Prepare the car for loading. Methods of loading and unloading trucks. General safety requirements

The rules for loading cargo prohibit lifting cargo, the mass of which, together with the mass of the lifting device, exceeds the standard carrying capacity of the equipment used, as well as cargo of unknown mass or frozen to the ground

An exemplary freight carrier is a professional who operates according to a certain system and expects an equally professional attitude towards himself. That is why the standards for loading operations, as well as the general rules for loading cargo, are hidden from the client only by companies that are not able to work according to these standards. Professional cooperation, on the other hand, involves a detailed acquaintance with the rules, norms and standard documents of both parties.

Temporary standards for loading operations were developed back in the Soviet Union (the Unified Temporary Standard for Cargo Transportation of the 87th year) and, with minor adjustments, they roam safely across all versions of UAT and PPGAT. These two main sets of rules (Charter and Rules for the carriage of goods by road) contain all the necessary documents, as well as figures that determine the technical conditions for loading goods. Let's get to know them better.

Loading cargo: stopwatch

The most simple and understandable standards are shown in Appendix No. 6 of the PPGA, which indicates the time for all types of motor vehicles, as well as the time for the first ton of loading and subsequent ones. If a standard contract is concluded between the carrier and the sender, which does not indicate the use of other standards, these terms are considered binding. The table from the current PPGA for 2014 looks like this:

For all other types of vehicles, it is supposed to spend 12 minutes for loading the first tone and 2 minutes for each subsequent, including incomplete. With this approach, the rules for loading cargo do not take into account the qualitative characteristics of the cargo itself. But such nuances are taken into account by the Uniform Rules for Transportation, signed by the USSR State Labor Committee in 1987. This document introduces the classification of goods according to the complexity of loading:

• 1st class or regular cargo - no time adjustment;
• 2nd class - time factor 1.25 (i.e. an increase to the standard time of 25%);
• 3rd grade - 1.66;
• 4th class of difficulty - 2.00.

When preparing cargo for transportation by road, it is secured in such a way as to prevent the cargo from falling, shifting, and eliminating any pressure on the doors, possible wear or damage.

In addition, the Uniform Rules classify cargo as piece cargo (requiring stowage and counting) and cargo that allows bulk stowage (volume or mass is fixed).

Table of temporary standards for loading cargo when using mechanization

When carrying out non-mechanized loading, these standards are approximately doubled for piece cargo, and approximately three times for cargo loaded in bulk. The use of the Uniform Rules for transportation by road and standard loading must be stipulated in the contract, otherwise the above-mentioned annex to the PPGA will be considered the standard. Of course, each cargo has its own characteristics, and, accordingly, its own loading rules and safety precautions.

Technical conditions for cargo loading

In addition to temporary regulations, there are a number of requirements for the technical equipment of the place of loading and the vehicle itself. In addition, it is important to understand from what point the loading begins at all. And it begins with a note in the consignment note and waybill (or work order, if we are talking about domestic transportation or freight) about the arrival of the vehicle at the place of loading.

A driver who is denied such a mark or who is obstructed when approaching a loading point can record this fact with the help of witnesses. In addition to the loading itself, which begins immediately after all bureaucratic procedures, the following actions are performed:

• Preparation of the vehicle and the place of loading;
• Packing of cargo in accordance with those. regulations;
• Cargo marking (especially when the cargo is delivered to several points);
• Opening of the body (boards, doors, awning capes) and installation of auxiliary devices (mechanization);
• Checking locking, fastening, protective devices and strengthening the load.

Piece cargo transported without its own container (pipes, metal rods), which cannot be loaded without loss of time, must be packed by the sender in transport packages. Technical requirements for packing loads are considered by GOST 26663-85.

Loading Safety

At each of these stages, including the subsequent closing of the body and departure, safety requirements must be observed. Safety rules for loading cargo are determined by several GOSTs of different times at once: GOST 12.3.020, GOST 12.3.009 and GOST 12.3.002. In particular, GOST 12.3.009 (developed by the USSR Committee on Standards back in 1976) indicates the following limitations for manual loading.

• It is forbidden to use boards with a thickness of less than 5 cm. Carrying more than 50 kg (plus the weight of the loader) on the board is prohibited.
• Punching and cutting objects should be carried only in special cases.
• Ice and hard containers require gloves.
• Glass must have special supports (for example, boxes with nests for empty glass containers).
• Faulty containers are not allowed.

The rules for loading cargo are designed to ensure the safety of people, however, proper slinging and stowage of cargo assume that the cargo will be stowed in a rolling stock and securely fastened so that there is no shift, fall, pressure on the door, abrasion or damage to the cargo (and the vehicle itself) when transportation.

Based on these GOSTs, the Intersectoral Rules for the Protection of Workers during Unloading and Loading establish restrictions on employees (age over 16 years of age and passing a medical examination) and clearly define the requirements for loading.

• The currently loaded vehicle must be firmly fixed with a handbrake or other means. Reverse or lowest gear engaged.
• During any actions with the doors and sides of the body, the load must be fixed.
• The board is opened (closed) by two workers. When opening the doors of the van, the workers do not stand by them.
• At night, the van is illuminated from the inside.
• A load weighing 50-80 kg must be transported by several workers (removal and lifting) or using mechanization.

Procedure and documents in the rules for loading cargo

UAT, and hence the standard contract for the carriage of goods, indicates that the loading and fixing of the cargo is carried out by the carrier. Removal of fasteners and unloading itself - by the recipient. This procedure is applied in the event that the contract does not specify otherwise, or the carrier has not decided to unload the vehicle on his own of his own free will.

A separate contract is most often built precisely on such general grounds for UAT and PPGAT. However, long-term cooperation should include all the nuances that may arise during the loading process. In such an agreement, a general part (considering the main conditions of transportation) and an appendix defining specific rules for loading cargo (preparing the place and cargo, stacking pallets, clearing the parking lot, repairing loading mechanisms, etc.) will be singled out.

Bulk transportation of light loads (for example, agricultural implements) means that the carrier must increase the sides or find other ways to increase the carrying capacity of the vehicle. For the same purpose, the sides are increased when transporting bulk cargo (the bulk surface should not protrude above the sides).

The consignor is obliged to keep the site and loading mechanisms in proper condition, not obstruct the vehicle, keep signs and warehouse designations, rigging, permanent flyovers, etc. in good order. In addition, unless it is provided separately, the sender is obliged to load the vehicle or a train of several vehicles up to the load capacity, i.e. maximize their capacity.

The sender can fix the cargo on his own, use his own devices to improve the safety of transportation. However, such loading can be carried out only after agreement with the carrier. In this case, all such devices are returned to the sender at the time of unloading or are sent on the bill of lading.

In case of disagreement, representatives of the consignor and the carrier draw up a special act, but the client is not necessarily the sender and recipient.

The last check is carried out by the driver, since it is he who will be responsible for violating traffic rules on the road. If overweight or incorrect packing is detected, the driver must inform the sender about the detected danger and wait for the situation to be corrected. The sender himself checks the condition of the body or container for compliance with the contract, sanitary standards, safety regulations, etc. Refusal of transportation in this vehicle is recorded in the waybill (signature and seal of the organization).

The overall responsibility for compliance with the rules of loading and safety is assumed by one of the parties, which should be prescribed in the contract. The absence of precisely defined limits of responsibility in clarifying the circumstances associated with the onset of an accident affects the most sad way.

Loading cargo: rights, obligations and documents

The carrier has the right to verify the accuracy of the data in the accompanying documentation, and he can also check the loading of the container in terms of cargo capacity and carrying capacity, i.e. check the contents of the container (open it) or carry out selective weighing with the subsequent execution of a general form act.

A route sheet should also be prepared in advance: it clearly defines the transportation route, which the driver strictly adheres to. It should be borne in mind that the row can be transported by means of joint transportation.

If you organize the transportation of dangerous goods, take care of ordering the vehicle in advance (2-3 working days before the planned departure). You will need special accompanying documents - these are TTN, invoices, certificates, without fail PV (substance passport) and special emergency cards.

When loading, transporting and unloading dangerous goods, the driver is responsible, who may not accept the ADR cargo for transportation if the accompanying documents are drawn up incorrectly, with errors or inaccuracies, and also if deformation or damage to the container is detected.

Rules for loading cargo is drawing up a cargo plan. It indicates the class of cargo, the location of the consignments, the mass, the number of pieces, the type of container. The presence of cargo with the characteristic "fire hazardous" requires the approval of the cargo plan in the VOKhR, and the cargo dangerous in sanitary terms - with the sanitary and epidemiological station. Of course, all approvals must be agreed in advance so that there are no problems with access to loading and dispatch later - careful preparation guarantees safe delivery.

METHODS OF LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGO VEHICLES

The loading scheme is developed by the company based on such indicators as the type of cargo, the method of packaging and transportation. This scheme is a mandatory document that must be approved by the company's management.This document allows you to streamline and perform many processes, such as loading, unloading, securing cargo, etc.

