The liar "Peter the First Romanov" - he is Anatoly. Tsar Peter the first was not Russian Peter 1 peeps

Three hundred and sixteen years ago, Peter the Great introduced the European chronology in Russia, throwing away the Slavic calendar in the "dustbin of history" on which it was 7208. Why did Peter the Great need to change the calendar and impoverish Russian history? Historians put forward a shocking hypothesis.

It was not Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov who canceled it at all, but an impostor who came from Europe to take his place. At the time of departure, Peter was 26 years old. He had a mole on his left cheek, wavy hair, and was slightly above average. This is clearly seen in the portraits of that time. The Tsar was well educated, loved everything Russian, knew the Bible and Old Church Slavonic texts by heart.

Evidence that Tsar Peter I was an impostor

After arriving from abroad (which took place two years later, instead of the planned two weeks, and only Menshikov returned with Peter as part of a delegation of twenty), the tsar looked outwardly completely different. According to eyewitnesses, he was about two meters tall (which was a great rarity at that time), there was not that very mole on his left cheek, there was hard straight hair.

He was also physically very strong and, in particular, demonstrated various skills that could hardly be acquired without participating, for example, in naval battles. Probably, this was a different person, and he was very different from the real Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov.

The man who returned from, although he had an outward resemblance to Peter, immediately puzzled his subjects with strange habits. He commanded to shave beards and dress in a Western manner. And he himself never put on his old clothes, including the regal vestments, probably because he did not fit the size.

The new Peter was over two meters tall, which at that time was very rare. Until the end of his days, he suffered from tropical fever, which in Europe was decidedly nowhere to catch. This is the disease of the southern seas. During the battles, he demonstrated a great experience of boarding combat, which can only be obtained by experience, and Peter had not participated in any naval battles before.

Returning to, Peter ordered to exile his legal wife Evdokia Lopukhina to a remote monastery, without even seeing her. But at the beginning of the journey, he often wrote her tender letters that have survived to this day: he consulted, swore of love and fidelity. And suddenly such a drastic change. Probably, the impostor feared that his royal wife would immediately notice the substitution and therefore first of all took care of its elimination.

Another albeit circumstantial evidence in favor of the impostor. The sovereign was gone for two years, and if Princess Sophia had plans to take the throne, she did not have a more convenient moment, but she did not make any attempts to do so. Only when she saw Peter returning from Europe, Sophia raises a rifle revolt, the reason for which was simple - the tsar was not real.

He was suppressed, and in fact, by force, the possibility of even discussing the topic that the king was a different person was eliminated.

Among the reforms of Peter who returned from Europe, historians see a number of measures that destroyed a number of cultural richest Russian traditions. Cancellation of measures of length and weight: sazhen, elbow, vershok. A ban on the cultivation of a number of agricultural crops, such as amaranth, which was the basis of Russian bread. The abolition of the Russian writing, which consisted of 151 characters and input, the forty-three-digit writing of Cyril and Methodius. Peter ordered to take everything to Petersburg and then burn them. He called on German professors who wrote a completely different Russian history.

What happened to the real Peter the first? According to historians, he was seized by the Jesuits and placed in a Swedish fortress. He managed to convey a letter to Karl 12 - the king of Sweden and he rescued him from captivity. Together they organized a campaign against the impostor. But the entire Jesuit-Masson brotherhood of Europe, called up to fight, together with the Russian troops, won a victory at Poltava. The real Russian Tsar Peter 1 was captured and placed away from the Bastille, where he later died. An iron mask was put on his face.

But why did you need such a complex and dangerous one with the substitution of the sovereign? Why was it necessary to try to erase Russian history at any cost? What was there that was so dangerous for Western Europe? Perhaps this can be explained very simply too. For many centuries the Germans had illegally occupied our lands and were very afraid that we would demand them back at any moment.

Peter I Alekseevich - the last Tsar of All Russia and the first Emperor of All Russia, one of the most prominent rulers of the Russian Empire. He was a real patriot of his state and did everything possible for its prosperity.

From his youth, Peter I showed great interest in different things, and was the first of the Russian tsars who made a long journey across the countries of Europe.

Thanks to this, he was able to accumulate a wealth of experience and carry out many important reforms that determined the direction of development in the 18th century.

In this article, we will consider in detail the features of Peter the Great, and pay attention to the traits of his personality, as well as his successes in the political arena.

