Social policy of the state in relation to students. On the specifics of social protection of students. Problems of the development of social policy in Russia

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Plan

Introduction

1. General characteristics of students as a socially significant group

2. Problems of modern students

3. Social protection of students

4. The role of the state in solving student problems

Conclusion

List of used literature and sources

Introduction

Today, thanks to the commercialization and at the same time the great growth of the attractiveness of higher education, a significant part of the youth is students. Not being a productive part of the population and practically not participating in the production of goods and services, it thus practically does not have independent material sources of its livelihood, being dependent on its parents and the system of social protection and support.

The life of a modern student takes place in difficult conditions, in a situation of socio-economic transformations. Simultaneously with their educational activities, students try to realize themselves in the professional sphere. The most difficult thing in this situation is for the humanities. They are forced to look for additional earnings, engaging in unskilled activities and often not in their specialty.

The instability of the economic situation as a result of the transition from the socialist to the market system in our country has to a certain extent reduced the social protection mechanisms regulated by the state and society. To a large extent, this is reflected in today's Russian youth, who are experiencing various problems: where to get the funds for entering and studying at a university, for housing, where and how to get a job after graduation, etc.?

After all, student life, in general, is similar: everyone has lectures, sessions, tests, exams ... Therefore, students face the same problems.

1. General characteristics of the student bodyas a socially significant group

The student body, being an integral part of youth, is a specific social group characterized by special conditions of life, work and everyday life, social behavior and psychology, and a system of value orientations. For its representatives, preparation for future activities in the chosen sphere of material or spiritual production is the main, although not the only, occupation. As a social group, the student body is an association of young people with certain socially significant aspirations and tasks.

Students do not occupy an independent place in the production system, student status is deliberately temporary, and the social status of students and their specific problems are determined by the nature of the social system and are concretized depending on the level of socio-economic and cultural development of the country, including the national characteristics of the higher education system.

A socially significant feature of the student body is also an intense search for the meaning of life, a striving for new ideas and progressive transformations in society. These aspirations are positive. However, due to the lack of life (social) experience, the surface in assessing a number of life phenomena, some students from fair criticism of shortcomings can go on to thoughtless criticism. student body social economic

The provision that the main criterion of social maturity is the achievement of economic independence, the acquisition of a stable profession, is still not sufficient. The formation of social maturity is a multidimensional process of the gradual inclusion of young people in social life: the completion of education, the acquisition of a stable profession, labor activity, the ability to perform organizational and leadership functions, the fulfillment of military duties, the presence of political rights, responsibility before the law, the ability to marry and raise children, and etc.

This is one of the final stages of the process of personality formation, during which the individual, assimilating social experience, acquires the appropriate social qualities and prepares himself for entering social life as its active force. Achieving the social maturity of an individual is an indicator of his ability to perform the necessary social functions in society. Social maturity is the main stage of human life, which includes the period of the most active labor and socio-political activity, the stage of maximum manifestation of the creative activity of the individual.

Sociological studies do not always take into account that the student years are a completely independent stage in a person's life, during which he has and forms his own development environment, participates in such activities that today act as personality-forming factors and determines the model of social behavior of this social groups. Among the indicators of the status of students, one can distinguish a group of descriptive ones (gender, place of residence before university, education of parents) and acquired, achieved by a person by the present moment of his life. The distribution of the student body by sex has remained almost unchanged for many years: about 43% are boys and 57%. Naturally, the predominance of young men in technical universities and girls among future humanities students.

A feature of modern students is that the process of their inclusion in public life goes not only through educational activities and professional training, but also through the formation of independent material and living conditions, new forms of manifestation of their own activity and through the choice of forms of social interaction. The process of formation of financial, property and housing status by young people, independent of their parents, has two "nodal points": 16-17 years old, when more or less massive inclusion in adult economic life begins, and 21-22 years, when the first experience in the implementation of material and household intentions of the student body.

How successful are the attempts of modern students to acquire their own material and everyday status? The main source of income for students is still help from parents and relatives. 6% of the surveyed students do not have family support at all, and one in five, without denying that it exists, simply does not consider it essential. The second most important source is the scholarship, but its size is such that only 1/3 of students can name it as the main source of livelihood (the differences between universities are insignificant here).

