Semashko Nikolay Alexandrovich. Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich: contribution to medicine. Work and political activity

Doctor, statesman and public figure, one of the organizers of Soviet healthcare N.A. Semashko was born on September 20, 1874 in the village. Livenskoye, Yeletsk district, Oryol province (now Zadonsk district, Lipetsk region) in the family of a teacher. Mother - sister of G.V. Plekhanov, grandmother - granddaughter of V.G. Belinsky.

In 1883, Nikolai Semashko was admitted to the Yeletsk gymnasium, where in his senior year he organized a group for the study of forbidden literature. In 1891 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University.

In 1893 he became a member of the Marxist circle. In December 1895, he was arrested and deported to Livenskoye under public police supervision. In Yelets, he founded a Marxist circle and launched Social Democratic propaganda among railway workers.

In 1901 N.A. Semashko graduated from the medical faculty of Kazan University and worked as a doctor in the Oryol and Samara provinces. Since 1904, he carried out revolutionary work in the city committee of the RSDLP in Nizhny Novgorod. For organizing a strike at the Sormovo plant (1905) he was arrested again. In 1906 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he met G.V. Plekhanov and V.I. Lenin. Until 1910 he was secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

In September 1917 N.A. Semashko returned to Russia, participated in the preparation of the October Uprising in Moscow and provided medical assistance to its participants. After the October Revolution - head of the medical and sanitary department of the Moscow City Council, from July 1918 to 1930 - the first People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. In 1921-1949 - professor, head of the department of social hygiene of the medical faculty of Moscow University.

In October 1924 N.A. Semashko came to Yelets and got acquainted with the organization of medical care in the city and district. In January 1931, he visited Yelets again and assisted in the construction of the city (now named after him) and children's hospitals.

He headed the Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945-1949), the Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1947-1949). He was the initiator of the creation of the Central Medical Library (1918), the House of Scientists (1922) in Moscow. In 1927-1936 - editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia. Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945). Under the leadership of N.A. Semashko carried out work to combat epidemics, laid the foundations of Soviet healthcare, created systems for protecting motherhood and infancy, protecting the health of children and adolescents, and a network of research medical institutes. Died in Moscow on May 18, 1949.

The name of N.A. Semashko was given to school No. 5 in Lipetsk. In 2009, a regional award named after N.A. was established in the Lipetsk region. Semashko.

Literature

Koch. Virkhov / N.A. Semashko. – M.: Magazine-gaz. ob-nie, 1934. - 167 p. - (Life of wonderful people).

Lived and experienced / N.A. Semashko. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1960. - 120 p.

Blinkin S.A. ON THE. Semashko / S.A. Blinkin. – M.: Education, 1976. - 125 p. - (People of science).

Gorfin D V. N.A. Semashko / D.V. Gorfin. – M.: Medicine, 1967. - 72 p.

Mirsky M.B. Chief Doctor of the Republic / M.B. Mirsky. – M.: Politizdat, 1964. - 94 p.

Gusev N.V. Nikolay Aleksandrovich Semashko / N. Gusev, A. Samokhin. - Lipetsk: Book. publishing house, 1960. - 27 p.

Chachko M.I. The Tale of the People's Commissar: the Tale of N. Semashko / M.I. Chachko. – M.: Politizdat, 1972. - 256 p.

Palabugin V.K. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko // Formation of the cultural and educational environment of the Lipetsk region (Eletsk region). - Elets, 2004. - P. 237.

Chekomazova V. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko // Eletsky Vestnik [city. Dace]. - 2014. - August 18. (No. 32) - P. 5.

Palabugin V. Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich // Lipetsk Encyclopedia. T. 3. - Lipetsk, 2001. - P. 221-222.

Geyser I.M. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko (1874-1949): biobibliography / I.M. Geyser. – M.: Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - 32 p.

Semashko Nikolay Aleksandrovich // Social and political figures of the Lipetsk region: biobibliogr. decree. / Lipets. OUNB. - Voronezh, 1980. - pp. 11-14.

Polyakov V. Semashko N.A. : on the 130th anniversary of his birth // Events and dates of the Lipetsk region for 2004. - Lipetsk, 2003. - P. 132-133.

Semashko N. A.