A separate loading scheme is developed for each type of product. The figure shows an example of a scheme for loading pallets with dry building mixes into railway cars. In this case, four air bags of 100x200 and 100x220 cm are used for separation. The larger the range of products, the more difficult it is to calculate the optimal schemes for loading and separating cargo. Currently, several methods of loading products onto vehicles are widely used.

Manual loading

This method of loading is used in many sectors of the economy - in the furniture, brewing, food, pulp and paper industries, etc. With this method of loading, goods from a pallet are disassembled into small units - boxes, boxes, bags, bags.

The manual method has certain advantages in various situations, which are described below.

1. The parameters of packaged cargo packages formed on standard pallets 800x1200 mm (Euro pallet) and 1000x1200 mm (American pallet), the dimensions of railway cars and car bodies, as well as universal containers are not a multiple of each other and do not have a common module, as a result of which for maximum loading The vehicle can only be loaded manually.

2 . With a large assortment, it is difficult to decompose product items on standard pallets, so manual loading is inevitable. An example is the situation with shipments of products from furniture factories, where the range reaches three thousand items of products, different in size and dimensions. It is almost impossible to form standard pallets with such a variety.

3. In the conditions of intense competition, companies are trying to reduce the cost of their products, including through transportation costs, that is, to transport more products with fewer vehicles, maximizing the carrying capacity and cubic capacity of railway wagons, containers, and vehicles.

At the same time, almost all major breweries in Russia, due to high railway tariffs, were forced to abandon the loading of palletized goods into vehicles, preferring the manual labor of loaders.

Thus, it is possible to maximize the use of the useful area of ​​the vehicle when placing different-sized cargo units. A comparative analysis of manual and pallet loading of brewing companies' products shows that manual loading is 25% more efficient.

4. Many items and a large assortment of shipped products, as a rule, do not allow the formation of an optimal order, so orders are formed according to the so-called cubic meter principle.

The average values ​​of cubic meters of vehicles are known, but these are only general values ​​- often, starting loading, the consignor does not know exactly whether the entire load will fit in this vehicle or not.

And then the professionalism of the staff of loaders comes to the fore, which can do without practically separating products and minimally use improvised means (corrugated packaging, polyethylene, used pallets).

As practice shows, this method of loading, separating and transporting allows you to ensure maximum safety of products.

So, the advantages of the manual method are mainly related to the ability to maximize the use of the volume of the vehicle. Thanks to this, financial savings on transportation, a reduction in the cost of product separation and, as a result, an increase in the likelihood of fulfilling all obligations to the customer are ensured.

The disadvantages of the manual method of loading are the low efficiency of this method. The time limit for manual loading is on average four hours per vehicle unit (40 m3), which reduces the number of shipped transport units and leads to an increase in shipping places, and therefore to additional costs.

In addition, to ensure manual loading, it is required to maintain a large staff of loaders. At some enterprises that ship a large number of products, the staff consists of several dozen people per shift, and this becomes a significant costly part. Without a clear loading scheme, there is a risk of underloading the vehicle.

Other disadvantages of the manual loading method are dependence on the human factor, the likelihood of violation of the norms established by Russian legislation for lifting and moving weights by personnel, the impossibility of guaranteed product safety both during loading and unloading operations and during transportation (it is difficult to calculate the load on the axles without a loading scheme). vehicle). Often only volume indicators are used during manual loading and after loading it turns out that the vehicle is overloaded.

Pallet loading

The transition from a manual loading method to a pallet one should be based primarily on economic feasibility, the calculation of which is a long and painstaking work that requires costs to create an adapted software product, the creative approach of the company's technological services (when optimizing the assortment), sales and marketing services.

Pallet loading is used where it is possible to place a range of products on standard and non-standard pallets, which makes it possible to develop loading schemes using mechanized means for loading and unloading operations.

In contrast to the manual method of loading products, the pallet method significantly reduces the loading time:

• it is possible to develop standard loading schemes;
• simplifies the accounting of shipped products;
• the risks associated with the human factor are reduced;
• the staff required for loading is reduced several times;
• it is possible to use technology for the separation of products; it is possible to make an accurate calculation of the loads on the axles of the vehicle and control the mass of the loaded products, preventing overload.

Product separation inside the vehicle

After loading into the vehicle, the cargo must be secured. If this stage is not given due attention, time and money, the consequences can be expressed in the form of specific (sometimes considerable) figures for the compensation of claims related to the supply of defective products. Here is an example of product shifting during transportation.

Marriage due to improperly secured cargo after transportation can amount to tens of percent. How to avoid such losses?

There are several ways to separate cargo using improvised materials and special technologies. The main method is the use of wooden spacers (in railway cars). The regulations for their use are described in detail in the regulatory documentation for rail transportation. This method is traditional, fairly cheap and reliable. However, it has a number of disadvantages:

• labor intensity - to unfasten some types of products, it is necessary to create whole wooden structures;
• the material used for spacers must be of high quality (not raw, not overdried) and must be from the breed prescribed by the instruction;
• wooden fastening frames do not always withstand the loads during transportation;
• the mass of fastening material significantly increases the mass of shipped products, which leads to an overload of the vehicle.

Another way of separating cargo - the use of tie-down straps - is most often used in road and container transportation. When using tie-down straps for securing loads, it must be taken into account that the products inside the vehicle must be unfastened, and evenly - approximately every 1.5 m, which, of course, leads to a decrease in the area in the vehicle on which the load can be placed. The use of tie-down belts is most effective in combination with other separation methods.

An effective but little-used method of cargo separation is the use of air bags. This technology is based on the principle of filling voids with bags filled with air. In the deflated state, the bag is placed between the weights and inflated with compressed air until the void is filled. The air bag prevents not only product packages from moving relative to each other, but also products inside the packages.

When choosing methods of cargo separation, it is necessary first of all to evaluate their effectiveness. It is possible that for the most reliable preservation of the load, it is necessary to use not one method of fastening, but several. When choosing a separation method, one should not forget that after the cargo arrives at its destination, the cargo may be damaged during unloading. This may be due to the fact that when choosing the separation method, the features of the technical means used to unload the products were not taken into account. Therefore, the loading scheme must be agreed with the consignee.

Product unloading

If the products are securely fixed during loading, the consignee will be able to unload with minimal losses, and possibly even without them. It is worth noting that during unloading, the loss of time and, as a result, additional financial costs most often arise due to the fact that the cargo is shifted. Removing it from the vehicle is a very laborious job.

In addition, additional damage to the product is almost inevitable when it is removed. The procedure and rules for unloading goods are established for each type of transport separately. In order to ensure the safety of goods, you must, of course, adhere to these rules, otherwise losses are inevitable.

Typical technological map (TTK) methods of safe production of works on loading and unloading of basic building materials, products and equipment.

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. The technological map has been developed on the methods of safe production of work on loading and unloading of the main building products and elements of prefabricated structures in open storage areas.

1.2. The scope of work covered by the map includes:

General requirements of safety regulations for loading and unloading operations and organization of the workplace;

Methods for safe slinging of building products and elements of prefabricated structures.

Loading and unloading of construction cargo

Transportation of building materials to the facility is associated with the need to load them at the place of departure and unload at the place of arrival. Currently, loading and unloading operations are almost completely mechanized. For this, general construction and special machines and mechanisms are used.

According to the principle of operation, all machines and mechanisms that carry out loading and unloading operations are divided into the following groups: operating independently of vehicles and being part of the design of vehicles. The first group includes special loading and unloading and conventional erection cranes, loaders of cyclical and continuous action, mobile belt conveyors, mechanical shovels, pneumatic unloaders, etc. The second group includes dump trucks, transport devices with self-unloading platforms and autonomous unloading facilities, means for self-unloading, etc.

Special loading and unloading and conventional cranes (beam cranes, overhead cranes, gantry, tower, jib, pneumatic and crawler cranes, truck cranes, etc.) are widely used for loading and unloading reinforced concrete and metal structures, equipment, materials transported in packages , containers, etc. Cranes equipped with special grippers and grabs can work on loading and unloading timber, crushed stone, gravel, sand and other loose and small-sized materials /

Loaders in construction have become widespread. With their help, about 15% of all volumes of loading and unloading operations are already being performed. The widespread use of loaders in construction is due to their high mobility and versatility. The most widely used in construction are universal single-bucket loaders, auto-loaders and multi-bucket loaders.

Universal single-bucket self-propelled loaders (Fig. 1, a, b, c) are equipped with a bucket for loading and unloading bulk and lumpy materials, in addition, fork pickups, jaw gripper, bulldozer blade, ripper, excavator bucket (backhoe), etc. loaders are produced with front unloading of the bucket, with unloading to the side by turning the boom (half-turning) and with unloading back. In construction, universal loaders are used for unloading and moving materials over short distances, feeding them to lifting and transport machines, loading receiving devices for mortar and concrete units, as well as for various auxiliary works. Load capacity of single-bucket loaders 2; 3; four; 6 and 10 t.