It is very difficult to talk about the social status of students depending on the social affiliation of the parents in the context of the re-composition of the entire social structure. In sociological research, the only sign was taken as a basis - education, the connection of which with the factor of choosing a university was always strong. More important are those status characteristics that are formed during the period of study at the university. It is at this stage that the differentiation of students takes place, associated with their own activity in educational, research, socially useful, economic activities. The study of this differentiation is important because its structure partly predetermines the future social status of specialists and is a prototype of the distribution of the population group with higher education in the social structure. It is clear that the traditional and new strata of Russian society are already being reproduced with the participation of this youth.

A very significant source is the salary, which today 13% of students have. Various earnings in addition to scholarships, allowances, and help from relatives help to hold out, on average, one third of students, which is typical for 52% of boys and 21% of girls. Today, the main thing for young people is to find permanent earnings and maintain labor relations during the period of study already in the university period.

2. Aboutproblems of modern students

So, the above data do not allow us to express optimism regarding the financial situation of students in recent years. There is still a significant number of students with incomes below or on the verge of subsistence level. An increase in the proportion of those who study on a commercial basis increases material differentiation in the student environment.

At the same time, one should not reduce student problems only to material ones. Below we will consider the main problems faced by modern young people receiving higher education:

1) Problems in the field of attitudes towards learning, professional implementation:

· Inconsistency of the work performed after graduation from the university with the education received;

· Decline in the quality of education and, at the same time, the competitiveness of university graduates in the labor market.

In order to remove the negative consequences of the necessary disconnection from studies to earn money, one can pay attention to the connection between additional work and the training received at the university. Half of the "moonlighting" students have no such connection. Only 11% of the surveyed students unequivocally point to the opportunity to work in a related specialty, while another 12% use their professional knowledge in part. Despite the differences in their social origin and, consequently, material capabilities, students are bound by a common type of activity and in this sense forms a certain social and professional group. Common activity in combination with territorial concentration gives rise to a certain community of interests among students, group self-awareness, a specific subculture and way of life, and this is complemented and enhanced by age homogeneity, which other social and professional groups do not have. The socio-psychological community is objectified and consolidated by the activities of a number of political, cultural, educational, sports and household student organizations.

Also, it is necessary to prohibit the combination of study and work throughout the entire period of study, if this is not related to the educational process (practice, internships, etc.). As a result, government scholarships, allowances and grants should cover the bulk of student expenses.

2) Problems in the material situation of students:

· Dependence of the material condition of students on the material condition of the parents, as a result of which the success of the student's studies depends on the financial capabilities of his parents.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to implement the developed measures aimed at:

· Development of a databank, implemented in the city, scholarship and grant programs to support research activities of students;

· Introduction of modern methods of student loans;

· Involvement of young people in the activities of labor associations, student teams, youth labor exchanges and other forms of youth employment;

· On the implementation of effective programs for the development of social competence of young people, necessary for promotion in the labor market.

3) Problems in the field of social and political activity:

· Lack of necessary access to information;

· The absence of a formed transparent (legislative (generally accepted) decision that reflects all aspects of the real situation) environment for its adequate perception, both by society and by students, which is adequately adopted by economic conditions.

To solve this problem, you must:

· To involve students in the political life of society;

· To promote the work of the student council of universities as a model of the social and political life of students;

· To form the corporate image of the university by monitoring the expectations and needs of students (social research, polls, questionnaires).

4) Problems in the field of psychological support for students:

· The presence of psychological problems among students at all periods of study at the university, as a result of which academic performance decreases, there is a dropout from the university;

· The lack of opportunities for students to receive timely assistance from specialists of the psychological service.

To solve this problem, it is enough to organize the presence of a psychologist on the territory of the university.

3. Social protection of students

Social work for student youth is a fundamentally new type of activity in the Russian Federation.

Let us turn to the consideration of the question of the essence of social protection. Social protection is a system of measures aimed at preventing social risk situations, as well as mitigating and eliminating their consequences. Social risk should be understood as the likelihood of an unfavorable life situation, independent or little dependent on the citizen himself, that is, due to external reasons.

