Encyclopedia of Fire Safety

The procedure for entering guard and internal service. Organization and performance of guard duty

Plan.

1. General provisions.

2. Guard outfit.

3. Preparing the guards.

ORGANIZATION AND GUARD SERVICE.

ORGANIZATION OF GUARD SERVICE AND PREPARATION OF GUARDS.

General provisions.

Carrying out guard duty is a combat mission and requires personnel to strictly comply with all provisions of this Charter, high vigilance, unwavering determination and initiative.

Those guilty of violating the requirements of the guard service bear disciplinary or criminal liability. Guards are appointed to perform guard duty. A guard is an armed unit assigned to carry out the combat mission of guarding and defending battle flags, military and government facilities, as well as to protect those held in the guardhouse and in the disciplinary battalion.

Guards can be garrison and internal (ship); they may be permanent or temporary.

The garrison guard is appointed for the protection and defense of an object (army, district or central subordinate, which does not have its own security units, objects of general garrison importance. objects of formations or several military units located in close proximity to one another, as well as for the protection of persons held in the garrison guardhouse.

The internal (ship) guard is assigned to protect the defense of the objects of one military unit (ship). Airplanes (helicopters) and other objects of the aviation unit at the airfield are guarded and defended by an internal guard appointed by the aviation technical unit.

Permanent guards are provided for in the guard schedule. Temporary guards are not included in the guard schedule; they are appointed by order of the head of the garrison or the commander of a military unit for the protection and defense of military property during loading, unloading) or temporary storage, when accompanied military cargo, transported various types transport, as well as for the protection of arrested persons (prisoners). Garrison guards are subordinate to the chief of the garrison, the military commandant of the garrison, the guard on duty and his assistant; The guard at the garrison guardhouse, in addition, is subordinate to the head of the guardhouse.

Internal (ship) guards are subordinate to the commander of the military unit (commander of the ship), the ship on duty at the military unit) and his assistant, if the assistant to the duty officer at the military unit is an officer. Inner guard, guarding the objects of the battalion of the division), located separately from the rest of the units of the military unit, in addition, subordinate to the commander of this battalion of the division) and the duty officer for the battalion (division) in military rank, equal to the chief of the guard, or senior in rank. The assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the warrant officers, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are not officers, and the assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the sergeants, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are appointed from among the sergeants.

The guards become subordinate to these persons from the moment the command “Attention” is given during the deployment to meet the guard duty officer (at the military unit, ship), and leave their subordination from the moment the guard chief gives the command “Step-march” to proceed to his military unit (unit) after the shift. The following are appointed to the guard: the chief of the guard, the guard according to the number of posts and shifts, guards, and, if necessary, the assistant chief of the guard, the assistant chief of the guard (operator) for technical security equipment or a shift of operators (two or three people, one of whom can be appointed as an assistant chief of the guard for technical security equipment), assistant chief of the guard for the service of guard dogs and vehicle drivers.

In addition to the listed persons, guards at checkpoints are assigned to the guards for the protection of headquarters and control points from the unification and above, as well as for the protection of institutions, and exit and escort guards are assigned to the guard at the guardhouse.

For the immediate protection and defense of objects, sentries are posted from the guard.

A sentry is an armed guard who performs combat mission for the protection and defense of the post entrusted to him.

A post is everything entrusted to the guard for protection and defense, as well as the place or area of ​​terrain in which he performs his duties. The posts also include objects protected by guards using technical security means and areas of the area where these means are installed.

Guards guard objects by patrolling between the external and internal fences around the object or along the fence with inside, if the object has one fence, as well as observation from towers. Individual objects may be guarded by stationary sentries.

Chiefs of garrisons, commanders of formations and military units, heads of military installations, as well as all their direct superiors, are obliged to constantly strive to reduce the number of personnel necessary for the protection and defense of installations. This is achieved:

Transition to guarding posts using technical means and guard dogs without posting sentries;

Uniting under the protection of one guard all nearby storage facilities, warehouses, parks and other protected objects with a common fence, belonging to different military units;

Reducing the number of posts with stationary sentries and organizing the protection of objects by patrolling on foot and on vehicles.

