) rotation method;
C) proportional electoral system;
D) Answer options A and C are correct.

12. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of the Federal Assembly as a body of state power of the Russian Federation:
A) the Parliament of the Russian Federation is an advisory, representative body of state power;
B) the Parliament of the Russian Federation - a representative, executive, constitutional body of state power;
C) the Parliament of the Russian Federation is a representative, legislative, permanent body of state power;
D) the Parliament of the Russian Federation is an advisory body of state power.

13. Acts of the chambers of the Russian parliament include:
A) regulations
B) orders
C) law on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation
D) Decrees

14. The structure of the chamber of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation is approved upon the proposal of:
A) President of the Russian Federation
B) Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
C) Chief Secretary
D) Deputies
15. Name the main functions of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:
A) executive, representative, control;
B) legislative, administrative, supervisory;
C) representative, legislative, control
D) control, representative, executive,

16. The structure of the Staff of the Federation Council can be distinguished:
A) Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;
B) the apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation;
C) financial management;
D) Speaker.

17. The Head of the Office of the Chamber of the State Duma of the Russian Federation is appointed and dismissed from office:
A) by order of the Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation
B) by decree of the President of the Russian Federation
C) by the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
D) By order of the Prime Minister

18. What electoral system is used to elect deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation:
A) according to a majoritarian electoral system in two rounds;
B) according to the proportional electoral system;
C) according to a mixed electoral system.
D) all answer options are correct

19. What is the name of the official heading the State Duma of the Russian Federation:
A) general secretary;
B) speaker;
C) chairman.
D) president

20. The State Duma of the Russian Federation cannot be dissolved:
A) during the embargo period;
B) during martial law;
C) during a state of emergency on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
D) There is no correct answer

21. What is the name of the official heading the Federation Council of the Russian Federation:
A) prime minister;
B) chairman;
C) president;
D) Secretary.
22. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of a political faction of the State Duma:
A) an association formed for joint activities and a common position on issues considered by the State Duma;
B) an association formed for joint activities and a common position on issues considered by the State Duma and formed on the basis of an electoral association that was elected to the State Duma in the federal electoral district;
C) an association formed for joint activities and a common position on issues considered by the State Duma and formed from deputies elected to the State Duma in single-mandate constituencies;
D) an association formed for joint activities and a common position on issues considered by the State Duma.

23. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of parliamentary immunity:
A) during the entire term of office, deputies cannot only be brought to criminal liability, detained or arrested, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime;
B) during the entire term of office, deputies cannot be brought to criminal or administrative liability imposed in court, detained, arrested, searched or interrogated without the consent of the relevant chamber of the Federal Assembly, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, and also subjected to personal search, except in cases where this is provided for by federal law to ensure the safety of other people;
C) during the entire term of office, deputies cannot be brought to criminal or administrative liability imposed in court, without the consent of the relevant chamber of the Federal Assembly, except in cases of arrest at the scene of a crime;
D) during the entire term of office, deputies cannot be brought only to administrative liability.

24. List the basic principles of the work of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:
A) legality, presumption of innocence, publicity;
B) openness, partisanship, legality, collegiality;
C) legality, constant activity, separate work of chambers, openness of work, collegiality of work;
D) openness, partisanship.

25. What type of parliament corresponds to countries of Anglo-Saxon law:
A) With limited powers.
B) With unlimited powers.
C) Advisory.
D) There is no correct answer.
26. What is a countersignature:
A) Introduction of a state of emergency or martial law in the state.
B) Confirmation of the act of state by the head of state with the signature of the minister (government).
C) Responsibility of the head of state to parliament.
D) Sending a vote of no confidence from parliament to the government.
E) there is no correct answer.

27. Federal laws in the State Duma of the Russian Federation are adopted by voting...

B) by a qualified majority of those present at the meeting;
C) three-quarters of the votes of the deputies present at the meeting.
D) a minority of deputies;

28. Federal constitutional laws in the State Duma of the Russian Federation are adopted by voting...
A) by a simple majority of the number of deputies;
B) by a qualified majority of the number of deputies;
C) three-quarters of the votes of the deputies present at the meeting.
D) by five-quarters of the votes of the deputies present at the meeting.

29. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of the legislative process:
A) the procedure for the activities of the Federal Assembly in creating laws - federal and federal constitutional;
B) the procedure for the activities of government bodies, headed by the Federal Assembly, in creating laws - federal and federal constitutional;
C) the procedure for the activities of representative bodies of federal government and legislative bodies of government of the constituent entities of the federation in creating laws - federal and federal constitutional;
D) the order of government activities.

30. Name the subjects of the right of legislative initiative in the Russian Federation:
A) President, Government, State Duma, Federation Council;
B) President, State Duma, Supreme Court, Federation Council;
C) the President, the Federation Council, members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court in the areas of their jurisdiction;
D) Supreme Court, Federation Council;

31. In how many readings is a bill considered at a plenary session of the State Duma:
A) in four;
B) in three;
C) in two;
D) in one

32. Which federal laws are subject to mandatory consideration in the Federation Council:
A) on issues of citizenship;
B) on federal budget issues;
C) on issues of state construction;
D) on issues of war and peace;

33. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of promulgation:
A) the law adopted by the chambers of parliament is sent to the President for its approval and publication;
B) the law adopted by the chambers of parliament is sent to the President for its signing and publication, after which the law comes into force;
C) the law adopted by the chambers of parliament is sent to the President for its possible rejection or approval;
D) the law adopted by the chambers of parliament is sent to the President for consideration.

34. Which of the following definitions refers to the concept of a Presidential veto:
A) rejection of the federal law by the President of the Russian Federation;
B) the categorical refusal of the President of the Russian Federation to sign and approve the federal law;
C) the President of the Russian Federation’s rejection of a federal law and the right of the chambers of the Federal Assembly to override the veto by voting for the law in the previously adopted wording with 2/3 of the total number of deputies of the State Duma and members of the Federation Council;
D) refusal of the President of the Russian Federation to sign the federal law.

35. Amendments to chapters 3-8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are adopted in the manner specified for:
A) federal law
B) decree
C) federal constitutional law
D) order

36. A deputy request is...
A) appealing to government authorities on significant problems in order to obtain explanations and for the state to take appropriate measures;
B) an appeal to the President of the Russian Federation;
C) appeal to the Government of the Russian Federation;
D) appeal to the Federation Council

37. Voting on the issue of removing the President of the Russian Federation from office:
A) secret;
B) open;
C) conducted using ballots;
D) anonymous
38. Interpellation is...
A) a special request containing demands to report on the proposed actions of the Governor of the Territory or the Council of the Territory Administration on problems of general regional significance;
B) the issue of the exercise by the Governor of the region, a member of the Council of the Administration of the region, the head of the executive body of the region of certain state powers;
C) a request containing demands to report on the proposed actions of the Governor of the region;
D) all answer options are correct

39. The Inter-Parliamentary Union was created:
A) in 1889;
B) in 1945;
C) in 1890;
D) in 1995.

40. The main tasks of the Inter-Parliamentary Group:
A) improving the work of interparliamentary institutions, developing international cooperation;
B) adoption of laws;
C) publication of laws;
D) Answer options B and C are correct.

/ Historical local history / Tomsk and Tomsk residents in the history of Russian parliamentarism / Legislative power in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century: pages of history

The first semblance of parliament in Russia were legislative bodies - the Boyar Duma of the 16th-17th centuries, the council of associates of Peter I, the “circle of young friends of the emperor” under Alexander I.

As a result of the zemstvo reform of Alexander II, unique provincial parliaments-zemstvos appeared, which had legislative deliberative rights. But the emperor was categorically against the creation of an all-Russian zemstvo, seeing this as a limitation of the principles of autocracy.

However, due to the intensification of terror, Alexander II, who believed that the zemstvos were loyal to state power, issued an order to join the assembly of zemstvo representatives to the State Council.

This meeting was supposed to have only a legislative character, but later it could become a full-fledged parliament. The plans were interrupted by the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881.

The next emperor, Alexander III, pursued a policy of counter-reforms in order to strengthen the autocracy.

Nicholas II, who came to power in 1894, continued his father’s policies.

However, in January-February 1905, the first Russian revolution began in Russia (1905-1907). It demonstrated that the autocratic period in the history of the Russian state is ending and the period of practical constitutionalization and parliamentarization of the country begins.

The first, at first moderate, steps towards parliamentarization were associated with the adoption by Nicholas II of documents dated August 6, 1905: “The Highest Manifesto on the Establishment of the State Duma”, “The Law on the Establishment of the State Duma” and “Regulations on Elections to the State Duma”.

However, these acts established the status of the State Duma as a legislative advisory body under the monarch.

In addition, the documents of August 6, 1905 on the elections contained a lot of restrictions and qualification requirements that prevented wide circles of Russian society from taking part in the work of even such a powerless Duma.

The State Council was supposed to function in tandem with the State Duma. The status of a legislative body under the monarch was given to the State Council at the time of its creation - in 1810. The manifesto of August 6, 1905 only confirmed this status.