Fig.1. Loaders:

• a- single-bucket with rear unloading (at the time of loading and unloading);
• b- single-bucket frontal with a tipping bucket;
• in- the same, with a jaw bucket;
• G- multi-bucket;
• d- fork lift truck;

1. screw feeder;
2. bucket elevator;
3. frame;
4. loading tray;
5. fork lift;
6. telescopic lift

Bucket loaders (continuous action) are designed for loading bulk and small-sized materials into dump trucks and other vehicles. A bucket loader is a self-propelled machine, on the frame of which a scooping body is fixed - a feeder and a bucket elevator, or a conveyor (Fig. 1, d).

Such machines are produced in several types, differing mainly in the design of the scooping body (raking propellers, scooping ball head, raking paws, etc.). This group of loading and unloading machines also includes mobile belt conveyors, which are used when loading bulk, lumpy and small-piece cargo.

Forklifts have a telescopic lift with a fork grip as a working body (Fig. 1, e), and a bucket, clips for piece cargo, a crane boom and other gripping devices as a replacement.

Fig.2. Self-unloading vehicles:

a- diagram of the process of self-unloading farms;

b- dump truck;

1. tractor;
2. movable carriage;
3. inventory stand;
4. semitrailer;
5. tipping platform;
6. folding stand;
7. jack

Self-unloading vehicles, in addition to dump trucks and cement trucks, also include self-unloading vehicles that have devices for craneless self-unloading of long structures, timber (Fig. 2), etc. or autonomous crane devices (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Vehicles with autonomous means of unloading:

• a- cars with console crane installations;
• b- cars with portals;
• in- car with monoreals and hoist;
• G- car with a demountable container body

To speed up the unloading of railway transport devices, unloading platforms are equipped with car dumpers, overpasses, elevated tracks with receiving devices or platforms on one or both sides of the railway tracks, receiving hoppers located between the rails.

Along with the predominance of goods in the form of structural elements in construction, small-piece and piece materials and products are widely used, the transportation of which is advisable to carry out using the packing method. Packing is the formation and fastening of goods into an enlarged unit, ensuring their integrity, safety during delivery under established conditions and allowing mechanization of loading and unloading and storage operations. The method is implemented using special technical means - packages and containers.

Plastic bag- This is a batch of cargo laid on a special pallet. Packages must be formed in such a way that their shape is preserved at all stages of movement (Fig. 4).

Fig.4. Packaging examples:

a- ceramic stone;

b- brick with cross dressing;

• in- bricks with laying in the "Christmas tree";
• G- roll materials;
• d- cylindrical loads;
• 1 - pallet

Container- this is an inventory multi-turn volumetric device or container. According to the technological purpose, there are universal and special containers. Universal containers are intended for transportation of various categories of cargo.

They are made in the form of closed containers, equipped with special pallets or loops for loading and unloading (Fig. 5). Special containers are intended for the transportation of a certain type of cargo. So, containers are used for the transportation of rolled materials, finishing tiles, linoleum, bituminous mastic, garbage chute elements, etc.

Fig.5. Containers:

• a- universal;
• b- special for transportation of rolled materials;
• in- for finishing tiles;
• G- for linoleum;
• d- for bituminous mastic;
• e- for waste chute elements

Warehousing of material elements

The material elements delivered to the construction site are stored in on-site warehouses intended for their temporary storage - the creation of a production stock.

There are two main types of production stock: current and insurance. The current stock constitutes the material resource between two adjacent deliveries. Ideally, the current stock should be sufficient to ensure the production of work. However, taking into account possible disruptions in the supply of material elements, they create an insurance stock. The safety stock compensates for uneven replenishment of the current stock.

The level of production stock depends on the accepted organization of work (for example, installation "from wheels" or from a warehouse), the remoteness of the object from the central supply bases, the type of transport and other factors. For an approximate determination of the level of stock in construction, special standards apply (Table 1).

Table 1

Estimated standards for the stock of basic materials and products in construction warehouses, days.

On-site warehouses are arranged as closed, semi-closed and open.

Closed warehouses are used to store materials that are expensive or deteriorate in the open air (cement, lime, gypsum, plywood, nails and other materials). They are built above ground and underground, one- and multi-storey, heated and unheated.

Semi-closed warehouses (canopies) are built for materials that do not change their properties from changes in temperature and humidity, do not require protection from direct exposure to the sun and precipitation (wooden products and parts, roofing felt, slate, etc.).

Open warehouses are intended for storage of materials that do not require protection from atmospheric influences (brick, concrete and reinforced concrete elements, ceramic pipes, etc.). Warehouses, as a rule, are located in the area of ​​operation of the assembly crane serving the facility. This allows it to be used for unloading incoming goods, mainly during non-working assembly shifts. In assembly shifts for unloading operations, it is advisable to use lighter (less powerful) cranes.

When open warehouses are located at some distance from the object under construction, the processes of unloading and stacking on the storage area are carried out by special unloading cranes: gantry, boom, railway, pneumatic-wheeled and crawler cranes and loader tower cranes. The same cranes are used for pre-assembly of elements and loading of material elements onto vehicles for delivery to places of laying (assembly). The width of the storage areas is assigned from the condition of the possibility of servicing them with cranes (Fig. 6).

Fig.6. Schemes of on-site open warehouses serviced by unloading cranes:

• a- boom railway;
• b- boom caterpillar;
• in- goat;
• G- tower crane-loader;

1. railway crane;
2. platform with structures;
3. railways;
4. storage area;
5. crawler crane;
6. automobile;
7. gantry crane tracks;
8. gantry crane;
9. tower crane (loader)

At the same time, heavy loads are placed closer to the crane tracks, and light loads further, since they can be lifted by cranes at a longer hook reach.

For each material, prefabricated and other products, zones are allocated for intermediate storage. Storage zones are separated from one another by through passages with a width of at least 1 m. In each zone, material elements are stored in compliance with certain rules.

Ordinary bricks are stored separately by grades and grades, and the front, ceramic wall and facing stones are additionally grouped according to the color of the front surface. Brick delivered to the facility without containers or packages is unloaded manually and stacked with dressing on pallets or in stacks up to 1.6 m high. Brick with blind voids is laid with voids down so that water does not stagnate in them, which freezing can lead to the destruction of the brick. Bricks arriving in bags or on pallets are stacked in a warehouse in one or two tiers.

Prefabricated concrete products and parts are placed in accordance with the recommendations of the working drawings on wooden inventory linings and gaskets, the laying points of which must correspond to the risks on the elements. When stacking products in a stack, the spacers between them are placed one above the other strictly vertically. The cross section of linings and gaskets is usually square with a side of 6 ... 8 cm. The dimensions are selected in such a way that the overlying prefabricated elements do not rest on mounting loops or protruding parts of the underlying elements.

Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete products are stacked.

Foundation cushions (Fig. 7, a) and blocks of basement walls are stacked up to 2.3 m high on linings and gaskets, which are laid at a distance of 300 ... 500 mm from the ends of the blocks.

Rectangular crossbars, girders, jumpers up to 600 mm high (Fig. 7, c) are stacked on the lower plane with linings and gaskets at a distance of 500 ... 1000 mm from the ends. The height of the stack should not exceed three rows in height. For greater stability, the elements of the upper row are fastened together with wire for mounting loops.

Hollow-core floor slabs (Fig. 7, e) and coatings are stacked in stacks up to 2.5 m high in height up to 8 ... 10 rows. Linings and gaskets are placed perpendicular to the voids at a distance of 250 ... 400 mm from the edges of the slab.

Fig.7. Storage of precast concrete structures:

• a- foundation pads;
• b- concrete blocks;
• in- rectangular girders and lintels;
• G- columns;
• d- floor slabs;
• e- crossbars;
• and- flights of stairs;
• h- beams;
• 1 - twist.

Flights of stairs are stored steps up; stack height 5…6 rows. Gaskets when moving marches with a crane are placed along the marches at a distance of 150 ... 200 mm from their edges (Fig. 7, g), and when moving with a fork - across the marches. Landings are placed horizontally, in a stack of no more than 4 elements, gaskets - at a distance of 150 ... 200 mm from the ends.

Wall panels and large-panel partitions, solid flat floor panels the size of a room should be stored in a vertical or slightly inclined position in cassettes or pyramids. The supporting part of the pyramids is arranged with some inclination towards the pyramid. This allows, when installing prefabricated elements, to support them with the entire lower plane, and not with an edge, which eliminates damage to the edges of the panels.

Large concrete blocks of external and internal walls with a height of more than 2 m are placed vertically, in the design position, with mounting loops up, on linings, preferably from boards. It is advisable to arrange them with a textured layer to each other (Fig. 7, b).