Biography of Peter 1

Peter 1 Alekseevich Romanov was born on May 30, 1672 c. His father, Alexei Mikhailovich, was the king of the Russian Empire, and ruled it for 31 years.

Mother, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, was the daughter of a small local nobleman. Interestingly, Peter was the 14th son of his father and the first of his mother.

Childhood and adolescence of Peter I

When the future emperor was 4 years old, his father Aleksey Mikhailovich died, and Peter's elder brother, Fedor 3 Alekseevich, was on the throne.

The new tsar took up the education of little Peter, ordering him to be taught various sciences. Since at that time a struggle was waged against foreign influence, his teachers were Russian clerks who did not have deep knowledge.

As a result, the boy did not manage to get a proper education, and he wrote with errors until the end of his days.

However, it is worth noting that Peter I managed to compensate for the shortcomings of basic education with rich practical lessons. Moreover, the biography of Peter I is remarkable precisely for his fantastic practice, and not for his theory.

The story of Peter 1

Six years later, Fedor 3 died, and his son Ivan was to ascend to the Russian throne. However, the legal heir turned out to be a very sickly and weak child.

Taking advantage of this, the Naryshkin family, in fact, organized a coup. Enlisting the support of Patriarch Joachim, the Naryshkins made young Peter king the very next day.

However, the Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan, declared the illegality of such a transfer of power and the infringement of their own rights.

As a result, in 1682, the famous Streletsky revolt took place, as a result of which two tsars, Ivan and Peter, were on the throne at the same time.

From that moment on, many significant events took place in the biography of the young autocrat.

It is worth emphasizing here that from an early age the boy was fond of military affairs. By his order, fortifications were built, and real military equipment was used in staged battles.

Peter 1 put on uniforms on his peers and marched with them along the city streets. Interestingly, he himself acted as the drummer in front of his regiment.

After the formation of his own artillery, the king created a small "fleet". Even then, he wanted to dominate the sea and lead his ships into battle.

Tsar Peter 1

As a teenager, Peter 1 was not yet able to fully manage the state, so his half-sister Sofya Alekseevna was regent with him, and then his mother Natalya Naryshkina.

In 1689, Tsar Ivan officially transferred all power to his brother, as a result of which Peter 1 became the only full-fledged head of state.

After the death of his mother, his relatives, the Naryshkins, helped him to manage the empire. However, the autocrat soon freed himself from their influence and began to independently rule the empire.

The reign of Peter 1

From that time, Peter 1 stopped playing war games, and instead began to develop real plans for future military campaigns. He continued to wage war in the Crimea against, and also repeatedly organized the Azov campaigns.

As a result, he managed to take the Azov fortress, which was one of the first military successes in his biography. Then Peter 1 began to build the port of Taganrog, although there was still no fleet as such in the state.

From that time on, the emperor set himself the goal of creating a strong fleet at all costs in order to have an impact on the sea. For this, he made sure that young nobles could learn ship craft in European countries.

It is worth noting that Peter I himself also learned to build ships, working as an ordinary carpenter. Because of this, he gained great respect among ordinary people who watched him work for the good of Russia.

Even then, Peter the Great saw many shortcomings in the state system and was preparing for serious reforms that would forever write his name in.

He studied the state structure of the largest European countries, trying to learn from them all the best.

During this period of the biography, a conspiracy was drawn up against Peter 1, as a result of which a streltsy uprising was to take place. However, the king was able to suppress the riot in time and punish all the conspirators.

After a long confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, Peter the Great decided to sign a peace agreement with it. After that, he started a war with.

He managed to capture several fortresses at the mouth of the Neva River, on which the glorious city of Peter the Great will be built in the future.

Wars of Peter the Great

After a series of successful military campaigns, Peter the Great managed to open an exit to what would later be called the “window to Europe”.

Meanwhile, the military power of the Russian Empire was constantly growing, and the fame of Peter the Great was worn throughout Europe. Soon the Eastern Baltic was annexed to Russia.

In 1709, the famous one took place, in which the Swedish and Russian armies fought. As a result, the Swedes were completely defeated, and the remnants of the troops were taken prisoner.

By the way, this battle is superbly described in the famous poem "Poltava". Here's a snippet:

There was that vague time
When Russia is young
In struggles, straining strength,
She grew up with the genius of Peter.

It is worth noting that Peter 1 himself took part in the battles, showing courage and courage in battle. By his example, he inspired the Russian army, which was ready to fight for the emperor to the last drop of blood.

