Cossack chronicles of the 18th century. Ukrainian culture history

Works of the XVII-XVIII centuries are of invaluable importance for the formation of new Ukrainian literature. These are Cossack chronicles. You are surprised at the authors of these masterpieces, you are proud of your ancestors. The chroniclers Samovidets, Grabyanka and Velichko, obviously, were themselves witnesses of all those events, which mainly in chronological order present the episodes of the history of our people. First, they point to the facts that caused the liberation struggle against the Polish gentry, and then describe in detail the war, the life of the people during this period, the internal situation of Ukraine and its relations with other states.

Chroniclers illuminate and comment on a number of problems of the life of that time, which is a valuable source for studying the history of Ukraine in the second half of the 17th century. The Chronicles of the Samovidets, Actions of Precious Battle, Chronicle of Events in South-Western Russia in the 17th Century are based on rich historical material, therefore they are the life truth about the heroic past of the Ukrainian people, their centuries-old suffering.

Chroniclers vividly present to us, contemporaries, the exploits of outstanding warriors, in particular Khmelnitsky; glorify the courage, ingenuity of the Cossacks, convey the psychological state of enemies.

We are filled with pride when we read about the heroic deeds of our fellow countryman Ivan Sirk. Samuil Velichko describes him fondly, as he became a legendary figure in our history. The value of these chronicles lies in the fact that they became the subject of careful study by writers and historians of subsequent generations, helping them to understand the complex historical events of the 17th century. The Cossack chronicles reflect the people's struggle for their national rights, for the independence of Ukraine, for the original path of its development.

Bohdan Khmelnitsky is the central figure in the chronicle of S. Wieliczka. In the chronicles of the 17th-18th centuries. depicts the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Polish gentry. It was headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Therefore, S. Velichko puts him in his chronicle as a central figure. The author points to the nature of this struggle, gives an assessment to it, therefore his work occupies a prominent place in ancient Ukrainian literature. The Chronicle of Samuel Wieliczka is a large historical tale that contains a number of stories based on historical material about the heroic struggle in 1648-1654 pp. The beginning of the work is presented on the basis of folk retellings, legends about Bohdan Khmelnytsky: how he served as a stable boy for Potocki, how he stole letters from Barabash. Velichko dwells in detail on the preparation for the battle of the Cossacks with the enemy, describes the battle on Zheltye Vody: “Finally, all the Poles of Khmelnitsky were ruined by weapons, and ordered one of them to live and rot there, and the second showed the right path to the Crimea, this is what pogrom not a dozen people of Poles were not saved. "

The writer glorifies the military skill of the Cossacks and their genius, the commander B. Khmelnitsky. In his chronicle, he points to the strength of our people and thereby confirms its victory over the enemies. We see the feat of the common people and their talented leader.

The army of Bohdan Khmelnytsky won two victories, but did not get tired, did not stop there. The death of the commander painfully struck the hearts of the people. Samuil Velichko, realizing this irreparable loss, writes: "Our good leader died, leaving behind an immortal glory ...".

As you can see, the writer's work is a valuable asset, which has become the subject of study by Ukrainian writers and historians, a source of reflection on the fate of the long-suffering people of Ukraine, a reason for thinking about solving the eternal problem of the relationship between the leader and the masses.

2.What social organization was Dostoevsky part of?
3. Who is the author of the paintings "March" and "Vladimirka?
4. What paintings were written by Surikov in 1881, 1887, 1895?
5.Portraits of which rulers of Russia were painted by Serov?
6. Who was the author of the monuments to Pushkin and Lermontov?
7. What creative association did Mussorgsky belong to?
8. What works were created by Rimsky-Korsakov in 1896 and 1898?
9. What are the 3 most famous operas by Tchaiskovsky?
10. Name 3 ballets for which Tchaikovsky wrote music.
11. Who are the composers who wrote works for symphony orchestras and piano?
12. Name the imperial theaters in Russia.
13. Who became the author of 1 performance of the Moscow Art Theater?
14 Who did you consider your favorite actress in all of Russia?

Zemsky Cathedral in 1613. 4. organizer of the Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century. 5. camp created in 1608. 6. Tsaritsa who recognized the son of Dmitry in False Dmitry 1. 7. Ataman, who supported False Dmitry 2. 8. He led a detachment into a dense forest, for which he received a painful death from enemies. 9. Who was the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church during the reign of Vasily Shuisky? 10. Military intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of another state. 11. Which king was dethroned in 1610?

a) ocean; c) the northeastern coast of America;

B) mainland; d) the strait between South America and the island

A2. Determine in what year the first journey, led by Christopher Columbus, was undertaken:

A) 1498; c) 1492;

B) 1486; d) 1493.

A3 The principle of "one monarch, one law, one religion" applies to:

A) republics B) absolutism

B) democracy D) fragmentation

A4. Humanism is called:

A) the science of the origin and development of human society

B) doctrine that recognizes a person as the highest value in the world

C) the fight against the sale of indulgences

D) Christian religion

A5. The initiator of the beginning of the Reformation was:

A) Thomas Münzer c) Johann Tetzel

B) Martin Luther d) John Calvin

A6 Who invented the mechanical spinning machine:

A) James Hargreaves B) James Watt

B) John Kay D) Henry Maudsley

A) Thomas Jefferson c) Benjamin Franklin

B) George Washington d) Abraham Lincoln

A8. The official religion of India during the Mughal Empire:

A) Islam B) Judaism

B) Buddhism D) Hinduism

A9.Religion according to which objects were endowed with a soul (kami):

A) Taoism B) Confucianism

B) Shintoism D) Buddhism

A10 In what year did the French Revolution end?

A) In 1778; c) In 1789.

B) In 1788. d) 1799

B1 Significance of the era of the great geographical discoveries

B2. How did the ideas of the enlighteners influence the development of society?

Q3. What caused the British conquest of India?

Q4 Explain terms:

Metropolis
reformation

· a constitutional monarchy

AT 5. By what principle is the series formed:

William Shakespeare, Miguel Cervantes, Francois Rabelais;

C1.Describe the main events (personality) of the New Time period.

Keywords

annotation scientific article on history and archeology, the author of the scientific work - Tairova Tatyana Gennadievna

This article explores imaginary and true knowledge about the biography of the author of the famous Cossack chronicle Samoilo Velichko. Based on the analysis of historiography, the history of the emergence of myths is shown, as well as the most famous versions of Velichko's biography, in particular the circumstances of the termination of his service in the General Chancellery of the Zaporizhzhya Army. The author introduces new archival documents from the RGADA and the archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and presents his own interpretations of various facts. As a result, we get more accurate data about education, social origin, marital status, as well as about the "misfortune" that happened to Velichko and put an end to his career as a military clerk. Contrary to the opinion established in historiography, it can now be considered proven that Velichko did not lose his place after V. Kochubei's disgrace, but remained in the service until his capture in December 1708. Moreover, he was in the army of Hetman I. Mazepa after the last to the Swedes. A detailed analysis of the military campaign of November-December 1708 allows us to make an assumption about the circumstances of the "misfortune" that happened to S. Velichko. Most likely, he was taken prisoner in Romny, during the hasty retreat of the troops of I. Mazepa. In addition, the revealed documents testify to the existence of close ties between Velichko and Zaporozhye and, in particular, with the scribe G. Bovgulya. On the contrary, the myth is the assertion that S. Velichko taught the children of V. Kochubey.