Columns are stored in stacks of 3 ... 4 tiers (Fig. 7, d) in horizontal rows on gaskets located from the ends at 1/4 ... 1/5 of the length of the columns, especially in places of scratches marked on the elements during their manufacture. Crossbars and girders are also laid (Fig. 7, e).

Trusses and beams (Fig. 7, h) of floors with a height of more than 0.6 m are stored in a vertical or slightly inclined position with the stops providing their stability.

Steel structures (Fig. 8) - single-wall beams, girders, half-timbered racks - are stacked in stacks with a cross arrangement of rows in a stack on two spacers. Elements with a height of more than 600 mm are installed vertically with vertical stops.

Fig.8. Warehousing of steel structural elements in multi-tiered stacks:

• a- single-walled beams with vertical position of their walls;
• b- double-walled structural elements;
• 1 - beds-linings;
• 2 - gaskets.

At on-site warehouses, before submitting elements for installation, they eliminate defects, restore or apply markings and marks, check the presence of embedded parts, clean them if necessary, and prepare mounting loops. For a number of frame elements of one-story industrial buildings (for example, columns and trusses), if necessary, mounting reinforcement is carried out, as well as the arrangement of hanging platforms, stairs, etc.

2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF LOADING AND UNLOADING WORKS

2.1. Loading and unloading operations should be carried out in accordance with the technological map, instructions containing safety requirements for the production of this type of work. Loading and unloading operations should be carried out, as a rule, in a mechanized way in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-01 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements", SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production ", GOST 12.3.009-76* "Loading and unloading works", "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes", approved by the GGTN of the Russian Federation, POT RM-007-98 / GOST 12.3.009-76.

2.2. The person responsible for the safe movement of goods by cranes, before starting work, is obliged to familiarize the slingers with the technological map, indicate the place, procedure and dimensions for storing goods. When several slingers work, one of them is appointed senior and manages the loading and unloading operations.

2.3. Workers over 18 years of age who have completed training, passed safety exams and have an appropriate certificate are allowed to carry out loading and unloading operations. Safety knowledge of workers should be checked at least once a year.

2.4. Workers engaged in loading and unloading operations must undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

2.5. Workers engaged in loading and unloading operations must be familiar with the technology of work and safe methods of their production.

2.6. Sites for loading and unloading operations must be planned and have a slope of not more than 5 degrees. In appropriate places, it is necessary to install the inscriptions "Entrance", "Exit", "U-turn".

2.7. The workplace in the loading and unloading area at night must have sufficient lighting in accordance with the Instructions for the design of electric lighting sites. Illumination should be uniform, without blinding effect of lamps on workers.

2.8. Slinging of goods should be carried out with inventory slings or special load gripping devices. Slinging methods must exclude the possibility of falling or sliding of the slinged load. To prevent damage to the lifted load and slings, it is necessary to use linings under the slings that do not have external sharp corners.

2.9. Before starting loading and unloading operations, it is necessary to inspect the slings, containers and load handling devices, removable load handling devices and containers must be subjected to periodic inspection by the person responsible for their serviceability.

2.10. When working with cranes, slingers must wear orange signal jackets. It is obligatory to wear protective helmets fastened with a strap. The slinger must be provided with overalls and personal protective equipment in accordance with the standards for the type of work performed. When working with long loads, it is necessary to use reliable braces.

2.11. When performing work on slinging and unslinging of goods on a stack with a height of more than 1.5 m, it is necessary to use portable inventory ladders;

2.12. When loading and unloading vehicles with jib cranes for slingers, the following sequence of lifting operations is provided:

a) When unloading the car:

pick up a sling (see fig.) according to the nature of the load and hang it on the crane hook;

give a signal to the crane operator to feed the sling on the hook to the car;

go to the car, make sure that there are no people in the cab, on the platform and near the car;

get on the car and sling the product or structure;

give a command to the crane operator to tension the slings;

get off the car to the slinger's platform and give a signal to lift the load by 20-30 cm, check the correctness and reliability of the slinging;

get off the platform of the slinger, move to a safe distance in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the cargo;

give a signal to lift and move the load to the place of laying.

b) When accepting cargo at the warehouse:

• prepare a place, lay linings and gaskets;
• give a signal to lower the product to a height of 1 m above the place of laying;
• approach the place of laying or climb the stack using a ladder;
• direct the load to the place of laying and give a signal to lower it;
• check the stability of the load;
• move to a safe distance.

c) When loading onto a vehicle:

• prepare the car body together with the driver for cargo packing;
• select a sling according to the nature of the cargo and hang it on the crane hook;
• give a signal to the crane operator to feed and lower the sling onto the stack;
• move to a safe distance;
• climb the stack on the ladder and carry out the slinging of the load;
• then give a command to tension the slings, checking the correctness and reliability of the slinging;
• get off the stack, give a signal to lift the load by 20-30 cm;
• move away from the stack at a safe distance in the direction opposite to the direction of the load and give a signal to lift and move the load for loading;
• climb to the platform of the slinger when the load is raised above the body to a height of not more than 1 m;
• direct the load with the help of guide hooks to the place of laying in the body and give a signal to lower it;
• unsling the load, get off the vehicle, move to a safe distance and give a signal to the crane operator to lift and move the crane boom.

SCHEMES OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE LOAD-LIFT MECHANISM AND THE VEHICLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF LOADING AND UNLOADING WORKS

Fig.9. Schemes of the mutual arrangement of the hoisting mechanism and the car in the production of loading and unloading operations

1. stack;
2. car;
3. lifting mechanism

LEGEND:

position of the slinger at the time of slinging and unslinging of the load

the position of the slinger at the time of the movement of the load

3. ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY REGULATIONS

3.1. Between the slinger and the crane operator, the procedure for exchanging prearranged signals must be established.

3.2. It is not allowed to operate a crane if the wind speed exceeds the value specified in the crane passport.

3.3. In case of insufficient lighting of the work site, heavy snowfall or fog, as well as in other cases when the crane operator does not clearly distinguish between the signals of the slinger or the load being moved, the operation of the crane must be stopped

2.4 Installation of the jib crane must be carried out so that during operation the distance between the rotary part of the crane, in any position, and buildings, stacks of goods and other objects is at least 1 meter.

2.5 Installation and operation of a jib crane at a distance closer than 30 m from the outermost wire of a power line or an overhead electrical network with a voltage of more than 42 V can only be carried out according to a work permit that determines the safe conditions for such work SNiP 12-03-01 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1 . General requirements".

2.6. It is not allowed to install cranes for work on freshly poured uncompacted soil, as well as on a site with a slope greater than that specified in their passport.

2.7 Lifting, lowering and moving the load should not be carried out when people are under the load.

2.8. The slinger cannot be near the load during its lifting or lowering, if the load is at a height of more than 1 meter from the level of the platform on which the slinger is located.

2.9. When lifting a load installed near a wall, column, stack or other equipment, it is not allowed to find people: including slingers, between the load being lifted and the indicated parts of the building or equipment. This requirement must be strictly followed when lowering loads.

2.10. When lifting a load, it must first be raised to a height of no more than 20-30 cm to check the correct slinging and reliability of the brake.

3.11. When moving horizontally, the load must be raised at least 0.5 m above the obstacles encountered on the way.

3.12. It is allowed to lower the transported load only to the place intended for this. Stacking and dismantling of stacks should be carried out evenly, without violating the dimensions established for storage and without blocking the aisles.

3.13. When the crane is in operation, it is not allowed:

• Being near a working jib crane in order to avoid clamping between the swivel and non-swivel parts of the crane;
• Lifting a load that is in an unstable position;
• Lifting a load covered with earth, or frozen to the ground, laid by other loads or poured with concrete;
• Pulling cargo with a crane hook when the position of the cargo ropes is tilted;
• Release by means of a crane of slings pinched by the load;
• Pulling the load while it is being lifted;
• Loading and unloading vehicles when people are in its cab or body;
• Leveling the load being lifted or moved by its own weight, as well as adjusting the slings in weight.
• Manufacture of loading and unloading operations

1. When performing unloading operations from vehicles, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of PB 10-382-00 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes", SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction", POT RM-007-98 / GOST 12.3. 009-76 "Loading and unloading works".

2. Hoisting machines, load gripping devices, containerization and packaging facilities must meet the requirements of state standards and technical specifications for them.

3. At the place of production of work, the presence of persons who are not directly related to the work being done should not be allowed.

4. For lifting into the body of a car and onto stacks of structures, mobile platforms with stairs are used. It is forbidden to jump from the stack and the car body.

5. It is not allowed to lift the load from the car when people are in its body or cab.

6. The movement of the load should not be carried out with people under it. The slinger may be near the load if the load is raised to a height of no more than 1 m from the platform level.

7. When lowering the load near the wall, the column of the stack, it should not be possible for people (including the slinger who accepts the load) to be between the lowered load and the indicated parts of the building or the stack.