(1874-1949; autobiography) - genus. September 8 (21), 1874. S. spent his entire childhood in the village, among the peasants of the village. Livenskaya, Yeletsk district, Oryol province. This rural setting left an indelible mark on his entire future life and, from early childhood, confronted him with all the needs, joys and sorrows of the peasant population. When subsequently, in the 90s, there was a dispute between Marxists and Narodniks about the role of the peasant in our revolution, for S., according to his stories, the solution to the issue was greatly facilitated by his acquaintance with peasant life, and if he immediately and unconditionally sided with Marxist trend, then this was largely facilitated not by purely head-based reasoning, but by a good knowledge of real peasant life, acquired from childhood. At the age of ten, S. was assigned to the Yelets classical gymnasium. The teaching was for the most part so stupid, formal and uninteresting that each student was already looking for real spiritual food for himself. Gymnasium life taught S. to be completely independent in material terms. In the 2nd grade of the gymnasium, he lost his father, who supported the family with his lessons, and from the 3rd grade of the gymnasium and throughout his subsequent life, S. lived on his own earnings, supporting his family even then.

In 1892, in the last class of the gymnasium, S., together with other comrades (including S. M. Maslov, former minister of agriculture of the Kerensky government), organized a circle for extracting literature and for joint reading. Such innocent, but at that time terrible books as “What is to be done?” were written out. Chernyshevsky, “What is Progress” by Mikhailovsky, “History of Modern Literature” by Skabichevsky, etc. A small library was compiled, the members of the circle gathered for joint reading, but suddenly the meeting of the circle was closed by the director who suddenly appeared with a search outfit. The initial intention of the director and others to exclude all members of the circle with a “wolf passport,” that is, without the right to enter the university, was not carried out in relation to S. only because he was one of the first students.

Having thus graduated from high school in 1893, S. entered the 1st year of the Moscow Faculty of Medicine. univers., plunges headlong into the then metropolitan social and revolutionary life of students and, finally, enters the elected illegal body of students, the so-called “council of fraternities.” This council was at that time the ideological center of Moscow life, where various political trends were concentrated and intertwined. S. immediately joins the young Marxist movement, contacts the Marxist circles that were then working among the workers of the city of Moscow, and becomes acquainted with the Marxist literature available at that time, which consisted of works published abroad (mainly by Plekhanov), illegal pamphlets of Marx, Gaed, etc. etc. There was no any systematic processing of the material presented by Russian reality. That is why the appearance of a rather anonymous illegal pamphlet (by V.I. Lenin) under the title: “What are the friends of the people and how they fight against the Social-Democrats” was a revelation for S. and his circle. The next reinforcement for the Marxists was Beltov’s (Plekhanov’s) pamphlet: “On the Question of the Development of a Monistic View of History.” In 1895, in connection with mass arrests in Moscow, S. was arrested and imprisoned in a Moscow prison. This conclusion was unusually difficult. After 3 months in prison, S. was exiled for three years under public police supervision to Yelets. Here he began systematic self-education, studying philosophy, history, and political economy. Here for the first time he studied Marx’s “Capital”, Hegel’s “Logic” and other major scientific works in the original. Here I learned the first gospel of Marxism almost by heart: “On the question of the development of a monistic view of history” by Beltov-Plekhanov. In Yelets, S. founded Marxist circles, and also, under the legal cover of Sunday schools, organized Social Democratic propaganda among the railway workers of this city. Upon completion of the deportation, he entered the Kazan University to complete his medical education, because he was prohibited from entering the capital’s centers.

In 1899 and 1900, he organized Social Democratic circles in Kazan and directly carried out propaganda work with the most developed workers of Kazan. Here he meets A.I. Rykov. The Kazan work was very successful, but in 1900 the organization failed due to the denunciation of an agent provocateur. A.I. Rykov and other participants go to prison, but S. himself, by some miracle, remains free. In 1901, mass movements began throughout Russia. The Kazan Social Democratic organization took upon itself the preparation of a speech by workers and students in Kazan. Among the leaders of the demonstration was S. Mounted police drove into the demonstrators, cut them into pieces, and the central group of leaders was surrounded and, under heavy police, taken to the station. S., regarding whom there was secret testimony from the secret police, was detained in custody for several months and then expelled from Kazan without the right to enter university and industrial centers. Deprived of the right to appear on the streets of Kazan, S. settled outside the city and ran into the city at night to prepare for exams, and then, suitably made up, appeared at the university and took the exams. So he graduated from the medical faculty semi-legally and received the title of “doctor with honors.” And then the story with the governors began. Wherever S. entered the service, after a fateful 2 months the answer came that the governor would not approve him.

Working as a local doctor, S. tirelessly continued to campaign among the peasant population. Finally, in 1904, S. went to Nizhny Novgorod, where he was lucky: he did not receive the governor’s protest here. In Nizhny Novgorod he becomes one of the leaders of the social democratic movement. S. also leads circles among young students: many of the then students, members of the circle, now occupy prominent Soviet positions. S. was also responsible for public speeches - polemics at meetings with the Cadets, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries. In 1905, he was arrested again on charges of drawing up a proclamation to recruits, and only with a categorical protest did S. manage to gain freedom. During the famous October days of 1905, S. became the head of the movement and was the permanent chairman of all revolutionary meetings in the city. The Black Hundred openly plot to destroy his apartment and kill him. S. takes part in preparing a rebuff to the tsarist troops, who were sent to Sormovo, but just on the night before the uprising he was arrested in his apartment. From this moment, a long imprisonment began for 9 months in a Nizhny Novgorod prison, from where he was saved only by developed tuberculosis: S. was released pending trial on a large bail.

