November 4 presentation. Multimedia presentation for the event "November 4 - National Unity Day". King to reassure

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Since 2005 it has been celebrated as National Unity Day. On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted amendments to the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory (Victory Days of Russia).” One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day - and the actual transfer of the state holiday from November 7 (Day of Accord and Reconciliation) to November 4. Currently, November 7 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia.

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Few people know that back in 1649, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (October 22, old style) was declared a public holiday. In addition, at the beginning of the 20th century, on May 8, according to the old style, Kuzma Minin was remembered, whom Peter I called “the savior of the Fatherland.”

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KUZMA MININ

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Later, due to the revolution of 1917 and subsequent events, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and the day of the death of Kuzma Minin was interrupted. Thus, we can say that National Unity Day is not a new holiday, but a return to an old tradition.

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Motherland and unity...Russia has been tested many times, and has more than once experienced times of chaos and hostility. When the country weakened, its neighbors attacked it, rushing to snatch a bigger and fatter piece. Internal and external storms shook the country to its very foundations. But the country rose from the ashes again and again. After each tragedy, she only became stronger, the envy of her enemies.

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In the Russian capital at that time, supreme power was in the hands of a handful of boyars. Behind the backs of the masses, the boyars agreed with the interventionists to transfer the Moscow throne to the Polish prince Vladislav. Under cover of darkness, 8 thousand enemy soldiers secretly occupied the Kremlin.

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But the people's strength was already maturing. Ryazan, Suzdal, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities gathered their militias. The people's army moved to liberate Moscow. Having learned about this, Muscovites perked up. On March 19, 1611, an uprising broke out in the city. Bloody battles raged for two days. The warriors of Zaraisky governor Dmitry Pozharsky fought in the most dangerous places.

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PRINCE DMITRY POZHARSKY

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Taking refuge in the stone Kremlin, the enemies set Moscow on fire. The wooden city burned like a giant bonfire. The uprising was drowned in fire, blood and tears. The militias approached Moscow too late, they didn’t have time. Nizhny Novgorod townsman Kuzma Minin looked sadly at the ashes. For four months the militia unsuccessfully besieged Moscow. It turned out to be powerless against the interventionists, because there was neither agreement nor a single leadership within it.

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Soon after returning to Nizhny Kuzma, Minin was elected mayor. His fellow countrymen respected him for his remarkable intelligence, straightforwardness and patriotism. On October 1, 1611, thousands of Nizhny Novgorod residents and residents of surrounding villages gathered at the market square at the call of the elder Minin. He calls them into a new militia: “Let us stand with one mind as a whole and fall en masse on our enemies!”

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Captivated by his speech, people donate money, rings, earrings, expensive furs, weapons and clothes to the common cause. Here, on the square, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was elected governor of the militia. His assistant was “the man elected from the whole earth” - Kuzma Minin. Minin and Pozharsky addressed letters to all Russian cities. They called for uniting in the struggle for the liberation of their native land from foreigners.

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Thousands of peasants and townspeople, nobles, Cossacks, and boyar children marched under the banners of the militia. The Volga peoples also responded to the call. In a fierce battle on August 24, the selected army of the Polish king was defeated. The enemy units besieged in the Kremlin delayed negotiations for a long time and only signed capitulation on October 26.

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KUZMA MININ IN THE DECISIVE ATTACK

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On November 1, 1612, the people's militia solemnly entered the Kremlin to the sound of bells. The inspirers and organizers of the militia, Minin and Pozharsky, rode ahead on horses, followed by detachments of fighters with flying banners. Jubilant crowds greeted the winners. Our people saved their homeland, saved their faith and statehood.

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The militia of Minin and Pozharsky is the only example in Russian history when the fate of the country and state was decided by the people themselves, without the participation of the authorities as such. This test helped Russia realize its national unity and appreciate the forces it had to defend it.

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Tell me, guys, do you know how the Russians thanked the militia heroes? Even those who have not been to Moscow know this monument.

November 4 is the day of unity of all Russian peoples. November 4 is the day of saving Russia from the greatest danger that has ever threatened it. November 4 is a revived holiday with its own history, and not just a replacement for November 7. November 4 is a day of good deeds, not a day of right-wing marches.

“Many people still have questions about how to celebrate National Unity Day. Some say that we need to devote this day to prayers and reflections about the future of Russia, others say that on this day we need to talk about good deeds, because only through good deeds can we build the future of Russia. The content of the holiday, which is well known to church people, historians, theologians and generally enlightened people, is not yet obvious to the absolute majority of our people,” noted Metropolitan Kirill.

The history of this holiday has long historical roots: the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. entered Russian history as a time of troubles. The clash of political parties, the weakening and collapse of the state, civil war, intervention of the Poles and Swedes. The clash of political parties, the weakening and collapse of the state, civil war, intervention of the Poles and Swedes.