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The Biography of Samoilo Velychko, the Author of the Famous Cossack's Chronicle

In this article our imaginary and true knowledge of the biography of the author of the well-known Cossack chronicle Samoilo Velichko are investigated. On the basis of the analysis of a historiography the history of emergence of myths, and also the most famous versions of the biography of Velichko is shown. For example, we study the circumstances of the termination of his service in General office of Zaporizhian Army. The author introduces new archival documents from the Russian governmental archive of ancient arts and from the archive of the Institute of History of Russian Academy of Art in St. Petersburg and represents own interpretations of various facts. As a result, we obtain more exact data on study, a social origin, marital status, and also the "misfortune" which has happened to Velichko and put an end to his career of the army bureaucrat. Contrary to the most popular opinion in the historiography it is now possible to take for granted that Velichko didn't lose his position after V. Kochubey's disgrace, but remained on service up to his capture in December, 1708. And moreover, he was in army of the hetman I. Mazepa after he joint Swedes. The detailed analysis of the military company of November-December, 1708 allow to make the assumption of circumstances of "misfortune" which happened to S. Velichko. Most likely, he was taken prisoner in Romnakh, during the urgent departure of I. Mazepa’s troops from there. Besides, the revealed documents confirm availability of close ties of Velichko with Zaporizhian Host and in particular with the Host’s clerk G. Bovguley. And it is only the myth that S. Velichko taught V. Kochubey's children.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "On the biography of the author of the Cossack chronicle Samoilo Velichko"

UDC 94 (477); BBK 63.3 (4Ukr) 46; DOI 10.21638 / 11701 / spbu19.2016.206

T. G. Tairova

The chronicle of Samoilo Velichko, written in the first quarter of the 18th century, is undoubtedly one of the most famous Cossack chronicles of the early modern era. Discovered by M.P. Pogodin in the middle of the 19th century, it was published by the Kiev Archaeographic Commission in 1848-1864. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences republished the first volume of the chronicle in 1926, but due to the defeat of the historical section, it was unable to continue publishing. In 1991 the chronicle was published in translation into Ukrainian, but the author of the translation, V. Shevchuk, relied not on the original, but on the first editions of the chronicle.

The analysis of the chronicle was carried out in a number of works by famous Russian and Ukrainian historians. And almost each of them gave their own interpretation of Velichko's biography. But the only thing that was known about him was a couple of autobiographical paragraphs in his chronicle, as well as in his unpublished translation of Cosmography. Therefore, all historians actually interpret the same paragraph that has survived to this day. As the eminent Ukrainian textual critic Y. Dzyr justly wrote, "The first biographical statements, very quiet, like Velichko himself gives, is dumb" 1. Given the uniqueness and importance of the certificate, we present it in full:

This 1690 fate, on the very cob of it, between the holy of the Nativity of the Lord, began I, these writers of the dyansh count and the storyteller (being in the last few years), to serve the army of Zaporozhye, in the important house of the noble family of the Malosshskys of the noble 1 His Grace, Pan Vasilievich at that hour of the military general, for the pre-river hetmanship of Mazepov; Serving the same vain and vain, as my commander commanded me, not only in the household of my master for all sorts, but for all the clerks, ale and troops needed and secret for that hour, until the very Most Holy Monarchy

1 Dzira Ya. I. Samshlo Velichko and yogo lgpopis // 1storyugraf1chni advise in Ukrainian RSR. Vip. 4. Keev, 1971, p. 202.

© St. Petersburg. state un-t, 2016; © T. G. Tairova, 2016

Petr Alekseevich, as if in the ceferikh in his monarch's affairs, from the Hetman then to the Gospodar Volosky and Multansky for the correction of my Pan correspondent, who were not visible in the military office. Having served in such a lot of unsuccessful labors over 15 years, for this service I was sent to the office of the army general on the cob 1705, in which between the worst of my brothers was not the last in the business of clerical years, 4 in full; 4; For my long-term and faithful service, my lack of last paid me at the very end of rock 1708, which in the future you can remember in the changed rock2.

The basis for the traditional interpretation of this news was laid by the preface to the 1848 edition, which said: "There is no doubt that the misfortune that befell Wieliczka is due to the disastrous participation of Vasily Kochubei, who died in the same 1708."

The next two historians who turned to the textual criticism of Velichko's chronicle did not write anything about the biography of its author4. N. Petrovsky, the author of the famous study of this chronicle, did not touch upon the issue of the biography of Velichko5.

The researcher of the chronicle P.G.Klepatsky went much further. He suggested that Velichko was of Cossack origin and was educated at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy6. In the interpretation of the "misfortune" that happened to Velichko, Klepatsky was the first of the historians to suggest that the future chronicler was arrested and imprisoned ("yogo, I was close to Lyudin before the General Court of Justice V.L. Klepatsky also suggested that Velichko “Yak uryadovtsya of low rank” could have been forgotten in the war against the Swedes, which is why his stay in prison “could last for another hour.” / Further Klepatsky expressed already a completely fantastic version that it was in the prison with Velichko that he became blind or that he was even blinded by a court sentence. ”According to Klepatsky, Velichko was freed by the efforts of the late Kochubei’s son.7 The researcher explained the latter assumption by the fact that Velichko lived on the estate Kochubei Jr. and taught his children. It was Klepatsky who expressed the version that Velichko began to write his I chronicle (and, accordingly, became free) in 1715.8 The only argument was the reference to the fact that, according to V. Yelichko, he began to write his chronicle 70 years after the war of B. Khmelnitsky ("in seventy years after the war of Khmelnitsky, he had a hundred military dyansh his historto").

In the future, the versions expressed by Klepatsky began to be used by historians as not subject to doubt. So DI Doroshenko wrote: “In the book of 1708 r. Wieliczka is put down for the sake of yogi close to V. Kochubei ”9. The same was repeated by D. Bagaliy,

2 Velichko S. Chronicle of events in South-West Russia in the 17th century. T. III. Kiev, 1855. C. 90.

3 Velichko S. Chronicle of events ... T. III. S. VI.

4 Ikonnikov V.S. Experience of Russian historiography. T. 1. Book. 2. Kshv, 1908; Petrikevich V. Lggo-letter from Samshl Wieliczka a "Woyna Domowa" by Samshl Twardowski. Ternopsh, 1910.