Anticipating the inevitable hard labor and a long settlement, which, given the state of health at that time, doomed him to death, S. emigrates abroad, first to Geneva, and then moves to Paris. In Geneva, having become the head of the local Bolshevik organization, S. meets his maternal uncle, G.V. Plekhanov. However, as S. noted more than once in his memoirs, the relationship between uncle and nephew was directly proportional to the relationship between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. When in 1907 S. was arrested in Geneva on charges of participation in the Tiflis expropriation of a bank (in which he actually took no part), and when S. was in immediate danger of being handed over to the tsarist government, through whose intrigues everything was built this case, S.’s wife turned to G.V. Plekhanov with a request with her authority among the Swiss to come to the aid of the arrested man. “Whoever gets along with him will gain from him,” G.V. answered coldly, thereby hinting that he did not intend to help the Bolshevik. And only the energetic intercession of V.I. Lenin saved S. from extradition. Following the departure of V.I. Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders from Geneva to Paris, S. also went there. There he holds the position of secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and participates in all foreign meetings. He established not only a public, but also a personal acquaintance with V.I. Lenin. In these difficult years for the revolutionary party, when reaction, fatigue, and “God-seeking” brought disintegration into the party ranks of Social Democracy, when the Mensheviks raised speech about the “legalization” of the party, about the liquidation of the “underground,” and even some of the Bolsheviks discovered vacillations and deviations, S. remained a faithful ally of Lenin and, under his leadership, worked to prepare the revolution in Russia. S. takes part in the organization of a Bolshevik school for workers near Paris, and is the secretary of a group promoting work in the Social Democratic Duma faction. While still in Geneva, S. participated in the international Stuttgart Congress in 1907. At the end of 1911, S. took part in the Prague (in the city of Prague) conference, which laid the foundation for the solid organization of the Bolsheviks and the revolutionary wing of the Mensheviks in Russia. In 1913, as a result of the Bolshevik center moving from Paris, S. moved to the Balkans. However, only S.’s capture, first by the Germans, then by the Austrians, then by the Bulgarians, kept him in the Balkans. Having suffered for a long time and experienced all the hardships in captivity, S. takes advantage of the February coup in order, with the consent of the Bulgarian government of Radoslavov, to return to Russia.

With great difficulty, in July 1917, he received this permission, but the Kerensky government did not allow the old Bolshevik to enter Russia. S. was detained in Stockholm, and only the guarantee of some prominent Mensheviks and Novozhiznists (conciliators), which one of the Mensheviks formulated as follows: “I know S. as an ardent Bolshevik, but an honest revolutionary,” opened S.’s access to Russia in September 1917 Here he moves to Moscow and is elected chairman of the district government in Zamoskvorechye. In this position, he begins preparations for the October Revolution, takes an active part in this, and, together with other comrades, restores the Moscow city economy. S. becomes one of the leaders of the so-called “Council of District Dumas”, to which all municipal power of the capital passed after the coup. At the same time, S. is appointed head of Moscow. Department of Health and is gradually establishing this sector of the city economy. In 1918, the idea was put forward to unite the entire health care business in one competent body. S. accepts V.I. Lenin’s offer to take over the organization of this new business and develops a corresponding bill. At the beginning, this bill met with the harshest criticism. Becoming the first people's Commissioner. health care, S. is devoted to the construction of Soviet medicine, leads the Supreme Council of Physical Culture, the interdepartmental meeting on the fight against prostitution, leads the organization and restoration of resorts, and in addition, occupies the department of social science. Hygiene Moscow university (see App. to No. 2 magazine. "Izvestia. Narkomzdr.", M., 1924; "N.A.S., half a century of life - 30 years of revolutionary struggle").

[In 1930-1936, Chairman of the Children's Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the 20-30s, editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia. In teaching and research work. Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945).]