When organizing the protection of objects by patrolling, a sentry, depending on the fencing of the object and the terrain conditions, is assigned for protection and defense for a certain time a section of the strip with a length of: during the day - up to 2 km, at night - up to 1 km. and facilities equipped technical means security: during the day - up to 3 km, at night - up to 2 km. To strengthen the security of objects in inclement weather (heavy fog, rain, snowfall), by order of the garrison chief (military unit commander), additional guards or patrols in vehicles may be assigned. The order of guard duty and the order of patrolling in this case are determined by the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit).

Sentinels move along traffic routes on foot at a speed that ensures reliable protection of the facility, making short stops to inspect the area and fences, as well as to report via communications to the guard commander about their duty.

In good visibility, if terrain conditions permit. sentries can monitor the protected object and the approaches to it from observation towers.

To provide assistance to the sentries in each guardhouse, reserve groups are assigned from among the waking and resting shifts of guards, which, when the guard is called “at gunpoint,” under the command of the guard chief, his assistant or the guard, arrive at the scene of the violation and act depending on the situation. To quickly deliver these groups to the place of violation, the guards are provided, if necessary, with a vehicle, and in special conditions - with combat vehicles.

The guard personnel must be in guard uniform and armed with machine guns with bayonets or carbines with bayonets that are serviceable and ready for normal combat. Guards at checkpoints may be armed with pistols. Guard commanders and their assistants are armed with their standard weapons.

The guard is provided with live ammunition at the rate of: for each machine gun and pistol - two loaded magazines; for each carbine - 30 cartridges in clips.

In addition, by order of the head of the garrison (commander of a military unit), guard commanders can be armed with machine guns, guards can be armed with machine guns with three loaded magazines for each of them and hand grenades for the entire guard at the rate of two grenades for each, and also be reinforced with military equipment.

Ammunition for guard personnel, except for those armed with pistols, is issued at the guard town after practical lesson.

    General provisions of guard duty.

    Guard outfit.

    Preparing the guards.

    Change of guards.

    Internal order in the guards.

    Checking the guards.

    Duties of a patrolman.

Organization of guard service general provisions

Carrying out guard duty is the fulfillment of a combat mission and requires from the personnel strict compliance with all provisions of this Charter, high vigilance, unwavering determination and initiative.

Those guilty of violating the requirements of the guard service bear disciplinary or criminal liability.

Guards are appointed to perform guard duty.

It's called a guard an armed unit assigned to carry out the combat mission of guarding and defending combat flags, military and government facilities, as well as to protect persons held in the guardhouse and in the disciplinary battalion.

Guards can be garrison and internal (ship); they can be permanent or temporary.

The garrison guard is assigned to protect objects of general garrison importance, objects of formations or several military units located in close proximity to one another, as well as to protect persons held in the garrison guardhouse.

The internal (ship) guard is assigned to guard and defend the facilities of one military unit (ship). Airplanes (helicopters) and other objects of the aviation unit at the airfield are guarded and defended by an internal guard appointed by the aviation technical unit.

Permanent guards are provided for in the guard schedule.

Temporary guards are not included in the guard schedule; they are appointed by order of the head of the garrison or the commander of a military unit for the protection and defense of military property during loading (unloading) or temporary storage, when accompanying military cargo transported by various modes of transport, as well as for the protection of arrested persons (prisoners).

Garrison guards are subordinate to the chief of the garrison, the guard on duty and his assistant; The guard at the garrison guardhouse, in addition, is subordinate to the head of the guardhouse.

Internal (ship) guards are subordinate to the commander of the military unit (ship commander), the duty officer at the military unit (ship) and his assistant, if the assistant to the duty officer at the military unit is an officer. The internal guard, guarding the facilities of a battalion (division), located separately from the rest of the units of the military unit, is, in addition, subordinate to the commander of this battalion (division) and the duty officer of the battalion (division) in a military rank equal to the chief of the guard or in rank higher than him.

The assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the warrant officers, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are not officers, and the assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the sergeants, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are appointed from among the sergeants.

The guards become subordinate to these persons from the moment the command "Attention" is given during the deployment to meet the guard duty officer (at the military unit, ship), and leave their subordination from the moment the guard chief gives the command "Step March" to proceed to his military unit (unit) after the shift.