5 Petrovsky M. Pseudo-diyariush S. Zorky // Notes of the yutoriko-fsholopchny vshdshu UAAN. Book. XVII. Kshv, 1928.S. 161-204.

6 Klepatsky P. G. Lgtopis Samshla Velichko. Poltava, 1926, p. 37.

7 Klepatsky P. G. Lgtopis ... p. 38.

8 Klepatsky P.G. Lgtopis ... p. 41.

9 D. Doroshenko I. Look around ukrasko! Yutoryugraf Kshv, 1996.S. 25.

who made a detailed analysis of the chronicle10. The History of Ukrainian Literature declared that Velichko graduated from the Kiev Academy11.

An exception to this rule was the Ukrainian historian M.I.Marchenko (note that he defended his doctoral dissertation at Leningrad State University in 1960). He directly called "unconvincing" the assumption of "some researchers" that Velichko was removed from his post as a military clerk after the execution of his patron V. Kochubei. As Marchenko correctly noted, at the end of 1708, at the time of Velichko's "misfortune", Kochubey had already been rehabilitated. The historian wondered: what kind of "misfortune" happened to Velichko? “You can put it off if Velichko fell out of favor at the sound of Mazepa’s zeal, more importantly when he took over Mutze in the general’s hetmans’s office.” But, according to Marchenko, Velichko had no direct relation to Mazepa’s betrayal. they were better off with more zhorstokshe ”12.

Y. Dzyrya, a specialist in Ukrainian annals, who planned the academic publication of the chronicle of S. Velichko, considered the version of M. I. Marchenko "more believable" 13. Otherwise, Dzyrya agreed with the traditional view of Velichko - that he studied at the Kiev Academy, that he was partially blind in prison and that in 1715, with the participation of Kochubei, he was released14.

V. A. Shevchuk, who published the chronicle of Velichko translated into Ukrainian, rightly noted the scarcity of our knowledge about the biography of Velichko: first middle ground, in which it wiggled, de navchavsya ^ vreshtg, de yogo grave "15. He also writes that it is not known why Velichko ended up in prison, and assumes that this happened "on the denunciation of some personal enemy." Shevchuk considers it an undeniable fact that Velichko was imprisoned and that he “was not dealt with as mercilessly as it could have been if he had taken the side of I. Mazepa” 16. Shevchuk believes that Velichko was of Cossack origin and, most likely, studied at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, and ended up in the military chancellery when he was not young, under forty years old.

V. Sobol, who studied the chronicle in 1996, listed the known versions of Velichko's biography and added that scientists have not learned anything new since then. All the same theories are repeated in the latest Ukrainian academic publications. So, "History of the Ukrainian Cossacks" states that there is no single position in historiography

10 Bagalsh D. I. Naris ukrasko! Yutoryugrafp: Gereloznavstvo. Vip. 2. Kshv, 1925.

11 History of Ukrainian literature. T. 1.Kiev, 1954.S. 100.

12 Marchenko M. I. Ukrainian 1storyugraf1ya v1d last hour until the middle of the XIX century. // Eidos. Vip. 3. Kshv, 2009.S. 156.

13 Dzira Ya. I. Samshlo Velichko and yogo lgtopis // 1storyugraf1chni doslshzhennya in Ukrash-sksh PCR. Vip. 4. Kshv, 1971. S. 201.

14 Dzira J. I. Samshlo Velichko ... pp. 199-201.

15 Shevchuk V.O. Kshv, 2006.S. 5.

16 Shevchuk V.O. Samshlo Velichko. S. 7-8.

17 Shevchuk V.O. Samshlo Velichko. S. 6-7.

18 Sable V. Lgtopis Samshla Wieliczka is a manifestation of a literary baroque decoration. Donetsk, 1996.S. 9.

regarding the reasons for Velichko's arrest. But he considers the version associated with the proximity to Kochubei more probable, “the fate of“ spravo1 Mazepa ”will have a bit of a bad luck, as well as uv“ yaznennya ”19.

The well-known historian of the Ukrainian Cossacks P. M. Sas, the author of an article about Velichko in the Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine, on the contrary, writes that "For example 1708 td hour of political repressions of Peter I in Ukrsh" twenty. The researcher of the Ukrainian chronicle A. Bovgir in his analysis of the chronicle Velichko declares the existence of two versions of the reasons for the arrest - participation in the speech of I. Mazepa or closeness to Kochubei - and tends to the latter ("I will not be respected by all of them") 21. The well-known Ukrainian-American historian S. Plokhiy writes that "Velichko was arrested sometime after the Battle of Poltava for unclear circumstances." Another American specialist on the history of Ukraine of the Cossack period, neither in his early, nor in his last work, concerning the chronicle of S. Velichko, did not touch on his biography23.

What do we really know about Velichko? We can agree with the opinion that, most likely, he really was educated at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. The handwriting with which the chronicle was written (the so-called "Kiev letter") almost certainly points to a graduate of the Kiev Academy. Since we know from him that he began to work in 1690, when he was “at the age of one kilometer,” the period of study was supposed to fall in the 80s. XVII century. Education usually began at the age of 7-12, and Velichko graduated from at least a class of rhetoric (which is proved by his knowledge and skills shown when writing the chronicle). True, Dzyrya believed that Velichko received "at least the foundations of knowledge of philosophy" 24. The latter seems unlikely. Although there were no fixed terms of study at the Kiev Academy, one can recall that F. Orlik, who also made a clerical career, began working in 1692, at the age of 20, having already listened to the fundamentals of philosophy by that time. His peer (or a couple of years younger) Velichko could hardly have time to attend the same courses, having entered the service two years earlier, in 1690, at the age of 16-18. But the fact that Velichko was supposed to study together with Orlik is of undoubted interest.

If Orlik, after his studies, entered the consistory clerk in the Kiev Metropolitanate and at the same time makes a career as a poet, then Velichko begins to "serve the Zaporizhzhya Army, in the important house of the noble gentlemen of the Little Russians, His Grace, Pan Vasily Leontyevich Kochubya, a clerk for that hour" of the military general. For some reason

19 History of the decorative cossack. T. 2.Kiv, 2007.S. 261.

20 Sas P. Velichko Samshlo // Encyclopedia of micropii Ornaments. T. 1. Kshv, 2003.S. 472.

21 Bovgirya A. 1storyupisannya that svshchomyut Hetmanschish XVII-XVIII cent. // Dis-ciplsharsh vimiri ukraschko! ctorugraf Kshv, 2015.S. 19.

22 Plokhy S. The Origins of the Slavic Nations. Premodem Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Cambridge, 2006. P. 344.

23 Sysyn F. E. 1) The Cossack Chronicles and the Development of Modern Ukrainian Culture and National Identity // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1990. Vol. 3-4. P. 593-607; 2) The Nation of Cain: Poles in Samiilo Velychko "s Skazanye // Synopsis. A collection of essays in honor of Zenon E. Kohut. Edmonton; Toronto, 2005. P. 443-455.

