What is a criterion? Types of criteria. The concept of a species. View criteria

– Economic Dictionary

(Greek criterion) - a sign on the basis of which an assessment of the quality of an object, a process is formed, a measure of such an assessment. For example, K. efficiency characterizes the level of efficiency of the system, and K. optimality - how close the system is to the optimal state.

Criteria (principles) of Causality - Sociological Dictionary

Methodological requirements for regression models of causality. A statistical relationship between two or more variables is causal if the value of the dependent variable can be viewed as a function of various conditions described by one or more independent variables (predictors). A necessary (but not sufficient) condition for causal statistical modeling of social phenomena or processes is the fulfillment of three requirements, called criteria or principles of causality (causality). According to these requirements, X can be considered as a cause of Y (and Y, respectively, as a consequence of X), if the following three conditions are met: 1) X must precede Y in time; 2) X and Y must correlate with each other; 3) the connection between X and Y cannot be explained by any external circumstances not taken into account in the model. The criteria are listed here in order of importance, but violation of any of them precludes describing the relationship between variables X and Y in terms of cause and effect. If the signs are closely related to each other, but at the same time are not "divorced" in time, then not only it is impossible to assert that one of them is the cause of the other, but there are serious reasons to believe that there is some reason hidden from the observer explaining their interaction. those. violated not only the first, but also the third criterion of causality. If the signs do not correlate with each other, then between them there is not only causal, but generally no statistical connection. Finally, if the first two requirements are met, and the third is violated, the relationship between the features may turn out to be a scientific artifact ("false" correlation). The fulfillment of the third criterion is the most difficult to control, since the reasons that can determine the relationship of variables are far from always obvious. O.V. Tereshchenko

Audit Criteria - Economic Dictionary

Set of policies, procedures or requirements Note 1: Audit criteria are used to compare audit evidence (2.9) to them. Note 2.— The use of the word "policy" in the plural is due to the fact that in ISO 14000 and 9000, a policy is understood not just a set of intentions or principles, but a specific document. At the same time, an organization can have several policies in different areas (environmental policy, quality policy, labor protection policy).

Balance Sheet Criteria - Economic Dictionary

BALANCE SHEET TESTS ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Hydraulic Structure Safety Criteria - Legal Dictionary

Limit values of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the state of a hydraulic structure and the conditions of its operation, corresponding to the permissible level of risk of an accident at a hydraulic structure and approved in the prescribed manner by federal executive bodies exercising state supervision over the safety of hydraulic structures. Federal Law of 21.07.97 N 117-FZ, Article 3

Decision Criteria - Economic Dictionary

The norms against which alternative solutions can be correlated.

– Economic Dictionary

In customs law, one of the principles for determining the country of origin of goods; finds application in cases where two or more countries are involved in the production of goods. K.d.t. in a given country are: 1) a change in the commodity position (classification code of the commodity) in the commodity nomenclature at the level of any of the first four characters, which occurred as a result of the processing of the commodity; 2) the performance of production or technological operations, sufficient or insufficient for the goods to be considered originating from the country where these operations took place; 3) the rule of ad valorem share - a change in the value of the goods, when the percentage of the value of used materials or value added reaches a fixed share of the price of the supplied goods, operations to ensure the safety of goods during storage or transportation.

Criteria for Adequate Processing of the Goods - Legal Dictionary

Criteria And Indicators For Sustainable Forest Management - Economic Dictionary

A system of indicators for additional analysis of the activities of state forest management bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for compliance with the principles of sustainable forest management recommended by the world community. Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management for the forests of Europe (Pan-European Process) and for the temperate and boreal forests of the world (Montreal Process) served as the basis for the development of the indicators.