Studying the relationship of Peter with the soldiers, one cannot but recall the famous story about the negligent soldier. More on this.

An interesting fact is that at the height of the Battle of Poltava, an enemy bullet shot through Peter I's hat, passing a few centimeters from the head. This once again proved the fact that the autocrat was not afraid to risk his life for the sake of defeating the enemy.

However, numerous military campaigns not only took the lives of valiant warriors, but also depleted the country's military resources. It got to the point that the Russian Empire found itself in a situation where it was required to simultaneously fight on 3 fronts.

This forced Peter 1 to reconsider his views on foreign policy and make a number of important decisions.

He signed a peace agreement with the Turks, agreeing to give them back the Azov fortress. By making such a sacrifice, he was able to save many human lives and military equipment.

After some time, Peter the Great began to organize campaigns to the east. Their result was the annexation of such cities as Semipalatinsk and.

Interestingly, he even wanted to organize military expeditions to North America and India, but these plans never came true.

But Peter the Great was able to brilliantly carry out the Caspian campaign against Persia, having conquered Derbent, Astrabad and many fortresses.

After his death, most of the conquered territories were lost, since their maintenance was not profitable for the state.

Reforms of Peter 1

Throughout his biography, Peter 1 implemented many reforms aimed at the good of the state. Interestingly, he became the first Russian ruler to call himself emperor.

The most important reforms concerned military affairs. In addition, it was during the reign of Peter 1 that the church began to submit to the state, which had never happened before.

The reforms of Peter the Great promoted development and trade, as well as a move away from outdated lifestyles.

For example, he taxed the wearing of a beard, wishing to impose European standards of appearance on the boyars. And although this caused a wave of discontent on the part of the Russian nobility, they still obeyed all his decrees.

Every year, medical, naval, engineering and other schools were opened in the country, in which not only the children of officials, but also ordinary peasants could study. Peter the Great introduced a new Julian calendar, which is still used today.

While in Europe, the king saw many beautiful paintings that boggled his imagination. As a result, upon his arrival in his homeland, he began to provide financial support to artists in order to stimulate the development of Russian culture.

In fairness, it must be said that Peter I was often criticized for the violent method of implementing these reforms. In fact, he forcibly forced people to change their thinking, as well as carry out projects conceived by him.

One of the most striking examples of this is the construction of St. Petersburg, which was carried out in the most difficult conditions. Many people could not stand such loads and ran away.

Then the families of the fugitives were imprisoned and stayed there until the perpetrators returned back to the construction site.

Soon Peter 1 formed a body of political investigation and court, which was transformed into the Secret Chancellery. Anyone was forbidden to write in closed rooms.

If anyone knew about such a violation and did not report it to the king, he was subjected to the death penalty. Using such harsh methods, Peter tried to fight anti-government conspiracies.

Personal life of Peter 1

In his youth, Peter 1 loved to be in the German Quarter, enjoying a foreign company. It was there that he first saw a German woman, Anna Mons, with whom he immediately fell in love.

His mother was against his relationship with a German woman, so she insisted that he marry Evdokia Lopukhina. An interesting fact is that Peter did not contradict his mother, and took Lopukhina as his wife.

Of course, in this forced marriage, their family life could not be called happy. They had two boys: Alexey and Alexander, the last of whom died in early childhood.

Alexei was to become the legal heir to the throne after Peter 1. However, due to the fact that Evdokia tried to overthrow her husband from the throne and transfer power to her son, everything turned out completely differently.

Lopukhina was imprisoned in a monastery, and Alexei had to flee abroad. It is worth noting that Alexei himself never approved of his father's reforms, and even called him a despot.

In 1717, Alexei was found and arrested, and then sentenced to death for participating in a conspiracy. However, he died while still in prison, and under very mysterious circumstances.

Having dissolved his marriage with his wife, in 1703 Peter the Great became interested in 19-year-old Katerina (nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya). A whirlwind romance began between them, which lasted for many years.

Over time, they got married, but even before marriage, she gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709) from the emperor. Elizabeth later became empress (ruled 1741-1761)

Katerina was a very intelligent and perceptive girl. She alone managed, with the help of affection and patience, to calm the king when he had acute attacks of headache.

They were officially married only in 1712. After that, they had 9 more children, most of whom died at an early age.

Peter the Great truly loved Katerina. In her honor, the Order of St. Catherine was established and a city in the Urals was named. The name of Catherine I also bears the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (built under her daughter Elizabeth Petrovna).