In 1612, on October 22 according to the old style and November 4 according to the new style, the liberation of Moscow from the Poles began. In 1612, on October 22 according to the old style and November 4 according to the new style, the liberation of Moscow from the Poles began. During this difficult time, a copy (list) of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was in the possession of the leader of the militia, Prince D.M. Pozharsky. Believing people associated the liberation of the capital from the enemy with prayers before this miraculous image. During this difficult time, a copy (list) of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was in the possession of the leader of the militia, Prince D.M. Pozharsky. Believing people associated the liberation of the capital from the enemy with prayers before this miraculous image.

Later, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich established two holidays in Moscow for the Kazan Icon. One is July 8 (Old Art.), July 21 (N. Art.) - the day the icon was found. The other is October 22 (old style) November 4 (new style) - the day of the cleansing of Moscow from Polish invaders. Initially these were city holidays in Moscow and Kazan. On these holidays, a religious procession was held in the capital from the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Later, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich established two holidays in Moscow for the Kazan Icon. One is July 8 (Old Art.), July 21 (N. Art.) - the day the icon was found. The other is October 22 (old style) November 4 (new style) - the day of the cleansing of Moscow from Polish invaders. Initially these were city holidays in Moscow and Kazan. On these holidays, a religious procession was held in the capital from the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

On October 21, 1649, during the all-night vigil for the feast of the Kazan Icon, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich received news of the birth of his son Dmitry. The delighted Tsar established the celebration of October 22 as a holiday for all of Russia. In the calendar of the Russian Orthodox Church this day is still celebrated as the celebration of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God. On October 21, 1649, during the all-night vigil for the feast of the Kazan Icon, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich received news of the birth of his son Dmitry. The delighted Tsar established the celebration of October 22 as a holiday for all of Russia. In the calendar of the Russian Orthodox Church this day is still celebrated as the celebration of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God.

THE COUNTRY IS FACING THE THREAT OF LOSS OF INDEPENDENCE! The first militia against the interventionists was led by Lyapunov, but was killed. The militia disintegrated. By this time, the Swedes had captured Novgorod, and the Poles had captured Smolensk. The Polish king announced that Russia would join the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and he himself would become the Russian Tsar. The first militia against the interventionists was led by Lyapunov, but was killed. The militia disintegrated. By this time, the Swedes had captured Novgorod, and the Poles had captured Smolensk. The Polish king announced that Russia would join the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and he himself would become the Russian Tsar.

Key dates of the Time of Troubles 1581 – Ivan the Terrible’s eldest son dies at the hands of his father 1581 – Ivan the Terrible’s eldest son dies at the hands of his father 1584 – Ivan the Terrible dies 1584 – Ivan the Terrible dies 1584 – Theodore Ioannovich, the “ringer”, reigns - Theodore Ioannovich, the "ringer" reigns 1591 - Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich dies 1598 - Theodore Ioannovich dies 1589 - Boris Godunov reigns 598 - Theodore Ioannovich dies 1589 - Boris Godunov reigns 1605 - False Dmitry reigns th I 1605 year - False Dmitry I reigns 1606 - Vasily Shuisky reigns 1606 - Vasily Shuisky reigns 1607 - False Dmitry II is declared 1607 - False Dmitry II is declared 1610 - Vasily Shuisky is overthrown 1610 - Vasily Shuisky is overthrown 1610 - "sevenbo" is introduced Yarshchina" 1610 - the “seven boyars” are introduced 1611 - the militia under the leadership of Lyapunov gathers - the militia gathers under the leadership of Lyapunov1 612 - the militia gathers under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky 612 - the militia gathers under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky 1613 - Mikhail Romanov reigns 1613 - reigns Mikhail Romanov

On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation simultaneously adopted, in three readings, amendments to the federal law “On Days of Military Glory” /Victory Days of Russia/". One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day and the actual transfer of the state holiday from November 7 (Concord Day and Reconciliation) to November 4. The main reason for the postponement, according to most observers, was the desire to completely remove associations with the anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution (November 7, 1917). On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted simultaneously in three readings amendments to the federal law "On the Days military glory "/Victory days of Russia/". One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day and the actual transfer of the state holiday from November 7 (Concord and Reconciliation Day) to November 4. The main reason for the transfer, according to most observers, was the desire to completely remove associations with the anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution (November 7, 1917).