Measurement Criteria And Levels - Sociological Dictionary

(criteria and levels of measurement) - the rules governing the assignment of an appropriate value, code or count to the observed phenomenon. The most widely used classification was invented by Stevens (1946, 1951), who identified four levels of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval and proportional, distinguished by their ordering and remoteness properties. In the dimension of the nominal level, each quantity represents a specific category, and the quantity is simply a label or name. Values are assigned to a variable regardless of ordering or distance between categories, in much the same sense that people have names like Thomas, Richard, Catherine, Martha. Therefore, this level measures the absence of many properties of real numbers, and such variables cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. In an ordinal-level dimension, values are placed in rank order: a is greater than b; a b is greater than f. It follows that a is also greater than f, although ordinal level measurements do not provide an indication of the relative distances between categories. For example, political parties might rank on a classification scale from left to right. Thus, in Great Britain, the Labor Party is more left-wing than the Liberal Democratic Party, which, in turn, is more to the left of the Conservative Party, but we do not know what the relative distance between them is. Interval level measurements are continuation of ordinal level variables, except that the distances between the categories are fixed and equal. The Celsius scale is a clear example, for a change in temperature, say, from 2 ° to 3 ° is the same as from 64 ° to 65 °. However, interval-level scales are purely artificial constructions, and the zero mark is determined rather from the point of view of an arbitrarily agreed definition, as a result, zero and even negative values may be real. For example, there is a temperature of 0 ° C and below. Due to their artificially arbitrary nature, interval scales lack the property of proportionality. As a result, for example, 20 ° C does not mean twice as warm as 10 ° C. Proportional level measurements use real numbers and the distances between categories are fixed, equal and proportional (Nakhmias and Nakhmias, 1976). Zero is naturally determined and allows proportional comparisons. So, a two-meter-tall man is twice as tall as a meter-tall boy. The significance of Stevens' classification is that the statistical tests usable are determined by the type of the variable. In classifying Stevens variables - nominal, ordinal, interval, and proportional - a statistical test suitable for a lower-level variable is appropriate for a higher-level variable. Very few statistical tests are applicable to the nominal level variable, and any test to proportional-interval measurement. Most of the variables in the social sciences are nominal or ordinal, as a result of which a limited number of tests can be operated. In the case of ordinal variables, for example, statistical tests involving the calculation of the average are not allowed. However, with more sophisticated tests available, many social scientists prefer statistical tests that involve calculating mean variance and standard deviation, although they are fully supported only by higher level measurements. Laboritz (1970) and Taylor (1983) have undertaken a series of statistical tests to validate this approach and have concluded that it is acceptable, provided that ordinal variables are not dichotomous (see below) or trichotomic in nature. Other social scientists have tried to develop Stevens' scheme. Fixed-interval and proportional-interval data are often grouped together as continuous data. Finally, dichotomous variables (choosing only one of two quantities, such as gender) are often treated as a separate level of measurement on their own, as they require nominal, ordinal, or fixed-interval measurements as the case may be. See also Measurement by decree.

First, let's find out what a criterion is. Why is this term used in educational institutions? Everything is very simple. In order to measure performance, some indicators are needed. These variables are recognized by the standards. In accordance with them, the assessment of the work of schoolchildren is carried out. It is they that represent the criteria by which a comprehensive test of the knowledge of graduates of modern educational institutions is carried out.

Features of checking the exam in Russian

While at the senior level of education, schoolchildren study the criteria of the USE in order to get the maximum number of points at the final examinations. Each subject included in the Federal curriculum has its own codifiers. Guided by them, teachers assess the knowledge of schoolchildren.

Features of the criteria for other subjects

Chemistry and biology have recently been chosen by an increasing number of children. The reason for its popularity is to increase the prestige of the profession of a medical worker, pharmacist. The examination material is offered in three parts: A, B, C. The USE criteria for each block are different. The primary score is also different.

In the first part, only one correct answer is implied. In the second, you need to find several options. The third does not imply ready-made answers. The student copes with it independently. The student receives the maximum number of points for part "C". It is for her that special criteria have been developed. For example, completing task C1, the student receives 1-2 points for each action. Ultimately (with the right decision) you can get 3 points.

Criteria for evaluating USE assignments in the Russian language

The test is based on a criterion. Its definition depends on the scope of the term. In pedagogy, we are talking about the signs by which the test work of schoolchildren is assessed. The task itself consists of "cells" (units) in which the content of the given academic discipline fits. The experts determine the meaningful compatibility of the tests. When selecting assignments in the Russian language, a system of criteria is used:

The measures of the difficulty of the questions for the subjects are taken into account. It makes no sense to include 2-3 tasks of the same difficulty level in one test.
Measures of the correlation of students 'answers to a separate task with the sums of test subjects' scores for all tests. It is by this indicator that the suitability of the questions is determined.

When developing tests, such assessment criteria in the Russian language as multiple regression and factor analysis are also used.

Algorithm for composing exam tests

Before the test items are on the exam forms, a group of volunteers are asked to solve them. Then statistical processing of the obtained results is carried out. The experts conclude that it is advisable to include such tasks in the final work of the Unified State Exam for graduates of secondary schools. If necessary, adjustments are made to the questions and answers. And only after that they are included in the final tests.

