Painting Khokhloma spoon for children. Wooden spoons. If you don't see the difference, why pay more?

On the places of production and sales markets for turned wooden utensils in the 16th - early 17th centuries. give a lot of material income-expenditure books, acts and inventories of the property of monasteries. It can be seen from them that the quitrent peasants of the Volokolamsk, Trinity-Sergius, Kirilo-Belozersky monasteries, artisans of the Kaluga and Tver provinces, townsmen of Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas were engaged in the development of wooden turning utensils.

By the end of the XVIII century. the production of wooden turning utensils became massive. Russian artisans created truly perfect forms: staves, stavers, brothers, dishes, bowls, goblets, cups, glasses. The craftsmanship, passed on by inheritance, was improved by the creativity of each generation.

1 - brother; 2 - bowl; 3, 4 - dishes; 5, 6 - cups; 7 - glass; 8 - cup; 9 - staker; 10 - stake.

Of the individual dishes, the most common was a stavets - a deep vessel like a bowl with a flat tray and a three-dimensional lid. Some of them had curly handles. The stakes were of different sizes: stakes, stakes and stakers. Stavets and stavchiki were used as dinnerware. Large stakes served as storage for smaller dishes and bread products.

The festive table was decorated with brothers, dishes, plates, goblets, cups, feet. A bratina - a medium-sized spherical vessel with a small neck on top and a rim slightly bent outward - was always made on a pallet. Bratina served to serve drinks on the table. On dishes and plates with wide edges, flat sides and round trays or reliefs, pies, meat, fish, and sweets were served on the table.

The most common type of dish among the peasants was a bowl - a hemispherical vessel with a straight rim, a flat low tray or a small round relief. An indispensable accessory of each table was a salt shaker. Turned salt shakers are small, capacious vessels with a low, stable base, with or without a lid.

Stozharov Vladimir Still life with mountain ash

Khokhloma dishes

Great popularity since the 19th century. Khokhloma dishes began to be used, which were made in large quantities in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. It could be found not only in Russia, but also in the countries of the East.

Industrial exhibitions contributed to the popularity of Khokhloma dishes: in 1853 it was first shown at a domestic exhibition, and in 1857 at a foreign one.

Over the centuries, certain types of wooden utensils have been developed and improved in this craft, distinguished by the noble simplicity of the silhouette, the severity of proportions, and the absence of pretentious details that crush the shape. Modern masters, using the best traditions of the past, continue the manufacture of wooden utensils, which are both household items and a magnificent home decoration.

Russian wooden spoons.

An ancient spoon, which apparently had a ritual purpose, was found in the Gorbunovsky peat bog in the Urals. It has an elongated, egg-shaped scoop and a curved handle ending in a bird's head, which gives it the image of a floating bird.

In Novgorod the Great, there were many varieties of wooden spoons. For example, spoons with a small, as if raised on a scallop, flat handle. Novgorod craftsmen decorated them with carvings and paintings. Ornament - braid, made in the technique of contour carving, was applied with belts to the handle and framed the blade. In the Russian North in the XVII century. Vologda onion spoons were known, made in the Vologda Territory, as well as shadra spoons with bones, indigenous ones with bones or spoons inlaid with bone, walrus tusk.

1, 2 - simple spoons. XIII centuries; 3, 4, 5 - travel spoons, X, XI, XVI centuries.

Each nationality of our country has its own forms of spoons, but the most famous are spoons made in the Volga-Vyatka region. There are more than forty varieties of them, only in the Gorky region they made and are still making ladles, a rubbing spoon, salad, fishing, thin, mezheumok, half bass, Siberian, children's, mustard, jam spoon, etc.

The production of spoons has already been a well-established, branched production in the past. In some villages, blanks were made, the so-called fragments or buckwheat. In a small stump with slightly hewn edges, expanding in the part that should become a scoop, a spoon was hardly guessed. In other villages, lozhkars used a rough adze to gouge out a recess, which was then completely removed with a chisel-hook. With a confident movement of the knife, they cut off the excess from the handle, giving it a slight bend, and the spoon was ready.

