Comparative characteristics of Khor and Kalinych (according to Turgenev's story "Khor and Kalinych"). Kalinich is depicted here without such comparisons, but this is a character, “paired” by Horyu, opposite

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Khor and Kalinich is the first story in the Hunter's Notes series. I.S. Tugrenev in this story gives a description of the customs, life, people and way of life of one of the provincial corners of Russia. In this story, I.S. Turgenev refutes the prevailing opinion about the peasants that they are not capable of friendship, cannot rationally manage their household, do not notice the beauty of the world around them. The author uses a method of comparison well known in the literature. Tender friendship binds two completely different people- Horya and Kalinich.
The first, Khor, is a strong master, he knows how to set things up in such a way that it brings joy and profit. He has a large family, where harmony and prosperity reign. Turgenev compares his hero with Socrates, with Peter the Great, emphasizing the remarkable mind and amazing ingenuity of the peasant: "Peter the Great was predominantly a Russian person, Russian precisely in his transformations." Khor is a person who feels his dignity, a rationalist. He is closer to people, to society.
Kalinich, the second character, is completely different. He is a dreamer, a poetic nature, a man of a cheerful disposition. He is closer to nature, often goes hunting with his master. An idealist and romantic, Kalinich does not like to reason and believes everything blindly.
So different, friends harmoniously complement each other. There are no conflicts between them, they respect the views and principles of each other. I. S. Turgenev observes their meeting: “Kalinych entered the hut with a bunch of wild strawberries in his hands, which he had picked for his friend, Khorya. The old man greeted him cordially. Independence, desire for freedom, softness and poetry of Kalinych complement and continue the pragmatism, rationality and settled way of life of Khory. The song that they sing together at the end of the story reveals the souls of ordinary peasants, something that binds them tightly to each other. Khor and Kalinich are the embodiment of the wealth of the soul, the giftedness of Russia, the hope for the future.

Oct 12 2012

Kalinich is depicted here without such comparisons, but this is a character, a "pair" of Khoryu, opposite to him in his psychological make-up, but equal in scale. Kalinych focuses on the world of folk poetry, legends, ancient parables, hagiographic literature. The idealist Kalinich appears as a “hunter” wandering through peasant and landowner Russia, surrounded by the comfort of a clean and poor, like a cell, hung with medicinal herbs. He gives the traveler water to drink with spring water and feeds him with honey. He comes to his friend Khoryu with a bunch of field strawberries, as an ambassador of nature, and nature, recognizing his relationship with herself, endows him with mysterious power: he speaks blood and diseases, pities people and animals, "his bees never died," with him peace and tranquility enter the house. Poor, having nothing and not caring about the blessings of the earth, he can bestow well-being on the rich: “Khori asked him to bring a newly bought horse into the stable, and Kalinich with conscientious importance fulfilled the request of the old skeptic. Kalinich stood closer to nature; Ferret - to people, to society ... ”(IV, 15). Thus, Khor represents the historical existence of the people, and Kalinich - "natural". Depicting Russia age-old, serf, attached to the earth, taken into account by the revision tales and doomed by legislative measures to live motionless, Turgenev at the same time draws the incessant movement taking place in populace Oh. Such a movement is carried out by representatives of the people endowed with a special character and is associated with “secret”, latent, unknown, and perhaps incomprehensible, as it seems to Turgenev at this stage, the processes taking place in the mass of the people. These are seekers, vagabonds, travelers (Kalinych, Stepushka, Kasyan, etc.). They are the spokesmen for the dream of the masses, its poetic consciousness.

Turgenev attached the property of mystery not only to the poetic, wandering character of a man from the people, but also to the peasantry as a whole. He expressed in his depiction of the people a feeling of great content and mystery of the spiritual world. common man, in the people's environment, he sees a variety of characters and the "surprise" of their manifestations. The poet-hunter, wandering through his native fields, makes amazing discoveries at every step, any of his clashes with a peasant leaves him with a question, a sense of mystery, of possibilities and motives not fully understood by him. ordinary people which he recognizes. So, describing in the story "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman" the disposition of the carefree and good-natured Yermolai, the observant "hunter" suddenly notices in him unexpected flashes of demonism, "manifestations of some kind of gloomy ferocity." Like the flights of a bird, the sudden transitions from village to village of this seemingly prosaic person are inexplicable and mysterious. In the story "Raspberry Water" two yard people and a random passing peasant spent half an hour at a source with a poetic name in the author's company. How significant are their simple, everyday conversations, how original characters!