Assignment quality criteria

So what is a criterion? Each task has a differentiating ability. This is the property by which the level of knowledge of the subjects is determined. With an increase in the differentiating ability of tasks in the Russian language, the maximum division of graduates into well and poorly trained is carried out. Acceptable test results are those that are obtained on a specific target group and meet the classic criteria of efficiency and quality:

Correct response profile for all subjects.
Known standard errors of measurement.
The stability of the parameters of the test questions in different samples of subjects.

Features of the test part of the exam in the Russian language

Certain language criteria were invented by the test creators. We are not talking about any element of creativity. The test part, consisting of tasks and examples, must be solved efficiently and quickly. This is done so that there is time left to complete creative assignments. When the developers of innovations came up with the criteria for the exam in the Russian language, they were guided by the average student. And for talented and gifted graduates, the first part of the final exam can hardly be called interesting. With the help of testing, it is difficult to identify intellectual abilities, the ability of a child to think outside the box.

Composition in the exam

This part would be invented to assess the creative potential of graduates. This is a very important component. What is the criterion for evaluating an essay? Both students and their mentors are trying to find an answer to this question, but so far to no avail. Testing of essays is carried out by teachers, so it is difficult to exclude subjectivity. The success of writing depends on the complexity of the text selected for the job. In the course of studying the Russian language, children learn to understand the structure of what is written, immerse themselves in it, and play up the situation described by the author. Teachers complain that for part "C" you can get an unreasonably small number of points, which is clearly not enough to determine the creative potential of graduates.

What is the criterion for evaluating an essay? When writing it, the student may make some mistakes. According to the USE criteria, with the admission of one speech error and 5-6 spelling errors, the graduate receives 18 points out of the maximum possible 20. In order to cope with the "A" part as "excellent", 1-2 mistakes are allowed. After the points that were received by graduates in the unified state exam were no longer translated into grades, the criteria for checking works in the Russian language also changed. Previously, there were medalists in the “risk group”. They should have received an excellent mark. Now it is enough for them to gain the minimum number of points established by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, that is, to pass the “threshold”. Teachers complain that this approach has led to the emergence of "fake medalists" who demonstrate on the exam from 36 to 42 points in the Russian language.

Conclusion

Numerous criteria created for the assessment of examination papers in subjects included in the compulsory program minimum are established separately for each academic discipline. Their developers took into account the complexity of the course, the theoretical and practical part, the need to test various skills and abilities. At the same time, we note that not a single educational program used in modern schools is suitable for preparing children for the successful passing of the final exam in the form of the Unified State Exam. The Russian language test is suitable for testing the knowledge of children in physics and mathematics. But it is not acceptable for schoolchildren of a humanitarian orientation, since it does not fully reveal their giftedness and creative potential.

Criterion, criteria, criterion, criteria, criterion, criteria, criterion, criteria, criterion, criteria, criteria, criteria Grammar dictionary of Zaliznyak

criterion - I, m. book. An attribute on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made; yardstick. The criterion for the value of a literary work. Small academic dictionary

Criterion - (from the Greek. Kritērion - means for judgment) a sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made; measure of judgment, assessment. Great Soviet Encyclopedia

criterion - Criteria, m. [Greek. kriterion - solution tool] (book). A sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination, classification of something is made, a measure. The correct criterion. The criterion of truth. This sign serves as a criterion (for something or for something). Large dictionary of foreign words

CRITERION - CRITERION (from the Greek. Kriterion - means for judgment) - a sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made; yardstick of assessment. Big encyclopedic dictionary

criterion - n., number of synonyms: 5 criterion 2 cross-coefficient 1 measure 250 measure 9 measure 7 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language

criterion - orf. criterion, -i Spelling dictionary Lopatin

CRITERION - (from the Greek. Criterion) an indicator, a feature on the basis of which an assessment of the quality of an economic object, a process is formed, a measure of such an assessment. Economic glossary of terms

criterion - CRITERION [te], I, m. (book). Measure of assessment, judgment. K. truth. Faithful to. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

criterion - See criticism Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Criterion - (philosopher.) - a measure for assessing the truth of a judgment or fact. K. is called such a position or feature by which it is possible to determine the truth or falsity of a judgment. Formal ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

CRITERION - CRITERION (from the Greek. Criterion - a feature that serves as the basis for the assessment) - eng. criterion; German Kriterium. A measure of assessment, definition, comparison of a phenomenon or process; a feature that is the basis of the classification. Sociological Dictionary

criterion - criterion m. see criterion A sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made. Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary

criterion - CRITERION [te], -ya; m. [from the Greek. kritērion - a means for judgment, decision] Book. An attribute on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made; yardstick. Develop criteria for assessing students' knowledge. K. the value of a literary work. K. truth. Explanatory dictionary Kuznetsov

CRITERION

[gr. kriterion] - an essential, distinctive feature on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made.