24 Dzira I. Samshlo Velichko ... p. 200.

all historians interpret this phrase by Velichko that he was in the personal service of Kochubei. But the chronicler says that he served the "Zaporizhzhya Army", and the phrase "in an important house" can be interpreted literally. The fact is that, according to tradition, the offices of the elders were located directly in their personal homes (colonels, judges, etc.) 25. The same thing happened with Kochubei, whose office was located in his house in Baturyn. And one more thing: researchers should not be misled by the concept of "patron". Patronage relations were transferred to the Ukrainian hetmanate from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (for example, Yan Danilovich was the “patron” of M. Khmelnitsky). Orlik's patron was Stefan Yavorsky. Well, for Velichko it becomes V. Kochubei.

Since until 1702 Kochubey served as clerk general, that is, he was the head of the General Chancellery, then Velichko had corresponding functions. He himself writes that he is busy "not only in the house of my master for everybody, but for all the clerks, for the clerks, and for the soldiers who are needed and the secret ... which the military clerks were not visible." That is, he was a kind of secret agent. The hetman himself could not but be privy to this activity, which made Velichko's position special. In addition, he visited the elders' councils, where admission was strictly limited. So, he describes in detail the Starshinskaya Rada during the celebration of Easter 1702. Then the foreman came to I. Mazepa at his estate Goncharivka, and Velichko was present even during the festive dinner, since he gives private details of how Kochubei's resignation took place there, including events that took place after the departure of his "patron" (conversations of the foreman during lunch, etc.) 26.

Usually in the Zaporozhye Army they made a career either thanks to family ties or thanks to a successful marriage (I. Mazepa, F. Orlik, etc.). Velichko never mentions his father or other relatives. He was not married, as we will see below. Therefore, he could only rely on his own strength and on the patron's patronage. What kind was he? Usually historians believe that the Cossack. Velichko himself has the only key. He says that he served "as my msh commanded tsnota", that is, honor. Perhaps he was of gentry origin. For example, we meet the gentry Fyodor Velichko in the Minsk Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1677) 27. In the Register of the Zaporozhian Army in 1649 (which is considered the ancestor of the foremen's clans) there are four Velichko - in the Kanev and Belotserkovsky regiments, but not a single Vasily, that is, the possible father of our hero. But all Wieliczka belong to the Right Bank. Perhaps this explains his strong feelings about the devastation that befell the region.

Back in the 60s. XVII century. was famous koshevoy ataman Ivan Velichko-Bilkovsky28. In the Chronicle, he is called Ivan Velichko Bossovsky, and in another place - Ivan Ivanenko Velichko29. Probably - Ivan Ivanovich Velichko, nicknamed Bossovsky. Perhaps,

25 Vecherskiy V. Getmansh capitals Decorating. Kshv, 2008.S. 111; Stepovich A. Lebedinsky Budynok // Kievskaya Starina. 1895. No. 11.P. 47.

26 Velichko S. Chronicle of events in South-Western Russia in the 17th century. T. III. S. 553-554.

27 RGIA. F. 823. Op. 1.D. 929.

28 Mitsik Y. Zaporozsh lizar1 bulavi // Ukrainian cossack power. Kshv, 207, p. 106.

29 Velichko S. Chronicle of events in South-West Russia in the 17th century. T. II. Kiev, 1851.S. 35, 36 (III).

it is the kinship with Zaporozhye that explains how enthusiastically Velichko spoke about the Zaporozhye Sich.

After in the spring of 1702 V. Kochubei resigned from the post of general clerk, he was appointed by Mazepa as general judge. But “the affairs of the clerk did not leave him; before Vasilsh Chuykevich, for a month as a clerk, the military office manager could not completely send the greats, and Philip Orlik, reentry of the military office of the time, being new, he wanted and was wise to be a man, but he had not yet called up. " This is the only time when Velichko mentions Orlik in his chronicle, and speaks about him with respect. This is an interesting fact, given that Orlik in 1720 was already a "hetman in exile" and a personal enemy of Peter I.

At the beginning of 1705 Velichko joined the General Military Chancellery, where he served for a full four years. As you can see, the “patron's” disgrace and his conflict with the hetman did not in the least affect Velichko's career. V. Shevchuk is clearly mistaken, believing that at the time of entering the General Chancellery Velichko was under forty. After all, he got to Kochubei when he was younger than 20, and 15 years have passed.

Now we come to the most controversial point: what happened to Velichko in 1708?

We know for sure:

that the "misfortune" happened at the very end of 1708;

that then Velichko wrote his chronicle in the village in Zhuki, completing it in 1720.

About Zhuki, we know that in 1709 Vasily Vasilyevich Kochubei (son of the executed V. Kochubei), together with his brother Fedor, received this village according to the will of his grandfather31.

What could consider Velichko a "misfortune", which is so unambiguously interpreted by historians as an arrest? Let's turn to his chronicle. He calls the defeat of Y. Ostryanitsa, the defeat of the Poles at Zheltye Vody and Korsun, VV Golitsyn at Perekop in 1689, the defeat of the Swedes and Hungarians, the death of Jan Sobessky, the death of I. Zolotorenko. That is, either death or military defeat. Velichko himself, in one place in his chronicle, writes that "after changing that time, my good life is for the slave."

A document discovered by us in the RGADA allows us to radically re-evaluate the tragic page: "Particular letter of the Zaporozhye clerk Grigory Boguli to the military clerk Velichka" dated November 24, 1708. It was watched by V. Ye. Shutoi and Ye. V. Tarle, as evidenced by note in the list of use (last time in 1949), but they did not take into account in their works about the Northern War32. Meanwhile, Boguli's letter is the first and only document revealed to date, which speaks of “the clerk Samoilo Velichko”.

Surprisingly, in the course of preparing this article, we found a mention of this document in the history of the Zaporozhye Cossacks D. Yavornytsky. True, he read it wrong

30 Russian National Library. Department of Manuscripts. Weather. 2020 / 1-3. T. I. L. 78.

31 Modzalevsky V.L. T. II. P. 529.

32 Tarle E.V. Northern War. M., 2009; Jester V.E. Class struggle during the people's war in Ukraine in 1708-1709. // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A series of history and philosophy. T. VI. No. 4. S. 312-322.

document (he calls Bogulya Rogulya, etc.) and mentions him only in a note: “Grigory Rogulya. in November he wrote a letter to the army clerk Samoil Wieliczka regarding the purchase of a horse for Wieliczka. Apparently Samoilo Velichko is one person with the famous Velichko, the author of the four-volume Little Russian chronicle ”33. The mystery of how this news was missed by all researchers. Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that Yavornitsky's research was met with harsh criticism from the professional historical community, which considered him an amateur local historian. True, although Yavornitsky understood that it was Velichko, he could not draw conclusions that would clarify the biography of the chronicler.