The following are appointed to the guard: the chief of the guard, guards according to the number of posts and shifts, guards, and, if necessary, an assistant chief of the guard, an assistant chief of the guard (operator) for technical security equipment or a shift of operators (two or three people, one of whom can be appointed as an assistant chief of the guard for technical security equipment), assistant chief of the guard for the service of guard dogs and vehicle drivers.

In addition to the listed persons, checkpoint guards are assigned to the guards for the protection of headquarters and control points from the unification and higher, as well as for the protection of institutions, and exit and escort guards are assigned to the guard at the guardhouse.

For the immediate protection and defense of objects, sentries are posted from the guard.

Called a sentry an armed guard who performs the combat mission of protecting and defending the post assigned to him.

It's called fasting everything entrusted to the guard for protection and defense, as well as the place or area of ​​​​the terrain in which he performs his duties. The posts also include objects protected by guards using technical security means and areas of the area where these means are installed.

The guards guard objects by patrolling between the external and internal fences around the object or along the fence on the inside, if the object has one fence, as well as by observation from towers. Individual objects may be guarded by stationary sentries.

Chiefs of garrisons, commanders of formations and military units, heads of military installations, as well as all their direct superiors, are obliged to constantly strive to reduce the number of personnel necessary for the protection and defense of installations. This is achieved:

Transition to guarding posts using technical security equipment and guard dogs without posting sentries;

By uniting under the protection of one guard all nearby storage facilities, warehouses, parks and other protected objects with a common fence, belonging to different military units;

Reducing the number of posts with stationary sentries and organizing the protection of objects by patrolling on foot and in vehicles.

When organizing the protection of objects by patrolling, the sentry, depending on the fencing of the object and the terrain conditions, is assigned for protection and defense for a certain time a section of the strip with a length of: during the day up to 2 km, at night - up to 1 km, and for objects equipped with technical security means: during the day - up to 3 km, at night - up to 2 km. To strengthen the security of objects in inclement weather (heavy fog, rain, snowfall), additional guards or patrols in vehicles may be assigned by order of the garrison chief (military unit commander). The order of duty for additional guards and the order of patrolling in this case are determined by the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit).

The sentries move along the routes on foot at a speed that ensures reliable protection of the facility, making short stops to inspect the area and fences, as well as to report via communications to the guard commander about their duty.

With good visibility, if terrain conditions allow, sentries can monitor protected objects from observation towers.

To provide assistance to the sentries in each guardhouse, reserve groups are created from among the guard shifts that are awake and resting, which, when the guard is called “at gunpoint,” under the command of the guard commander, his assistant or the guard, arrive at the scene of the violation and act depending on the situation. To quickly deliver groups to the place of violation, the guards are provided, if necessary, with a vehicle, and in special conditions with armored personnel carriers (combat vehicles).

The guard personnel must be in guard uniform (Appendix 9) and armed with machine guns with bayonets or carbines with bayonets that are serviceable and ready for normal combat.

Checkpoint sentries may be armed with pistols. Guard commanders and their assistants are armed with their standard weapons.

Live ammunition is provided on the basis of: for each machine gun and pistol - two loaded magazines; each carbine has 30 rounds of ammunition in clips. The guard's live ammunition is refreshed at least once every three months.

In addition, by order of the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit), the guards can be armed with machine guns with three loaded magazines for each of them, hand grenades for the entire guard, at the rate of two grenades for each, and also be reinforced with military equipment.

Ammunition for guard personnel, except for those armed with pistols, is issued at the guard camp after practical training.

Loading of weapons is carried out before going to posts, to protect military personnel arrested and detained by the investigator or the body of inquiry, defendants and convicts, as well as to accompany persons checking the guard.

Loading and unloading of weapons is carried out according to the commands of the guard chief or his assistant and under their direct supervision at the guard room in a specially equipped and illuminated place with a bullet catcher, and when shifts follow to posts on vehicles - according to the commands of guards in the places specified in the instructions to the guard chief , if necessary also equipped with a bullet catcher. When loading and unloading, the barrel of the weapon should be directed upward (at an angle of 45-60 degrees) and away from the surrounding residential premises and the protected object. If residential and service premises are located near and around the guardhouse, loading and unloading of weapons can be carried out in the guardhouse in a special place equipped with a bullet trap. The weapon is unloaded and inspected immediately upon returning to the guardhouse or in the places specified in the instructions to the guard commander.