Russian wooden ladles

Today, several types of traditional Russian ladles are known: Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma, Vologda, Severodvinsk, etc.

Moscow ladles, made of burl with a beautiful pattern of texture, are characterized by bowls of a clear, even exquisite boat-shaped shape with a flat bottom, a pointed spout and a short horizontal handle. Burlap dishes were often made in a silver frame.

Kozmodemyansk ladles were hollowed out of linden. Their shape is boat-shaped and very close to the shape of Moscow ladles, but they are much deeper and larger in volume. Some of them reached the capacity of two or three, and sometimes four buckets. The handle is flat horizontal with a constructive addition of a purely local nature - a slotted loop at the bottom. Kozmodemyansk is also characterized by small scoops, which served to scoop drinks from large bucket ladles. They are predominantly boat-shaped, with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom. Almost vertically set, running from the bottom, a multi-tiered handle in the form of an architectural structure is decorated with a through carving, ending with the image of a horse, less often a bird.

Stozharov Vladimir Still life Linen

Tver ladles are hollowed out from a tree root. Keeping basically the shape of a rook, they are more elongated in width than in length, which makes them appear flattened. The nose of the ladle, as usual for boat-shaped vessels, is raised up and ends with two or three horse heads, for which the Tver ladles were called "grooms". The handle of the bucket is straight faceted, the upper face, as a rule, is decorated with ornamental carvings.

The dippers of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma group have a deep rounded, sometimes flattened boat-shaped bowl, the edges of which are slightly bent inwards. In earlier ladles, the bowl is raised on a low pallet. Their handles are carved in the form of a figured loop, the nose is in the form of a cock's head with a sharp beak and beard.

Vologda scoops are designed for scooping up drinks from large scoops. They are characterized by a boat-shaped shape and a round spherical bottom, they were hung on a large ladle. Hook-shaped handles were decorated with carved ornaments in the form of ducks.

1 - burl boat-shaped Moscow bucket; 2 - a large Kozmodemyansky ladle; 3 - Kozmodemyansk buckets-scoops; 4 - Tver bucket "groom"; 5 - ladle of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma type; 6 - Vologda ladle; 7 - Severodvinsk skopkar; 8 - Tver valley; 9 - Severodvinsk valley.

In the Russian North, skopkari ladles were carved from the root of a tree. Skopkar is a boat-shaped vessel, similar to a ladle, but having two handles, one of which is necessarily in the form of a bird's or horse's head.

Severodvinsk skopkari were also cut from the root. They have a clear boat-shaped shape, handles, processed in the form of a head and tail of a waterfowl, and in all their appearance they resemble a waterfowl.

Stozharov Vladimir still life

Along with ladles and skopkars, valleys or "yands" were decorations of the festive table. Endova - a low bowl with a sock for draining. Large valleys held up to a bucket of liquid. Tver and Severodvinsk variants are known. The best Tver valleys are carved from burl. They are a bowl on an oval or cubic pallet with a spout in the form of a trough and a handle. The endova of the Severodvinsk type has the shape of a round bowl on a low base, with slightly bent edges, with a half-open toe in the form of a groove, sometimes figuratively carved.

Stozharov Vladimir. Still life. Bro and garlic

The initial processing was carried out with an ax, the depth of the vessel was hollowed out with an adze, then leveled with a scraper. The final external processing was carried out with a cutter and a knife.

Painting wooden spoons for children 5-7 years old on the theme: Khokhloma

Khokhloma painting of wooden spoons and spatulas with gouache, using cotton swabs.

Tasks:
To see the features of Khokhloma painting, to get acquainted with the new composition of the pattern: depicting a rounded branch with berries; draw a pattern on a yellow background.
Exercise in turning your hands when drawing curls in different directions, consolidate the ability to use cotton swabs to draw small circles.
Learn to draw neatly, beautifully placing the drawing on a wooden form.
Develop creativity and imagination when making decorative spoons
To cultivate a caring attitude and respect for the products of people's labor.
Materials and tools: wooden blanks - a spoon and a spatula; an album, a simple pencil, an eraser, gouache paints (red, yellow, green, black, white), a jar of water; protein brushes No. 2, 4, 6; cotton swabs.