Semashko, Nikolai Alexandrovich

Party and statesman, one of the organizers of the Soviet Union. health care, valid member Academy of Medicine Sciences of the USSR (since 1944). and the Academy of Pedagogics. Sciences of the RSFSR (since 1945). Member CPSU(b) since 1893. Born. in the village Livensky, Yeletsk district, Orlov. lips in the family of a teacher. In 1891 he entered medical school. fact Mosk. un-ta. In 1893 he joined a Marxist circle; in 1895 he was arrested for participation in the revolutionary movement and expelled from Moscow. After serving his term of exile, he entered Kazan. University, having graduated from it (1901), he worked as a doctor in Orlov. and Samar. lips In 1904 he moved to Nizhny Novgorod, where he worked as a sanitary doctor and took an active part in leading a Marxist workers' circle. During the revolutionary events of 1905 he organized a medical center. helping the workers who took part in the uprising, for which he was arrested again. In 1906, after a 9-month prison sentence, he emigrated to Switzerland (Geneva), where he first met V.I. Lenin. In 1907 the Swiss was arrested. authorities, who tried to extradite him to the tsarist government. After his release from prison he moved to Paris. was secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party. In 1912 he participated in the work of Prague. party conference. In 1913 he lived in Serbia and Bulgaria; at the beginning of the First World War he was interned. Returning to Moscow in September 1917, he took an active part in party work together with Bolshevik doctors M. F. Vladimirsky, I. V. Rusakov, Z. P. Solovyov, V. A. Obukh and others. He was elected chairman of the Bolshevik faction Pyatnitskaya council of Moscow, took part in the preparation of the October armed uprising and organized a medical service during the days of the October battles. assistance to the participants of the uprising. Since May 1918, S. was the first head of the medical and sanitary department of Moscow. Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and from July 1918 the first People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. In the first years of the development of healthcare in the USSR, S. launched a huge amount of work to combat epidemics, created such areas as owls. healthcare, such as the protection of motherhood and infancy, the protection of children's health, the fight against social diseases, etc.; paid a lot of attention to organizing the resort business. Under his direct leadership, a network of scientific institutes was created. In 1930, S. went to work at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (chairman of the Children's Commission, member of the Presidium). Since 1921 he headed the Department of Social Hygiene in Medicine. fact of Moscow University (now the 1st Moscow Medical Institute), and then the Department of Health Organization of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-ta. At the same time, in 1945-49 there was a director. Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical. Sciences of the RSFSR and in 1947-49 - Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine Acad. honey. Sciences of the USSR (now named after him). With S.'s participation, the House of Scientists (1922) and the Central Medical Center were organized. library (1918) in Moscow. In 1928-36 there was Ch. ed. "Big Medical Encyclopedia". S. owns numerous works in the field of social hygiene and health care organization. In his work “Essays on the theory of health care organization” (1947), he first summarized the basic principles. Soviet principles healthcare.

Works: Selected works, M., 1954 (there is a bibliography of S.’s works and literature about him).

Lit.: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, ed. A. N. Shabanova, M., 1952; Barsukov M.I., Slonimskaya I.A., The main features of the life and creative path of N.A. Semashko, "Bulletin of Academic Medical Sciences of the USSR", 1949, No. 4; Vinogradov N. A., Maystrakh K. V., N. A. Semashko and his literary legacy (on the anniversary of his death), “Soviet Health Care”, 1950, No. 4; Petrov B. D., Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko. Life and activity, "Hygiene and Sanitation", 1949, No. 10; Russian D. M., The role and significance of N. A. Semashko in the fight against infectious diseases in the first years of Soviet power, "Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology", 1954, No. 11.

Sam A Shko, Nikolai Alexandrovich

Genus. 1874, d. 1949. Doctor. He was People's Commissar of Health (1918), and since 1930 he has been engaged in teaching and scientific work. Full member of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945).

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

SEMASHKO NIKOLAY ALEXANDROVICH

(8/20. 09. 1874, the village of Livenskoye, Eletsk district, now Zadonsk district - 05.18. 1949, Moscow), party and statesman, one of the organizers of Soviet healthcare, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945 ). Born into the family of a teacher, his ancestors on his father’s side were Polish nobles, participants in the national liberation movement, his mother was the sister of G. V. Plekhanov. In 1883 he was admitted to the Yelets gymnasium. In his senior year, he organized with a group of high school students (including S. M. Maslov, the future Socialist Revolutionary and Minister of Agriculture of the 3rd coalition Provisional Government of 1917) a group to study banned Marxist literature. For his brilliant studies, Semashko was allowed to graduate from high school, but without a gold medal.

In 1891 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University and quickly became an active participant in the student social movement, joining its medical wing. In 1893 he was elected to the illegal Moscow “Council of Student Associations” and soon became one of its leaders. In 1895 he met V.I. Lenin on one of his visits to Moscow. In December 1895, he was arrested for organizing a student demonstration and, after a three-month prison sentence, was exiled to Yelets for three years under public police supervision. Here Semashko founded a Marxist circle, and also, under the legal cover of a Sunday school, launched Social Democratic propaganda among railway workers.