Pistols are loaded after receiving cartridges in the unit, and unloaded after the changing of the guard upon his arrival at the unit.

The weapon is loaded according to the rules specified in the manuals shooting business for the corresponding types of weapons, while the cartridge is not sent into the chamber.

Machine loaded with an equipped magazine. Before loading, it is inspected (at the same time the trigger is released) and the safety is put on. The bolt frame does not move back after attaching the magazine.

Carbine is charged with a magazine loaded to its full capacity. After loading the carbine, the bolt closes smoothly (without sending a cartridge into the chamber), the safety is removed, the trigger is lowered, and the carbine is put on safety.

Gun It is loaded with an equipped magazine; the bolt does not retract when loading. Before loading the pistol, put the safety on.

Machine guns and hand guns grenades are charged immediately before they are used.

Organization and performance of guard duty

Plan 1. General provisions 2. Guard duty 3. Preparation of guards ORGANIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF GUARD SERVICE ORGANIZATION OF GUARD SERVICE AND PREPARATION OF GUARD SERVICE General provisions Carrying out guard duty is the fulfillment of a combat mission and requires from personnel strict adherence to all provisions of this Charter, high vigilance, unwavering determination and initiatives. Those guilty of violating the requirements of the guard service bear disciplinary or criminal liability. Guards are appointed to perform guard duty. A guard is an armed unit assigned to carry out the combat mission of guarding and defending battle flags, military and government facilities, as well as to protect those held in the guardhouse and in the disciplinary battalion. There are garrison and internal (ship) guards; they may be permanent or temporary. The garrison guard is appointed for the protection and defense of an object (army, district or central subordinate, which does not have its own security units, objects of general garrison importance, objects of formations or several military units located in close proximity to one another, as well as for the protection of persons detained at the garrison guardhouse. The internal (ship) guard is assigned to protect the defense of the objects of one military unit (ship). Airplanes (helicopters) and other objects of the aviation unit at the airfield are guarded and defended by an internal guard appointed from the aviation technical unit. Permanent guards are provided for in the guard schedule. Temporary guards are not included in the guard schedule; they are appointed by order of the head of the garrison or the commander of a military unit for the protection and defense of military property during loading, unloading) or temporary storage, when escorting military cargo transported by various modes of transport, as well as for the protection of arrested persons (prisoners) . Garrison guards are subordinate to the chief of the garrison, the military commandant of the garrison, the guard on duty and his assistant; The guard at the garrison guardhouse, in addition, is subordinate to the head of the guardhouse. Internal (ship) guards are subordinate to the commander of the military unit (commander of the ship), the ship on duty at the military unit) and his assistant, if the assistant to the duty officer at the military unit is an officer. The internal guard, guarding the objects of a battalion of a division), located separately from the rest of the units of the military unit, is, in addition, subordinate to the commander of this battalion of the division) and the duty officer of the battalion (division) in a military rank equal to the chief of the guard, or in rank higher than him. The assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the warrant officers, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are not officers, and the assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the sergeants, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are appointed from among the sergeants. The guards become subordinate to these persons from the moment the command “Attention” is given during the deployment to meet the guard duty officer (at the military unit, ship), and leave their subordination from the moment the guard chief gives the command “Step-march” to proceed to his military unit (unit) after the shift. The following are appointed to the guard: the chief of the guard, the guard according to the number of posts and shifts, guards, and, if necessary, the assistant chief of the guard, the assistant chief of the guard (operator) for technical security equipment or a shift of operators (two or three people, one of whom can be appointed as an assistant chief of the guard for technical security equipment), assistant chief of the guard for the service of guard dogs and vehicle drivers. In addition to the listed persons, guards at checkpoints are assigned to the guards for the protection of headquarters and control points from the unification and above, as well as for the protection of institutions, and exit and escort guards are assigned to the guard at the guardhouse. For the immediate protection and defense of objects, sentries are posted from the guard. A sentry is an armed guard who performs the combat mission of guarding and defending the post assigned to him. A post is everything entrusted to the guard for protection and defense, as well as the place or area of ​​terrain in which he performs his duties. The posts also include objects protected by guards using technical security means and areas of the area where these means are installed. The guards guard objects by patrolling between the external and internal fences around the object or along the fence on the inside, if the object has one fence, as well as by observation from towers. Individual objects may be guarded by stationary sentries. Chiefs of garrisons, commanders of formations and military units, heads of military installations, as well as all their direct superiors, are obliged to constantly strive to reduce the number of personnel necessary for the protection and defense of installations. This is achieved by: - ​​transition to guarding posts using technical means and guard dogs without posting sentries; - uniting under the protection of one guard all nearby storage facilities, warehouses, parks and other protected objects with a common fence, belonging to different military units; - reducing the number of posts with stationary sentries and organizing the protection of objects by patrolling on foot and in vehicles. When organizing the protection of objects by patrolling, the sentry, depending on the fencing of the object and the terrain conditions, is assigned for protection and defense for a certain time a section of the strip with a length of: during the day - up to 2 km, at night - up to 1 km, and for objects equipped with technical security means: during the day - up to 3 km, at night - up to 2 km. To strengthen the security of objects in inclement weather (heavy fog, rain, snowfall), by order of the garrison chief (military unit commander), additional guards or patrols in vehicles may be assigned. The order of guard duty and the order of patrolling in this case are determined by the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit). Sentinels move along traffic routes on foot at a speed that ensures reliable protection of the facility, making short stops to inspect the area and fences, as well as to report via communications to the guard commander about their duty. With good visibility, if terrain conditions allow, sentries can monitor the protected object and the approaches to it from observation towers. To provide assistance to the sentries in each guardhouse, reserve groups are assigned from among the waking and resting shifts of guards, which, when the guard is called “at gunpoint,” under the command of the guard chief, his assistant or the guard, arrive at the scene of the violation and act depending on the situation. To quickly deliver these groups to the place of violation, the guards are provided, if necessary, with a vehicle, and in special conditions - with combat vehicles. The guard personnel must be in guard uniform and armed with machine guns with bayonets or carbines with bayonets that are serviceable and ready for normal combat. Guards at checkpoints may be armed with pistols. Guard commanders and their assistants are armed with their standard weapons. The guard is provided with live ammunition at the rate of: for each machine gun and pistol - two loaded magazines; for each carbine - 30 cartridges in clips. In addition, by order of the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit), guard commanders can be armed with machine guns, guards can be armed with machine guns with three loaded magazines for each of them and hand grenades for the entire guard at the rate of two grenades for each, and also reinforced with military equipment. Ammunition for guard personnel, except for those armed with pistols, is issued at the guard camp after practical training. Loading of weapons is carried out before going to posts, to protect military personnel arrested and detained by the investigator or