The initiator of the introduction of the new holiday was the Russian Orthodox Church. The initiator of the introduction of the new holiday was the Russian Orthodox Church. According to Metropolitan Kirill, the historical significance of this day lies in the fact that in 1612 Russia could have ceased to exist as an independent Orthodox state, and “salvation came on the wave of spiritual unity of the people, the main idea of ​​which was represented by the Orthodox faith.” This holiday is equally significant for representatives of different peoples of Russia, since it was after the victory of 1612 that “Russia became a great multinational power.” “Today we also need society to be strong in order to emerge from the period of change as a great state,” noted Metropolitan Kirill. According to Metropolitan Kirill, the historical significance of this day lies in the fact that in 1612 Russia could have ceased to exist as an independent Orthodox state, and “salvation came on the wave of spiritual unity of the people, the main idea of ​​which was represented by the Orthodox faith.” This holiday is equally significant for representatives of different peoples of Russia, since it was after the victory of 1612 that “Russia became a great multinational power.” “Today we also need society to be strong in order to emerge from the period of change as a great state,” noted Metropolitan Kirill. At the same time, the great spiritual significance of the new holiday was emphasized: “Minin and Pozharsky spoke at the call of the Church, and this awakened our people from spiritual slumber. The Russian people realized what was threatening them, and came out to defend their Orthodox faith.” At the same time, the great spiritual significance of the new holiday was emphasized: “Minin and Pozharsky spoke at the call of the Church, and this awakened our people from spiritual slumber. The Russian people realized what was threatening them, and came out to defend their Orthodox faith.”

Almost 4 centuries ago, in early November, the people's militia led by the merchant Minin and the governor Pozharsky drove the Polish invaders out of Moscow and marked the beginning of the end of the so-called Time of Troubles. Almost 4 centuries ago, in early November, the people's militia led by the merchant Minin and the governor Pozharsky drove the Polish invaders out of Moscow and marked the beginning of the end of the so-called Time of Troubles. During the Time of Troubles, the False Dmitry was acting lawlessly; all the boyars could not share power among themselves, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was already planning where and what it would build in Rus' when it took control of it. This dragged on for a long time, and if the Polish gentry’s plans had come true, then you and I would not live either in the USSR or in Russia. Who knows, who we would be now?.. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky is unique in that it is the only example in Russian history when the fate of the country and state was decided by the people themselves, without the participation of the authorities as such. She then turned out to be a concrete bankrupt. The people donated their last pennies to armament and went to liberate the land and restore order in the capital. They didn’t fight for the Tsar; he didn’t exist. The Ruriks are over, the Romanovs have not yet begun. Our great-great-great-great-great-grandfathers went to fight for the land many times, and they won. Then all classes, all nationalities, villages, cities and metropolises united. This day is rightly called the Day of National Unity. There was no other day like this in Russian history.

Why November 4th? Why November 4th? November 4, new style. In relation to the 17th century, this is October 25. It was on this day that an agreement in principle was reached on a ceasefire in Moscow and the surrender of the Polish garrison entrenched in the Kremlin and its withdrawal from the capital, and the militias, Cossacks and Muscovites were able to freely hold services in Moscow churches. November 4, new style. In relation to the 17th century, this is October 25. It was on this day that an agreement in principle was reached on a ceasefire in Moscow and the surrender of the Polish garrison entrenched in the Kremlin and its withdrawal from the capital, and the militias, Cossacks and Muscovites were able to freely hold services in Moscow churches. Thus, November 4 can rightfully be considered as Victory Day, the day of Military Glory, the day of the end of hostilities and the liberation of the Russian capital from invaders. Thus, November 4 can rightfully be considered as Victory Day, the day of Military Glory, the day of the end of hostilities and the liberation of the Russian capital from invaders.

But that is not all. But that is not all. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Russia, under Russian banners, under the idea of ​​liberating the country, representatives of numerous nationalities united in the ranks of the militia. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Russia, under Russian banners, under the idea of ​​liberating the country, representatives of numerous nationalities united in the ranks of the militia. That is, in fact, November 4 is a day of national unity in the face of mortal danger. That is, in fact, November 4 is a day of national unity in the face of mortal danger.

This will be repeated many times in Russian history. Ordinary Russian people, realizing that the country is threatened by a mortal enemy, selflessly stand up for its defense. This will be repeated many times in Russian history. Ordinary Russian people, realizing that the country is threatened by a mortal enemy, selflessly stand up for its defense. Example: The feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin, who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish invaders, leading his enemies into a dense forest and into a swamp, forever serves as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland (1613). According to legend, in this way he saved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was then living in Kostroma and was elected to the kingdom. An example of self-sacrifice. Example: The feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin, who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish invaders, leading his enemies into a dense forest and into a swamp, forever serves as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland (1613). According to legend, in this way he saved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was then living in Kostroma and was elected to the kingdom. An example of self-sacrifice. 1812 People's militia - patriots of Smolensk, Borodino. Tarutino. 1812 People's militia - patriots of Smolensk, Borodino. Tarutino. A massive partisan movement that made the French presence in Russia unbearable. The militia that pursued the enemy, making it possible to preserve the main forces of the Russian army. A massive partisan movement that made the French presence in Russia unbearable. The militia that pursued the enemy, making it possible to preserve the main forces of the Russian army.

People's militia of 1941 1941 again showed that the militia is an amazing, unique manifestation of the Russian soul, a fact of readiness to sacrifice for the sake of their Motherland. Volunteers won time to deploy a regular army. The year again showed that the militia is an amazing, unique manifestation of the Russian soul, a fact of readiness to sacrifice for the sake of their Motherland. Volunteers won time to deploy a regular army. THEY ALL are united by the thought: Who, if not us? They went to their death, knowing what they were dying for - for their Motherland! THEY ALL are united by the thought: Who, if not us? They went to their death, knowing what they were dying for - for their Motherland!