The letter was intercepted by the Russians and therefore survived to this day. We can reconstruct the history of the interception of the letter in sufficient detail, since Peter's field office has survived to this day, almost completely (outgoing and incoming correspondence) published in the "Letters and Papers of Emperor Peter the Great". The field office of A.D. Menshikov has also survived, through which correspondence of all Russian military leaders took place during the indicated period (it is stored in the archives of the II SPb RAS).

G. Bovgulya was a koshevoy clerk in the Zaporizhzhya Sich and together with koshevoy ataman K. Gordienko negotiated with I. Mazepa about the transfer of the Cossacks to the side of Charles XII. On November 24, 1708, Zaporozhye sent an official response to Mazepa, stipulating the terms of accession34. And on the same day, with an opportunity (which he himself writes about), Bovgulya wrote two personal letters to the people who were under Mazepa - the Zhuravsky centurion D. Yakubovich and the military clerk S. Velichko35. Moreover, he responds to both of the messages sent with the "Zaporozhye Cossack Gerasim" ("Let us console ourselves a little in heart and soul when, in such difficult hours, we nevertheless gained your brother's writings").

But it was already difficult to drive back. Peter I paid great attention to intercepting Mazepa's correspondence. For example, on December 3, 1708, he gave a personal decree to Nikolai Iflant “to look with an unsleeping eye at Mazepin’s correspondence and, if where the yavyattsa from him where or to him from where they were sent, and to catch them and send them to us for a strong guard” 36.

The Russians learned about the parcel to Zaporozhye from the Mirgorod Colonel D. Apostol, who by that time had gone over to the side of Peter (under very controversial circumstances). On November 28, 1708, GS Volkonsky informed AD Menshikov: “He, Colonel Mirgorodtskaya, told me that Mazepa had sent Judge Prilutsky to the Zaporogi. This judge starts from Sorochintsy, 7 miles in the village of Fedorovka, and I sent two

party, but ordered how you can get it from Evo "3".

Volkonsky reacted promptly and the very next day reported to the tsar about the capture of Mazepa's envoys38. In a report to Menshikov from Volkonsky on the same day

33 Evarnitsky DI History of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. T. III. SPb., 1897.S. 400.

34 RGADA. F. 124. Little Russian affairs. Op. 1.D. 1708.No. 91.

35 RGADA. F. 124. Little Russian affairs. Op. 1.D. 1708. No. 92.

36 Letters and Papers of Emperor Peter the Great. T. 8. Iss. 1. M., 1948. No. 2890. S. 337.

37 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Travel office of A. D. Menshikov. Op. 1.D. 2741.L. 1 ob.-2.

38 Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.Moscow, 1951.P. 685.

(11/29/1708) contains a little more details: “I am reporting to your lordship that the Prilutskaya judge was sent from the traitor Mazepa to the Zaporozhi, and for that reason I sent a party and this judge and the Cossack Zaporozhian others took with him both the judge and the Cossack Zaporozhian and from the Koshevoi Ataman from Zaporozhi is a letter, and taking that language I sent to the royal majesty and to your lordship ”39.

This explains how the letters to Mazepa, Yakubovich and Velichko ended up in neighboring files of the same fund of the Moscow archive.

The letter is personal, short and written in a hurry, Bovgulia even apologized for his handwriting. In addition, unlike the other two letters, the letter to Velichko was simply sealed, without a Custodian (the seal is similar to the imprints of the Grassroots Army) 40. Nevertheless, from this letter we can establish: that Velichko was in Mazepa's camp; that Velichko did not have a family;

that Velichko had close personal ties with the Zaporozhye clerk; that Velichko left Baturin in a hurry and he didn't even have a horse (!). The very fact that Velichko ended up in Mazepa's camp is not surprising. In the fall of 1708, there was all the general petty officer and 6 out of 10 left-bank colonels. In addition, it is known that in January 1709 there was an extreme shortage of scribes in the General Chancellery, "after Mazepa, in treason with him, the entire Chancellery took the side" 41.

We conclude that Velichko does not have a family on the basis of the fact that in a letter to D. Yakubovich Bovgulya sends greetings to his wife and newly born child ("to your loving and lovable industry, which or to whom I have a particularly happy return"). And in a letter to Velichko, he only wishes “that V. m. m. pan with his any friends in a peaceful visit in full health always stayed without fail. "

What happened at the end of 1708, or, more precisely, in the period between the end of November, when Velichko was definitely in Mazepa's camp, and the end of December, which he himself points to as the date of the "disaster"? At this time, Peter had two tasks: to lure over to his side as many foremen as possible and to knock out Karl XII and Mazepa from Romen, where they comfortably settled in winter quarters.

Peter issues several decrees, giving the foreman, who left with Mazepa, a month for a voluntary return and amnesty42. For propaganda purposes, the estates are returned to the widows of the executed Iskra and Kochubei, and S. Paliy is also brought from Siberia43. Some of the foremen really voluntarily leave Mazepa, the rest begins

39 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2750.L. 1 ob.

40 1000 Roshv ukraschko! seals. Kshv, 2013.S. 194.

41 Krivoshiya V. Genealogy of the decorative cossack. Narisi gsgori kozatsky half mv. Kshv, 2002.S. 279.

42 Letters and papers ... T. 8. Issue. 1. No. 2801, 2835. S. 300-301.

Letters and papers ... T. 8. Issue. 2.P. 652.

real hunting. So, on December 8, the Lokhvitsky centurion Yakov Yeremeyev was captured, 44 at the same time a Serdyutsky clerk was caught near Gadyach.

All prisoners, both Ukrainian and Swedish (and in the reports to both Peter and Menshikov, they are listed by name) were sent for further interrogations to the tsar46.

At the end of December, Peter makes Lebedin his headquarters. On December 3, 1708, a military council was held there, at which a decision was made to perform a maneuver near Gadyach (where there were Swedish-Cossack troops), in order to lure Karl XII and Mazepa out of Romen47. The plan was successful. A. Ushakov reported to the tsar that Mazepa had left Romen on December 17 "by the evening for 2 hours" 48, and already on November 18 Romny had been occupied by the Russians. It is important for us that General LN Alart informed Peter that the enemy of Romny "did not quite leave" 49. And on December 18, after the capture of the city, Alart wrote about the "Mazepians": "In Romna, having been alarmed, this place was left except for some luggage and officers, who themselves were given to Colonel Veteranius when he came to Romny this day at dawn." The general listed the prisoners caught in Romny: one Swedish captain, one lieutenant, one warrant officer, and "those in the list of declared persons" 51. K.E. Renne added in his report that they had caught the regimental Luben captain and other prisoners52. But the paintings of the prisoners, about which both Rennes and Alart speak in their letters, have not survived. But it is known for sure that all the prisoners were again sent to Lebedin, where Peter was based.