97. Garrison guards are subordinate to the chief of the garrison, the military commandant of the garrison, the guard on duty and his assistant; The guard at the garrison guardhouse, in addition, is subordinate to the head of the guardhouse. Internal (ship) guards are subordinate to the commander of the military unit (ship commander), the duty officer at the military unit (ship) and his assistant, if the assistant to the duty officer at the military unit is an officer. The internal guard, guarding the facilities of a battalion (division), located separately from the rest of the units of the military unit, is, in addition, subordinate to the commander of this battalion (division) and the duty officers of the battalion (division) in a military rank equal to the chief of the guard, or in rank higher than him. The assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the warrant officers, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are not officers, and the assistant duty officer at a military unit, appointed from among the sergeants, is subordinate to guards whose commanders are appointed from among the sergeants. The guards become subordinate to these persons from the moment the command is given during the divorce " At attention"to meet the duty officer on guard (at a military unit, ship), and leave their subordination from the moment the chief of guard gives the command" Step-march" to go to your military unit (unit) after the shift.

98. The following are appointed to the guard: the chief of the guard, guards according to the number of posts and shifts, guards, and, if necessary; assistant chief of guard, assistant chief of guard (operator) for technical security equipment or a change of operators (two or three people, one of whom can be appointed assistant chief of guard for technical means of security), assistant chief of guard for the service of guard dogs and vehicle drivers . In addition to the listed persons, guards at checkpoints are assigned to the guards for the protection of headquarters and control points from the unification and above, as well as for the protection of institutions, and exit and escort guards are assigned to the guard at the guardhouse.