Such years of hard times were the Patriotic Wars of 1812.

"…Dear Mom! How are you living now, how are you feeling, are you sick? Mom, if possible, write at least a few lines. When I return from my mission, I’ll come home to visit. Your Zoya”... In November 1941, the intelligence school received an order to burn the villages where the Germans were: Two groups of partisans went on a mission. On November 22 they crossed the front line. The groups were ambushed and only a few people, including Zoya, survived. They decided to complete the task to the end. Kosmodemyanskaya managed to set fire to two houses and a stable in the village of Petrishchevo. However, the girl was captured by German patrols. The search was followed by an interrogation, during which Zoya refused to answer. Then they began to torture her: they flogged her with belts and took her half naked out into the cold. On November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was taken to the central village square, where local residents were herded. Before the execution, Zoya managed to say: “You will be avenged for me.” November 29, 1941 Zoya

Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War”, “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War”, more than one person. medal “For the Defense of Leningrad”, “For the Defense of Leningrad” and above the medal “For the Defense of Moscow”. "For the defense of Moscow"

Throughout the Soviet era, the historical past of Russia before October 1917 was contrasted with the time of “building socialism.” This created in the minds of many people a feeling of a time gap. The past ceased to be valuable. Throughout the Soviet era, the historical past of Russia before October 1917 was contrasted with the time of “building socialism.” This created in the minds of many people a feeling of a time gap. The past ceased to be valuable. Therefore, National Unity Day is intended to create a connection between times, to see the history of the Motherland as a single whole. Therefore, National Unity Day is intended to create a connection between times, to see the history of the Motherland as a single whole.

Remember: Without understanding, awareness, and cultivating a sense of sovereignty in each of us, our Fatherland will not be able to become a truly GREAT POWER. Without understanding, awareness, and cultivating a sense of sovereignty in each of us, our Fatherland will not be able to become a truly GREAT POWER. THE FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY IS YOURS, TODAY'S SCHOOLCHILDREN. THE FUTURE OF THE COUNTRY IS YOURS, TODAY'S SCHOOLCHILDREN.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL LAW ON AMENDING ARTICLE 1 OF THE FEDERAL LAW “ON THE DAYS OF MILITARY GLORY (VICTORY DAYS) OF RUSSIA” Adopted by the State Duma on December 15, 2004 Approved by the Federation Council on December 24, 2004 Article 1 Insert into Article 1 of the Federal Law dated March 13, 1995 N 32-FZ “On the days of military glory (victorious days) of Russia” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1995, N 11, Art. 943) the following changes: 1) paragraph four should be stated as follows: “November 7 is the Day of the military parade on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941);"; 2) add a paragraph with the following content: “November 4 is National Unity Day.” Article 1 Introduce the following changes to Article 1 of the Federal Law of March 13, 1995 N 32-FZ “On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days) of Russia” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1995, N 11, Art. 943): 1) paragraph four stated as follows: “November 7 is the day of the military parade on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941);”; 2) add a paragraph with the following content: “November 4 is National Unity Day.” Article 2 This Federal Law comes into force on January 1, 2005. Article 2 This Federal Law comes into force on January 1, 2005. President of the Russian Federation V. PUTIN National Unity Day

“It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice, the first sign of savagery and immorality.” “It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice, the first sign of savagery and immorality.” A.S. Pushkin A.S. Pushkin National Unity Day

Test yourself Test yourself Knowing your history is equivalent to knowing your language. Without this, no one can be called a citizen of their country. Knowing your history is equivalent to knowing your language. Without this, no one can be called a citizen of their country. This simple test will help you test your own knowledge about the history of the “Time of Troubles” This simple test will help you test your own knowledge about the history of the “Time of Troubles” 1. What do we celebrate on November 4? 1. What do we celebrate on November 4th? 1) National Unity Day 2) Harmony and Reconciliation Day 3) Constitution Day Railway Worker's Day 4) Zhezhist Day 4) Zhezhist Day 2. What happened on November 4 (October 22, old style) in 1612? 2. What happened on November 4 (October 22, old style) in 1612? 1) The militia of Minin and Pozharsky took the Kremlin 2) The militia of Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod 3) The Ostankino TV tower was put into operation 4) Atlantis sank 4) Atlantis sank 3. Who led the first militia in 1611? 3. Who led the first militia in 1611? 1) Lyapunov 2) Minin 3) Pozharsky 4) Mikhail Romanov 5) Karl Marx 5) Karl Marx

4. Which state intervened in Russian affairs during the Time of Troubles? 1) Poland 2) United States of America 3) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 4) Ottoman Empire 4) Ottoman Empire 5. How did Minin earn his living before 1611? 1) He did not eat bread 2) He was a prince and lived on income from his estate 3) He taught in zemstvo schools 4) He traded in livestock and fish 5) He was a barber 5) He was a barber 6. Who was called the “Tushino thief”? 1) Sigismund III 2) False Dmitry I 3) False Dmitry II 4) Susanin

On Unity Day we will be close, We will be together forever, All the nationalities of Russia In distant villages and cities! To live, work, build, sow bread, raise children, create, love and argue, protect the peace of people, honor ancestors, remember their deeds, avoid wars, conflicts, to fill life with happiness, to sleep under a peaceful sky!