8. The load or load gripping device, when moving horizontally, must first be raised 0.5 m above the encountered obstacles.

9. Slinging of goods should be carried out with inventory slings or special load gripping devices according to
schemes drawn up taking into account the strength and stability of the structures being lifted.

10. The carrying capacity of the sling must correspond to the force from the mass of the load being lifted, taking into account the safety factor, while the angle between the branches of the sling should not exceed 90 °. The hook of the sling must be hooked in the direction from the center of the load.

11. Rigging and rafter work can be performed by persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone special training and have a certificate for the right to conduct these works, provided with overalls, protective helmets and orange vests.

BASIC FIRE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1. When performing construction and installation works, fire safety at the work site and at workplaces should be ensured in accordance with the requirements of the "Fire Safety Rules for the Production of Construction and Installation Works PPB-01-03 *", approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

2. Persons guilty of violating fire safety rules bear criminal, administrative, disciplinary or other liability in accordance with applicable law.

3. A person from among the engineering and technical personnel of the organization performing the work is appointed by order to be responsible for fire safety at a construction site.

4. All workers employed in production should be allowed to work only after passing fire-fighting briefing and additional training in preventing and extinguishing possible fires.

5. Signs should be posted at workplaces indicating the telephone number for calling the fire brigade and the scheme for evacuating people in case of fire.

6. Fire-fighting posts equipped with fire extinguishers, boxes with sand and shields with tools should be installed at the work site, warning posters should be posted. All inventory must be in good condition.

7. Campfires, open flames and smoking are prohibited on the territory.

8. Smoking is allowed only in places specially designated and equipped for this purpose. There must be a barrel of water.

9. The electrical network should always be kept in good condition. After work, it is necessary to turn off the electric switches of all installations and working lighting, leaving only the emergency lighting.

10. Work sites, workplaces and passages to them in the dark must be illuminated in accordance with GOST 12.1.046-85. Illumination should be uniform, without blinding effect of devices on workers. Work in unlit places is not allowed.

11. Workplaces and approaches to them must be kept clean, clearing them of debris in a timely manner.

12. Outdoor fire escapes and roof railings must be kept in good repair.

13. It is forbidden to clutter up driveways, passages, entrances to the locations of fire equipment, fire alarm gates.

14. Fire water supply networks must be in good condition and provide the required water flow for fire fighting needs according to the norms. Checking their performance should be carried out at least twice a year (in spring and autumn).

15. For heating mobile (inventory) buildings, factory-made steam and water heaters and electric heaters should be used.

16. Drying of clothes and shoes should be carried out in rooms specially adapted for this purpose with central water heating or using water heaters.

17. It is forbidden to dry cleaning materials and other materials on heaters. Oiled overalls and rags, containers from flammable substances must be stored in closed boxes and removed at the end of work.

18. It is forbidden to put on the base of the car with a leak of fuel or oil, and with an open neck of the fuel tank

19. It is forbidden to store on the construction site stocks of fuel and oils, as well as containers from under them outside the fuel and oil storage facilities.

20. It is allowed to wash parts of machines and mechanisms with fuel only in rooms specially designed for this purpose.

21. Spilled fuel and oil must be covered with sand, which should then be cleaned up.

22. Electric welding installation must be grounded during operation.

23. Over portable and mobile electric welding installations used in the open air, canopies from non-combustible materials should be built to protect atmospheric precipitation.

24. Workers and engineers employed in production are obliged to:

• comply with fire safety requirements at work, as well as comply with and maintain a fire-fighting regime;
• take precautionary measures when using fire-hazardous substances, materials, equipment;
• in the event of a fire, report it to the fire brigade and take measures to save people and extinguish the fire.

In order to competently organize the process of loading and unloading, it is necessary to know the rules for doing this work. After all, its safety during transportation depends on how securely the cargo is fixed during loading. The unloading process is also of great importance, because ignoring safety rules can lead to injury to workers and damage to the cargo. The main conditions for organizing loading and unloading are specified in the Charter of Road Transport.

Work organization rules

It is the responsibility of the carrier to provide transport that is suitable for the transport of a particular cargo. The customer may refuse transport that does not comply with the application and safety standards. According to the Charter, the consignor is responsible for loading and securing cargo, and the consignee is responsible for removing the fastenings and unloading. Other distribution of duties may be specified in the contract.

The parties have the opportunity to draw up an agreement in the form of a separate document or to make additions regarding loading and unloading to the main contract of carriage. If transportation by road is planned on a long-term basis, then it is best to indicate the duties of loading and unloading in an annex to the contract.

The basic rules for performing work are as follows:

• the shipper is responsible for maintaining the loading points in good condition;
• changes in the design of transport by the customer can be carried out only with the consent of the carrier;
• if the load weighs more than 50 kilograms, then mechanical means must be used;
• the load must not protrude above the level of the sides;
• heavier loads should be placed at the bottom;
• it is necessary to securely fasten the load to avoid falling, scuffs and shifts;
• the load should not be higher than 4 meters from the road level.

Work Instructions

Loaders carrying out must undergo in-depth briefing. Working conditions are discussed in advance. Before starting loading, you should make sure that the transport is in good condition and that it meets the requirements for the transportation of a particular cargo. The equipment used must be of sufficient strength. The shipper is responsible for the suitability of the cargo for commercial purposes. .

If the driver discovers errors in loading, he must inform the shipper about this. If the customer refuses to correct the shortcomings, the driver may refuse to travel, motivating his decision by the fact that the shipper does not comply with safety regulations. Refusal is made in writing with detailed reasoning.

Work must be organized in accordance with GOST 12.3.002, GOST 12.3.009, GOST 12.3.020. The main instructions are specified in the Intersectoral Rules on Labor Protection. The whole complex of measures boils down to the fact that the work must be carried out in such a way as to minimize the risks of injury and damage to the cargo.

Video: "Instructions for loading and unloading operations"

Work safety requirements

For safe work, the following requirements must be observed:

• complex work should be automated;
• when laying out the cargo in rows, the width of the aisles should be at least 1 meter;
• the height of the racks should not exceed 1.6 meters;
• it is forbidden to carry weights on stairs without handrails;
• passages and driveways should not be cluttered;
• when using lifting equipment, an alarm should be used;
• work on slippery or damaged floors is prohibited.

Most of the work must be done mechanically. This will reduce the time and risk associated with loading and unloading. The procedure for performing work is indicated in the regulatory and technical documents. If loading and unloading is carried out manually, then the maximum standards should be adhered to.

For the proper organization of the loading and unloading process, you should familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for the performance of work. Ignorance of safety regulations can lead to disastrous consequences. To ensure safety, it is necessary to automate the loading and unloading process as much as possible.

Loading and unloading is a process that involves many risks for employees, drivers and even the environment when it comes to hazardous substances. Therefore, the prescribed rules must be strictly adhered to when lifting, moving and stacking loads.

Before starting work

The senior brigade checks the serviceability of lifting equipment, inventory. The flooring and platforms on which work is carried out must be level, without potholes, protruding nails and other protruding objects. Passages are freed from unnecessary objects, they must comply with the standards. If the floor is slippery, it is sprinkled with sand or slag to prevent personnel or goods from falling.

The vehicle is also inspected. Its body must be serviceable, without protruding sharp corners, nails and other defects - this leads to damage to the packaging and emergency situations.

General rules

Loading and unloading operations are carried out mechanized if the weight of the goods exceeds 50 kg, and the lifting height is 2 meters or more. With a mass of 50 to 80 kg, the loader can carry it without the use of lifting mechanisms, if other people lift and remove weights.

Workers, drivers are given dust-proof goggles and respirators and other personal protective equipment, if this is due to the properties of the cargo.

Items are taken only from the top row of the stack, heaps. Objects that roll, the loader must hold in front of him and move forward. Cargoes in barrels, drums are moved manually by rolling to a warehouse located on the same level with the floor of the car body. If the warehouse is lower, use sleds or slopes. The work is performed by two people, provided that the mass of the load does not exceed 80 kg.

For safety reasons, piece goods are stacked tightly, without gaps, to prevent displacement. The voids are filled with spacers or other materials.

Cargo packed in boxes is carefully inspected. From their surface there should be no protruding nails, sharp ends, other defects that can injure the skin. If deficiencies are found, then they are eliminated - they are hammered, removed, etc.

Heavy piece materials packed in boxes are moved using special crowbars or other similar auxiliary devices.

Close and open the sides of the body at least two workers, after checking the correctness and safety of the location of the load. Semi-trailers are loaded from the front, unloaded from the rear. This will prevent the vehicle from tipping over. When removing boxes or bales from the top tier of the stack, make sure that the load that is nearby is stable and will not fall.

Warehousing is carried out according to technological maps. In such a guide, places, sizes of passages, driveways are indicated, other details are specified.