Wooden crafts not only beautiful - it is an environmentally friendly material. Using wooden products is not only safe, but also beneficial for health. No wonder in Russia from time immemorial they ate from wooden dishes with wooden cutlery and were healthy until old age.
1. Draw on paper a sketch of a spoon and spatula.

In our time, the fashion for everything natural and natural is returning. Spoons and other utensils made of this material can be not only souvenirs, but also daily appliances for cooking and eating.

Now this cutlery is made of ceramics, metal, plastic and other modern materials. Our ancestors, who lived in harmony with nature, carved them for themselves from environmentally friendly material - wood. The birth of a wooden spoon in Russia is rooted centuries ago. The first mention of it can be found in the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", dated 1110 AD. By the way, the very meaning of the Russian word comes from the root "log" - deepening.

The history of the wooden spoon goes back thousands of years. Archaeologists claim to have found this item even in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs.

How did the wooden spoon come about?

Before the baptism of the Russian people by Vladimir, people did not use cutlery. The food was eaten directly with the hands. In order to raise the cultural level of the Orthodox people, the Grand Duke issued an order in which he commanded from now on to bring food only with their help.

From these times began the history of the creation of a wooden spoon. Craftsmen appeared, who were called "spoons", skillfully carving them of different lengths, shapes and volumes. A rough blank was made from a block, which was subsequently polished with special plants and stones. Usually they were made from linden and fruit trees, such as cherry, plum, apple, mountain ash.

Over time, in addition to the usual products with a thick handle, more elegant creations began to appear, with carved patterns and paintings. Not everyone could create a beautiful, light and. Mastery was honed over the years and passed on as a valuable legacy to apprentices or sons.

They began to paint them “under Khokhloma” only centuries later, at the beginning of the 19th century. On a golden or black background, skilled craftsmen painted twigs of mountain ash, fabulous birds and animals. Now this product rather serves as a gift souvenir, especially loved by visiting foreigners. The sizes of such devices are amazing - from small tea ladles to liter giant ladles. Recently, the customs of our ancestors began to return, more and more often you can see weddings, festivals and holidays held in folk costumes, with traditional Russian festivities. There is even a whole day that is named after this cutlery.

Like a musical instrument

For the first time, buffoons began to use them in this capacity, which accompanied cheerful songs and ditties with rhythmic tapping against each other. This custom has survived to this day. Any ensemble of folk songs must have spoons for playing in their arsenal. Warm, melodic sounds have become the "soul" of any Russian festivities.

It is very useful to teach young children how to play this instrument. This develops not only a sense of rhythm and fine motor skills, but also allows you to remove the excessive activity of little fidgets and instill in them the traditions of our ancestors. It has been noticed that children who learned to play such an instrument had the most even and beautiful handwriting at school.

Signs and divination

In Russia, each family member had her own, so they often carried it with them either in a special bag or in the top of their boots. From here came the expression: "To someone else's table, but with your own spoon."

Everyone knows the sign that has come down to us - a spoon fell from the table - wait for a woman to visit, a knife fell - a man.

In the old days, whole families guessed at them. The most famous was divination on a barrel of water. At night, each member of the family put his spoon into the barrel filled with water. The container was shaken well, and in the morning they looked at how they settled there. If everyone huddled together, it means that love and mutual understanding will reign in the family for a whole year. If one or two separated, then their owners are waiting for their departure from their home, or a quarrel with the rest.

Wooden spoons with patterns were in use in Russia. They could even be simply unpainted, but decorated with carvings.

Let's talk today about the technology of Khokhloma painting, as well as its analogues, that is, how you can create its likeness with your own hands.

In view of the great complexity of the original technique, which I will briefly talk about, we will think about how to paint household items “under Khokhloma”.

Khokhloma painting and Khokhloma painting are not the same thing, but completely different things. Let's talk a little about the original technique.

The complexity of the original technique

It is not so easy to create a real Khokhloma painting, it is very troublesome, the process is long. The blanks for painting are dried well in the air, and then in an oven to remove the last moisture.