Day of National Unity They don’t argue with history, They don’t argue with history, They live with history, They live with history, It unites, It unites for feat and for work! To feat and to work! One state, One state, When the people are one, When the people are one, When with great power When with great power He moves forward! He's moving forward!

On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the law “On days of military glory, victorious days of Russia.” “November 4, 1612. Warriors of the people’s militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitai-Gorod by storm, liberated Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrated an example of heroism and unity of the entire people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society.”

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The beginning of the Time of Troubles

The beginning of the Time of Troubles in Rus' is considered to be the death of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty - Fyodor Ivanovich. He died on January 6, 1598, leaving no heirs. His younger brother Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich on May 15, 1591. The prince's relatives blamed Boris Godunov for his death. But the facts indicate that he was not involved in what happened.

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Portrait from the Titular Book. XVII century

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Tsar Boris Godunov 1598-1605

After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, with the support of Patriarch Job, Irina’s (Fyodor’s wife) brother Boris was elected to the throne. The Boyar Duma was against it. The matter was decided by the dowager queen. “The time has come for you to be clothed in royal purple,” read her decree. Only after this Godunov entered the royal chambers.

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Early 17th century

During his short reign, Boris Godunov did a lot for Russia. In 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally defeated and Rus' advanced from the Irtysh and Ob to the Yenisei. Good neighborly relations were established with the Crimea. In 1601, a twenty-year truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The attachment of peasants to the land contributed to the development of agriculture. Powerful fortresses and cathedrals were built. The port in Arkhangelsk came into operation. But his reign witnessed the most severe natural disaster the country has experienced in the last thousand years.

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Winters in 1601-1602 were long and snowy. In the summer it rained for weeks, and sometimes it snowed. Winter crops died under the snow, spring grains rotted on the vine. At the beginning of 1603, bread prices rose 18 times, money was rapidly losing value, and there were no more reserves. The hungry flocked to the capital in droves, but they no longer received help. In large cities, all cats and dogs were eaten, and there were cases of cannibalism. People were dying of hunger right on the streets. In Moscow, 127 thousand people were buried in just three mass graves, mostly those who came to the capital in the hope of salvation. Muscovites were buried, as a rule, in church cemeteries, and how many of them were buried in the ground is not even counted. Contemporaries believed that a third of the kingdom of Moscow had died out. Robberies became more frequent, and special detachments under the command of experienced commanders had to be sent to fight them. The next year was easier at first, but few people had any grain left to sow. Still, bread prices have dropped slightly. But later the disaster repeated itself - again continuous rains and early frosts. The chronicle reports that “in Moscow in the middle of the summer great snow fell and there was frost, we rode in sleighs.” This means that the snow lay for at least two or three days. By this time, bread had already risen in price 25 times.

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The first impostor.

It was at this time that a man appeared in Lithuania, calling himself the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry (he went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I), allegedly miraculously avoiding death and hiding in monasteries for many years. He was well educated, knew court etiquette, many secrets of the Moscow court and details of the events in Uglich. Some believed him, others pretended to believe him. The Polish princes, who were not satisfied with the peace with Russia, decided to take the opportunity and help Dmitry (False Dmitry) ascend to the Moscow throne

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Marina Mnishek The impostor's invasion of Russia

In exchange for support, False Dmitry agreed to fulfill a number of conditions. He promised to pay Mnishek a million gold pieces, marry his daughter Marina and give her Pskov and Novgorod as an inheritance, the king - part of the Russian lands, and the Jesuits - to convert Rus' to Catholicism. In the fall of 1604, the army of False Dmitry (about two thousand mercenaries) invaded Russia. Many western, and especially southern cities and villages support the impostor and stand under his banner. Dissatisfaction with the policies of Boris Godunov is brewing in the country. In the spring of 1605, government troops completely lost their combat effectiveness. In the last weeks before his death, Boris increasingly fell into doubt, almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe that Dmitry was alive or that he had died. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died

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The end of the Godunovs

Three days after the death of Boris Godunov, Moscow swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich. The largest cities of Russia - Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, as well as Pomorie and Siberia - also swore the oath. Perhaps Fyodor would have become a good sovereign. He received an excellent education and had obvious abilities. But he was the grandson of Malyuta Skuratov, and this doomed him to death. In May 1605, first in the tsar's army, and then in Moscow, a rebellion began. A countless crowd gathered on Red Square and broke into the Kremlin. The tsar managed to hide, but at first they didn’t look for him - people rushed to rob the royal mansions, the Godunovs’ courtyards (and other rich courtyards). There were no murders, but there were also casualties: the crowd destroyed the wine cellars, and about 50 people drank themselves to death. By noon the unrest had subsided - Muscovites did not know what to do next. Later, the king and his mother were discovered and placed under house arrest. On June 3, the boyars went to Serpukhov to bow to the impostor. He announced that he would not enter Moscow until Fyodor Godunov and his mother were destroyed. The boyars fulfill the demand. Mother and son were strangled and their bodies were displayed in the square. The body of Boris Godunov was removed from the tomb of the Archangel Cathedral and put up for desecration. “And they threw stones at him, and kicked his body, which was prostrate and lying on the ground,” the chronicle reports.