Soon, another woman, Maria Cantemir, appeared in the biography of Peter 1, who remained the favorite of the emperor until the end of his life.

It is worth noting that Peter the Great was very tall - 203 cm. At that time he was considered a real giant, and was a cut above everyone else.

However, the size of his legs did not match his height at all. The autocrat wore shoes of size 39 and was very narrow at the shoulders. As an additional support, he always carried a cane with him on which he could lean.

Death of Peter

Despite the fact that outwardly Peter 1 seemed to be a very strong and healthy person, in fact he suffered from migraine attacks throughout his life.

In the last years of his life, he also began to suffer from kidney stones, to which he tried not to pay attention.

At the beginning of 1725, the pains became so severe that he could no longer get out of bed. His health deteriorated every day, and his suffering became unbearable.

Peter 1 Alekseevich Romanov died on January 28, 1725 in the Winter Palace. The official cause of his death was pneumonia.

However, an autopsy showed that death was due to inflammation of the bladder, which soon developed into gangrene.

Peter the Great was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, and his wife Catherine I became the heir to the Russian throne.

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One of the reasons that caused the appearance of the version about the substitution of Tsar Peter I was the research of A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky

The beginning of these studies was the findings made during the study of an exact copy of the throne of Ivan the Terrible. In those days, the zodiac signs of the current rulers were placed on the thrones. Thanks to the study of the signs placed on the throne of Ivan the Terrible, scientists have found that the actual date of his birth differs from the official version by four years.

Scientists compiled a table of the names of Russian tsars and their days of birth, and thanks to this table, it was revealed that the official birthday of Peter I does not coincide with the day of his angel, which is a glaring contradiction in comparison with all the names of Russian tsars. After all, names in Russia at baptism were given exclusively according to the calendar, and the name given to Peter breaks the established centuries-old tradition, which in itself does not fit into the framework and laws of that time.

Photo by Stan Shebs from wikimedia.org

A. Fomenko and G. Nosovsky, on the basis of the table, found out that the real name, which falls on the official date of birth of Peter I, is Isaac. This explains the name of the main cathedral of tsarist Russia. For example, the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary says: “Isaac's Cathedral is the main church in St. Petersburg, dedicated to the name of St. Isaac of Dalmatsky, whose memory is commemorated on May 30, the birthday of Peter the Great. "

Image from the site lib.rus.ec

Let's consider the following obvious historical facts. Their combination shows a fairly clear picture of the substitution of a real Peter I for a foreigner:

1. An Orthodox ruler who wore traditional Russian clothing left Russia for Europe. Two surviving portraits of the tsar of that time depict Peter I in a traditional caftan. The tsar wore a caftan even during his stay at shipyards, which confirms his adherence to traditional Russian customs. After the end of his stay in Europe, a man returned to Russia who wore exclusively European-style clothes, and in the future, the new Peter I never put on Russian clothes, including the attribute obligatory for the tsar - the tsar's vestments. This fact is difficult to explain with the official version of a sudden change in lifestyle and the beginning of adherence to the European canons of development.

2. There are pretty good reasons for doubting the difference between the body structure of Peter I and the impostor. According to accurate data, the growth of the impostor Peter I was 204 cm, while the real tsar was shorter and denser. It should be noted that the height of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, was 170 cm, and his grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was also of average height. The difference in height of 34 cm is very much out of the general picture of real kinship, especially since at that time people more than two meters tall were considered an extremely rare phenomenon. Indeed, even in the middle of the 19th century, the average height of Europeans was 167 cm, and the average height of Russian recruits at the beginning of the 18th century was 165 cm, which fits into the general anthropometric picture of that time. The difference in height between the real king and the false Peter also explains the refusal to wear royal clothes: it simply did not fit the newly-appeared impostor.

3. The portrait of Peter I by Godfried Kneller, which was created during the Tsar's stay in Europe, clearly shows a distinct mole. In later portraits, the mole is absent. It is difficult to explain this by the inaccurate works of portrait painters of that time: after all, portrait painting of those years was distinguished by the highest level of realism.

4. Returning after a long trip to Europe, the newly-minted tsar did not know about the location of the richest library of Ivan the Terrible, although the secret of finding the library was passed from tsar to tsar. So, Princess Sophia knew where the library was and visited it, and the new Peter made repeated attempts to find the library and did not even hesitate to excavate: after all, the library of Ivan the Terrible kept rare editions that could shed light on many secrets of history.