After the end of the expulsion, he entered Kazan University to complete his medical education. In 1899-1901, together with A.I. Rykov, he conducted revolutionary work in Kazan. After graduating from the university in 1901, he worked as a local doctor in the Oryol and Samara provinces, and from 1904 - in Nizhny Novgorod. Here Semashko became one of the leaders of the city committee of the RSDLP. During the revolutionary events of 1905 he was among the organizers of the uprising of Sormovo workers. After serving nine months in prison and being released for health reasons (exacerbation of tuberculosis), he immediately emigrated to Switzerland. In August 1907, Semashko was a delegate to the Stuttgart Congress of the 2nd International from the Geneva Bolshevik organization. In January 1908 he was arrested by the Swiss police on charges of assisting in the armed expropriation of the Tiflis bank. After liberation, he moved with the Bolshevik foreign center to Paris, where until 1910 he was secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. He was a delegate to the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (1912), where he made a report on state insurance of workers. In 1913 he participated in the social democratic movement in Serbia and Bulgaria; at the beginning of World War I he was interned. In September 1917 he returned to Russia. Participated in the preparation of the October uprising in Moscow, organized medical assistance to the rebels.

After the October Revolution, Semashko was the head of the medical and sanitary department of the Moscow City Council, then from 1918-1930. - - First People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. In October 1924, Semashko came to Yelets and got acquainted with the organization of medical care in the city and region. In January 1931, Semashko visited Yelets again and assisted in the construction of a new city hospital (now the hospital bears his name) and a children's hospital. In 1922-1949. Semashko is a professor, head of the department of social hygiene of the medical faculty of Moscow University (since 1930 - 1st Moscow Medical Institute). In 1930-1936. - member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, chairman of the children's commission, which supervised treatment and preventive work in children's health institutions and fought against homelessness. In 1945-1949 was director of the Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the RSFSR and at the same time (1947-1949) of the Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Initiator of the creation of the Central Medical Library (1918) and the House of Scientists (1922) in Moscow. In 1927-1936 - editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia.

Prishvin and Semashko studied at the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium. Under the influence of Semashko, Prishvin became interested in Marxism already in his high school years. The story of their high school friendship will find artistic expression in the autobiographical novel “Kashcheev’s Chain.” In the novel, Efim Nesgovorov (N. Semashko) will introduce Kurymushka to forbidden literature.

“Tell you what, brother,” said Nesgovorov, “you understood physics right away, try to defeat Buckle, take it and read it, I’ll bring it to you tomorrow, just don’t show it to anyone, and this is considered a forbidden book in our country.”

For-pre-schen-noy!

Well, what's wrong with that... you should already know this: there is a whole underground life.

Pod-pol-na-ya! (2, 86).

Nesgovorov-Semashko opened a “completely new world” to Kurymushka-Prishvin.

M. Vvedenskaya, sister of A. M. Konoplyantsev, the writer’s friend in Yelets, one of the first graduates of the Bestuzhev courses, a doctor, recalls how they, her brother, Prishvin, Semashko, Maslov and other gymnasium students in Yelets, read Marx, for which they were expelled from the gymnasium Semashko, but they soon returned: “At the final exams, everything was done in order not to give him medals: so, the law of God forced him to answer in Greek, and he answered. He wrote a brilliant essay, and they gave him a “high five” for his behavior, but still didn’t give him a medal” (Vvedenskaya M. M. Eletsky friends // Personal file of Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin. St. Petersburg: Rostock, 2005. P. 27).

Prishvin often repeated that Semashko was his “first friend”: “... People’s Commissar Semashko was my classmate, my first friend (and to this day he helps out of every trouble, just a little - to him, a very good person, honest to the bone) (Prishvin M Diaries 1920-1922. M., 1995. P. 275).

However, in his assessments of the human qualities of Nikolai Semashko, Prishvin, like his autobiographical hero Alpatov, is not always consistent. The orthodox Marxist Nesgovorov even tried to fit Raphael’s “Madonna of Sixine” into the chain of causes and consequences of the monistic view of history: “...Why are you dressed up, sitting among the bourgeoisie and looking at the Madonna like an owl?

Alpatov tensed up to fight and replied:

Admit it, Efim, you also came to look at the Madonna, and in your own way you looked at her with great curiosity... You, too, like everyone else, are drawn to the Madonna.

“I’m drawn,” Yefim answered, “I’ll now try to tell you what I promised: I’m drawn to hide somewhere under one of the sofas on which the Madonna’s contemplators are sitting, wait for the bell to ring and lie there until the watchmen leave, and then cut out the Madonna and destroy it.

Alpatov lowered his eyes and, pale, said quietly:

I could kill for this.