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Reign of False Dmitry I

On June 20, 1605, the “royal” train, accompanied by armed Polish warriors and Cossacks, entered Moscow. The capital greeted him with the ringing of bells. The crowd that filled the streets of the city roared: “God grant you health, sir!” The 11-month reign of the impostor began. In an effort to strengthen his position, the impostor placed his protege, the Greek Ignatius, on the patriarchal throne. He also tried to put an end to the resistance of the boyars. The influential boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who tried to expose the impostor and claimed that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich, was captured following a denunciation. The executioner had already led Shuisky to the place of execution, but at the last moment False Dmitry pardoned him. The execution was replaced by exile. To put an end to rumors of imposture, False Dmitry summoned Maria Naguya to the capital. On July 17, 1605, near the village of Taininskoye near Moscow, the impostor and Maria Nagaya “recognized” each other. The naked woman was showered with gifts. Her relatives from now on sat in the Boyar Duma above the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, who were very annoyed. A few days after meeting with his “mother,” False Dmitry was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. “I have two ways to maintain my kingdom,” the impostor told his friends, “one way is to be a tyrant, the other is to spare no expense in order to reward; it’s better to have a model to favor...” Indeed, one gets the impression that False Dmitry tried to please all segments of the population. And the most incredible rumors circulated around Moscow. Someone saw Boris Godunov alive. Someone claimed that “Tsarevich Peter” appeared among the Don Cossacks - the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Fyodor Ioannovich, as you remember, died childless). On the Terek, the Cossacks actually recognized a certain Ileika Gorchakov (Muromets) as “Tsarevich Peter”. “Tsarevich Peter” wrote to False Dmitry, demanding “the throne of his father,” and fought in the South of the towns where the governors appointed by the “tsar” sat. The upcoming wedding of the Tsar with Marina Mnishek added fuel to the fire. Despite their love for False Dmitry, the people called his bride nothing less than a heretic

Slide 12

Death of the impostor

By the spring of 1606, a conspiracy had matured in Moscow to overthrow the impostor. At the head of the conspiracy were Ivan and Vasily Golitsyn, Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, Mikhail Tatishchev. The conspirators, in order not to quarrel, were ready to invite a “neutral” contender to the throne, for example, the son of Sigismund III Wladyslaw, subject to the support of the conspiracy by the Polish monarch. At dawn on May 17, the conspirators began to implement their plans. Two hundred boyars and nobles under the leadership of the Shuiskys and Golitsyns entered the Kremlin. There was a changing of the guard, and there were no more than 30 guards in the palace. The Duma clerk Osipov undertook to kill the Tsar. But before he had time to shout swear words to False Dmitry, he was hacked to death. In Moscow, meanwhile, the bells were already ringing with might and main. People screaming “The Kremlin is burning!” ran to Red Square. The Poles, sensing something was wrong, grabbed their weapons and also rushed to the Kremlin. “Lithuania wants to beat the Tsar and the boyars! Don't let them into the Kremlin!” - Shuisky’s people shouted, and the Poles were pushed back. One of the conspirators shot at False Dmitry. The others attacked the wounded man and cut him to death. The dead man was torn off his royal clothes and dragged out of the Kremlin by his feet. The corpse was shown to Maria Naked, and the frightened old woman renounced her “son.” The body of the impostor was put on public display at Lobnoye Mesto. A pipe was inserted into the dead man’s mouth, and a masquerade mask, which the “pagan Grishka” allegedly worshiped, was thrown onto the ripped open stomach. People crowded around him day and night. Many people cried sincerely. A few days later, the body of the “tsar” was tied to a horse and taken out of the capital to be burned in an amusing fortress near Moscow.

Slide 13

Vasily Shuisky

The murder of False Dmitry opened the way to the throne for Vasily Shuisky. On May 19, 1606, his supporters gathered the servicemen and merchants who were in Moscow for a kind of Zemsky Sobor. It was decided to elect a king at the Place of Execution in the presence of “all the people.” Vasily Shuisky was brought out to the crowd and shouted: “Is Shuisky, a sufferer for Orthodoxy, worthy to reign?” The people, bribed by the Shuiskys, shouted in approval, captivating the rest of the people with their example. The new king took the oath to his subjects. In the “cross-kissing record” he promised: not to place disgraces on anyone “without guilt”; do not take away estates from anyone without trial; do not take away property and yards from the wives, children and other relatives of the disgraced. The Boyar Duma was declared the highest judicial authority. Only she could condemn a noble man to death. The tsar could execute “black people” at his own discretion, “without the boyars,” but he promised not to listen to slander and to punish false witnesses..