5. An interesting fact is the composition of the Russian embassy that went to Europe. The number of those accompanying the king was 20 people, while the embassy was headed by A. Menshikov. And the returned embassy consisted, with the exception of Menshikov, only of Dutch nationals. Moreover, the duration of the trip has increased many times over. The embassy, ​​together with the tsar, went to Europe for two weeks, and returned only after two years of stay.

6. Returning from Europe, the new tsar did not meet with either his relatives or his inner circle. And subsequently, in a short time, he got rid of his closest relatives in various ways.

7. The archers - the guards and the elite of the tsarist army - suspected that something was wrong and did not recognize the impostor. The outbreak of the streltsy revolt was brutally suppressed by Peter. But the archers were the most advanced and efficient military units that faithfully served the Russian tsars. Sagittarius became hereditary, which indicates the highest level of these units.

Image from swordmaster.org

Characteristically, the scale of the destruction of the archers was more global than according to official sources. At that time, the number of archers reached 20,000 people, and after the suppression of the rifle revolt, the Russian army was left without infantry, after which a new recruitment of recruits and a complete reorganization of the active army were made. A notable fact is that in honor of the suppression of the rifle revolt, a commemorative medal was issued with inscriptions in Latin, which had never been used before in minting coins and medals in Russia.

Image from oboudnoda.org

8. The lawful wife of Evdokia Lopukhina was imprisoned in a monastery, which the tsar did in absentia while at the Grand Embassy in London. Moreover, after the death of Peter, Lopukhina, by order of Catherine I, was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress, which was famous for its harsh conditions of detention. Subsequently, Peter would marry Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya-Kruse from the lower classes, who after his death would become Empress Catherine I.

Image from wikimedia.org

Now let us consider what the greatest steps the newly-minted tsar took for Russia.

All official versions claim that Peter I was the greatest reformer who laid the foundations for the formation of the most powerful Russian Empire. In fact, the main activity of the impostor was reduced to the destruction of the foundations of the former statehood and spirituality of the people. Among the most famous great "deeds" of Peter, there are both well-known and little-known facts testifying to the true appearance and reforms of the new tsar.

- Introduction of the Russian form of slavery- serfdom, which completely restricts the rights of peasants both in the old and conquered lands. In one form or another, the consolidation of the peasants has existed since the 15th century, but Peter I carried out a tough reform in relation to the peasants, completely depriving them of their rights. A remarkable fact is the fact that serfdom was not widespread either in the Russian North or in Siberia.

- Carrying out tax reform with the introduction of the most severe tax system. At the same time, the replacement of small silver money for copper money began. Having created the Ingermanland Chancellery, headed by Menshikov, Peter introduced ruinous taxes, which included taxes on private fishing, wearing a beard, and baths. Moreover, adherents of the old rituals were taxed twice, which served as an additional incentive for the resettlement of Old Believers to the most remote places of Siberia.

- Introduction in Russia of a new chronology system, which put an end to the countdown of time "from the creation of the world." This innovation had a strong negative impact and became an additional incentive for the gradual eradication of the original Old Believer faith.

- Transfer of the capital from Moscow to the built St. Petersburg. Mention of Moscow as the most ancient sacred place is found in many sources, including Daniil Andreev in his work "The Rose of the World". The change in the capital also served to weaken spirituality and diminish the role of merchants in Russia.

Destruction of ancient Russian chronicles and the beginning of rewriting the history of Russia with the help of German professors. This activity has acquired a truly gigantic scale, which explains the minimum number of preserved historical documents.

- Rejection of Russian writing, which consisted of 151 characters, and the introduction of the new alphabet of Cyril and Methodius, which consisted of 43 characters. With this, Peter dealt a severe blow to the traditions of the people and cut off access to ancient written sources.

- Cancellation of Russian measures of measurement, such as fathoms, elbow, vershok, which subsequently caused dramatic changes in traditional Russian architecture and art.

- Reducing the influence of the merchants and the development of the industrial estate, who was given gigantic powers, right up to the creation of his own pocket armies.

- The most brutal military expansion to Siberia, which became the forerunner of the final destruction of Great Tartary. At the same time, a new religion was planted on the conquered lands, and the lands were subject to the most severe taxes. At the time of Peter, there was also the peak of the plundering of Siberian burials, the destruction of holy places and local clergy. It was during Peter's rule in Western Siberia that numerous detachments of muggers appeared, who, in search of gold and silver, opened old burials and plundered holy and sacred places. Many of the most valuable "finds" made up the famous collection of Scythian gold of Peter I.