The starting point for the formation of parliamentarism in Russia was the Highest Manifesto, signed by Tsar Nicholas II on October 17, 1905, “On the improvement of public order” and a whole series of acts developing the provisions of the Manifesto and also approved by the emperor’s decrees, issued in 1905-1906: Decree of 11 December 1905 “On amending the Regulations on elections to the State Duma (dated August 6, 1905) and the legislation issued in addition to it,” Manifesto of February 20, 1906 “On amending the establishment of the State Council and revising the establishment of the State Duma” , Decree of February 20, 1906 “Establishment of the State Duma” (new edition), etc.

The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 occupies a special place among these documents. It said: “To establish as an unshakable rule that no law can take effect without the approval of the State Duma, and that those elected by the people are provided with the opportunity to truly participate in monitoring the regularity of the actions of the authorities appointed by us.”

This meant that the State Duma was transformed from a legislative body into a legislative body. The rights in legislative activities of not only the State Duma, but also the State Council were expanded. He, like the State Duma, was also endowed with legislative, rather than advisory, powers.

The formation of Russian parliamentarism at the beginning of the 20th century

The formation of parliamentarism, political movements

To understand the process of the formation of parliamentarism in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, in my opinion, it is necessary to consider the party movements that existed at that time. Who participated in political life and formed the first “Duma Advisory Chambers”.

The intelligentsia became the social base on the basis of which in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Various political parties are formed.

In September 1905, the Constitutional Democratic Party was formed. In the party program, approved at the founding congress in October 1905, the main tasks were as follows: the formation of a bicameral parliament, one chamber of which would consist of representatives of local government bodies; giving parliament the power to authorize any legislative act and approve the budget; restoration of the democratic principles of the judicial reform of 1864; abolition of redemption payments for peasants, development of direct taxation, alienation of state and landowners' lands for payment and allotment of them to needy peasants; development of leasing in the agricultural sector; presumption of the right of workers to strike and elective labor inspections, an eight-hour working day, a ban on night and overtime work, state social insurance, criminal liability of entrepreneurs for violating labor laws, etc.

Close to the constitutional democrats (the so-called Cadets) in spirit and programmatic requirements, the moderate-progressive party insisted on the inviolability of the supreme power of the tsar and the responsibility of the government to the representatives of the people. In the field of state reform, this party defended the integrity of the Russian state with the independence of local self-government, and opposed any kind of autonomies and federations. In the sphere of labor relations, she stood in solidarity with the Cadets, opposing only the establishment of an 8-hour working day, which, according to party ideologists, weakened the position of the domestic economy in competition with the economies of Western countries.

The All-Russian Trade and Industrial Union advocated a unified empire with a constitutional monarch and a cabinet of ministers based on a parliamentary majority (English constitutional model). The programmatic and political goal of the party was the economic commonwealth of the commercial and industrial classes, the representation of this commonwealth in all public organizations, parliament and government institutions.

The party of monarchist-constitutionalists proceeded from the main idea: “The Tsar is the father of the people, Russia is unthinkable without a Tsar.” It was proposed to solve the peasant question by transferring communal land use to household land use and a radical reorganization of the peasant bank. At the same time, the idea of ​​​​forming a state land fund was rejected. It was proposed to reform public education on a corporate basis with the encouragement of rational elements of nationalism. The party program contained an indication of the “danger of the political views of Jewry.” The general political attitude was postulated as follows: “Universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage is impossible at the dawn of parliamentarism in Russia.”

The parties listed above formed the right wing. The slogan of right-wing parties and social movements became the thesis: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” At the same time, on the right flank there was a regrouping of a significant number of various kinds of “Black Hundred” unions, societies, brotherhoods, squads and leagues, which united in November 1905 into the “Union of the Russian People”. The Union had an extensive system of local government bodies under the leadership of the so-called Main Council, whose activities were supported by the state and the church. The Black Hundreds recognized the autocratic monarchy as the only acceptable form of government for the country.

As for the parties on the left wing of the political spectrum, they were formed on the basis of populist and Marxist ideology. In 1898, representatives of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, the Rabochaya Gazeta and Bund groups held a congress in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). At the second congress of the party in 1903, it split into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks.” The Party Program and Charter were also adopted here. The RSDLP (b) entered the revolution of 1905 with a clear program of political and government reforms. Autocracy was recognized as a social relic and the worst enemy of the people. It was proposed to form a unicameral parliament on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage, create elected courts, separate the church from the state, carry out the general arming of the people, establish a progressive income tax, an 8-hour working day, prohibit fines in production, introduce criminal liability for entrepreneurs for violation labor legislation. For peasants, it was proposed to cancel redemption payments and allow the alienation of palace, landowner and monastery lands. In the political sphere, the overthrow of the autocracy and the transfer of power to the Constituent Assembly were proclaimed.

The ideological successor of the Narodnaya Volya party was the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), formed in 1902. Its main slogan: “Socialization of the land” (abolition of private ownership of land), the main method of struggle is terror. In the political field, the Socialist Revolutionaries insisted on the introduction of a democratic republic with broad regional autonomy, universal suffrage and the replacement of the regular army with a people's militia. The Socialist Revolutionaries considered the RSDLP as allies in realizing their main goal - the liquidation of the autocracy and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor (Constituent Assembly).

The beginning of the revolution was the so-called “Bloody Sunday” - January 9, 1905, when the tsarist troops and police shot down a peaceful march of over 140 thousand workers of the capital to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the tsar about their needs. This caused an unprecedented explosion of popular indignation and unrest throughout the country.

The main result of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905–1907 was that the supreme power was forced to change the socio-political system of Russia. New state institutions emerged in the country, indicating the beginning of the era of parliamentarism. Some limitation of autocracy was achieved, although the tsar retained the ability to make legislative decisions and full executive power.

I and II State Dumas and their programs

The First State Duma was elected on the basis of the electoral law on December 11, 1905. 25 million people received the right to vote. Farmers, women, soldiers, sailors, students, and workers employed in small enterprises did not participate in the elections. Age (25 years) and property qualifications were introduced. The elections were multi-stage, and the rights of voters were unequal. The landowner's vote was equal to 3 votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 votes of the peasants and 45 votes of the workers.

The composition of the Duma deputies is 34% Cadets, 14% Octobrists, 23% Trudoviks (close to the Social Revolutionaries), about 4% Mensheviks.

The Bolsheviks boycotted the elections to the State Duma, and the Black Hundreds did not get into it.

“The subjects of jurisdiction of the State Duma were determined by the “Establishment of the State Duma” - a document regulating its activities. In accordance with it, the jurisdiction of the Duma was subject to:

– subjects requiring the publication of laws and states, as well as their amendment, addition, suspension and repeal;

- state list of income and expenses together with financial estimates of ministries and main departments, as well as cash allocations from the treasury not provided for by the list - on the basis of established rules;

– report of state control on the execution of state registration;

– cases of alienation of part of state income or property, requiring the Highest permission;

- cases on the construction of railways by direct order of the treasury and at its expense;

– cases on the establishment of campaigns for actions, when exemptions from existing laws are requested;

- cases submitted to the Duma for consideration by special Highest commands.

As we see, the rights and sphere of competence of the State Duma were clearly defined and limited. This was enshrined in the new edition of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire, adopted on the eve of the start of the work of the lower chamber. In accordance with the law, the power of supreme administration remained entirely in the hands of the emperor, who inseparably belonged to:

- all power to govern the country through the ministry responsible to him, and not to the people's representative office and through all other officials appointed on his behalf;

- the entire structure and legislation on the army and navy;

– the right to declare an area under martial law and a state of exception;

– authorization of loans if the State Duma does not approve them during the session.

Thus, in the apt expression of S. Yu. Witte, the new Basic Laws pursued the goal of taking away from the Duma everything that is dangerous to touch.”

This Duma proposed a program for the democratization of Russia: the introduction of ministerial responsibility to parliament; guarantees of civil liberties; establishment of universal free education; carrying out agrarian reform; meeting the demands of national minorities; abolition of the death penalty; political amnesty for participants in the revolution. The key consideration in the Duma was the consideration of projects on the agrarian issue of the Cadets and Trudoviks. The government, supported by conservatives, rejected them, which intensified its confrontation with the State Duma. 72 days after the opening of the Duma, the Tsar dissolved it, saying that it did not calm the people, but inflamed passions.

"Vyborg Appeal"

On July 9, 1906, the new Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin dissolved the State Duma. Some of the deputies went to Vyborg.

They adopted the “Vyborg Appeal”, in which they called on the people not to pay taxes and not to send soldiers to the army. Goremykin was forced to resign. Stolypin became the new chairman of the Council of Ministers. The drafters of the appeal were persecuted and lost the opportunity to get into the next Duma.

II State Duma

In November 1906, the election campaign to the Second State Duma began.

Elections to the Second Duma took place not just in the context of the decline of the revolution, but in those months of 1907 when it was increasingly obvious that it would soon end in defeat. Meanwhile, this circumstance did not fundamentally affect the outcome of the Duma campaign. The parties opposing the tsarist government again, as in 1906, won the sympathy of the majority of citizens who came to vote in the elections. True, the ratio of seats in the lower legislative chamber was somewhat different compared to what it was almost a year ago. Thus, the Cadets and the Trudoviks, although they remained the largest Duma factions, swapped places in terms of numbers (the Cadets lost first place to the Trudoviks, losing about 80 seats; the Trudoviks, on the contrary, somewhat strengthened their positions, overtaking the Cadets in the number of deputies). The socialist “diaspora” in the Second State Duma turned out to be strong: the Socialist Revolutionaries and Social Democrats (Social Democrats) brought over 100 of their supporters into the Duma. One of the differences between the party composition of the Second Duma and its predecessor was the presence in the Tauride Palace of representatives of right-wing parties and an increase in the number of moderate liberals, primarily Octobrists.