Slide 14

Civil War

With the election of Vasily Shuisky as tsar, the turmoil did not end. In 1606-1607, an uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. It covered a huge area. The ranks of the rebels were varied, and their goals were different. The boyars were looking for ranks, power, and service people were looking for estates with serfs. Fugitives, slaves and peasants were waiting for freedom, mitigation of taxes, quitrents and other duties. The goal of the rebels was to free Moscow from the “traitor Vasily Shuisky”. In October 1606 The rebels defeated the enemy near the village of Troitskoye and occupied Kolomenskoye. The path to Moscow was open. With generous gifts, Shuisky lured the noble regiments of Lyapunov and Pashkov to his side. In October 1607 The uprising was suppressed.

Slide 16

Tushino thief

In the spring of 1607, a new self-proclaimed Dmitry appeared in Belarus (he went down in history as False Dmitry II, or the Tushino thief). Apparently, the calls of Bolotnikov and “Peter Fedorovich” to send at least someone who could be passed off as Tsar Dmitry had an effect. But the sovereign was found to be some kind of inferior one. It is believed that the role of False Dmitry II was played by a wandering teacher who, out of poverty, served in a priest’s house in Mogilev. Gathering an army of Zaporozhye Cossacks and Polish nobles, False Dmitry moved towards the center of Russia. In the summer, he camped near the northwestern walls of the capital in Tushino. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, legends circulated about the generosity of the impostor. The Lithuanian magnate Jan Sapieha with mercenaries moved to False Dmitry and besieged the rich Trinity-Sergius Monastery (the siege lasted 16 months). False Dmitry II was recognized as her husband by Marina Mnishek. The province initially swore allegiance to the impostor. But False Dmitry allocated volosts for feeding the Polish companies and Cossack hundreds. Bread, belongings, horses were taken from the unfortunate residents, and great violence was committed. Faith in “good Dmitry” wavered. The population began to resist the Tushins.

Slide 17

Lifting the siege from Moscow

Besieged Moscow endured cold, disease, and hunger. The people were seething. Shuisky's opponents in the capital were preparing a palace coup. Meanwhile, Moscow decided to resort to the help of Sweden, especially since the Swedish king Charles IX had repeatedly offered it. An agreement was concluded with the Swedes. A detachment of Swedish mercenaries (5 thousand people) who arrived in Novgorod, together with Russian warriors, set out on a campaign under the leadership of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Skopin's army defeated the Tushins near Tver and lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. On March 13, 1610, Skopin solemnly entered the capital. Skopin's victories caused panic among Tushino residents. False Dmitry fled to Kaluga. The Tushino camp collapsed. Meanwhile, Sigismund III, dissatisfied with Russia's treaty with Poland's enemy Sweden, broke the truce and started a war, besieging Smolensk (June - September 1609). Moscow honored Skopin with endless feasts. This made the king’s brother Dmitry Shuisky furious, believing that his nephew wanted to take the throne from him (Tsar Vasily had no children). At a feast at the Vorotynskys, Skopin suddenly became ill; after wandering around in delirium for two weeks, the 24-year-old governor died. In June 1610, a Polish army led by Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski approached Moscow. Dmitry Shuisky stepped forward to meet him. On June 24, 1610, he was defeated in the battle of Klushino. Tsar Vasily lost his army. His days were numbered.

Slide 18

Seven Boyars

July 17, 1610 Moscow rebelled. Tsar Vasily was deposed. On the same day he was forcibly tonsured a monk. (Subsequently, the Poles took Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky to Poland, where the older brothers soon died.) They decided to choose a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor - a congress of representatives of “the whole earth.” In the meantime, power passed to the Boyar Duma of seven boyars. This government went down in history under the name “Seven Boyars”. Meanwhile, Hetman Zholkiewski and False Dmitry II were advancing on Moscow with the Cossacks of Dmitry Trubetskoy and the “Lithuanian people” of Jan Sapieha. The idea of ​​​​inviting Vladislav to the Russian throne first arose among the Tushino boyars. In February 1610, they even entered into an agreement with Sigismund III that at the end of the Time of Troubles, Vladislav would become the Russian Tsar. On August 16, 1610, the Seven Boyars signed an agreement with Zholkiewski, similar to the agreement between the Tushino people and Sigismund. Russia remained an independent state. The Tsar had to rule in consultation with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. It was specifically stipulated that the prince would convert to the Orthodox faith. A “great embassy” headed by Filaret Romanov and Vasily Golitsyn left Moscow for Smolensk. But it was not possible to come to an agreement with Sigismund. The king did not agree to his son changing his faith and demanded the surrender of Smolensk. Romanov and Golitsyn firmly stood their ground. Negotiations have reached a dead end. The king turned the ambassadors into hostages and on November 21 began a new assault on Smolensk.