- Destruction of the system of Russian self-government- zemstvos and the transition to a bureaucratic system, which, as a rule, was headed by hirelings from Western Europe.

- The most severe repressions against the Russian clergy, the actual destruction of Orthodoxy. The scale of repression against the clergy was global. One of the most significant punishers of Peter was his close associate Jacob Bruce, who became famous for his punitive expeditions to the Old Believer monasteries and the destruction of old church books and property.

- The widespread distribution of drugs in Russia rapidly and persistently addictive - alcohol, coffee and tobacco.

- A complete ban on the cultivation of amaranth from which both butter and bread were made. This plant contributes not only to improving human health, but also extends life by 20-30%.

- The introduction of the system of provinces and the strengthening of the punitive role of the army. Often, the right to collect taxes was placed directly in the hands of generals. And each province was obliged to maintain separate military units.

- The actual ruin of the population. So, A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky indicate that according to the census of 1678, 791,000 households were subject to taxation. And the general census, carried out in 1710, showed only 637,000 households, and this despite a fairly large number of lands subordinated to Russia during this period. It is characteristic, but this only influenced the strengthening of tax taxes. So, in the provinces, where the number of households was decreasing, taxes were collected according to the data of the old census, which led to the actual plundering and destruction of the population.

- Peter I distinguished himself by his atrocities in the Ukraine. So, in 1708, the hetman's capital, the city of Baturin, was completely plundered and destroyed. The bloody massacre killed more than 14,000 people out of the city's 20,000 inhabitants. At the same time, Baturin was almost completely destroyed and burned, and 40 churches and monasteries were plundered and desecrated.

Contrary to popular belief, Peter I was by no means a great military leader: de facto he has not won a single significant war. The only "successful" campaign can be considered only the Northern War, which was rather sluggish and lasted for 21 years. This war caused irreparable damage to the financial system of Russia and led to the actual impoverishment of the population.

One way or another, all the atrocities of Peter, called in the official versions of history "reformatory activities", were aimed at the complete eradication of both the culture and faith of the Russian people, and the culture and religion of the peoples living in the annexed territories. In fact, the newly-born tsar caused irreparable damage to Russia, completely changing its culture, way of life and customs.

Peter I - the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage with Natalia Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter was educated at home, from a young age he knew German, then he studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace craftsmen (carpentry, lathe, weapons, blacksmith, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.

In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of the childless, bypassing his half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife - the Miloslavskys used the Strelets uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, the followers and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared "senior" tsar, and Peter was declared "younger" tsar under the ruler Sophia.

Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Here, out of his peers, Peter formed "amusing regiments" - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the tsarevich met the son of the court groom, Alexander Menshikov, who later became the "right hand" of the emperor.

In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sophia Alekseevna, who was striving for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news of Sophia's preparation for a palace coup, Peter hastily left the Preobrazhensky monastery for the Trinity-Sergius monastery, where his loyal troops and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, assembled by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her entourage was exiled or executed.

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became the autocratic tsar.

Possessing a strong will, purposefulness and great efficiency, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, paying special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first overseas trip, he completed a full course of artillery sciences in Konigsberg, worked as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland) for six months, studying ship architecture and drawing plans, completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.

By order of Peter I, books, devices, weapons were purchased abroad, foreign masters and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

During the years of his reign, Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backwardness of Russia from the advanced countries of the West. The transformations affected all spheres of public life. Peter I expanded the ownership rights of landowners over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with a capitation tax, issued a decree on possessory peasants, which were allowed to be acquired by the owners of manufactories, practiced mass assignment of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, mobilizing peasants and townspeople into the army, and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on single inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer immovable property to one of the sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank production in the military and civil service, not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit.

Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactures, communications, domestic and foreign trade.

The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were an important step towards the transformation of the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic and noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), instead of orders, collegia were established (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by the "fiscal" (1711), and then by the prosecutors headed by the Attorney General. To replace the patriarchate, the Spiritual Collegium, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. The administrative reform was of great importance. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodeships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces were established, headed by governors. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.

As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, generals and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the 18th century. Strengthening Russia's military power and enhancing its role in the international arena was his life's work. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Russian troops occupied Azov, and Russia fortified on the shores of the Azov Sea. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia, under the leadership of Peter I, achieved complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku retreated to Russia.

Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, and outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.