There were no other episodes in which the Russians took a significant number of prisoners until 1709. And we also note that when Romny was captured, “at that time the frost was extreme, so great that the birds died in the air” 54.

Summing up, we can state that in the period of November-December 1708, there is no mention of the capture of Velichko in the reports, which means that he was not taken prisoner “alone”. The military clerk, who knew the secret codes, was too serious a figure not to be written about in the reports. Menshikov, who was clearly acting on the orders of Peter, just at that time made a lot of efforts to lure the clerks over to his side. On December 15, the governor of Kiev, DI Golitsyn, reported to Menshikov: “Your lordship has deigned to write to me, so that I might be freed from Belaya Tserkov because of the guard of Chernysh. And by that in. lordship a letter when the White Church was accepted, and this Chernysh is free because of the guard. " We are talking about Ivan Chernysh - a military

44 Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.P. 679.

45 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2849.L. 1.

46 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2849, 2860, etc.

47 Journal or daily note of the blessed and everlasting memory of the emperor Peter the Great. Part I. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1770. S. 196-197; Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.P. 1004.

48 Documents of the Northern War. Poltava period // Proceedings of the Imperial Russian Military-Historical Society. T. 3. SPb., 1909. No. 55. S. 54.

49 Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.P. 1027.

50 Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.P. 1030.

51 Letters and papers. T. 8. Iss. 2.P. 1031.

52 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2866.

53 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2834, 2849, 2860, etc.

54 Journal or daily note. Part I. S. 196-197.

55 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2834.L. 1

the clerk. At the same time, by order of Menshikov, "bringing him to the cross," Golitsyn also released the clerk Semyon Savich, who was being held in Kiev, 56 from under the guard.

Most likely, not having a horse, Velichko remained in Romny, and did not go with the army of Mazepa and Karl near Gadyach. During the capture of Romain by the Russian troops, he was captured, unable to escape (it must be emphasized that the lack of horses was a terrible problem in the winter of 1708-1709 for all armies).

The fate of the second addressee of G. Boguli - Demyan Yakubovich is interesting. Researcher of the genealogies of the Cossack foreman V.L. Yakubovich was a centurion Zhuravsky in 1708. Despite the fact that he participated in the transition of the Cossacks to the Swedes together with I. Mazepa's nephew I. writing letters to the Cossacks on behalf of the Polish and Swedish kings), he apparently did not suffer at all and retained his position. Why? Most likely, thanks to his wife - Praskovya Markovna Markich, the sister of the new all-powerful hetman Anastasia Skoropadskaya (Markovich) 59.

The fate of the Mazepians who were interrogated in Lebedin was much less favorable. Even N. Kostomarov noted that only a small part of the investigative cases carried out there survived. In particular - the clerk Dubyaga and the voyt of the Sheptakovskaya volost. Everyone was tortured, the fate of the first is unknown, the second was executed60. A certain clerk Grigory was exiled to Siberia61. In other words, Velichko had to fall under a terrible punitive machine, in which only those who had serious defenders survived.

We know for sure that, at least in 1712, Velichko was "in captivity." In the conditions of the wars with F. Orlik, the second wave of repressions fell upon the "Mazepa" people, and they seized everyone, including wives, decrepit mothers, sisters and other relatives. The documents about the exile to Siberia, as well as the lists of Ukrainian "prisoners" who were in Moscow, have survived quite well. Velichko is not among them. And in his chronicle there are no hints about Siberia or Moscow. Most likely, he remained under arrest somewhere in Ukraine - perhaps one of his former colleagues put in a word for him, but not significant enough to be finally released.

The date of liberation - 1715, named by P.G.Klepatsky, looks quite realistic. Then Velichko wrote the Chronicle in five years, which, although difficult, is possible. It was this year that became the time to ease the fate of the "Mazepa" people. D. Gorlenko was allowed to return to Russia. And on July 1, 1715, Velichko's former colleague, the clerk Ivan Chernysh, became the general judge and, possibly, completed his torment, helped his release62.

56 Archive of St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 83. Op. 1.D. 2759.Sheet 1.

57 Modzalevsky V.L. T. V Iss. 5. Kiev; SPb., 2004.S. 87.

58 Letters and papers ... T. 8. Issue. 2.P. 866.

59 Modzalevsky V.L. T. III. Kiev, 1912.S. 393.

60 Kostomarov N.I. Mazepa people // Ruins. Mazepa. Mazepa. M., 1996.S. 742; Efimenko P. The grave of the hetmans in the city of Lebedin // Kievskaya Starina. 1884. T. 8. No. 4. S. 693-695.

61 RGADA. F. 124. Little Russian affairs. Op. 1.D. 1709. No. 52.

62 Modzalevsky V.L. T. V Iss. 4. Kiev; SPb., 2004.S. 12.

I would like to note that the chronicle has no dedications (although the first title page has not survived to this day). Nevertheless, if the author often recalls VL Kochubei with a kind word, then he never mentions his son, whom historians consider Velichko to be the deliverer. He really lived on the Kochubei estates - Zhuki (1720) and Dikanka (1728), but this still does not prove that it was their patronage that he owed his salvation.

Another unreliable myth in Velichko's biography is the assertion that he taught Kochubei's children. Children of V.V. Kochubey were born after 1725 (with the exception of Ivan, who was a little younger). Therefore, Velichko's phrase from his "Cosmography" about the youths "who wrote in my writing" 63, most likely, should be interpreted as pupils-clerks who helped Velichko in his work.

Apparently, he never got a family and devoted his whole life to work, thanks to which he made his name immortal.

Article data

Abstract: This article examines the imaginary and true knowledge about the biography of the author of the famous Cossack chronicle Samoilo Velichko. Based on the analysis of historiography, the history of the emergence of myths is shown, as well as the most famous versions of Velichko's biography, in particular the circumstances of the termination of his service in the General Chancellery of the Zaporizhzhya Army. The author introduces new archival documents from the RGADA and the archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and presents his own interpretations of various facts. As a result, we get more accurate data about education, social origin, marital status, as well as about the "misfortune" that happened to Velichko and put an end to his career as a military clerk. Contrary to the opinion established in historiography, it can now be considered proven that Velichko did not lose his place after V. Kochubei's disgrace, but remained in the service until his capture in December 1708. Moreover, he was in the army of Hetman I. Mazepa after the last to the Swedes. A detailed analysis of the military campaign of November-December 1708 allows us to make an assumption about the circumstances of the "misfortune" that happened to S. Velichko. Most likely, he was taken prisoner in Romny, during the hasty retreat of the troops of I. Mazepa. In addition, the revealed documents testify to the existence of close ties between Velichko and Zaporozhye and, in particular, with the scribe G. Bovgulya. On the contrary, the myth is the assertion that S. Velichko taught the children of V. Kochubey.