Dictionary of foreign words.- Komlev N.G., 2006 .

CRITERION

or criterium, lat. criterium, from the Greek. kriterion, from krino, judging. A sign for recognizing the truth, which guides the mind in making judgments about it.

An explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

CRITERION or CRITERIUM

(lat.criterium). A sure sign for discerning the truth, which guides the mind in making judgments about it.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language.- Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

Criterion

(gr. kriterion) a sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made, a measure; to. truth - that which certifies the objective truth of knowledge ( cm. objective truth); Marxism recognizes social practice as the highest criterion of truth.

New Dictionary of Foreign Words - by EdwART,, 2009 .

Criterion

criterion, m. [ Greek kriterion - solution tool] (book). A sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination, classification of something is made, a measure. The correct criterion. The criterion of truth. This sign serves as a criterion (for something or for something).

A large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Criterion

(te), I am, m. (German Kriterium Greek kritērion measure, means of judgment, ability to discriminate).
Measure of assessment, judgment. Faithful to. Practice - to. truths.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words L.P. Krysin.- M: Russian language, 1998 .

Synonyms:

See what "CRITERION" is in other dictionaries:

Criterion- a sign on the basis of which the state of nuclear and radiation safety of nuclear installations of ships and other floating crafts is assessed. A source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Cm … Synonym dictionary

CRITERION, criterion, husband. (Greek kriterion means for solving) (book). A sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination, classification of something is made, a measure. The correct criterion. The criterion of truth. This feature serves as a criterion (what ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Greek criterion) an indicator, a feature on the basis of which an assessment of the quality of an economic object, a process is formed, a measure of such an assessment. For example, the efficiency criterion characterizes the level of system efficiency, and the optimality criterion ... Economic Dictionary

criterion- A rule or condition that allows a set of objects to be divided into subsets of interest to the researcher. [A collection of recommended terms. Issue 107. Management theory. USSR Academy of Sciences. Scientific and Technical Terminology Committee. 1984] ... ... Technical translator's guide

F is a criterion of significance for testing the hypothesis of equality of standard deviations σ1 = σ2 of two independent samples from a normal population, respectively, of size n1 and n2. If s21 and s22 are sample estimates σ21, σ22, ... ... Geological encyclopedia

- · χ2 criterion of significance for testing the hypothesis with respect to the probabilities according to the observed frequencies. For example: 1. To test the hypothesis that the probabilities of some m events are equal to the given numbers p1, p2, ..., pm, respectively, a measure is introduced ... Geological encyclopedia

Criterion- a sign on the basis of which an assessment is made (for example, an assessment of the quality of a system, its functioning), a comparison of alternatives (that is, the effectiveness of various solutions, for example, investment projects), a classification of objects and ... ... Economics and Mathematics Dictionary

criterion- criterion. Pronounced [criterium] and [criterion] ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

criterion- What is important to you in a particular context. A Brief Explanatory Psychological Psychiatric Dictionary. Ed. igisheva. 2008. criterion ... Big psychological encyclopedia

Books

The criterion of the effectiveness of socialist reproduction, P. A. Malyshev, I. G. Shilin. The work is devoted to one of the fundamental and urgent problems of socialist management. The authors reveal in a new way the content of the criterion of the effectiveness of socialist reproduction. V…

κριτήριον - the ability to distinguish, a means of judgment, a measure) - a sign, a basis, a rule for making a decision to assess something for compliance with the requirements (measure). The criteria for the truth of knowledge are especially distinguished. Distinguish between logical (formal) and empirical (experimental) truth criteria. Logical laws serve as the formal criterion of truth: everything that does not contain contradictions is logically correct. The empirical criterion of truth is the correspondence of knowledge to experimental data, for example: "criterion of suitability of the object", "criterion of superiority of the object", "criterion of reliability of results", "criterion of test sufficiency". The theory of knowledge or epistemology deals with the question of the criteria of truth set forth by different schools of thought.

A criterion in qualimetry is a condition imposed on the indicator of the property of the subject of research.