Peter I also carried out major reforms in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), and the Medical-Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Maritime Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at colleges were established, the first Russian museum, the Kunstkamera (1719), with a public library was opened. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the chronology from the "Nativity of Christ", and not from the "Creation of the world".

By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, the Far East, Siberia, the beginning of a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping.

Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina and to Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had from the first marriage a son Alexei and from the second - daughters Anna and Elizabeth (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).

Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

There is a rather interesting story that when the writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy was working on his novel "Peter the First", he was faced with the rather unusual fact that the greatest of Russian monarchs, the pride of the Romanov family, has nothing to do with either the surname or Russian nationality in general!

This fact greatly excited the writer, and he, taking advantage of his acquaintance with another great dictator, and remembering the fate of other, careless writers, decided to turn to him for advice, especially since the information was in some sense close enough to the leader.

The information was provocative and ambiguous, Alexei Nikolaevich brought a document to Stalin, namely a certain letter, which clearly testified that Peter I by his origin was not Russian at all, as was previously thought, but Georgian!

Remarkably, Stalin was not at all surprised by such an unusual incident. Moreover, after reading the documents, he asked Tolstoy to conceal this fact, so as not to give him the opportunity to become public, arguing his desire quite simply: "Let's leave them at least one" Russian "that they can be proud of!"

And after recommending that the document, which Tolstoy inherited, be destroyed. The act, it would seem, is strange, if we remember that Joseph Vissarionovich himself was a Georgian by birth. But if you look at it, it is absolutely logical from the point of view of the position of the leader of the peoples, since it is known that Stalin considered himself Russian! How else would he call himself the leader of the Russian people?

The information after this meeting, it would seem, should have been buried forever, but no offense to Alexei Nikolaevich, but he, like any writer, was an extremely sociable person, was told to a narrow circle of acquaintances, and there, according to the principle of a snowball, it was spread like a virus through to all the minds of the intelligentsia of that time.

What was this letter that should have disappeared? Most likely, we are talking about a letter from Daria Archilovna Bagration-Mukhranskaya, the daughter of the king of Imereti Archil II, to her cousin, the daughter of the Mingrelian prince Dadiani.

The letter refers to a certain prophecy she heard from the Georgian queen: “My mother told me about a certain Matveyev, who had a prophetic dream, in which Saint George the Victorious appeared to him and told him: You are elected, inform the Tsar that in Muscovy a "KING OF KINGS" must be born who will make her a great empire. He is supposed to be born from the new Orthodox Tsar of Iveron from the tribe of David as the Mother of God. And the daughter of Kirill Naryshkin, with a pure heart. Having disobeyed this command - to be a great pestilence. The will of God is the will ”.

The prophecy clearly hinted at the urgent need for such an event, but another problem could really serve such a turn of events.

The beginning of the end of the Romanov surname

To understand the reasons for such a written appeal, it is necessary to turn to history and remember that the Muscovite kingdom at that time was a kingdom without a tsar, and the acting tsar, monarch Alexei Mikhailovich, could not cope with the role assigned to him.

In fact, the country was ruled by prince Miloslavsky, mired in palace intrigues, a swindler and adventurer.

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Matveyev's plan was simple: it was necessary to help the tsar get rid of his kinship with the Miloslavskys and to elevate "his" heir to the throne ...

So in March 1669, after giving birth, the wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya - died.

After that, it was Matveyev who married Alexei Mikhailovich to the Crimean Tatar princess Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, the daughter of the Crimean Tatar murza Ismail Narysh, who at that time lived in Moscow and for convenience bore the name Cyril, which was quite convenient for the pronunciation of the local nobility.

It remained to resolve the issue with the heir, since the children born of the first wife were as frail as the tsar himself, and hardly posed a threat in Matveyev's opinion.

In other words, as soon as the king was married to Princess Naryshkina, the question arose about the heir, and since at that time the king was seriously ill and physically weak, and his children turned out to be frail, it was decided to find a replacement for him, and it was here that the conspirators fell on the arm of the Georgian prince ...

Who is Peter's father?

In fact, there are two theories, two great Georgian princes from the Bagration clan are spelled out in Peter's fathers, these are:

Archil II (1647-1713) - the king of Imereti (1661-1663, 1678-1679, 1690-1691, 1695-1696, 1698) and Kakheti (1664-1675), poet-lyric poet, the eldest son of the king of Kartli Vakhtang V. One of founders of the Georgian colony in Moscow.