Rules for handling certain goods

Loading and unloading of dusty and burning products is carried out by means of mechanization.

Dusty goods are transported in open bodies covered with tarpaulin or matting to avoid spraying. Works are carried out in overalls, respirators. To unload bleach, gas masks with a filter can also be distributed.

Overalls are regularly dedusted. The filter in the respirator is changed as it gets dirty, but at least once per shift. Workers involved in the loading of dusty cargo are provided with rest, during which the respirators are removed.

Burning and caustic liquids

Products in glass containers are transferred on stretchers adapted for this, as well as on wheeled vehicles - trolleys, wheelbarrows. Their platforms should have nests corresponding to the diameter of the container, with walls lined with soft materials (for example, felt) and doors with locks. Glassware with liquid caustic products is placed in wicker or wooden baskets and shifted with straw or wood shavings. Loading and unloading of burning and caustic liquids is carried out by two loaders.

Before pouring products into containers - tanks, bottles, barrels, etc. - they are first inspected. If damage is detected, then additional precautions are taken to prevent injury to the driver and loaders, as well as to avoid an emergency during transportation.

Gas cylinders

Cylinders must pass a technical examination and comply with the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels in terms of design, use, and marking. Valves with compressed gas are closed with metal caps.

Packaged cylinders are transported on special trolleys that protect them from shaking and shock. In horse-drawn transport there are nests upholstered with soft material corresponding to the diameter of the vessels.

According to safety measures when laying cargoes, cylinders are placed only horizontally. When loading in more than one row, spacers are used to prevent the containers from hitting each other. Transported in an upright position only with the use of special racks.

Large size loads

For these goods, mechanisms are used, and with the manual method, strong rentals and at least two loaders are required. In doing so, the following requirements are met:

• securely fasten them to the trailer;
• Do not load above racks.

When unloading panel carriers, the panels are lifted smoothly, without jerks and shocks.

Dangerous goods

Such goods and the containers intended for them are accepted for carriage in accordance with the strict requirements of regulatory enactments.

The vehicle is loaded to the volumes indicated in the instructions of the manufacturer of such a product. Packed goods are handled with care, avoiding shocks or shocks, pressure. If mechanical means are used, they must not spark or damage the container.

The car engine is turned off, the driver is removed from the loading and unloading areas. This rule does not apply if it is necessary to use the mechanisms installed on the vehicle to drain or lift.

Work is carried out at specially equipped posts located no closer than 125 m to residential and industrial buildings, warehouses, and 50 m to main roads. In winter, the territory is sprinkled with sand.

Load or unload no more than one vehicle at a time. During this period, there should be no strangers on the territory of the site. Flammable and explosive goods must not be placed or removed from the vehicle during a thunderstorm. Personnel employed at this stage are provided with personal protective equipment.

Dangerous goods drums are moved only on special linings, ladders or decks. Glass bottles are transported on special carts. If there are no such mechanisms, then baskets are used, having previously checked the strength of the bottom and handles.

Refueling of vehicles carrying flammable or explosive products is carried out at a special site, remote at least 25 m from the territory of the gas station.

Shipments in damaged containers are not accepted for loading. Products with different hazards often react with each other. Therefore, when loading dissimilar hazardous substances, you should make sure that this is allowed by ADR and the markings on the packaging.

If part of the dangerous goods has penetrated into the body of the vehicle or container, cleaning is carried out as soon as possible.

When transporting substances with increased risks, follow the route indicated in the waybill. If a leak or spillage of the product is found on the road, the driver stops the car and acts in accordance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.

When parking, use the handbrake. At night or in poor visibility, orange lights (steady or flashing) are placed in front of and behind the vehicle at a distance of 10 meters.

Safety measures for stowage and unslinging of goods

During the execution of the task, the slinger should be outside the danger zone, not stand under the load. The employee must:

• inspect the place where the work is being carried out, make sure that there is no possibility of falling, sliding, overturning of the objects being moved;
• if necessary, create a place for unloading by laying linings on the ground that will make it more convenient to remove the slings;
• lower loads only to the specified place;
• Remove fasteners only after secure installation and fastening of the accepted item.

According to safety requirements, when laying loads, they are placed in such a way that it is convenient and safe to sling. Loading is carried out on a reinforced transport in order to prevent its displacement.

Guys are used only to keep the load from turning, pulling or swinging it is prohibited.

What Not to Do

During loading and unloading operations it is prohibited:

• leave the load or lifting devices raised during a break or at the end of work;
• place hot foods in wooden containers;
• transfer scalding liquids without special devices;
• carry hazardous substances on your back, shoulder or in front of you;
• with an open flame to be near dangerous goods, vehicles;
• do not clean the body from the remnants of the previous product, especially if it is classified as dangerous;
• to be in front of roller-drum loads or behind them, rolled along the tracks, carried on the shoulder;
• block the cabin doors with transported items;
• fasten long loads, horses, standing on them;
• use faulty equipment, inventory;
• smoke at the loading and unloading areas, in the cabin, and not in the places intended for this;
• load and unload hazardous substances in public places of cities and villages, if there is no permission from the relevant authorities.

The rules prohibit placing loads on pipes, cables, temporary ceilings, installing them at an angle to the walls of buildings and fences.

It is unacceptable to transport loaders and freight forwarders in the back of vehicles. People should be exclusively in the cab. This is possible only if low-dangerous goods are transported - building materials, consumer products, food, vegetables. But then in that part of the car provide comfortable and safe seats.

When transporting dangerous goods, it is unacceptable to transport people who are not related to the performance of this work.

After completion of work

After loading or unloading is completed, the workplace is cleaned. The technical means that were used for this are put in order and deposited. After working with hazardous products, sites, work areas, equipment, personal protective equipment are disinfected with special means.

If during the performance of work there are malfunctions, non-compliance with safety standards, then such facts are reported to the manager.

Compliance with the safety instructions should be of interest not only to the management of the enterprise, which, when accidents are detected, expect numerous checks. This is in the best interest of the employee. Observing the established norms, he preserves health - the most valuable resource that he owns.

Target. Instilling machine control skills when loading onto and unloading vehicles. Improving the visual assessment of the dimensions of vehicles.

Conditions and procedure for performing the exercise

The exercise consists of four tasks and is practiced day and night on the circuit.

Before loading vehicles onto vehicles (models), work is carried out to prepare them for transportation by the appropriate mode of transport in accordance with the requirements of the Manual on the Transportation of Troops.

Task 1. Controlling the machine when loading onto and unloading from a railway platform

The railway platform is prepared for loading. The car with the trainee is located 15-20 m from the loading ramp. Loading is carried out through the side ramp, unloading through the end ramp (Fig. 28). The instructor directs loading and unloading from a safe distance, giving the driver signals with flags (gestures) or a lantern. The machine is not secured to the platform.

Car loaded onto a railroad

platform (dummy), must be installed symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the platform. For tracked vehicles, the overhang of the tracks from the platform must be uniform.

incorrect installation of the machine on the platform;

stopping the engine or rolling the car off the ramp

Task 2 Managing the machine when loading into an aircraft (helicopter) and unloading from it

The machine with the trainee is located 15-20 m from the loading ramp of the model aircraft (helicopter). Machine preparation in progress

us to air transport Instructor<техник) с безопасного места руководит погрузкой и выгрузкой, по­давая водителю установленные сигналы flag kami (gestures) or a lantern (Fig. 29).

the amount of work to prepare the machine for transportation has not been completed;

incorrect installation of the machine in the aircraft layout;

touch (touch). inner walls of the transport compartment.

The assignment is graded “passed” if there are no errors.

Task 3. Controlling the machine when loading onto and unloading from a parachute platform

The preparation of the machine for landing, the installation of the machine on the platform and the preparation for movement after the landing are being worked out.

Mooring works are carried out according to special instructions.

scope of work not completed on preparing the machine for transportation;

incorrect installation (re-entry) of the car on the parachute platform.

The assignment is graded “passed” if there are no errors.

Task 4. Machine control during loading onto and unloading from a landing ship (ferry)

The movement from the initial position to the ramp of the landing ship (ferry), loading onto the landing ship (ferry), maneuvering and installing the vehicle in a given place of the landing ship (ferry), unloading from it are practiced (Fig. 30).

rolling the car off the ramp;

sharp braking when moving along a landing ship (ferry).

The assignment is graded “passed” if there are no errors.

EXERCISE 4s OVERCOMING WATER OBSTACLES

Target Instilling the skills of preparing and driving a machine when overcoming water obstacles in various ways

Conditions and procedure for performing the exercise

The exercise consists of two tasks and is practiced day and night on the studied sections of the water barrier.