As in the 1st Duma, the agrarian question was central in the 2nd. Projects of forced alienation of landowners' lands frightened the government. Having existed for 102 days, the Duma was dissolved by the Tsar's manifesto of June 3, 1907.

June 3rd coup d'etat

“The reason for the dissolution of the Second State Duma was the accusation of 55 members of the Social Democratic faction of preparing a military coup. On June 1, 1907, in a closed meeting of the Duma, Stolypin demanded the immediate extradition of the conspiratorial deputies and their trial. The Duma did not agree to bring them to justice and decided to transfer the case to a special Duma commission, which, waiting for the exposure of the obviously fabricated case and, prompted by the demands of Nicholas II to immediately disperse the Duma, began decisive action. On the night of June 2-3, 37 deputies of the Social Democratic faction were arrested, the rest went underground, and on the morning of June 3, 1907, the country learned from the Highest Decree about the dispersal of the Second State Duma.”

This manifesto symbolized the emergence in Russia of a new system of political organization of the state, called the “June Third Monarchy.” During this period, the government's internal policy was determined by objective post-revolutionary conditions. On the one hand, it was aimed at suppressing the anti-autocratic movement. On the other hand, it was no longer possible not to take into account the lessons of the revolution, which testified to the need for reforms to expand the social support of the supreme power. In this regard, two lines were clearly visible in the internal policy of the autocracy: the onset of reaction in all areas of public life and maneuvering between different social forces. The first line was carried out by administrative and ideological measures of the government, supported by the power-oriented media and the church. The second line was carried out through the adoption and implementation of new legislative acts.

III State Duma

The election campaign for elections to the Third State Duma took place in the second half of 1907.

The ability of the government to maneuver between various political forces was ensured by the electoral law established by the same manifesto of June 3, 1907. Based on this law, elections to the Third State Duma were no longer universal, but class-based, unequal, indirect and multi-stage, taking place in an atmosphere of total police investigation and terror.

The Duma of the third convocation included: 32% of “right-wing” deputies; 33% of the Octobrists who made up the center; 12% of Cadets, 3% of Trudoviks, 4.2% of Social Democrats and 6% of nationalist parties formed the “left” flank. It was in the 3rd State Duma that the mechanism of the so-called parliamentary Octobrist “pendulum” took shape.

The results of the election campaign were more than satisfactory for the government. This was explained by the fact that a minority of opposition deputies entered the Duma. This time, the leading party in the new pro-government Duma of the 3rd convocation was the Decembrist party. And as a result, the government received a new loyal Duma.

“The Union of October 17 party turned out to be the Duma center, and the Octobrist N. A. Khomyakov was elected chairman. In March 1910, he was replaced by party leader A. I. Guchkov, and a year later the Octobrist M. V. Rodzianko was elected head of parliament, who then became chairman of the Fourth Duma (1912–1917).”

It is worth noting that the Third Duma worked very fruitfully for the entire period allotted to it, namely from November 1, 1907 to June 9, 1912. During its five-year work, the Duma adopted more than two thousand bills. They concerned a wide range of issues, covering to one degree or another all aspects of the country's life and aimed at the gradual reform of traditional economic structures and social structures. Central among them was the most pressing issue - the agrarian one.

“The State Duma saw among its main tasks the strengthening of the country’s defense power, shaken by the unsuccessful Russian-Japanese War, the strengthening of the financial position of the state, the restoration of internal order and legality in all spheres of life. The Duma's disposition to carry out liberal reforms, on the one hand, supported the public's hope for a gradual peaceful solution to all pressing issues; on the other hand, it made it possible to appear in the eyes of the world community as a country that followed the democratic path of the Western European model.

This largely explains the fact that the Third Duma is the only one of all the Dumas of the period of the Duma monarchy that has exhausted its five-year term of office.”

IV State Duma

The pre-election and electoral campaigns for the Fourth Duma continued almost throughout 1912, and this was a time of a new revolutionary upsurge. At the same time, the results of the elections to these two Dumas fundamentally coincide in many ways: the relative majority belonged to the Octobrists (125 and 96 seats, respectively, out of 442, since according to the law of June 3, 1907, the total number of deputies was reduced by 82). The Cadets retained about 50 parliamentary seats, leaving behind not only the Octobrists, but also the rightists, who, due to internal contradictions, created several factions with various conservative shades. Trudoviks and Social Democrats in both the Third and Fourth Dumas were represented by only a few deputies, ranging from 10 to 19. Thus, changes in the socio-political situation in the country did not directly have a decisive influence on the results of the Duma elections.

At the end of 1912, elections to the 4th State Duma took place. Its party composition has remained virtually unchanged. It retained two majorities: the right-Octobrist and the Octobrist-Cadet. However, the social movement in the country has intensified significantly. A new liberal Progressive Party took shape, headed by representatives of monopoly capital - A. Konovalov, P. Ryabushinsky, S. Tretyakov and others. Declaring the program goals of their party, its leaders advocated a constitutional-monarchical system, expansion of the powers of the State Duma and increased responsibility of ministers in front of her. The progressives occupied an intermediate position between the Octobrists and the Cadets and tried to achieve the consolidation of all liberals.

The situation did not allow the Fourth Duma to concentrate on large-scale work. She was constantly feverish. Moreover, with the outbreak of the World War in August 1914, after major failures of the Russian army at the front, the Duma entered into an acute conflict with the executive branch.

On September 3, 1915, after the Duma accepted the war loans allocated by the government, it was dissolved for vacation. The Duma met again only in February 1916.

But the Duma did not last long. On December 16, 1916 it was dissolved again. Resumed activity on February 14, 1917.

Mass discontent with the authorities at the very beginning of 1917 led to very sad consequences; the revolutionary movement flared up with renewed vigor in the very heart of the empire - Petrograd. Thus announcing the beginning of the February Revolution to an already exhausted country.

After the last imperial decree, dated February 27, 1917, on the postponement of the Duma session, the Duma obeyed the decree, but meeting privately and forming a temporary committee, an attempt was made to maintain the legitimacy of power and save the monarchy by changing the tsar, but unfortunately the attempt was unsuccessful .

The Duma played a leading role in the establishment of the Provisional Government. Under him, she worked under the guise of “private meetings.” The Bolsheviks more than once demanded its dispersal, but in vain. On October 6, 1917, the Provisional Government decided to dissolve the Duma in connection with preparations for elections to the Constituent Assembly. On December 18, 1917, one of the decrees of Lenin’s Council of People’s Commissars abolished the office of the State Duma itself.

What can you learn from the experience of the State Duma?

First lesson. Parliamentarism in Russia was undesirable for the ruling circles. Its formation and development took place in a sharp struggle against authoritarianism, autocracy, and the tyranny of the bureaucracy and executive power.

Lesson two. During the formation of Russian parliamentarism, valuable experience was accumulated in working and combating authoritarian tendencies in the activities of the authorities, which it would be unwise to forget today.

Military affairs The emergence of parliamentarism in Russia

In August 1905 ᴦ. The law on representation – the deliberative State Duma (“Bulygin project”) was published. But this no longer suited anyone. Under the direction of S.Yu. Witte a program of political reorganization was developed. According to the Manifesto on October 17, Russia received a legislative Duma. The emperor retained executive power.

A parliament appeared in Russia, consisting of two chambers: the upper house - the State Council; lower house – State Duma.

Half of the State Council was appointed by the tsar, and half was elected by corporations (organizations): zemstvos, noble assemblies, universities, etc.

The Duma was convened for 5 years. During elections, voters were divided into curiae, which nominated different numbers of deputies. 1 vote of the landowner = 3 bourgeois = 15 peasants = 45 workers. But even so, peasant deputies could make up 40%. The government did this deliberately, counting on the peasants’ faith in the tsar.

Deputies had the right to discuss bills, the budget, and also make requests to ministers. Military affairs, foreign policy and issues of the imperial court remained outside the control of parliament. From now on, a bill became law if it passed through the Duma, then through the State Council and, finally, signed by the emperor.

On the eve of the introduction of representation, a unified government was established - the Council of Ministers (now ministers had to jointly discuss bills and important events).

Programs of political parties

The October Manifesto legalized the existence of political parties in Russia. Already before the end of 1905 ᴦ. About 50 parties were officially registered. Let us consider the programs of the most influential political parties that emerged in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. (see table)

Table

Activities of the I and II State Dumas

Activities of the First State Duma (April 27 – July 8, 1906). 448 deputies were elected to the First Duma. According to party composition, they were distributed as follows: cadets - 153, Octobrists - 13, non-party people - 105, peasant labor workers - 107, "autonomists" (deputies of national outskirts) - 63 and 7 others. However, cadets and those associated with them turned out to be 43%, Trudoviks - 23%, representatives of nationalist groups - 14%, a fifth of the deputies were represented by non-party members. The government's hopes that the peasants would be patriarchal did not come true. The village sent left-wing and liberal politicians to the Duma. The Duma turned out to be in opposition.