Efim began to look closely at Alpatov and asked:

Can you?

“I can stand up for my own things,” replied Alpatov (2, 309).

Disillusioned with Marxism, Prishvin takes a different path, the path of spiritual growth, a path that excludes any violence, physical or moral: “Semashko: my path is common with God’s creature, but your path is different: you have all suppressed within yourself the possible, perhaps, love for a woman, love for the motherland, and the desire for art and science, and the inclination of every free person to think about the life of the world (philosophy) in order to take the human path, that is, to put his will for happiness ahead of his personal existence others (“until this happens, I give up life”). My question is: isn’t it time to free all Russian creatures from the obligation to share the path with you? The creature wants to be the creature.

The October days are mysterious for us, and we are not their judges yet, but the veil has fallen in the present: this is the name of the state life of thieves and robbers (M. M. Prishvin. Diaries 1920-1922. M., 1995. P. 108).

But if “you close your eyes to his policy and approach him (Semashko. - N.B.) from the human side,” then Semashko as a person appears to Prishvin as the ideal of moral purity: “...purity of nature (morality, humanity). Uneasiness to deal with conscience. Secret romanticism. Refusal of personal life" (M. Prishvin. Diaries 1918-1919. M., 1994. P. 89). But such a path for Prishvin is “a path to crucifixion, suffering,” and he, as a person and a writer, needs the joy, depth and unpredictability of life’s creativity, which Semashko cannot see because of his “political myopia.”

“The movement of the spirit,” mental maturation, “the slow accumulation of love in words” underlie the creative fate of the writer who abandoned Marxist dogmatics. On January 26, 1941, he wrote in his diary: “And so in 1906 (an error in the manuscript - the book was published in 1907 - Composition.), when my first book... “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds” was published in an excellent edition, I was told in the greatest secret that N.A. Semashko had secretly arrived from emigration and was inviting me on a date. It was difficult for me to go to the business man of the revolution, because even in my new business I was not yet firm and could not prove in any way my right to be a freedman of the revolution. Everything went well while we were in public, but when our hostess left both of her favorite friends to spend the night in the same room, both of them became awkward. Before going to bed we had this conversation:

What are you doing now?

And it's all?

Of course, I gave up agronomy: I can’t combine it.

And satisfies?

Yes, I want to write about what I love: my first book is dedicated to my homeland.

Now we don’t need to love our homeland, but hate it.

I don’t like our Yelets homeland either.

You have always had a tendency to think in a philistine way, am I talking about Yelets?

No, I’m not a philistine, I’m only inclined to think in images: my homeland is not in Yelets, but in the land of unafraid birds. I believe that such a homeland of mine exists, and I love it selflessly. What about the revolution? Revolution is not love, but action. My love also includes revolution, since it is a movement of the spirit. If I had been able to participate in the revolution, like Rudin, I would not have given up such a moment and, perhaps, would have died long ago at Krasnaya Presnya. But to do it slowly, to organize, to wait, to accumulate the power of hatred in myself, to pray to an unknown god for vengeance, I cannot do this, I am incapable.

What are you capable of?

To the same slow accumulation of love in the word. This is also not easy, perhaps even more difficult, but I am more capable of it. I can do this..." (Memoirs of Mikhail Prishvin. St. Petersburg; M., 1991. P. 24).

Lit.:

Blinkin S. A. N. A. Semashko. M., 1978.

Prishvin M. M. Diaries. 1918-1919. M.: Moscow worker, 1994.

Prishvin M. M. Diaries. 1920-1922. M.: Moscow worker, 1995.

Semashko Nikolai Aleksandrovich - Soviet doctor, founder of healthcare in the USSR. Semashko was born on September 20, 1874 in the village of Livenskoye, Oryol province (Lipetsk region) in the family of a teacher. Nikolai Alexandrovich spent his entire childhood in the village. At the age of 10, he entered the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1891.

After high school Semashko entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine. From that moment on, he began to engage in revolutionary activities. Because of this, Semashko was arrested in 1895. After his imprisonment, Nikolai Alexandrovich was exiled to his homeland in the village of Livenskoye. In 1898, after the end of his exile, he tried to reinstate himself at Moscow University, but was refused. Therefore Semashko continued to receive medical education at Kazan University, which he graduated in 1901.

Until 1904, Nikolai Alexandrovich worked as a doctor in the Oryol and Samara provinces. But then, due to revolutionary activities, he was forced to leave for Nizhny Novgorod. There he got a job as a zemstvo doctor. But in 1905, after organizing a strike at the Sormovo plant, Semashko was arrested again.