Keywords: Cossack chronicles, S. Velichko, Ukraine, Ukrainian hetmanship, history of the Cossacks

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One of the most famous Cossack chronicles is the Chronicle of the Samovidts. The problems of authorship, the place of writing of this work have not been finally resolved. Until 1846, when this chronicle was not published on the initiative of Panteleimon Kulish by Osip Bodyansky, the work existed in a manuscript version. Having determined that this historical source was created by a contemporary of events, P. Kulish proposed to call it "The Chronicle of the Samovidets." The chronological framework of the chronicle is 1648-1702. The work is noticeably divided into two parts. The first is separate stories: "About the beginning of the Khmelnitsky war", "The war of 1648 itself", "The Zbarazh war of 1649 begins." And the second part is presented in the form of faulty records from the year 1650. The author rightly saw the cause of Khmelnitsky's war with the Commonwealth in social, national and religious oppression: “The ear and the cause of Khmelnitsky’s war are united from the Poles to Orthodoxy, persecution and the Cossack weighed down” (p. 45). The eyewitness emphasizes the nationwide character of the war, highlights the military talent of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, emphasizes his patriotism, courage, endurance and authority among the Cossacks. In fact, in historical prose, the Intercessor began the tradition of depicting the face of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

The author condemns the internecine war that was fought in Ukraine after the death of the hetman in 1657. He sympathizes with Y. Somkovi, I. Zolotarenko, I. Bogun. He favors M. Khanenko, and ill-disposed towards the Cossack leaders, in which selfish rather than state interests prevailed (V. Zolo-Tarenko, P. Teterya, I. Vygovsky). And although he tries to be objective and aloof from emotional assessments, he mercilessly ridicules his offender, D. Mnogogreshny, saying that he refuses the hetman's mace as “an old girl from a good groom” (p. 106). He also writes about him with a condemnation under 1669 that Demko, being the order hetman from Doroshenko, betrayed Bryukhovetsky. The Intercessor also condemns Ivan Samoilovich, who at first was kind and affectionate, and when he got rich, he got excited not only before the Cossacks, but also before the clergy. Mazepa describes him as a talented sovereign and a good commander. It should be noted that at that time it was I. Mazepa who was hetman in Ukraine.

Another researcher and publisher of the Chronicle of the Samovidets (1878) Orest Levitsky drew attention to the fact that the work was written on the Right Bank and the author could be the general treasurer of the Zaporizhzhya Army Roman Rakushka-Romanovsky. Later (1930) this hypothesis was developed by M. Petrovsky in the book “Essays on the History of Ukraine. Chronicle of the Samovidts ”, reinforcing this biography of this historical person from Nizhyn, who was a participant in many events and lived from 1623 to 1702, serving first in the army, and then as a priest. True, other hypotheses about the authorship of the chronicle also have a right to exist. M. Kostomarov believed that the general convoy Fyodor Korobka wrote the essay. M. Voznyak submitted a version that the author is the Korsun colonel Fyodor Kandyba. M. Andrusyak and L. Onishkevich talked about the authorship of Ivan Bihovts.

"Chronicle of the Gadyach Colonel Grigory Grabyanka" (1710) for one of its sources had the "Chronicle of the Samovidts". Grigory Grabyanka was educated at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Then he went the way of the Cossack foreman from the Gadyach centurion to the colonel, and wrote it down in the title of his chronicle. His work and civic activity confirmed the autonomous idea of ​​Ukraine. He died in 1737 in a sea battle near Ochakov during the Crimean campaign against the Tatars.

Another chronicle (about 50 lists) "The action of the prezil and from the beginning of the Poles bloody unprecedented battle of Bogdan Khmelnytsky, the hetman of Zaporozhye, from the Poles for the Most Clearest Poles Kings ... ... the year 1710 "is divided into three parts in terms of content. The first tells about events from the legendary origin of the Cossacks. The second deals with the war of liberation. And in the third - about the events that took place in Ukraine after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. The author did not witness the events of the war under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky and the times of the Ruins, therefore he used documentary facts from such historical sources as the Kiev Synopsis of the second half of the 18th century, the Polish historiography of V. Kokhanovsky, M. Cromer, M. Belsky, A. Gvagnini, M. Stryi - kovsky. He also turned to works of art - the poem "The Civil War" by S. Tvardovsky and oral folk art.

In the preface, Grigory Grabyanka, in the spirit of baroque poetics, declares that the goal of his work is not a selfish pursuit of fame, but general benefit. It encourages the author not to leave the glorious deeds of his native people in the ashes, but to show them to the world. Grigory Grabyanka, like Polish historians, derives the genealogy of the Cossacks from “his forefather Homer, grandson Noev” and from the Kozars (Khazars). The "Little Russian" people are descended from sketes and Alans. The interweaving of the historical and the fantastic also points to the aesthetics of the Baroque chronicle. The author seeks to remind the reader of the former Cossack glory, which was very important in the conditions of the gradual loss of autonomy by Ukraine.

One of the researchers of the chronicle, Yuri Lutsenko, suggested calling the work "a baroque historical novel." We are talking about a wide range of artistic means, about the introduction of verses, semi-legendary legends into the text of the historical narrative. Speaking about the baroque character of the work (this was also noted by M. Zerov in his time), modern researchers note the combination of symbolic and allegorical meanings of various characters with historical-realism, the use of contrast techniques, savoring naturalistic details, lush still lifes, unexpected metaphors and stringing of epithets. Drawing the image of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, Grabyanka idealizes the hero, using at the same time for example the legendary stories about the seizure of royal privileges in the Cherkasy colonel Barabash, about the construction of the Kodak fortress, the death and funeral of Bohdan Khmelnitsky.

P. Belous was right, noting that Grabyanka, being a supporter of the independence of Ukraine, built the characterization of historical figures of the second half of the 18th century according to the criterion of attitude to Muscovy. Therefore, V. Zolotarenko, Y. Somko, I. Samoilovich are credited to them as positive heroes. To the negative - I. Bryukhovetsky and P. Doroshenko. The Chronicle of Grabyanka served later, in the 19th century, to the writing of historical works by Yevgeny Grebenka and the introduction of the characters in the play "The Grace of God" by L. Staritskaya-Chernyakhovskaya at the beginning of the 20th century.

Chronicle of Samuil Velichko (1720). In 1991 he saw the light in translation to Val. Shevchuk's largest known Cossack chronicle - "Chronicle of Samuil Velichko" (1670-1728). It is known about the author that he was a military clerk, clerk general under Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Educated at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. After the execution of his patron, Vasily Kochubei, in 1708, by order of the Russian tsar, Velichko ended up in a St. Petersburg prison. He goes free after 7 years and settles on the Dikanka farm and in the village. Zhukakh in Poltava region, where he writes his chronicle. He earned his bread by teaching children. As an educated person, he had his own library and collected a collection of documents, which were used in writing the chronicle, in which the author captured the life of Ukraine from 1648 to 1700.