A cadet was elected Chairman of the First Duma S.A. Muromtsev.

The most important issue of discussion was agriculture.

At the same time, the Trudoviks demanded the announcement of a political amnesty, the abolition of the State Council, the expansion of the rights of the Duma (establishing the responsibility of the government not before the Tsar, but before the Duma).

Activities of the Second State Duma (February 20 – June 3, 1907 ᴦ.). Elections took place at the beginning of 1907. based old electoral law, in connection with this, the situation in the Second Duma was in general terms reminiscent of the situation in the First Duma.

Electoral Law of 1905: during elections, voters were divided into curiae, which nominated different numbers of deputies.

518 deputies were elected to the Duma, of which 66 Social Democrats, 37 Socialist Revolutionaries, 104 Trudoviks, 16 People's Socialists. 99 seats went to the Cadets, 44 to the Octobrists, 10 to the extreme right. A cadet was elected Chairman of the Second State Duma F. Golovin. This Duma worked for 102 days.

As before, the agrarian question remained central.

Due to the opposition of the Duma, bills that were not submitted to it for consideration from the government failed during the vote, just as proposals adopted by deputies could not pass a vote in the State Council.

June 3, 1907 ᴦ. It was announced the dissolution of the Second State Duma and a change in the election system.

The previous emphasis on the peasant was ended, and the representation of workers and nationalities was significantly reduced. The new vote ratio looked like this. 1 vote of the landowner = 4 big bourgeois = 68 small urban owners = 260 peasants = 543 workers.

It is the events of June 2–3 that are considered the end of the revolution. The fact is that these days the government is actually going for a coup d'etat, violating the law (the monarch did not have the right to change the electoral law without the Duma). At the same time, there was no reaction from society, which allows us to conclude that the revolution came to naught.

Juneteenth Monarchy

The internal political course established in the country after the dissolution of the Second State Duma and changes in the electoral law is usually called Juneteenth Monarchy, which became the last phase in the evolution of the Russian autocracy. The political system of this period combined elements of the new and the old, features parliamentarism and features classical autocracy. The transformations carried out during the revolution (the creation of the State Duma, etc.) marked a movement towards a rule of law state. At the same time, in the political life of the country, institutions and norms inherited from the past continued to play a huge, and in many ways, leading role. The social nature of the June Third monarchy was also distinguished by its duality. Although the nobility retained the status of the first estate of the empire, the transformations carried out in 1905–1907 opened up greater opportunities for the Russian bourgeoisie to influence the government of the country than it had before (to influence through the Duma). The Third State Duma, which met in the autumn of 1907, became the embodiment of the June Third system.

As a result of the elections, the right (Black Hundreds) received 146 parliamentary seats, the Octobrists - 155, the Cadets - 108, the Social Democrats - 20, the Trudoviks - 13 seats. The chairmen of the III State Duma were: ON THE. Khomyakov(until March 1910 ᴦ.), A.I. Guchkov (March 1910 - March 1911), M.V. Rodzianko (March 1911 – June 9, 1912).

In the Third Duma a unique mechanism of parliamentary Octobrist pendulum, which allowed the government to draw the line it wanted, maneuvering between the right and the left.

"Octobrist Mint". The Octobrist faction found itself in the political center of the Third State Duma. She was satisfied with the government's policy, and the fate of the decisions made largely depended on the position of her deputies. When voting on pro-government projects, the Octobrist faction voted together with the factions of the right and nationalists (the “pendulum” leaned to the right), and when voting on projects of reforms of a bourgeois nature, the Octobrists blocked with the Cadets and the factions adjacent to them (the “pendulum” leaned to the left).

During its entire work, the Duma discussed and adopted 2,432 legislative acts. The III State Duma worked for the entire period assigned to it and completed its work in 1912.

3. Activities of P.A. Stolypin and the socio-political situation in 1911–1914.

The creator of the new political system, of course, should be considered P.A. Stolypin.

Stolypin was a supporter of a strong monarchy and an influential landed nobility. Advocating for the speedy suppression of the revolution, he understood that this could not be limited to repressions alone, reforms were needed. To do this, he needed a Duma capable of cooperating with the government.

Stolypin’s words are well known: “First calm, then reforms.” It was according to this formula that he acted. In 1906 ᴦ. The fight against the revolutionary movement intensified. More details.

Ways to combat the revolutionary movement in 1906-1907:

• military courts were introduced (in which proceedings were conducted by several officers in an expedited manner without defense);
• the introduction of police agents into revolutionary organizations was widely used;
• the rights of the outskirts were curtailed.

Lawyers at the Lena mines. 1912 ᴦ.

But at the same time, soon after his coming to power, Stolypin put forward an extensive program of reforms (he was not the author of all the proposals, but supported them by occupying a high post), the implementation of which should, in his opinion, make a new revolutionary explosion impossible.

The central place in Stolypin's program was occupied by plans for solving the agrarian question.

Agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin:

Target: 1. Create a strong master on earth.

2. Distract the peasants from the revolution

1. Allow peasants to freely leave the community.

2. Creation of farms and cuts

3. Creation of a peasant credit bank

4. Resettlement of poor peasants to Siberia, the Far East and beyond the Urals.

At the same time, Stolypin’s “package of reforms” was not exhausted.

Proposals by P.A. Stolypin:

reorganization of the local government system. More details;

It was proposed to reorganize local government in order to increase the share of peasants in zemstvos and reduce the power of the leader of the nobility in the districts. The Ministry of Internal Affairs prepared a draft zemstvo reform, which provided for the weakening of strict bureaucratic control over local government. The reforms were also supposed to affect the judicial sphere, restoring the institution of justices of the peace and improving the local justice system. Already in 1906 ᴦ. Some restrictions that existed for the rural population (passports, entry into the civil service) were eliminated.

changes in the confessional sphere. More details.

On the confessional issue it was planned:

• relief of the situation of the Old Believers;
• the abolition of restrictions imposed on non-Orthodox churches;
• permission to convert from Orthodoxy to other Christian faiths;
• facilitating mixed marriages.

These elements, if implemented, were supposed to contribute to the modernization of the country.

At the same time, the Stolypin program met with serious opposition, primarily from the nobility: the proposals advocated by Stolypin threatened to end one of the last privileges of the Russian aristocracy - their predominance in local government.

As a result of the confrontation, only a tiny part of Stolypin’s program was implemented (not counting agrarian reforms). September 1, 1911 ᴦ. P.A. Stolypin was mortally wounded.

Meeting of the IV State Duma

Death of P.A. Stolypin, the growing contradictions within the June Third political system, the freezing of solutions to social and political problems led to revival at the turn of 1910/1911. mass strike movement in the country. The shooting of a peaceful march of workers from the Lena gold mines in April 1912 had a significant impact on the development of the internal political situation in the country. If in 1912 ᴦ. the number of strikers in the country amounted to 1463 thousand people, then in 1913 ᴦ. – already 2 million.

In the autumn of 1912 ᴦ. Elections to the Fourth Duma took place. The Duma, elected according to the electoral law of 1907, differed little in composition from its predecessor. At the same time, the IV Duma had to work under different conditions than the Duma of the 3rd convocation (World War I, pre-revolutionary years), and it turned out to be much less loyal to the monarch and the government.

Stolypin was replaced as chairman of the Council of Ministers V.N. Kokovtsov. Minister of the Interior in 1912. became ON THE. Maklakov, monarchist by political convictions. Already at the beginning of 1914 ᴦ. V.N. Kokovtsov was dismissed, and the new head of government became I.L. Goremykin, also a right-winger.

Meanwhile, the strike movement did not subside in the country.

The revolution that began in July 1914 had a serious impact on the socio-political situation in the country. World War I.

Control questions:

1. Prerequisites for the revolution.

2. The essence of agrarian reform by P. A. Stolypin.

3. What served as the basis for the creation of a multi-party system in Russia?

Topic: Russia in the conditions of the First World War and the national crisis.

Goal: to reveal the internal political development of the country during the First World War and revolutions.

Plan:

1. Internal political development during the First World War

RUSSIA IN 1900-1916

Economic development of Russia

1. At the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Empire ranked first in the world in:

a) the volume of national income;

b) the rate of growth of national income;

c) industrial production per capita.

2. Characteristic features of the economic development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. were:

a) the leading role of state regulation in the economic life of the country;

b) widespread attraction of foreign capital;

c) significant scale of capital export from the country;

d) high level of concentration of production;

e) the predominance of industrial production over agricultural production.

3. The rapid monopolization of the Russian economy was explained:

a) the possibility of developing capitalism “in breadth”;

b) an initially high level of concentration of production;

c) the destructive nature of economic crises.

4. Russia’s special interest in attracting foreign capital was caused by:

a) excessively high government spending;

b) the predominance of the agricultural sector in the economy;

c) the desire to integrate into the world economy.

5. Characteristic features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. were:

a) the predominance of communal peasant land ownership;

b) widespread development of farms;

c) peasant land shortage;

d) growth in the marketability of peasant farms;

e) agricultural overpopulation;

f) the rapid transition of landowners' farms to capitalist lines.

6. The Russian army was the largest in the world in terms of numbers, because:

a) Russia sought to gain territorial gains;

b) Russia was constantly threatened by neighboring states;

c) the geostrategic position of the country was vulnerable.