In 1906 he went to Switzerland, where he met Lenin. Throughout his stay in Geneva, Semashko was engaged in revolutionary activities, and in 1908, together with the Bolshevik foreign center, he moved to Paris. Until 1910, Nikolai Alexandrovich worked as secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1917, Semashko returned to Moscow, where he became chairman of the Pyatnitskaya district government. During the October uprisings, he provided medical assistance to strike participants. After the revolution in May 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich was appointed head of the health department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. And already in July 1918, Semashko took the post of first People's Commissar of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic. He held this position until 1930.

After Lenin's death in 1924, it was Semashko who supervised the autopsy of the body. From 1921 to 1949 Nikolai Alexandrovich worked at Moscow University. At first he simply taught, and then headed the department of social hygiene.

In 1927, the 6th All-Union Congress of Health Departments took place. At it, Semashko spoke about the need to create a central institute of nutrition. Which will allow us to combine all scientific work in the field of nutrition. And on July 26, 1930, the State Central Institute of Public Catering of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic was created. The institute's mission was to direct nutrition research activities throughout the country. Subsequently, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the People’s Commissariat of Health, M. Gorky wrote to Semashko:

“...I warmly, from the bottom of my heart, congratulate you on your wonderful work for ten years. Believe me, the difficulty of this work is known to me, as well as its enormous, undeniable success...”

From 1930 to 1936, Semashko worked at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and was chairman of the Children's Commission. In this position, he fought against child homelessness, led treatment and prophylactic work in children's sanatoriums and health camps.

In 1941, after the outbreak of war, Semashko, together with the department of health care organization of the 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute, was evacuated to Ufa. But already in 1942 he returned from evacuation and began collecting material about the activities of medical universities during the war years. After the war, Nikolai Alexandrovich took part in the restoration of healthcare in the liberated territories and wrote a lot about the sanitary consequences of the war. He devoted his entire life to improving healthcare in the country. The contribution to medicine of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko is colossal. V.V. Kovanov wrote:

“He had the opportunity to directly lay the foundations of Soviet healthcare, develop preventive areas in medicine, involving not only healthcare authorities, but also other departments in this most important matter.”

From 1927 to 1936, Semashko was the editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia. Since 1940, Nikolai Alexandrovich was the chairman of the All-Union Hygienic Society. In 1945, he was appointed director of the Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. In May 1949, Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko died at the age of 75.

Semashko taught young people not only medicine, but also how to live in a new society, how best to help the party educate new citizens. Former students wrote about him:

“We listened with the greatest interest to his lectures on the tasks of medicine in organizing the work and life of Soviet people... The exams that he conducted were more reminiscent of a conversation between a wise person and young people who were eager for knowledge and absorbed every word. During the exams, one could argue, if you had your own opinion."

Works by N.A. Semashko

• Semashko N. A. Proletarian disease (tuberculosis) / N. Semashko; Sanitary education Donobzdravtd. - Rostov n/a: Don. region dept. State ed., 1920. - 16 p.
• Semashko N. A. What are resorts and how to be treated at them / N. A. Semashko; Ch. resort. ex. - M.; L: State. ed., 1924. - 32 p.
• Semashko N. A. To combat drunkenness / N. A. Semashko. - M.; L: State. ed., 1926. - 24 p.
• Semashko N. A. Against the alimony epidemic or rely on alimony, do not make a mistake yourself / N. Semashko. - Moscow: Protection of motherhood and infancy, 1927 (6th type-lit. Transprint of the NKPS). - 20 s.
• Semashko N. A. Introduction to social hygiene. - M.: publishing house "Worker of Education", 1927 (type. State Publishing House "Red Proletarian"). - 52 s.
• Semashko N. A. The decade of the October Revolution and the health of peasants / N. A. Semashko. - Moscow: publishing house of the People's Commissariat of Health of the R.S.F.S.R., 1927 (book. Factory of the Central Publishing House of Peoples of the S.S.S.R.). - 40 s.
• Semashko N. A. Beware of the flu / N. Semashko. - M.; L.: State. publishing house, 1927 (Moscow: 1st Exemplary type.). - 24 s.
• Semashko N. A. On the path to a healthy village, 1929.
• Semashko N. A. What do workers need: religion or science? / N. Semashko; Center. Council of the Union of Militant Atheists of the USSR. - M.: Publishing house “Bezbozhnik”, 1930 (type “Beep”). - 16 s.
• Semashko N. A. Science and religion about health / N. Semashko. - M.: State Publishing House of the RSFSR Moscow Worker, 1930 (type-lit. named after Comrade Vorovsky). - 56 s.
• Semashko N. A. Soviets, strengthen the country’s defense / N. Semashko. - M.: Part. publishing house, 1932 (type publishing house "Krest. gas."). - Region, 16 p.
• Semashko N. A. Cultural construction in the USSR / N. Semashko; In absentia owl courses construction at the Department personnel of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. - M.: Power of the Soviets, 1934 (type-literary named after Vorovsky). - Region, 32 p.
• Semashko N. A. The right to rest / N. A. Semashko. - M.: Sotsekgiz, 1936 (“Exemplary” type). - 32 s.
• Semashko N. A. Right to social security / N. A. Semashko. - M.: Legal. publishing house, 1937 (18 types of the Polygraph Book trust). - 38 s.
• Semashko N. A. Essays on the theory of organization of Soviet healthcare: the fundamental principles of Soviet healthcare. - M.: AMS of the RSFSR, 1947.
• Semashko N. A. Personal hygiene. - [Sverdlovsk]: Sverdl. region state publishing house, 1950 (5th type. Glavpoligraphizdata). - 20 s.
• Semashko N. A. Selected works. - M.: Medgiz, 1954. - 339 p.
• Semashko N. A. Lived and experienced. - Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1960. - 120 p.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko(1874 – 1949) – an outstanding healthcare organizer, the first People's Commissar of Healthcare of the RSFSR, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences.