In the "Notes of a Hunter" authoritative sentences of peasants are constantly heard about this or that landowner, about the steward, about the moral essence of people's behavior, about Russian life and about the life of other peoples. refers to the opinion of the peasants as a decisive argument in favor of any point of view and, wishing to give his assessment greater weight, reinforces his view with a sentence heard from the lips of the peasants.

In this regard, the position of Turgenev in his stories of the late 40s and early 50s is sharply differs from the position of Grigorovich. Of course, Grigorovich also depicted the peasant with sympathy, and his persecutor, whether it be a landowner, a manager or a kulak miller, with antipathy, but both the peasant and the landowner represented in his stories primarily their position. The main thing in the characterization of Akulina ("The Village") and Anton ("Anton Goremyka") was persecution, his meekness, drawing which, he affirmed the idea of ​​the unjustification of his cruel treatment. The suffering of the peasant is a direct consequence of his serfdom.

The folk heroes of Turgenev are not the spokesmen for the situation, even if it is such an important position for society as serfdom. They have high moral traits. They are thinking, sensitive personalities, doomed to be the "property" of one or another - mostly insignificant, stupid and vulgar - master. Every time when phrases like “Yermolai belonged to one of my neighbors…” appear in the writer’s text, this strikes the reader not because the hero of the story experiences resentment and oppression, although there are many manifestations of social injustice, arbitrariness, and violence in the book, but by the discrepancy between the manner in which the hero is depicted and the fact that he exists in the state of things. The peasants, shown by Turgenev in all the complex richness of their natures, acting as representatives of the nation, its historical existence and its future mysterious destinies, asserted the moral unjustification, inhumanity and doom of serfdom much more eloquently than any fiery journalistic tirades or pictures of violence.

Gogol, exclaiming: “Rus, where are you going, give me an answer? Does not give an answer, ”he turned his thoughts to the whole country; Turgenev, on the other hand, saw the source of the historical movement in the peasant masses. Having shown the richness of the inner spiritual world of a simple person, Turgenev, however, portrayed such a hero synthetically, without penetrating into his psychological “mechanism”. Turgenev perceived the peasantry as a force that decides a lot in the life of the nation, an attractive and beautiful force, but integral and not amenable to analysis.

The focus of the poetic line of the "Notes of a Hunter" is "Bezhin Meadow". The author is surrounded by nocturnal nature, living its own, independent of him, man, life. “The dark clear sky solemnly and immensely high stood above us with all its mysterious splendor. The chest was sweetly embarrassed, inhaling that special, lingering and fresh smell - the smell of a Russian summer night. Even dogs belonging to boys who tend horses at night do not accept a “stranger”: “For a long time they could not come to terms with my presence and, drowsily squinting and looking sideways at the fire, occasionally growled with extraordinary self-esteem” (IV, 97).

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In the story "Khor and Kalinich" Turgenev depicts two opposite types of peasants, more often than others encountered in life.

Khor is a smart and practical person; he knows how to get along in life. Khor realized that the farther from the master, the better; so he begged for permission to settle in the forest in the swamp. Here he began to trade "butter and tar" and became rich. However, Khor did not want to pay off the master because, in his opinion, it is more profitable to live for the master: “you will end up in completely free people, then who lives without a beard (that is, every official).

Khory's practicality is also evident from the fact that he does not teach his sons to read and write, although he is aware of its usefulness. He knows that the literate will immediately be taken to the manor's court, and then his friendly family will be upset. Like all men, Khor looks at women with contempt. “Women are stupid people,” he says: why touch them? They do such nonsense. Don't get your hands dirty."

The ferret also does not pay attention to the cleanliness and tidiness in the house. But these minor flaws do not obscure the majestic, respectable figure of Khorya. In his diligence, economic knowledge and experience, he is much higher than his master. The conclusion directly follows from the story that such a person should not be deprived of liberty, and meanwhile, in the days of serfdom, the landowner could easily ruin his economy, insult, humiliate and even sell to another landowner.

Kalinich, according to Turgenev, is an "idealist-romantic". He has an enthusiastic, dreamy character and therefore does not like to do housework. He turned all his attention to the study of nature. He knows how to speak blood, fear, rage, can expel worms from wounds; his bees don't die, hand light". Kalinich has a kind, tender heart. He treats all people with love, takes care of his master, the landowner Polutykin, like a child.