7. At the beginning of the 20th century. industry share in

national income was:

8. The share of the Russian population living at the beginning of the 20th century. in cities, equaled:

9. At the beginning of the 20th century. over 1 million people lived in:

a) St. Petersburg;

b) Moscow;

d) Odessa.

10. In Russia, foreign investors preferred to invest in:

a) agriculture;

b) light and food industry;

c) heavy industry.

11. Monetary reform in Russia was carried out in:

12. The main content of the monetary reform of S. Yu. Witte was:

a) a decrease in the gold content of the ruble (devaluation);

b) change in the nominal value of banknotes (denomination);

c) establishing the gold equivalent of the ruble.

13. Contemporaries called the “impoverishment of the center”:

a) the absence of rich mineral deposits in Central Russia;

b) low population growth in the central regions of Russia;

c) a decrease in the level of marketability of peasant farms in the central provinces of Russia.

14. The idea of ​​​​introducing a wine monopoly in the country belonged to:

a) Nicholas II;

b) S. Yu. Witte;

c) P. A. Stolypin.

15. Tula Arms Plant:

a) was part of the Putilov Plants concern;

b) was the private property of the Knop family;

c) was a state enterprise.

16. The first tram line in Moscow was put into operation in:

17. Indicate which terms correspond to the following definitions:

a) the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, concentrating industry and population in them;

b) a society in which a high level of development of large-scale industrial production and corresponding social and political relations has been achieved;

c) a list (estimate) of the state’s monetary income and expenses for a certain period;

d) income received by the owner of the share, part of the profit of the joint-stock company;

e) long-term capital investments in sectors of the economy.

a) State budget; b) dividends; c) industrial society; d) investments; e) urbanization.

Political development of Russia

1. The main contradiction of the political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Was:

a) the contradiction between the executive and legislative powers;

b) the contradiction between the tendency to form a civil society and unlimited autocratic power;

c) the presence of disagreements within the government.

2. Executive body of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. was called:

a) Council of Ministers;

c) Cabinet of Ministers.

3. The political demand put forward by the zemstvo community at that time boiled down to:

a) the introduction of people's representatives into government bodies;

b) the immediate adoption of a constitution in the country;

c) maintaining autocratic power.

4. “I am convinced that only our historically established autocracy can renew Russia” - these words belong to:

a) S. Yu. Witte;

b) P. N. Milyukov;

c) V. K. Plehve.

5. The perpetrator of the terrorist act against V.K. Plehve was:

a) E. S. Sozonov;

b) E. F. Azef;

c) P. V. Karpovich.

6. The post of Minister of Internal Affairs after the murder of V.K. Plehve was taken by:

a) S. Yu. Witte;

b) P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky;

c) P. A. Stolypin.

7. The main directions of the reform program proposed by P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky were:

a) destruction of the peasant community;

b) introduction of an 8-hour working day;

c) the introduction of elected representatives from zemstvos and cities into the State Council;

d) bringing peasants closer in rights to representatives of other classes;

e) expanding the scope of activity of zemstvos.

8. P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky, proclaiming a course towards cooperation between the authorities and zemstvos, set the goal:

a) turn Russia into a constitutional monarchy;

b) create popularity in liberal circles;

c) expand and strengthen the socio-political basis of the existing regime.

9. The government of Nicholas II at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The following political steps have been taken towards Finland

a) providing her with complete independence;

b) the king arrogated to himself the right to issue laws for Finland without the consent of its Diet;

c) national military units were disbanded;

d) a manifesto was issued on the conduct of office work in state institutions in Russian;

e) the Governor General of Finland was granted emergency powers.

10. Indicate who the following statements belong to:

a) “If you don’t make liberal reforms, if you don’t satisfy the completely natural desires of everyone, then there will be changes, and already in the form of a revolution”;

b) “Why could they think that I would be a liberal? Now I can’t say this word”;

d) “... you don’t know the internal situation in Russia. To hold the revolution, we need a small, victorious war.”

a) S. Yu. Witte; b) V. K. Plehve; c) P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky; d) Nicholas II.

11. Indicate which terms correspond to the following definitions:

a) the fundamental law of the state, which determines its social and governmental structure, electoral system, principles of organization and activity of government and administrative bodies, fundamental rights and responsibilities of citizens;

b) a system of local all-estate self-government;

c) a set of highly developed social, economic, cultural, etc. institutions and interpersonal relations that exists outside the state and is protected from its interference, allowing the realization of the various needs and interests of members of society;

d) a form of government in which the supreme power in the state belongs to an elected representative body;

e) a form of government and a state headed by one person, whose power is primarily inherited.

a) Civil society; b) zemstvo; c) constitution; d) monarchy; d) republic.

Social structure

Russian Empire

1. Indicate the main feature of the social structure of Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century:

a) class division;

b) the presence of the main classes of traditional (feudal) and capitalist societies;

c) differentiation of the population along class lines.

2. Indicate which social groups belong to traditional, feudal (I), and which belong to capitalist (II) society:

a) peasants

e) philistinism;

f) merchants;

g) farming.

3. Characteristic features of the situation of the Russian proletariat at the beginning of the 20th century. were:

a) high concentration of workers in industrial enterprises;

b) low working hours;

c) a well-thought-out system of social benefits and guarantees;

d) lack of basic civil rights;

e) draconian system of fines.

a) peasants;

b) emigrants from Eastern countries;

c) intelligentsia.

5. Form logical pairs from the provisions below that are interconnected as cause and effect:

a) lack of labor legislation;

b) high concentration of labor;

c) poor technical equipment of enterprises;

d) mass discontent among workers.

6. The length of the working day for an adult man in factories in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. was:

a) 8 hours;

b) 11.5 hours;

c) 10 o'clock.

7. In refusing the workers’ demands to reduce the working hours, the government referred to:

a) the presence of a large number of days off per year, especially religious holidays;

b) low labor productivity;

c) difficult international situation.

8. Match names and facts:

a) A. I. Putilov;

b) S. T. Morozov;

c) P. M. Tretyakov;

d) N. I. Prokhorov;

d) A. L. Shanyavsky.

a) Grand Prix at the World Exhibition in Paris for caring for the welfare of workers; b) opening of a gallery of Russian realistic art in Moscow; c) material assistance to revolutionary organizations; d) opening of a people's university in Moscow; e) founding of the Russian-Asian Bank.

9. At the beginning of the century in Russia they called kulaks:

a) rural moneylenders;

b) wealthy peasants;

c) peasants who separated from the community.

10. The main tenant of the land at the beginning of the 20th century. performed:

a) peasants;

b) representatives of the bourgeoisie;

c) landowners.

11. Most of the landowners' farms by the beginning of the 20th century. never switched to bourgeois rails, because:

a) it required large capital, and the landowners did not have it;

b) Russian landowners did not have the necessary psychological attitudes;

c) semi-feudal exploitation of peasants remained in land relations.

12. Sharecropping is:

a) collective use of mowing meadows;

b) a type of lease in which the tenant pays the owner of the land with half of the harvest;

c) rental of agricultural machinery.

13. Indicate what rights government officials were deprived of at the beginning of the 20th century. :

a) participate in the activities of political parties;

b) engage in commercial and entrepreneurial activities;

c) own land;

d) marry foreigners.

14. Specify the terms that correspond to the following definitions:

a) a social group in pre-capitalist societies that has rights and obligations fixed by custom or law and inherited by inheritance;

b) large social groups that differ in their relationship to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, in the methods of receiving and the amount of income;

c) persons who do not have a certain social status;

d) part of the population not in demand by production, a necessary element of the labor market.

a) Marginalized; b) reserve army of labor; c) class; d) classes.

First Russian Revolution

1. Contemporaries called the “highlight” of the first revolution the requirement:

a) 8-hour working day;

b) destruction of landownership;

c) the creation of bodies of popular representation in the country.

2. On January 29, 1905, by a special imperial decree, a commission was formed under the leadership of S. I. Shidlovsky, which received the task:

a) study the reasons that led to the shooting of the peaceful demonstration of workers on January 9, 1905, and punish those responsible for the tragedy;

b) prepare a decree on the transfer of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants;

c) study the working and living conditions of workers

for further action.

3. Place the following events in chronological order:

a) the formation of the Council of Workers’ Representatives in Ivanovo-Voznesensk;

b) the uprising of sailors on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky”;

c) the shooting of a peaceful march of workers in St. Petersburg;

d) armed uprising in Moscow;

e) All-Russian political strike.

4. It is known that in 1905 Nicholas II was inclined to suppress the revolution by force and in this regard intended to appoint a military dictator. However, according to the recollections of the head of the office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, A. A. Mosolov, the man whom the emperor predicted to become a dictator said: “If the sovereign does not accept Witte’s program and wants to appoint me dictator, I will shoot myself in front of his eyes...” This was :

a) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, commander of the Guard troops in the St. Petersburg Military District;

b) F.V. Dubasov, Moscow Governor-General;

c) D. F. Trepov, St. Petersburg Governor General.

5. The guards regiment “became famous” for suppressing an armed uprising in Moscow:

a) Volynsky;

b) Semenovsky;

c) Preobrazhensky.