In the course of numerous social studies carried out in different territories of the country, the main social risks of modern students have been identified, which require taking into account in the system of social protection and support organized at the university, based on the analysis of theoretical and empirical materials, we attributed the following:

1) socio-economic risks:

· Insufficient financial resources for completing training and optimal life support during the period of study at the university;

· Lack of guarantees of employment upon completion of studies at the university;

· Problems of secondary employment of students during their studies at the university for their own material support;

2) sociocultural risks:

· Adaptation of students to new learning conditions (different from the school system);

· Adaptation of students to life in the city (concerns that part of students who move from the countryside to the city during their studies);

· Adaptation of students to new living conditions (not in a family, but in a dormitory or in an apartment; in the absence of parents, their family control);

3) health risks:

· An increase in workload due to the intensity of training and the impact of socio-cultural risks;

· Danger of abuse of alcohol, drugs, other psychoactive substances;

4) individual risks - risks typical for certain categories of students (for example, disabled students, orphans, migrants, student families with children, etc.).

Thus, the factors of social risks of students should include commercialization and the continuing rise in the cost of higher vocational education, the instability of the production sphere in the economy, which allows the absence of guarantees for employment after graduation from the university, as well as the overall growth of social and material distress, etc.

Student life is associated with living in large cities, which, as a rule, have a developed and ramified entertainment structure, which also causes such problems as drug addiction and alcoholism among young people, involvement in criminal activities, etc. These risks are also increasing due to the fact that some of the students move from the countryside to the city for the period of study at the university, breaking away from their parents and largely falling out of the field of direct parental control. Moving from a village to a city, a change in the sociocultural space and, as a result, the need for new social adaptation must also be taken into account as another factor in the social risk of students.

In accordance with this, the system of social protection and support of students in a modern university is considered as a complex of organized measures implemented in the educational, educational, social activities of the university, aimed at preventing, minimizing or compensating for the social risks of students. As you can see, the system of social protection and support for students at the university includes the following components:

· Objects of social protection and support (students or student groups);

Subjects of social protection and support of students (the university as a system as a whole, as well as its special units and public formations: student council, student trade union, legal service, student employment service, various funds for help and support of students, etc.);

· Items of social protection and support (social risks of students);

· Directions of activity (educational process, educational and socio-pedagogical work with students, organization of life of student dormitories and leisure of students, etc.) and specific activities.

Thus, the student body, being in its place in the socio-economic system, is objectively viewed as one of the most socially vulnerable categories of the population. As a result, one of the activities of the university should be the formation of an integral system of social protection, assistance, support for students.

4. Role of the statein solving student problems

Currently, student youth cannot do without translating their aspirations into reality. And only the state can help her in this. And the implementation of protective measures in relation to student age is of particular importance, since it can fully contribute to a more successful professional development of future specialists.

Many scientists and practitioners have studied the social problems of student youth in different periods.

An analysis of the scientific literature on the problem under study revealed a contradiction, which is expressed in the fact that student youth should fully develop and acquire new knowledge, but this is hampered by various social problems that should be resolved by the state.

The documents on the state youth policy say that “youth is considered by the authorized bodies of state power as a social-age group of the population from 14 to 30 years old, a set of young people to whom society provides an opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting their legal capacity in various areas participation in the life of society.Modern scientists believe that the age boundaries of the period of youth are conditional, they can be determined by the interval from 13-14 years to 29-30. However, youth is not so much a stage of the life cycle as a certain social status of a person associated with the main species activities: student, soldier, working, etc.

The main constitutional social obligations of Russia are:

· Establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage;

· Provision of state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and senior citizens;

· Development of the system of social services;

· Establishment of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

The mainprinciplesstate youth policy.

In the previous chapters, we examined the social problems of student youth and determined that state youth policy is the primary task in resolving these problems.

The need for a special policy towards young people is determined by the specifics of their position in society.

State youth policy is a system of forming priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people, for developing its potential in the interests of Russia and, consequently, for the socio-economic and cultural development of the country, ensuring its competitiveness and strengthening national security.

The general goal of youth policy is to ensure the future of Russia, to create conditions for successful development and to occupy a worthy position in the world community.

The basic principles of youth policy follow from the international and constitutional mission of the Russian Federation - to be a strong, democratic, competitive, responsible state in the international arena.

· Democracy - involving young citizens in direct participation in the formation and implementation of policies and programs concerning youth and society as a whole.

· Legality - the supremacy of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws over other normative legal acts in the exercise of the rights of young citizens and their associations.

· A combination of continuity, reliance on the experience of generations, respect for traditions and innovations, conditioned by the need for the development and modernization of society in a strategic perspective.