Irakli I (Nazarali-Khan; 1637 or 1642 - 1709) - king of Kartli (1688-1703), king of Kakheti (1703-1709). The son of Tsarevich David (1612-1648) and Elena Diasamidze (d. 1695), grandson of the King of Kartli and Kakheti Teimuraz I.

And in fact, after conducting a small investigation, I have to bow that it was Heraclius who could become the father, because it was Heraclius who was in Moscow at a time suitable for the conception of the tsar, and Archil moved to Moscow only in 1681.

Tsarevich Irakli was known in Russia under a more convenient name for the local people Nikolai and patronymic Davydovich. Heraclius was a close associate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and even at the wedding of the tsar and the Tatar princess, he was appointed to the tysyatsky, that is, the main manager of the wedding celebrations.

It is fair to say that the duties of tysyatsky also included becoming the godfather of the married couple. But by the will of fate, the Georgian Tsarevich helped the Tsar of Moscow not only with the choice of a name for the first-born, but also with the conception of it.

At the christening of the future emperor, in 1672, Irakli fulfilled his duty and named the baby Peter, and in 1674 left Russia, taking the throne of the principality of Kakheti, however, to obtain this title he had to convert to Islam.

Second version, dubious

According to the second version, the father of the future autocrat in 1671 was the Imeretian king Archil II, who had been staying at court for several months and fled from the pressure of Persia, who was practically forced to visit the princess's bedroom under pressure, convincing him that, according to divine providence, his participation was necessary in extremely a godly deed, namely, the conception of "the one who was expected."

Perhaps it was the dream of the practically holy man Matveyev that forced the noblest Orthodox Tsar to enter the young princess.

Peter's relationship with Archil can be evidenced by the fact that the official heir to the Georgian monarch, Prince Alexander, became the first general of the Russian army of Georgian origin, served with Peter in amusing regiments and died for the emperor in Swedish captivity.

And the other children of Archil: Matthew, David and sister Daria (Darzhen) received from Peter such preferences as lands in Russia, and were treated kindly to them in every possible way. In particular, the fact is known that Peter went to celebrate his victory in the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye, the area of ​​the present Sokol, to his sister Daria!

Also associated with this period in the life of the country is a wave of mass migration to Moscow of the Georgian elite. As proof of the kinship of the Georgian tsar Archil II and Peter I, they also cite the fact captured in the monarch's letter to the Russian princess Naryshkina, in which he writes: "How is our rascal?"

Although "our rascal" can be said about Tsarevich Nicholas, and about Peter, as a representative of the Bagration family. The second version is also supported by the fact that Peter I was surprisingly similar to the Imeretian king Archil II. Both were truly gigantic for that time in growth, with identical facial features and characters, although the same version can be used as proof of the first, since the Georgian princes were in direct kinship.

Everyone knew and everyone was silent

It seems that everyone knew about the king's relatives at that time. So Princess Sophia wrote to Prince Golitsyn: "You cannot give power to a Basurman!"

Peter's mother, Natalya Naryshkina, was also terribly afraid of what she had done, and repeatedly declared: "He cannot be a king!"

Yes, and the king himself at the moment when the Georgian princess was wooed for him, declared publicly: "I will not marry namesakes!"

Visual similarity, no other evidence needed

This is a must see. Remember from history: not a single Moscow tsar was distinguished by either height or Slavic appearance, but Peter is the most special of them.

According to historical documents, Peter I was quite tall even by current measures, since his height reached two meters, but what is strange - he wore shoes in size 38, and the size of his clothes was 48! But, nevertheless, it was precisely these features that he inherited from his Georgian relatives, since this description exactly matched the Bagration family. Peter was a pure European!

But not even visually, but in character, Peter definitely did not belong to the Romanov family, in all his habits he was a real Caucasian.

Yes, he inherited the unthinkable cruelty of the Moscow tsars, but this feature could have gone to him on the maternal side, since their whole family was more Tatar than Slavic, and it was this trait that gave him the opportunity to turn the fragment of the horde into a European state.

Conclusion

Peter I was not Russian, but was a Russian, because despite his not entirely correct origin, he was nevertheless of royal blood, but did not go back to the Romanov family, much less to the Ruriks.

Perhaps it was not his Horde origin that made him a reformer and real emperor, who turned the county Horde principality of Muscovy into the Russian Empire, even if he had to borrow the history of one of the occupied territories, but we will tell about this in the next story.

InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively of foreign mass media and do not reflect the position of the InoSMI editorial board.