6. The first chairman of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies (October 1905) was elected:

a) G. V. Plekhanov;

b) L. D. Trotsky;

c) G. S. Khrustalev-Nosar.

7. The government troops that brutally suppressed the uprising of Moscow workers in the Presnya region in December 1905 were commanded by:

a) Admiral F.V. Dubasov;

b) General A. N. Meller-Zakomelsky;

c) General S.S. Khabalov.

8. Match events, dates and cities:

a) the uprising of sailors on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky”;

b) performance of sailors under the leadership of Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt;

c) formation of the Council of Workers' Representatives;

d) shooting of a peaceful march of workers;

e) armed uprising.

a) St. Petersburg; b) Moscow; c) Ivanovo-Voznesensk; d) Sevastopol; d) Odessa.

9. Note the demands from the workers’ petition to Nicholas II, which were satisfied by the government during the first Russian revolution:

a) the creation of bodies of popular representation in the country;

b) introduction of democratic rights and freedoms in the country;

c) universal compulsory free education;

d) separation of church and state;

e) cancellation of redemption payments;

f) 8-hour working day.

10. The main result of the revolution of 1905-1907. was:

a) liquidation of landownership;

b) meeting the economic demands of the working class;

c) the emergence of a legislative representative body of power.

The emergence of a multi-party system

in Russia

1. Name the features of the emergence of a multi-party system in the country:

a) earlier emergence of political parties compared to European countries;

b) socialist parties were the first to emerge;

c) the organization of political parties became possible solely thanks to the efforts of the intelligentsia;

d) a small number of political parties;

e) a significant number of political parties.

The king got scared and issued a manifesto:

“Freedom for the dead! Those alive are under arrest!”

Prisons and bullets

The people were returned.

So they put an end to freedom.

According to his political views, the poet belonged to:

a) liberals;

b) Black Hundreds;

c) social democrats.

3. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP (1903), Lenin’s supporters were called “Bolsheviks”, since they:

a) had a numerical majority at the congress;

b) secured a majority in elections to the central bodies of the party;

c) dominated in the composition of grassroots party organizations.

4. The agricultural part of the RSDLP Program was revised in:

5. The project of “municipalization” of the land was put forward by:

a) Bolsheviks;

b) Mensheviks;

c) cadets.

6. The land “municipalization” program provided for:

a) nationalization of all land in the country;

b) confiscation of the landowner's land;

c) preservation of small peasant ownership of land;

e) transfer of land to the disposal of local authorities.

7. The Socialist Revolutionary program for the “socialization” of the land provided for:

a) withdrawal of land from commercial circulation;

b) distribution of land according to consumer or “labor” norm;

c) transfer of land into state ownership;

d) transfer of land to the disposal of peasant communities;

e) confiscation of the landowner's land.

8. The requirement for an 8-hour working day was not included in the program:

b) constitutional democratic party;

c) the Socialist Revolutionary Party.

9. The federal structure of the state demanded:

c) constitutional democratic party.

10. The ideas and demands of the program of the constitutional democratic party were:

a) liquidation of autocracy;

b) limitation of autocracy by a parliamentary democratic body;

c) the right of nations to self-determination;

d) preservation of a united and indivisible Russia with the granting of autonomy to Poland and Finland;

e) introduction of democratic rights and freedoms.

11. The ideas and demands of the program of the “Union of the Russian People” were:

a) establishment of a constitutional monarchy;

b) preservation and strengthening of autocratic power;

c) Russia for Russians;

d) convening of the State Duma;

e) introduction of universal suffrage.

12. Name the leaders of the following parties:

a) constitutional-democratic;

c) socialist revolutionaries;

d) "Union of the Russian People."

a) A. I. Guchkov; b) V. I. Ulyanov; c) P. N. Milyukov; d) A. I. Dubrovin; d) V. M. Chernov.

13. At the beginning of the 20th century. The victims of the Socialist Revolutionary terror were:

a) Governor General of Moscow, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich;

b) Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Plehve;

c) Governor General of St. Petersburg D. F. Trepov;

d) State Duma deputy M. Ya. Herzenshtein.

Experience of Russian parliamentarism

a) A. G. Bulygin;

b) P. A. Stolypin;

c) P. N. Durnovo.

2. The law on elections to the First State Duma was adopted:

3. In Russia, the following were deprived of voting rights:

a) women;

b) youth under 25 years of age;

c) workers of large industrial enterprises

d) military personnel;

d) officials.

4. The principles characteristic of the Russian electoral system were:

a) direct participation in elections of the entire population;

b) equal participation in elections of the entire population;

c) curial election system;

d) multi-level election system.

5. Article 87 of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire provided for the right of the emperor:

a) issue urgent laws during breaks between sessions of the Duma;

b) dissolve the Duma at its own discretion;

c) change the electoral law.

a) was the upper legislative chamber;

b) exercised control over the activities of the State Duma;

c) controlled the execution of decisions of the State Duma.

7. By decree of February 20, 1906, the principle of staffing the State Council changed, namely:

a) the entire population of the country participated in his election;

b) only representatives of the noble class were allowed to participate in his elections;

c) half of the members of the State Council were elected by elite organizations, half were appointed by the emperor.

8. On April 16, 1905, S. Yu. Witte was dismissed from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers for the reason that he:

a) delayed in every possible way the opening of the First State Duma;

b) was going to become a Duma deputy;

c) assured Nicholas II that with the advent of the Duma, revolutionary protests would stop, but this did not happen.

9. Instead of S. Yu. Witte, the following was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers:

a) A. G. Bulygin;

b) I. L. Goremykin;

c) P. A. Stolypin.

10. The 1st State Duma worked with:

11. In the First State Duma, the largest faction was:

a) Trudoviks;

b) monarchists;

c) cadets.

12. Elections to the First State Duma were boycotted by:

a) social democrats;

c) monarchists.

13. The 1st State Duma was called the “Duma of People’s Hopes”, because:

a) its discovery in society was associated with Russia’s transition to parliamentarism;

b) the peasants hoped to receive from her hands

landowner's land;

c) the people expected her to adopt a constitution.

14. “Project 104”, submitted to the First State Duma by the Labor Group on May 23, 1906, provided for:

a) immediate transfer of all land with its subsoil and waters into public ownership;

b) alienation of part of the landowners' lands exceeding the “labor norm”;

c) creation of a “national land fund”;

d) immediate and complete destruction of private ownership of land;

e) allocating land to everyone who wants to cultivate it with their labor;

f) allocation of land within the “labor norm”.

15. The reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma was:

a) the Duma “Address to the People” on the land issue;

b) the Duma’s decision to dismiss the government of I. L. Goremykin;

c) the murder of Duma deputies M. Ya. Herzenstein and G. B. Yollos.

16. After the dissolution of the First State Duma, some of the deputies, on the initiative of the cadet faction, gathered in Vyborg to develop an appeal to the population. They called on the people to:

a) passive resistance - not paying taxes, not performing military service;

b) armed uprising;

c) approval of government actions.

17. The II State Duma worked with:

18. The largest faction in the Second State Duma was:

a) cadets;

b) Trudoviks;

c) social democrats.

19. The II State Duma was called “red” because:

a) representatives of all major revolutionary parties took part in its work;

b) she adopted a law on the partial alienation of landowners' lands;

c) it met in the Red Hall of the Tauride Palace.

20. The events associated with the dissolution of the II Duma and the publication of the new electoral law of June 3, 1907, were a coup d'etat because:

a) The Duma was dispersed with the help of the army;

b) the emperor did not have the right to dissolve the Duma;

c) the emperor did not have the right to change the electoral law without the consent of the Duma.

a) landowners;

b) representatives of the bourgeois strata;

c) intelligentsia.

22. Boycotted the elections to the III State Duma:

b) Socialist Revolutionary Party;

c) monarchist party.

23. The party that received the largest number of seats in the III State Duma was:

a) constitutional democratic;

c) “peaceful renewal”.

24. On July 26, 1914, a special meeting of the IV State Duma was held, at which the so-called holy alliance between the deputies was concluded. The main outcome of this meeting was that:

a) almost all deputies, with the exception of monarchists, voted against Russia’s entry into the world war;

b) deputies expressed no confidence in the government;

c) almost all deputies, with the exception of the Social Democrats, voted for the acceptance of war loans.

25. In November 1914, five deputies of the IV State Duma were arrested, contrary to parliamentary immunity. They represented the faction:

a) cadets;

b) Social Revolutionaries;

c) Bolsheviks.

26. Indicate the chairmen of the Duma:

a) F. A. Golovin; b) N. A. Khomyakov,

A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzianko;

c) M. V. Rodzianko; d) S. A. Muromtsev.

Reforms of P. A. Stolypin

1. P. A. Stolypin’s agricultural program included measures such as:

a) liquidation of landownership;

b) widespread development of the cooperative movement;

c) free exit of peasants from the community;

d) resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals;

D) prohibition of free purchase and sale of land.

a) diverting the attention of peasants from the idea of ​​forced alienation of landowners’ lands;

b) turning Russia into a rule of law state;

c) the formation of market relations in the agricultural sector.

3. P. A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform was aimed at:

a) destruction of the communal psychology of the Russian peasantry;

b) the formation of a wide layer of small bourgeois owners;

c) liquidation of large land owners.