First, the blanks are covered with at least two layers of primer - a liquid mixture of clay and oil. It is rubbed into the walls of the dishes, and then sent back to the drying oven. A primer is needed in order to close the pores on the wood. Next comes the leveling of the surface with sandpaper.

Now the products will not absorb moisture from the air. Khokhloma dishes will last a long time, will not crack. Now there is a drying oil coating, you need to apply 2-3 layers, each is dried for about 3 hours.

The last layer is not completely dried, it should not get your hands dirty, but at the same time remain sticky. Then the products are tinned - coated with metal powder. In the old days it was made of tin, nowadays aluminum is used, since the last layer remains sticky, the powder is easily rubbed.

For painting, Khokhloma masters use brushes made from squirrel tails. With one brush, you can draw both thin and thick lines, you just need to change the pressure.

They also use a “poke” - they stamp small round berries or flowers. At the end of the work, the utensils are varnished, from which the surface acquires a golden sheen, and not silver, as at the very beginning. This is followed by a few more coatings, already colorless varnish.

Gouache painting principles

As you can see, the process is very long, complex and energy-intensive. For "home use" it can be greatly simplified.

We are able to repeat the drawing of the famous folk painting on wooden objects, but this can be done much easier. Here it is described in detail about the technique with which you can paint a tree quite simply, the technology is simple, which is accessible even to beginners. Paints can be used both gouache and acrylic.

There are now a lot of metal-like paints on store shelves, with a gold, silver or copper sheen, so let's just create a background - we'll simply draw.

Examples of berry and flower ornaments on spoons

Now let's move on to the actual Khokhloma patterns on wooden spoons. For those who want to repeat the drawings of old masters, I suggest looking at simple ornamental motifs. For the most part, they are connected with nature. Flowers, berries, leaves, curls are the main elements.

On a real original painting, the background is either left metallic, or almost completely painted over, leaving individual details, such as leaves, unpainted.

In the first examples, we cover the surface of the spoon with black paint, and then draw patterns. Large ones first, then smaller ones.

It is customary to use not many different colors, but only a few, golden ones are required, they also work in green, yellow, red colors.

For example, yellow circles can be stamped with a “poke”, if you paint piece spoons, for yourself or as a gift, then you can even make it from potatoes. Dip into the paint and apply an even circle.

Usually the contours of the drawing are not previously applied to the spoon, the whole picture is in the artist's head. Although it is excusable for us, and it is much easier to take a ready-made sample, mark it, paint it along the contours.

On spoons, as a rule, there is one golden leaf, several red fruits or flowers. A frequent pattern is mountain ash, paradise apples, strawberries or raspberries.

Spoons are painted on both sides - both convex and concave.

If we want to leave the background “with gilding”, then first we paint it with a completely appropriate metallic paint, and then draw the outlines in black, large elements with primary colors, and the nuances in the same black, as shown in the photo.

I give here examples of painting real Khokhloma spoons in order to use patterns for home art. The drawings are simple, the effect is created due to the brightness of colors, the radiance of gold.

The last examples of spoons are on a shining background of “gilding”. It’s easier for us to do this - we paint the inside with gold, mark the outlines of the pattern, paint over the background between the elements with a dark one.

Several red circles optically connect the main pattern with the background. But this can not be done - an example of this in the bottom picture.

Let's look at the general view of the spoons again. The painting goes only along the convex parts, the cuttings, as well as the ponytails, as a rule, are monophonic, more often golden, the background is red or black.

Melchior: cleaning spoons at home with soda and foil

If wooden spoons should in no case be subjected to chemical attack, as well as rubbed with abrasive substances, then the situation is a little different with silver and cupronickel. Here you will find a description of a simple and original way to safely clean cutlery - spoons, forks, knives - using the components that almost everyone has in the kitchen.

With special paints that are designed to work with a glass or ceramic surface, you can paint dishes - glasses, plates, flowerpots, candlesticks. This technique is applicable to create stained glass pictures. Very bright translucent surfaces are obtained.