Task 1. Overcoming a water barrier ford (in winter on ice)

Preparation of the car for overcoming the ford (according to the instructions for the operation of the cars), fording the water barrier, checking and preparing the car for further movement after overcoming the ford are practiced

Before working out the task, a ford is reconnoitered. At the same time, the depth of the water obstacle, the speed and direction of the water flow, the state of the bottom and the ways of exit and exit to the shore are determined. Separate fords are equipped for cars and caterpillar vehicles. night Burden with lanterns or luminous signs (Fig. 31) If necessary, prepare the exit and exit from the water barrier.

On the shore it is necessary to have a reserve tractor, which is used at the direction of the leader of the lesson.

Overcoming a water barrier on ice is organized in the same way as fording a water barrier. The reconnaissance and equipment of the ice crossing are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Manual of Military Engineering of the Russian Army.

In this case, the bearing capacity of the ice is determined.

incomplete amount of work in preparing the car for overcoming the ford;

stopping the car when overcoming a ford (moving on ice);

shifting gears when overcoming a ford (moving on ice);

going beyond the borders of the ford;

rolling the car into the water when going ashore. I

The task is evaluated as “passed” if no more than one mistake is made. |

Task 2. Overcoming a water barrier afloat

The volume and sequence of preparing the machine for moving afloat, entering the water, moving along limited passages, approaching one buoy (pointer) in forward motion, to another in reverse, going ashore and preparing the vehicle for movement on land (Fig. 32).

The task is worked out on a lake or river with a current speed of up to 0.3 m/s. Entrances to

Doem and exits from it are marked with pillars (milestones), and passages on the water are marked with buoys. The buoys are installed so that when they pass, the cars do not go beyond the specified dimensions. At night, the baseline of the place

entry into and exit from the water and limited passages on the water are indicated by light pointers (lanterns). When performing the task, the trainee and the instructor are in the car, who keep in touch (visual or by radio) with the leader of the lesson.

incomplete scope of work to prepare the machine for movement afloat;

failure to follow the established route of movement or touching the limiters

The assignment is graded “passed” if there are no errors.

APPENDIX 1(to Art. 11)

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIVING CARS

General safety requirements

1. The safety of driving lessons is ensured by all participants: commanders (chiefs), leaders of classes, their assistants, instructors, drivers and attendants who must comply with safety requirements, maintain order, discipline and take all measures to prevent accidents or traffic accidents. incidents.

2. Training grounds must be at least 20 m away from individual trees, poles, various structures and not have bumps and other obstacles. To conduct classes, it is necessary to mark the edges of the site with limiters (racks, cones, car tires, etc.) or contrasting paint.

To perform each exercise (task), it is necessary to provide for such a territory and trajectory of movement in order to exclude the collision of cars with each other and with surrounding objects.

3. Persons serving driving (medical staff, equipment installation assistants, etc.) must be at a safe distance and not interfere with maneuvers. Their tasks, location and procedure are determined by the leader of the lesson.

While driving, it is forbidden to allow unauthorized persons and vehicles to the sites and routes. For this purpose, on the way of a possible approach and entrance to the places of employment, portable signs "Entry is prohibited" are installed.

Dangerous places on the routes should be fenced off and marked with clearly visible signs (lanterns).

4. The execution of the exercise (task) should begin at the command of the head of the lesson (instructor). Also, on command, a change in the direction of movement, training places should be carried out and the exercise should be completed.

Speeds, distances and intervals between cars must fully ensure driving safety and exclude overtaking, detours and other maneuvers not provided for by the conditions of the exercises (tasks). It is also necessary to take into account the ways of movement of machines in order to exclude the intersection of the trajectories of their movement, except in cases stipulated by the conditions for performing exercises.

Particular attention of the participants in the classes should be paid to ensuring safety when performing exercises on a road surface with a low coefficient of adhesion, a group of cars, as well as practicing braking techniques, cornering, overtaking, reversing.

The driver of the car, who made an emergency stop, must take all measures to prevent a traffic accident and immediately report this to the head of the lesson with a set signal.

When performing an exercise (task), cars that are not directly involved in driving and faulty cars must be (be withdrawn) in the safety zone.

All driving participants must be familiar with the safety requirements and be instructed before classes, about which an appropriate entry must be made in the journal with the signature of the instructed.

It is forbidden:

allow drivers to perform the exercise (task) who do not know the conditions for its implementation, the Rules of the Road, safety requirements;

movement without the command of the head of the lesson (assistant), instructor or the signal of the traffic controller;

driving faulty cars;

repair on routes (places) of exercises; .

to enter the car, get out of it and be in front of or behind the car with the engine running;

be to personnel while driving in the cab in an amount exceeding the norm established for this vehicle, as well as in the back of a car or on the body of a tracked vehicle.

Safety requirements for loading machines onto vehicles

5. Before starting loading, the loading manager must check the serviceability railway platform(dummy platform), loading platform and ramp, preparing the machine and platform for loading, paying special attention to the condition of the drives for controlling the steering and brake mechanisms, the reliability of braking the railway platform with shoes (stops).

Loading machines from faulty loading areas, loading onto small, insufficient capacity or faulty platforms is prohibited.

During loading (unloading) only the head of the loading (instructor) is on the platform. Trainees who are not engaged in loading are located at a safe distance from the place of loading.

At night, the loading area and railway platform must be illuminated so that the edges of the loading area and platform are visible and the light does not blind the driver.

On the machine installed on the railway platform, the brakes and reverse gear must be turned on (tightened), the fuel tanks are closed, the manual fuel supply drive is set to zero supply, the battery switch (“ground”) is turned off and the doors (hatches) are closed.

When a car enters (leaves) the platform, it is forbidden for anyone other than the driver to be in the car.

The loading manager should be in a place where he could see the position of the wheels or tracks of the machine during movement, and his signals would be clearly visible to the driver.

The driver must:

make sure that there is no dirt, snow and icing on the tracks and wheels of the machines;

start the engine, start moving and get out of the car only at the signal of the loading manager;

choose the direction of movement when loading from the side loading and unloading device so that the angle between the machine and the platform is about 30 °;

move along loading and unloading devices, railway platforms and walkways in low gear, smoothly, without making sharp jerks and turns (turns of caterpillar vehicles are not allowed on collapsible platforms and ramps).

Pay close attention to the signals of the loading manager and be ready to stop the machine immediately.

6. Loading and fastening of machines in the cargo compartment of an aircraft are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the aircraft flight operation manual (developed for each type of aircraft), instructions for air transportation of individual types of equipment, as well as the rules for the transportation of dangerous goods by air.

Loading of cars is carried out in compliance with the following requirements:

before loading, drivers should study and firmly know their duties when performing loading and unloading operations;

perform the prescribed scope of work to prepare the machines for transportation by aircraft;

drive along the cargo ladders (ramp, ramps) to the place where the machine is installed in the cargo compartment in low gear, without sudden jerks and braking;

after placing the machine in the cargo compartment of the aircraft, it is necessary to turn on the parking brake and reverse gear, turn off the springs (torsion bars), check the fastening of the load in the body and removable equipment (fire extinguishers, shovels, spare wheels, etc.), drain the water from the radiators if necessary, close doors and hatches and securely fasten the machine with standard means of the aircraft.

When unloading from helicopters, it is necessary to take measures to prevent people and vehicles from getting under the rotating tail rotor.

It is forbidden:

loading the car into the cargo compartment under its own power With faulty control mechanisms;

passing by standing aircraft closer than 5 m;

passing aircraft with running "engines from the side of their take-off;

be located at the sides of the cargo compartment, behind the machines or between the winch cables.

7. Loading and unloading of vehicles transported water transport, is carried out at prepared and equipped berths subject to the following requirements:

it is allowed to start loading (unloading) after checking the readiness of the rescue and evacuation group;

you can start moving and move around the deck only at the command of the loading manager; be guided by someone else's signals, except for the signals of the head of the loading, is prohibited; it is necessary to enter (move out) the ship, move along the docks and the deck of the ship in low gear, without jerks.

8. Loading the machine on the ferry and unloading from it is allowed after the ferry is moored and securely anchored as close as possible to the shore. During loading and unloading, only one trainee (driver) should be in the car, hatches (cabin doors) should be open. Loading and unloading are carried out at the command of the leader (instructor) in low gear and low speed without gear shifting, sharp turns and a sharp change in the engine speed. After placing the machine on the ferry, the engine must be stopped, the brakes fully tightened and reverse gear engaged.

During the movement of the ferry, the instructor and the trainee are prohibited from being in the car.

Safety requirements when overcoming water barriers

9. Overcoming a water barrier by any means is permitted only after its thorough reconnaissance, equipment and organization of a well-functioning rescue and evacuation service. By the beginning of the crossing, evacuation and rescue equipment must be located in the places indicated by the leader of the occupation (commandant of the crossing) and be ready for actions to assist drivers (crews).

Before overcoming water obstacles, the leader must check the trainees' knowledge of the rules for overcoming them, safety requirements and methods of action in emergency cases. Vehicles intended to be driven afloat must be checked for leaks.

Drivers who know how to swim and prepare cars for movement afloat are allowed to drive cars afloat.