Slide 19

Defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from Polish invaders

Slide 20

First militia

The people did not take well the news of Vladislav's election. The authority of the “Tushino thief” began to grow again. The Seven Boyars, fearing a popular revolt in favor of False Dmitry, introduced a Polish garrison into the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. The capital was virtually occupied. The Polish governor Alexander Gonsevsky became its sovereign master. On December 11, 1610, not far from Kaluga, the head of the personal guard of False Dmitry II, Tatar Prince Pyotr Urusov, shot the impostor with a gun, and then cut off his head. The remnants of the Tushin troops were led by Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky. In February-March 1611 All patriotic forces united with the goal of expelling the Poles from Moscow. The Ryazan land became the center of unification. The first militia was formed here. In the spring of 1611 An advanced detachment of militias led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the capital. The Poles were forced to retreat. Then they set the city on fire and took refuge behind the stone Chinese city wall. Wooden Moscow was engulfed in fire. Residents fled the capital. The last to leave Moscow were the warriors of Dmitry Pozharsky, taking away their seriously wounded commander. The empty capital burned for another two days. On June 3, 1611, the battle for Smolensk ended. It lasted more than 20 months. Events developed like this. (message)

Slide 21

Minin and Pozharsky

By the fall of 1611, Russia ceased to exist as a single state. A significant part of the territory, including Moscow, was captured by the Poles. Numerous impostors operated in the south. The Novgorod land came under Swedish rule. The situation in the northeast of the country remained more or less stable. Local nobles and townspeople ruled here - the zemshchina; they formed the so-called “second militia”. It all started with the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma had a vision. The Monk Sergius appeared to him, ordered him to collect a “treasury” for military needs and ordered him to “cleanse” the Moscow state. Minin realized that the Lord himself was protecting him. Winter was spent preparing troops and difficult negotiations with the Cossacks, who were still besieging Moscow. Zarutsky already considered himself a ruler and was not going to take into account the interests of the zemshchina. He twice sent assassins to Pozharsky and did not allow warriors from the southern cities into the location of the militia. In July 1612, the Polish king Sigismund III sent the army of Jan Chodkiewicz with food and ammunition to help his garrison in Moscow

Kuzma Minin.

Sabers of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky

Slide 22

Minin's appeal to Nizhny Novgorod residents

Slide 23

Liberation of Moscow

Meanwhile, the vanguard of the militia arrived in Moscow. Having learned about the approach of the militia, Zarutsky and his Cossacks left for Kolomna. The militia set up a camp on the left bank of the Moscow River, near the Arbat Gate. Khodkevich appeared on August 22. From the Kremlin, emboldened nobles shouted to Pozharsky: “Disband your warriors to the plows!” Polish hussars crossed the Moscow River at the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky attacked them. The fierce battle went on all day. The militia were forced to retreat to the Chertol Gate. But in the evening, hundreds of nobles from the right bank of the Moscow River came to the aid of Pozharsky, who pushed Khodkevich away from Kitay-Gorod. On August 23, 1612, the Poles tried to break into the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye. But Pozharsky figured out their maneuver and sent part of the militia to the right bank of the Moscow River. The enemy was stopped. The battle resumed at dawn on August 24. Pozharsky's horse hundreds entered into battle with the hussars. Khodkevich's army retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. And on August 25, without resuming the battle, it went to Lithuania. After Chodkiewicz left, the Polish garrison in Moscow was doomed. However, the siege continued until October 1612. 1.5 thousand Poles died of hunger. On October 22, the Cossacks took Kitay-Gorod by storm. On October 26, the Kremlin garrison surrendered to the mercy of the victors.

Slide 25

Expulsion of Polish interventionists from the Moscow Kremlin

Slide 26

National Unity Day

In the face of the threat of the death of the state, the population of Russia was able to unite, feel like a single people, and gain the consciousness that only together they can repel the aggressor. The turning point of resistance to the Polish army was October 25 (November 4, new style) 1612. Militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. In 1636, in Moscow, in honor of the miraculous deliverance from the Polish invasion, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected and consecrated. In memory of the events of 1612, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2004 decided to introduce a new public holiday - National Unity Day and declare November 4 a day off.

Slide 27

Fedotova Lyudmila Ivanovna. MCOU Beloyarsk Secondary School, Achinsk District, Krasnoyarsk Territory. History and social studies teacher.

Slide 2

Volunteerism and self-sacrifice are what characterize this day. Russia was saved by people who, regardless of class, stood under one banner. For the first time, a people's militia emerged, led by representatives of different classes, cultural and social strata, level of education, way of thinking PRINCE DMITRY POZHARSKY and MERCHANT KUZMA MININ.

Slide 3

Slide 4

In the fall of 1611, at the call of the Nizhny Novgorod merchant elder K. Minin, the formation of the Second Militia began

Slide 5

Prince D. M. Pozharsky became the military leader of the militia.