At our university. In 1891 he entered the medical faculty of the IMU, and in 1895 he was expelled. Since 1921 – professor, head of the department of social hygiene (health care organization).

Short biography. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko was born in 1874 in the village of Livenskoye, Oryol province, into the family of a teacher; his mother was the sister of the famous philosopher and Marxist G.V. Plekhanov. Nikolai, while studying at the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium, organized a group for reading prohibited works, for which he was threatened with expulsion in his final year of study. Having entered the medical faculty of the IMU in 1891, N.A. Semashko participated in the activities of Marxist circles and illegal student organizations. Despite this, Semashko did not stop studying with the most famous professors and doctors of the time. In 1895, Semashko was arrested due to participation in the revolutionary movement and expelled from the IMU. In 1898, he was allowed to study at Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1901, receiving the title of “doctor with honors.” He worked as a zemstvo doctor in the provinces of Russia, continuing his propaganda and revolutionary work. From 1906 to 1917 Nikolai Alexandrovich spent abroad, doing party work.

In 1917, after the October Revolution, N.A. Semashko headed the medical and sanitary department of the Moscow City Council, and in July 1918 he was appointed to the post of the first People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR and held this position until 1930. In 1921, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, having become a professor at the medical faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (from 1930 - 1st MMI), initiated the creation of the department of social hygiene (health care organization), which he headed from 1921 to 1949.

During the Great Patriotic War N.A. Semashko was actively involved in resolving issues related to the restructuring of the educational process in military conditions. In 1942, Semashko began collecting materials on the activities of medical universities during the war. Under his leadership in 1946 - 1949. A study was conducted of the sanitary consequences of the war.

Attaching great importance to disease prevention, N.A. Semashko wrote: “... the preventive direction, reflected in the clinic in the form of a more in-depth study of etiology, helps the clinic to better treat diseases.”

Scientific achievements. ON THE. Semashko is one of the main theorists and creators of the Soviet healthcare system, which is known in the world as "Semashko System".

ON THE. Semashko initiated the creation of the Central Medical Library (1919), which later received scientific status, which since 2001 has been part of the structure of Sechenov University.

Thanks to Semashko’s active scientific position, the House of Scientists was organized in Moscow (1922).

Semashko organized (1923) and was the first head of the Supreme Council for Physical Culture and Sports.

In 1927 N.A. Semashko was the first to raise the issue of centralizing scientific work in the field of nutrition, thanks to which the State Central Institute of Public Nutrition was created in 1930 (Institute of Nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety" (2016)).

ON THE. Semashko was the editor-in-chief of the first Great Medical Encyclopedia: 35 volumes were published in 1928-1936.

In 1944, with the participation of N.A. Semashko, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was created.

Awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor and medals.

Nikolai Alexandrovich continued to work until the end of his life. He died at the age of 75 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Perpetuating memory. In the name of N.A. Semashko named a street in Moscow, the Institute of Healthcare Organization and History of Medicine (FGBNU National Research Institute of Public Health), Central Clinical Hospital No. 2 of JSC Russian Railways, the Children's Center for Diagnostics and Treatment, as well as streets and medical institutions in many cities of the country.

A prize named after N.A. was established. Semashko (RAMS) for the best works in the field of medicine, theory and history of Soviet healthcare.

In 1982, a monument to Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko was erected on the territory of the Clinical Town (sculptor - L.V. Tazba, architect - F.A. Novikov).

In our Museum. The museum's exhibition includes unique photographs, a writing instrument and personal belongings of N.A. Semashko. The museum's collections contain documents, works, office furniture and other items.