In case of abundant water entering the machine when entering the water, you must immediately remove the machine

To the shore.

When driving afloat, the driver is obliged to monitor the amount of water penetrating into the hull and the operation of the bilge equipment. The operation of the pumps is controlled by the release of water from the drainage pipes. When water enters the machine quickly in the time of movement afloat and the threat of its flooding, the instructor must give a command to the driver to exit from flooded car and immediately report the incident by radio or by an established signal to the head of the lesson.

In the event of an engine stop while moving afloat, it is necessary to report by radio or an established signal to the head of the lesson about the incident and act on his instructions. It is forbidden:

the movement of the car afloat in the absence of drivers (crews) life jackets;

the movement of the machine at speeds at which water begins to roll over the upper edge of the wave deflector;

entering the water with the wave deflector lowered and lowering it until it exits the water.

10.When crossing over ice, only the trainee (driver) and instructor should be in the car. The driver's hatch and vehicle doors must be open. The distance between the vehicles is determined depending on the thickness of the ice and the mass of the transported vehicles. When towing a stopped machine, the length of the cable must be at least the established distance between the transported machines.

A stopped car is allowed to go around only at the direction of the commander (leader of the lesson) in the designated (indicated) direction.

The ice crossing should have convenient approaches (and ensure that the car gets ashore without turning on the ice. If the crossing is less than 50 m wide, the next car is allowed to move onto the ice only when the front car has reached the opposite bank.

11. When overcoming the ford, its depth should not exceed the value specified in the technical characteristics of the machine. The machines must be operated according to the operating instructions.

When overcoming the ford, you must:

maintain a constant speed of the motor;

enter the water smoothly, in low gear, not go beyond the marked borders of the ford;

avoid turns, sudden changes in engine speed, gear changes, machine stops.

Safety requirements for the evacuation of cars

12. The condition of traction and rigging means, anchor devices and connecting parts must be carefully checked before using them. Loads on winches, cables and blocks should not exceed the norms established for them by the technical specifications (operating instructions).

When pulling out and towing machines, the cables to the towing hooks, towing devices are securely fixed when the engines are not running. The reliability of the ropes (tugs) is checked by the instructor (class leader, unit commander) immediately before the start of pulling or towing.

All actions of the drivers of the tractor and the pulled out vehicle are supervised by the instructor (class leader, unit commander), located in a place where he can see them well.

The pre-tensioning of the cables, as well as the subsequent starting of the machine from its place in all cases of self-pulling, pulling out and towing, must be carried out smoothly, without jerks. After pre-tensioning the cables, check their fastening.

When pulling the cables and towing the machine, the driver's hatch must be closed.

A rigid hitch should provide a distance between vehicles of no more than 4 m, and a flexible one - 4-6 m. With a flexible hitch, the connecting link every meter should be marked with signal boards or flags.

It is forbidden:

to allow persons to the place of pulling out the car, not related to work;

use faulty equipment, cables broken threads;

stand near the tensioned cables and closer in their directions than at a distance of the length of the cables;

stand on the side of the car closer than 5 m when pulling it out with a log;

be under the machine if reliable supports are not placed under it;

make stops of the towed machine and the tractor on the rises, descents, at closed turns, at intersections and bridges;

tow on a flexible hitch in icy conditions;

transport personnel in a towed bus and in the body of a towed truck;

towing a car at a speed of more than 50 km/h;

tow on a flexible and rigid hitch of a machine with faulty brakes and steering.

The towed machine at any time of the day must be marked with marker lights, and in case of their malfunction, with an emergency stop sign, reinforced on her from behind.

Safety requirements when driving through railway crossings and bridges

13.At moving through the railway moving

the driver must give way to the approaching train (locomotive, trolley).

Before crossing, the driver must make sure that there is no approaching train (locomotive, trolley) and be guided by the position of the barrier, light and sound alarms, road signs and markings, as well as the instructions and signals of the duty officer for the crossing. traffic signal,

is the position of the officer on duty, facing the driver with his chest or back, with a baton (red flag) raised above his head or with his arms outstretched to the side.

It is forbidden to enter the crossing with the barrier closed or beginning to close, as well as with a prohibitory traffic light or an audible alarm (regardless of the position of the barrier and in its absence). If the traffic light is turned off, and the barrier is open or it is not there, the driver is allowed to start moving through the crossing only after he is convinced that there is no approaching train (locomotive, trolley).

To pass an approaching train (locomotive, trolley) and in cases where movement through the crossing is prohibited, the driver must stop at the stop lines, the sign “Movement without stopping is prohibited”, the traffic light, if they are not there, no closer than 5 m from. barrier, and in the absence of the latter - no closer,) 0 m to the nearest rail. Before starting to move after a stop before crossing, the driver must make sure that there is no approaching train (locomotive, trolley).

14. In the event of a forced stop at a crossing, the driver must disembark people and take measures to free the crossing.

If the car cannot be removed from the level crossing, the driver must:

if possible, send two people along the tracks in both directions from the crossing for 1000 m (if one, then in the direction of the worst visibility of the track), explaining to them the rules for signaling a stop to the driver of the approaching train;

stay near the car and serve signal general anxiety (series of one long and three short beeps);

when a train appears, run towards him, giving a stop signal (circular movement of a hand with a patch of bright matter or with a clearly visible object during the day, with a torch or lantern at night).

It is forbidden:

cross railway tracks in places not designated for this;

bypass vehicles standing in front of a closed barrier;

arbitrarily open the barrier or bypass it;

go to the crossing if a traffic jam has formed behind it, which will force the driver to stop at the crossing;

go to the crossing until the car in front releases him.

15. When driving on bridges, you must:

move at a set speed, distance, without sharp turns and braking;

in the event of a forced stop of the vehicle in front, stop without reducing the set distance.

It is forbidden to park and turn cars on bridges,

Safety requirements for driving in a convoy

16. When driving cars in a convoy, it is necessary to strictly maintain the established distances between cars; drive on the right side of the road, follow the control signals and follow them immediately. Any change in the order of movement of vehicles, as well as stops, should be made only at the command of the commander (senior column). In case of a forced stop, drive the car to the side of the road or away from the carriageway.

Drivers of stopped cars are occupying again! his place in the convoy only at halts or stops with the permission of the senior column. Overtaking a moving column is prohibited.

At stops at the tail and head of the column, traffic controllers should be posted: during the day - with flags, at night - with lanterns; personnel are allowed to go only on the right side of the road.

On all cars of the column, when driving during the day, the dipped headlights must be turned on.

Before moving through the railway crossing, the commander (senior of the column) is obliged to stop the column, set up traffic controllers, install an on-duty tractor with a tow rope and, having made sure that it is completely safe, give the command to move through the crossing.

Safety requirements for the maintenance of machines

17. Machine maintenance in progress on places (posts) equipped for this purpose in compliance with the following requirements:

brake the car at the post (overpass) with a parking brake, turn on a lower gear and hang a sign on the steering wheel with the inscription “Do not start the engine, people are working!”. Before leaving the post (overpass), make sure that there are no people under the car, objects that impede movement,

when lifting the machine with a jack, hoist or crane, observe the rules for using this equipment;

do not work under a suspended machine without special stands;

do not carry out maintenance operations on the machine with the engine running (except when adjusting it);

do not put the tool and removed parts on the frame, steps and other places where they can fall on the workers;

use only serviceable tools and equipment;

when handling leaded gasoline, brake, low-freezing and other special liquids, do not allow them to come into contact with open areas of the body and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes;

keep the workplace clean and tidy at all times,

APPENDIX 4(to Art. 21)

AUTODROME Circuit equipment and how to use it

1. An autodrome is a piece of terrain equipped for training, improvement and control

car driving skills.

It must meet the following requirements:

have a terrain that ensures the development of the Driving Course exercises in relation to the theater of operations;

be away from populated areas, as a rule, have no operating roads and railways, communication lines and power lines. If they are, they must be securely fenced;

be of sufficient size to practice the exercises of the Driving Course;

autodrome elements should be equipped according to the attached diagrams.

2. Autodromes are equipped at district and divisional training centers (polygons). In formations and separate automobile regiments, one or two autodromes are created, and when a formation is deployed in several garrisons, one for each garrison that houses at least a regiment. In garrisons where less than a regiment is stationed, areas for driving cars according to exercises 5 and 6, as well as training grounds for teaching safe driving of cars and areas for special exercises (as intended by military units) are equipped.

Military educational institutions and individual units that are not part of formations, as a rule, equip their own autodromes or use garrison

Autodromes of training centers (polygons) and military automobile schools, as a rule, should include sections and elements for practicing the driving course in full (Fig. IV.1).

The equipment of autodromes of military schools of military branches and services, schools for training junior specialists in the automotive service (training units) and individual military units (Fig. IV.2 and IV.3) should ensure the implementation of driver training programs