4. Russian peasants did not want to leave the community:

a) due to the lack of state support for individual farms;

b) under the influence of revolutionary propaganda;

c) due to existing psychological stereotypes.

a) he himself was a large landowner;

b) in his opinion, this idea contradicted

norms of the rule of law;

c) believed that the implementation of this idea would lead to endless redistribution of property.

6. The benefits provided to migrant peasants were:

a) exemption from military conscription;

b) cash benefit;

c) free provision of equipment;

d) the right to duty-free trade on the foreign market.

7. During the Stolypin agrarian reform, peasants put forward such a form of self-organization as:

a) volost peasant councils;

b) All-Russian Peasant Union;

c) agricultural cooperatives.

8. After the introduction of courts-martial (decree of August 19, 1906), contemporaries began to call the gallows “Stolypin ties.” The author of this expression was:

a) State Duma deputy cadet F.I. Rodichev;

b) Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin;

c) retired Prime Minister S. Yu. Witte.

9. Stolypin’s agrarian reform was supported by the party:

a) socialist revolutionaries;

c) "Union of the Russian People."

10. Nicholas II stopped supporting Stolypin because:

a) saw in his endeavors a threat to autocratic power;

b) was afraid of being in the shadow of the bright figure of the minister;

c) was against the destruction of the peasant community.

11. The terrorist act against P. A. Stolypin was committed by:

a) E. F. Azef;

b) D. G. Bogrov;

c) B. 3. Savinkov.

12. After the death of Stolypin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers became:

a) I. L. Goremykin;

b) V. N. Kokovtsov;

c) B.V. Sturmer.

13. Indicate which terms correspond to the following definitions:

a) a form of organization of production and labor based on group ownership, a form of connections between enterprises engaged in the joint production of certain products;

b) a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village;

c) a plot of land allocated to a peasant when he left the community and moved from the village to his own plot.

a) Farm; b) cooperation; c) cut

Foreign policy of Nicholas II

1. At the beginning of the reign of Nicholas II, Russia’s special interest in a peaceful Europe was explained by the fact that:

a) the country had no allies among the leading European powers;

b) its military-industrial potential was significantly inferior to the potential of the European powers;

c) peace in Europe facilitated the establishment of Russian dominance in East Asia.

2. To establish peace in Europe, Nicholas II:

a) entered into an agreement with Great Britain;

b) initiated the convening of an international conference on the problems of general disarmament;

c) recognized the primacy of Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

3. Indicate which event falls out of the general logical series:

a) the death of the cruiser “Varyag”; b) defense of Port Arthur; c) Battle of Tsushima; d) Brusilovsky breakthrough; e) Portsmouth Peace.

4. Match names and facts:

a) S. Yu. Witte;

b) Nicholas II;

c) S. O. Makarov;

d) A. M. Stessel;

e) A. N. Kuropatkin;

f) 3. P. Rozhdestvensky.

a) The Hague International Conference; b) the death of the cruiser "Petropavlovsk"; c) conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace; d) Battle of Tsushima; e) surrender of Port Arthur; f) Mukden disaster.

5. During the Russo-Japanese War, an outstanding Russian artist died:

a) V.V. Vereshchagin;

b) I.K. Aivazovsky;

c) A. I. Kuindzhi

6. Place the following events in chronological order:

a) the battle of Liaoyang;

b) the fall of Port Arthur;

c) the battle of the Shahe River;

d) Battle of Tsushima;

e) the battle of Mukden.

7. The Treaty of Portsmouth provided:

a) compensation by Russia for material losses to Japan in the amount of 100 million gold rubles;

b) occupation of Sakhalin Island by Japanese troops;

c) transfer of South Sakhalin to Japan;

d) transfer of the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.

8. At the beginning of the 20th century. The “powder keg of Europe” was called:

a) Polish lands that were part of Russia;

b) Balkans;

c) the German Empire.

9. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army in the initial period of the First World War was:

a) Nicholas II;

b) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich;

c) A. A. Brusilov.

10. The commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front in 1916 was:

a) A. A. Brusilov;

b) Ya. G. Zhilinsky;

c) A. V. Samsonov.

11. The decisive influence on the failures of the Russian army in 1915 was had by:

a) severe weather conditions;

b) lack of shells;

c) the presence of German spies at the royal court.

12. The following were successful for the Russian troops in the First World War:

a) Galician operation (August-September 1914);

b) Gorlitsky breakthrough (April-June 1915);

c) Erzurum operation (December 1915 - February 1916).

13. Place the following events in chronological order:

a) Brusilovsky breakthrough;

b) East Prussian operation;

c) Galician operation;

d) evacuation of Russian troops from Warsaw;

d) Gorlitsky breakthrough.

Aggravation of the internal political situation

1. The real purpose of the sensational trial of 1913, called the “Beilis case,” was the government’s desire to:

a) uncover an extensive German spy network;

b) cause a new explosion of anti-Semitism;

c) defeat the largest terrorist organization.

2. At the end of 1914, Nikolai P notified in writing the Chairman of the Council of Ministers V.N. Kokovtsov of his resignation. Arguing this decision, the emperor, in particular, wrote: “... the rapid pace of internal life and the amazing rise of the country’s economic forces require the adoption of decisive and serious measures, which only a fresh person can cope with.” This “fresh” person, appointed by the emperor to the post of prime minister after Kokovtsov’s resignation, was:

a) I. L. Goremykin;

b) P. N. Milyukov;

c) A. V. Krivoshein.

3. In 1915, Chairman of the IV State Duma M.V. Rodzianko called the “greatest mistake” of Nicholas’s reign:

a) creation of the “Progressive Bloc”;

b) arrest of Minister of War V. A. Sukhomlinov;

c) Nicholas II assumed the duties of Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

4. Indicate which factor was decisive in the rapid restructuring of the Russian economy on a war footing:

a) combining the efforts of the state and private capital;

b) general labor mobilization of the population;

c) influx of foreign investment.

5. “Progressive block” is:

a) organization of progressive-minded intelligentsia;

b) scientific and technical society;

c) an inter-party coalition of deputies of the Duma and the State Council.

6. The “Progressive Bloc” advocated:

a) immediate end to the war;

b) replacing the autocratic monarchy with a democratic republic;

c) the creation of a government of “public trust” responsible to the Duma.

7. Participated in the murder of Rasputin:

a) P. N. Milyukov;

b) V. M. Purishkevich;

c) V.V. Shulgin.

8. In 1915, the following was put on trial for the unpreparedness of the Russian army for war:

a) Minister of War V. A. Sukhomlinov;

b) manager of the Ministry of Railways A.F. Trepov;

c) Minister of the Imperial Court V. B. Frederike.

9. Indicate which of the following statements correspond to historical reality:

a) in 1916, Russia experienced a catastrophic drop in arms production;

b) in gratitude for the services rendered during the war, Nicholas II introduced representatives of the big bourgeoisie into the government;

c) in the fall of 1916, there was an acute shortage of food in Moscow and Petrograd;

d) the Cadets and Octobrists sharply condemned the government for launching military operations against Germany;

e) the leader of the Bolsheviks V.I. Lenin put forward the slogan of the defeat of his government in the war;

f) Lenin’s position on the war was supported by the oldest Russian Marxist G.V. Plekhanov.

Silver Age of Russian Culture

1. Indicate which of the following statements do not correspond to historical reality:

a) in 1908, universal primary education was introduced in the Russian Empire;

b) at the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia all classes had access to higher education;

c) at the beginning of the 20th century. The literacy level of the population of the Russian Empire was the lowest among the leading world powers;

d) Russian government spending on education has been constantly declining.

2. The Nobel Prize laureates were:

a) D. I. Mendeleev;

b) I. I. Mechnikov;

c) I. P. Pavlov.

3. Indicate the area of ​​research of the following scientists:

a) P. N. Lebedev;

b) V. I. Vernadsky;

c) I. P. Pavlov;

d) I. I. Mechnikov;

d) N. E. Zhukovsky;

f) K. E. Tsiolkovsky;

g) V. O. Klyuchevsky.

a) Physiology; b) immunology; c) history of Russia; d) physics of electromagnetic waves; e) rocket science; f) aerodynamics; g) the doctrine of the biosphere.

4. The first Russian car was called:

a) "Russo-Balt";

c) “Russian Knight”.

5. N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, P. B. Struve, S. L. Frank are:

c) participants in the “Russian Seasons” in Paris.

6. “We were and are the first Bolsheviks in art” - this is the slogan:

a) acmeists;

b) symbolists;

c) futurists.

7. Specify a name that falls outside the general logical series:

a) I. P. Argunov; b) V.V. Kandinsky;

c) A. V. Lentulov; d) K. S. Malevich;

e) R. R. Falk; f) M. Z. Chagall.

8. Indicate which of the listed artists of the early 20th century. The following works belong to:

a) V. A. Serov;

b) B. M. Kustodiev;

c) K. S. Petrov-Vodkin;

d) N. I. Altman;

e) K. S. Malevich;

e) M. A. Vrubel.

a) “Bathing the Red Horse” (1912); b) portrait of A. A. Akhmatova (1914); c) “Black Square” (1913); d) “The Rape of Europe” (1910); e) “The Demon Defeated” (1902); f) “The Merchant's Wife” (1914).

9. The artists of the Blue Rose association belonged to:

a) primitivists;

b) symbolists;

c) cubists.