Among the sources of his work, he names the poem "Civil War" by S. Tvardovsky, the historical works of N. Stryikovsky, M. Kromer, the German historian S. Pufendorf and the works of Russian authors: Innokenty Gisel, Ioaniky Galyatovsky, Dmitry Tuptalo, Alexander Buchinsky-Yaskold. Placed in the second book of the chronicles of the poetry of Ivan Velichkovsky, Lazar Baranovich, satirical poems about Ivan Samoy-lovich (for more details, see the section "Literary sources" Tales of the Cossack wars by the Poles "as a factor of Velichko's baroque poetics" of the monograph "The Chronicle of Samuil Velichko as a phenomenon Ukrainian literary baroque. ”Sable).

The chronicle consists of four volumes. In the preface to the reader, the author says that his pen was "driven" by love for Ukraine and anxiety for its fate. He calls the Ukrainians a nation of Cossacks, a "Ukrainian Cossack nation." He is unfavorable to artisans (buildings, distillers, furriers), who tried to equalize in rights with the Cossacks.

Considering Velichkov's work against the background of world literature, V. A. Sobol notes: “With his work, S. Velichko joined in the development of the theme of ruin, death, destruction, which is popular in European baroque literature, but comprehended it in accordance with the national mentality, using traditional domestic, rooted in folklore and poetics of ancient Russian chronicles, by means ”(p. 310).

In this chronicle, for the first time in Ukrainian literature, systematized biographies of hetmans are presented. The central figure of Velichkov's work (as in other Cossack chronicles) is Bohdan Khmelnitsky. In idealizing the image of Khmelnytsky, the author relies on folklore. In the Tale, the hetman appears not only as a brilliant military leader, but also as a brilliant orator. He is brave, energetic, capable of decisive actions. Its important role in the war of liberation is emphasized. Velichko compares Khmelnytsky with the biblical Moses, repeatedly emphasizing that the hetman has a special mind given from God. As the well-known Ukrainian medievalist A. Mishanich rightly noted, in the Cossack chronicles Khmelnitsky acquires the features of an epic hero (p. 116). Bohdan Khmelnitsky is also praised in the speech of Samuil Zorka during the burial of the hetman. It is said that Khmelnytsky is a valiant leader who left an immortal glory in himself, for his shots shook Turkish fortresses and castles, the walls of Constantinople shook, and his efforts restored old Ukrainian rights and freedoms. The image of the legendary kosh chieftain of the Zaporizhzhya Army Ivan Sirko appears quite attractive in the annals, in which the influence of the Ukrainian folk-poetic tradition was especially affected.

Cossack chronicles of the 18th century.

A bright and unique page of the Ukrainian chronicle is the Cossack chronicles of the 17th-18th centuries. Their appearance was associated with the growth of the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people and the deployment of their liberation struggle against Polish oppression in the Ukrainian lands. The authors of the chronicles were the most educated representatives of the Cossack foremen, and the names of some of them have not yet been precisely established.

In form and content, the Cossack chronicles are close to historical works, since the authors, in addition to their own observations, used old chronicles, chronicles, diaries, historical works of contemporaries, available official documents, some of which have not survived to our time. This determined the special value of the Cossack chronicles as historical sources.

The Cossack chronicles were brought to life by the events of the liberation war led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the further struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people. Especially famous are the "Chronicle of the Samovidts", "The actions of the prezelny and from the beginning of the Poles, who broke the unprecedented battle of Bohdan Khmelnitsky" by Grigory Grabyanka, and others.
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The purpose of these chronicles is to glorify the heroic past of Ukraine.

On the basis of the "Cossack chronicles" new historical surveys were created, the most interesting being "A Brief Description of Little Russia" (1734). The "Cossack chronicles" can rightfully be considered political and journalistic treatises.

The chronicles of Samuil Wieliczka, Grigory Grabyanka, an unknown author, called the "Samovid" (eyewitness) and "Chronicler" of the Dvoretsky family were written in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. At 30-50 gᴦ. XVIII century was compiled "A short history of Little Russia", "Inscription about Little Russia" by Pokas, the chronicle of the general transport service Lizogub and the Chernigov chronicle. In 60-80 gᴦ. appeared ʼʼBrief description of the Cossack Little Russian peopleʼʼ of Simonovsky, Brief historical descriptionʼʼ of Kvitko. A little later, Ruban's chronicle, the "Historical Collection" of Lukomsky, and the anonymous chronicle "A short description of famous and memory worthy actions and cases ..." were compiled. The series ends with the "History of the Rus or Little Russia", attributed to Archbishop Georgy Konissky. Most of the listed works were very popular and were distributed in numerous handwritten copies. The “Cossack Chronicles” are a favorite subject of Ukrainian researchers, who see them as the origins of the formation of the modern national idea.

Cossack chronicle of the 18th century can be divided into two stages. To the first include the chronicles of Grabyanka, Wieliczka and Samovydets, which occupy a special place in Ukrainian historical literature. These chronicles continue the historical and literary traditions of the second half of the 17th century. in new historical conditions. These works by genre should be attributed to historical works, their authors took up literary activity after retiring from military service, and only the presentation of events by year corresponds to the style of the chronicles. In the second third of the 18th century. new trends are emerging. In addition to compiling other literary works, authors often introduce act material, attempts are made to critically interpret the text. It becomes common to describe the appearance of the documents used, the place of their storage, dates are offered, errors made earlier are corrected and the reliability of information is investigated by comparing various texts and their criticism (foreign sources). At the same time, the share of the author's text itself is increasing, including comments, generalizations and conclusions.

Secondly, the composition of the authors becomes socially homogeneous (Cossack foreman). Accordingly, the conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of the chronicles of the 18th century relate to the views of this particular social stratum. Most of the events described by the chroniclers relate to the history of the foremen and hetmans, while ordinary Cossacks are assigned the role of extras. The social differentiation of the Cossacks was accompanied by the convergence of the interests of the Cossack foremen and the Russian nobility, and, to some extent, a decrease in the level of their ethnic self-awareness.

Analysis of the Cossack chronicle of the middle of the 18th century. allows you to get important information about the processes taking place in the elite of the Ukrainian society at that time. The sources provide an opportunity to assess the level of opposition of the authors to the policy of the Russian government and the existence of their own concept of the development of their people.

The subject of the description is the same events, and based on the position of the author, the selection of specific facts and their assessment changed. Of fundamental importance for the topic under consideration are plots related to ideas about the early period of the history of the Ukrainian Cossack people, the Catholic and Uniate churches, the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky, the Hadyach agreements, Mazepa's transition to the side of Charles XII; assessment of attempts to restore the system of self-government in the early - mid-18th century.

Cossack chronicles of the 18th century. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Cossack chronicles of the 18th century." 2017, 2018.