“Don’t touch him with me” (i.e., don’t condemn), he says about his master to his friend Khorya. “But why doesn’t he sew boots for you?” Khor objected. — “Eka, boots! What do I need boots for? I'm a man," Kalinich answers. But Polutykin did not in the least appreciate Kalinych's enthusiastic, disinterested affection for him, and to the author's question, what was his opinion of Kalinych, Polutykin coldly replied: “an assiduous and obliging peasant; the economy in good order, however, cannot support it: I delay everything. Every day he goes hunting with me ... What kind of economy is there, judge for yourself. Thus, Polutykin valued the peasants insofar as they were engaged in farming and gave the master more income.

In the person of Kalinich, Turgenev portrayed that side of the nature of the Russian person, thanks to which, in the past, types of obedient and devoted uncles and nannies were developed. In the old days, the origin of these types was explained by the condescending attitude of the landowners towards the serfs, but Turgenev clearly shows us that these types are the product of the humane, loving nature of the common people.

One of the best literary works of I.S. Turgenev is a cycle of stories or essays (specialists have not decided on the genre of the works included in it) "Notes of a Hunter". In them, the writer touches on important issues related to the life of peasants and serfdom. Ivan Sergeevich was known for his liberal views, so it is not surprising that he decided to make the common people the main character of his works. Below is an analysis of "Khor and Kalinich".

Publication history

The analysis of the story "Khor and Kalinich" should begin with the fact that it is he who is the most famous of the entire cycle. This story opens "Notes of a hunter", it was published in 1847 in the magazine "Contemporary". "Khor i Kalinych" was placed on the page with advertisements for the sale of agricultural items.

The writer compared the life of the peasants of the Oryol and Kaluga provinces. The author paid great attention not only to how ordinary people live, but it was precisely the personality of these people that interested him. The favorable attitude of the writer towards the peasants, a detailed examination of their habits, life convictions - all this was new to the reader.

In the analysis of Khor and Kalinych, it should be noted that Turgenev's decision to make peasants the central characters was perceived by readers as a progressive outlook on life, as a new direction in literature. Therefore, the story became the most famous in the "Notes of a Hunter" cycle.

Main characters

The analysis of "Khor and Kalinych" should be continued brief description story characters.

1. Hunter - from his face the story is being told. He loves not only hunting, but also studying the habits and way of life of other people. Sympathetic to the common people.
2. Khor is a wealthy peasant. A practical and rational person, hardworking.
3. Kalinich is a peasant, literate. Idealist, romantic. He loves nature, animals, responds to everything beautiful.
4. Mr. Polutykin is the owner of Khory and Kalinich. Good man, but an idle lifestyle spoils him.

Description of the peasants

In the analysis of "Khor and Kalinich" it is necessary to describe the main characters in more detail. The hunter informs the reader that he noticed that the standard of living of the peasants in the Kaluga province is higher than that of the Orlov ones. And as an example, the author cites two peasant friends, Khory and Kalinich. Despite the difference in characters and their outlook on life, they are friendly.

Khor is a wealthy peasant. Thanks to his pragmatic and rational mindset, he was able to separate himself from all the other peasants, to live apart from them. He could become free, but deliberately does not do this, so he pays a large quitrent to his master on time. During conversations, he avoids answering the hunter's questions, so he decides that Khor is a man of his own mind.

Kalinich is the exact opposite of his friend. He pays much more attention than Khor to his master. Because of this, he does not have time for other things. Even in the appearance of Kalinich there is some slovenliness, he wears bast shoes all year round even on holidays. He is simple and fair man, subtly feeling human nature and the beauty of nature.

conclusions

In the analysis of "Khor and Kalinich" Turgenev I.S. it is necessary to note briefly the conclusions drawn by the protagonist from his observations of the two peasants. During a conversation about what the hunter has seen, Kalinich is interested in details related to the description of nature, the customs of other people. Khorya is more interested in questions of a practical nature: how the life of people works, the features of the state system.

Khor has a large family, but only one child is literate. Kalinich is alone, but he is literate. And this helps him to better perceive some life phenomena and expand his horizons. Before us are people who do not have such rights and freedoms as Mr. Polutykin. However, they are closer to the world around them, they understand simple things more deeply. And an idle lifestyle is the cause of Polutykin's quirks. Work allows a person to train not only the body, but also the mind.

In the analysis of the work "Khor and Kalinich" it is worth noting that in the story there is a place for a certain amount of romanticization of the common people. But this does not contradict the real image of the peasants. Author I.S. Turgenev for the first time made serfs the central characters, showing that they feel and perceive the world in the same way as rich people. Labor and closeness to nature helped them to understand better and more subtle the world and character of a person.