10. The activities of the World of Art reflected the idea:

a) synthesis of various types of arts;

b) return to folk traditions;

c) denial of previous cultural experience.

11. Organizer of the “Russian Seasons” in Paris in 1907-1913. was:

a) A. N. Benois;

b) S. P. Diaghilev;

c) F.I. Shalyapin.

12. Indicate who made a significant contribution to the development:

a) ballet;

c) theater;

d) cinema.

a) A. A. Gorsky; b) T. P. Karsavina; c) V. F. Komissarzhevskaya; d) V. E. Meyerhold; e) V. F. Nijinsky; f) A. P. Pavlova; g) Ya. A. Protazanov; h) L. V. Sobinov; i) K. S. Stanislavsky; j) V.V. Kholodnaya; k) F. I. Shalyapin; m) M. M. Fokin.

13. The first Russian feature film, released in 1908, was called:

a) “Queen of Spades”;

b) “Woman with a Dagger”;

c) “Stenka Razin and the princess.”

14. The first Russian full-length film, which appeared in 1911, was called:

a) “Defense of Sevastopol”;

b) “Song of Triumphant Love”;

c) "Nobles' Nest".

15. M. E. Pyatnitsky’s contribution to Russian culture is that he:

a) organized the first theater school-studio;

b) founded the Russian folk choir;

c) created the country's first film studio.

16. Specify the terms that correspond to the following definitions:

a) a literary movement, whose representatives saw the goal of creativity in the subconscious-intuitive comprehension of the secret meanings of life that are beyond the limits of sensory experience;

b) a direction in art that denies the artistic and moral heritage, preaches a break with traditional culture and the aesthetics of modern urban civilization with its dynamics and impersonality;

c) direction in Russian poetry at the beginning of the 20th century,

advocated concrete sensory perception of the “material world”, returning the word to its original meaning.

a) Acmeism; b) symbolism; c) futurism.

a) A. G. Bulygin;

b) P. A. Stolypin;

c) P. N. Durnovo.

2. The law on elections to the First State Duma was adopted:

3. In Russia, the following were deprived of voting rights:

a) women;

b) youth under 25 years of age;

c) workers of large industrial enterprises;

d) military personnel;

d) officials.

4. The principles characteristic of the Russian electoral system were:

a) direct participation in elections of the entire population;

b) equal participation in elections of the entire population;

c) curial election system;

d) multi-level election system.

5. Article 87 of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire provided for the right of the emperor:

a) issue urgent laws during breaks between sessions of the Duma;

b) dissolve the Duma at its own discretion;

c) change the electoral law.

a) was the upper legislative chamber;

b) exercised control over the activities of the State Duma;

c) controlled the execution of decisions of the State Duma.

7. By decree of February 20, 1906, the principle of staffing the State Council changed, namely:

a) the entire population of the country participated in his election;

b) only representatives of the noble class were allowed to participate in his elections;

c) half of the members of the State Council were elected by elite organizations, half were appointed by the emperor.

8. On April 16, 1905, S. Yu. Witte was dismissed from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers for the reason that he:

a) delayed in every possible way the opening of the First State Duma;

b) was going to become a Duma deputy;

c) assured Nikolai II that with the advent of the Duma revolutionary protests would stop, but this did not happen.

9. Instead of S. Yu. Witte, the following was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers:

a) A. G. Bulygin;

b) I. L. Goremykin;

c) P. A. Stolypin.

10. The 1st State Duma worked with:

11. In the First State Duma, the largest faction was:

a) Trudoviks;

b) monarchists;

c) cadets.

12. Elections to the First State Duma were boycotted by:

a) social democrats;

b) Social Revolutionaries;

c) monarchists.

13. The 1st State Duma was called the “Duma of People’s Hopes”, because:

a) its discovery in society was associated with Russia’s transition to parliamentarism;

b) the peasants hoped to receive the landowner's land from her hands;

c) the people expected her to adopt a constitution.

14. “Project 104”, submitted to the First State Duma by the Labor Group on May 23, 1906, provided for:

a) immediate transfer of all land with its subsoil and waters into public ownership;

b) alienation of part of the landowners' lands exceeding the “labor norm”;

c) creation of a “national land fund”;

d) immediate and complete destruction of private ownership of land;

e) allocating land to everyone who wants to cultivate it with their labor;

f) allocation of land within the “labor norm”.

15. The reason for the dissolution of the First State Duma was:

a) the Duma “Address to the People” on the land issue;

b) the Duma’s decision to dismiss the government of I. L. Goremykin;

c) the murder of Duma deputies M. Ya. Herzenstein and G. B. Yollos.

16. After the dissolution of the First State Duma, some of the deputies, on the initiative of the cadet faction, gathered in Vyborg to develop an appeal to the population. They called on the people to:

a) passive resistance - not paying taxes, not performing military service;

b) armed uprising;

c) approval of government actions.

17. The II State Duma worked with:

18. The largest faction in the Second State Duma was:

a) cadets;

b) Trudoviks;

c) social democrats.

19. The II State Duma was called “red” because:

a) representatives of all major revolutionary parties took part in its work;

b) she adopted a law on the partial alienation of landowners' lands;

c) it met in the Red Hall of the Tauride Palace.

20. Events surrounding the dissolution II The Duma and the publication of the new electoral law of June 3, 1907, constituted a coup d'état because:

a) The Duma was dispersed with the help of the army;

b) the emperor did not have the right to dissolve the Duma;

c) the emperor did not have the right to change the electoral law without the consent of the Duma.

a) landowners;

b) representatives of the bourgeois strata;

c) intelligentsia.

22. Elections in III Boycotted the State Duma:

a) RSDLP;

b) Socialist Revolutionary Party;

c) monarchist party.

23. The largest number of places in III The State Duma received the party:

a) constitutional democratic;

c) “peaceful renewal”.

24. On July 26, 1914, a special meeting was held IV State Duma, at which the so-called holy alliance between deputies was concluded. The main outcome of this meeting was that:

a) almost all deputies, with the exception of monarchists, voted against Russia’s entry into the world war;

b) deputies expressed no confidence in the government;

c) almost all deputies, with the exception of the Social Democrats, voted for the acceptance of war loans.

25. In November 1914, five deputies were arrested despite parliamentary immunity IV State Duma. They represented the faction:

a) cadets;

b) Social Revolutionaries;

c) Bolsheviks.

26. Indicate the chairmen of the Duma:

A) I ;

b) II ;

V) III ;

G) IV .

a) F. A. Golovin; b) N. A. Khomyakov,

A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzianko;

c) M. V. Rodzianko; d) S. A. Muromtsev.

History test The formation of Russian parliamentarism, grade 11 with answers. The test consists of 2 options, each option has 2 parts (part A - 4 tasks, part B - 1 task).

1 option

A1. The introduction of the estate-curial system of elections to the First State Duma was explained by the desire of tsarism:

1) abolish the class system
2) make elections direct and secret
3) liquidate the State Council
4) ensure the dominance of landowners in the Duma

A2. The State Duma in the Russian Empire had jurisdiction over:

1) approval of the state budget
2) leadership of the Armed Forces
3) introduction of martial law
4) declaration of war and peace

A3. As a result of the First Russian Revolution in Russia:

1) redemption payments were canceled
2) wealth inequality has disappeared
3) a two-party political system emerged
4) landownership was liquidated

A4.

It would seem that the Lord God himself... welcomed the reconciliation of the tsar and the people: on April 27, the opening day of the First State Duma, the weather in St. Petersburg was extremely good: not a cloud in the sky. The newspaper “Rech” prophesied: “History will preserve the bright memory of this bright hour in the history of the Russian people...”

1) 1894
2) 1904
3) 1906
4) 1907

IN 1. What factions existed in the First State Duma? Circle two

1) Social Revolutionaries
2) cadets
3) Trudoviks
4) Bolsheviks
5) Black Hundreds

Option 2

A1. The vesting of the State Council with legislative functions in 1906 was caused by the desire of the authorities:

1) limit autocracy
2) abolish landlordism
3) weaken the position of the State Duma
4) create a new code of laws of the Russian Empire

A2. The majority of seats in the First State Duma were received by:

A3. Contemporaries called the publication of the manifesto on June 3 about changing the procedure for elections to the State Duma a coup d’etat, because:

1) the order of succession to the throne has changed
2) the property qualification for the Duma elections was abolished
3) The Duma became a legislative body
4) new laws could only be adopted with the approval of the Duma

A4. When did the event in question occur?

From all over great Russia, assurances of boundless devotion to your person and expressions of great joy on the occasion of the publication of the manifesto on June 3 are flying to the foot of your throne. Russia applauds the coup you accomplished...

1) 1894
2) 1904
3) 1905
4) 1907

IN 1. What are the results of the First Russian Revolution? Circle two numbers corresponding to the correct answers and write them in the indicated place without additional symbols.

1) abolition of the class system
2) proclamation of freedom of speech
3) the disappearance of national oppression
4) the emergence of a bicameral parliament
5) restriction of landownership

Answers to the history test The formation of Russian parliamentarism, grade 11
1 option
A1-4
A2-1
A3-1
A4-3
IN 1. 23
Option 2
A1-3
A2-1
A3-4
A4-4
IN 1. 24