99. For the immediate protection and defense of objects, sentries are posted from the guard. Sentry is called an armed guard who performs the combat mission of protecting and defending the post entrusted to him. Posting everything entrusted to the guard and defense is called, as well as the place or area of ​​​​the terrain in which he performs his duties. The posts also include objects protected by guards using technical security means and areas of the area where these means are installed. The guards guard objects by patrolling between the external and internal fences around the object or along the fence on the inside, if the object has one fence, as well as by observation from towers. Individual objects may be guarded by stationary sentries.

100. Chiefs of garrisons, commanders of formations and military units, heads of military installations, as well as all their direct superiors, are obliged to constantly strive to reduce the number of personnel necessary for the protection and defense of installations. This is achieved by: - ​​transition to guarding posts using technical means and guard dogs without posting sentries; - uniting under the protection of one guard all nearby storage facilities, warehouses, parks and other protected objects with a common fence, belonging to different military units; - reducing the number of posts with stationary sentries and organizing the protection of objects by patrolling on foot and in vehicles.

101. When organizing the protection of objects by patrolling, a sentry, depending on the fencing of the object and terrain conditions, is assigned for security and defense for a certain time a section of the strip with a length of: during the day - up to 2 km, at night - up to 1 km, and for objects equipped with technical security means: during the day - up to 3 km, at night - up to 2 km. To strengthen the security of objects in inclement weather (heavy fog, rain, snowfall), by order of the garrison chief (military unit commander), additional guards or patrols in vehicles may be assigned. The order of guard duty and the order of patrolling in this case are determined by the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit). Sentinels move along traffic routes on foot at a speed that ensures reliable protection of the facility, making short stops to inspect the area and fences, as well as to report via communications to the guard commander about their duty. With good visibility, if terrain conditions allow, sentries can monitor the protected object and the approaches to the lama from observation towers.

102. To provide assistance to the sentries in each guardhouse, reserve groups are created from among the waking and resting shifts of guards, which, when the guard is called “at gunpoint,” under the command of the guard chief, his assistant or the guard, arrive at the place of violation and act depending on the situation. To quickly deliver these groups to the place of violation, the guards are provided, if necessary, with a vehicle, and in special conditions - with combat vehicles.

103. Guard personnel must be in guard uniform ( Appendix 8), armed with serviceable machine guns with knife bayonets or carbines with bayonets, ready for normal combat. Guards at checkpoints may be armed with pistols. Guard commanders and their assistants are armed with their standard weapons. The guard is provided with live ammunition at the rate of: for each machine gun and pistol - two loaded magazines; for each carbine - 30 cartridges in clips. In addition, by order of the head of the garrison (commander of the military unit), guard commanders can be armed with machine guns, guards can be armed with machine guns with three loaded magazines for each of them and hand grenades for the entire guard at the rate of two grenades for each, and also be strengthened military equipment. Ammunition for guard personnel, except for those armed with pistols, is issued at the guard camp after practical training.

104. Loading of weapons is carried out before going to posts, to protect military personnel arrested and detained by the investigator or the body of inquiry, defendants and convicts, as well as to accompany persons checking the guard. Loading and unloading of weapons is carried out at the commands of the chief of the guard or his assistant (dispatching) and under their direct supervision at the guardhouse in a specially equipped and illuminated place with a bullet catcher, and when shifts follow to posts on vehicles - in the places specified in the instructions to the chief guard, if necessary also equipped with a bullet trap. When loading and unloading, the barrel of the weapon should be directed upward (at an angle of 45-60 degrees) and away from the surrounding residential premises and the protected object. If residential and service premises are located near and around the guardhouse, loading and unloading of weapons can be carried out in the guardhouse in a special place equipped with a bullet trap. Unloading and inspection of weapons are carried out immediately upon returning to the guardhouse or in the places specified in the instructions to the guard commander. Pistols are loaded after receiving cartridges in the unit, and unloaded after the changing of the guard upon his arrival at the unit.

Related publications