· Mutual responsibility of the state and youth. The presence of not only a system of youth rights, but also certain responsibilities.

· Publicity - openness and accessibility of information in the implementation of measures in the field of state youth policy.

· Universality - a combination of the interests of all citizens and organizations involved in the formation and implementation of state youth policy.

· Scientific approach - the use of a scientific approach to the study, analysis and forecasting of the situation in the youth environment, the development of measures in the field of state youth policy.

· Consistency - combining interrelated activities within the framework of the implementation of state youth policy.

· Work according to the rules of social competition: society provides equal opportunities that a young person realizes due to his abilities.

· Only constructive (not deviant, not deviating from generally accepted) youth can count on support from the state, as well as support for social initiatives.

· The needs of young people, which go beyond the state guarantees, are met by their own labor.

· Inclusion of the state youth policy in the number of priority areas of the state's activities to ensure its socio-economic, political and cultural development.

Conclusionnenie

At present, students as a subject of management can be considered not only and not so much as a professional group, but also as a certain social stratum, or "service class". Today's students are tomorrow's young professionals; they will adapt in their first place of work, absorbing the values, norms, patterns of behavior adopted in this company; but the culture of work in this case will not be superimposed on a blank slate - thanks to the university, the individual will already have a certain culture of work. It seems likely that different universities are broadcasting different work cultures to their graduates. Along with the training of professional, competent young specialists, universities need to pay close attention to the work culture that is formed among graduates.

Summing up, we can say the following: firstly, changes in the composition of the student body in terms of social origin and living standards (and they are quite closely related) indicate an increase in differentiation, heterogeneity, and differences in the student population across universities, faculties, and professional groups.

Gradually, the priority in the formation of the student body is shifting to the strata more adapted to the economic realities of our society. If this process develops further, the access of the poorest strata to higher education will be very difficult. Second, the stabilization of the reproduction of student youth shows that interest in higher education has persisted, which is also reflected in the "rise" of its value in the hierarchy of students' instrumental values.

In addressing the issues of employment of graduates, an emphasis should be placed on increasing their own activity and initiative among young specialists so that they can become real actors in the labor market. The task of the university in this regard is to ensure their earlier and more thorough inclusion in this system. Interaction between enterprises and organizations interested in qualified specialists - on the one hand, and universities - on the other, should become closer and less formal, and education at a university should become more differentiated and adapted to the interests of organizations.

Self-determination of young people, their inclusion in economic life has always been a serious social problem. The importance of studying it will grow even more with the development of market relations, the spread of unemployment, and the growth of the level of economic differentiation of the population. Perhaps both lawyers and economists will always be valuable, but one should not forget the spiritual and moral heritage of society.

Usage Listliterature and sources

1. Bourdieu P. Sociology of social space. M., St. Petersburg, 2005

2. Russian Sociological Encyclopedia (2008) / Under the general editorship of Academician G.V. Osipova. M .: Publishing group Norma-Infra M.

3. Rychkov S.Yu., Zagirova A.R. Actual problems of modern students // Modern high technologies. - 2008. - No. 7 - P. 82-83

4. The strategy of state youth policy in the Russian Federation // approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 2006 N 1760-r (the text of the document as amended by orders of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 12, 2008 N 301-r; dated 02.28.2009 . N 251-r; dated July 16, 2009 N 997-r. Taken from the official website of the ConsultantPlus company: www.consultant.ru) .

5. Kharchenko K.V. Handbook of a specialist in youth policy: Textbook. allowance. - M., 2013 .-- P. 168.

6. Franchuk V.I. Fundamentals of the General Theory of Social Management. / Institute of Organizational Systems. - M., 2000

7. Actual problems of student youth. Experience and solutions [Text]: scientific and practical materials. Conf., 14 Dec. 2009, Yekaterinburg, Russia / Ural. state ped. un-t, Faculty of Physics; editorial board : P.V. Zuev, G.A. Gritsenko, O. G. Nadeeva, G.A. Mutollapova, V.V. Chimpoesh. - Yekaterinburg: [b.i.], 2009 - 215 p.

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• Specialty VAK RF22.00.05
• Number of pages 181

Section 1. Methodological framework for the study of youth policy

Section 2. Formation and development of youth policy in relation to students in the USSR and Russia in the XX century.

Section 3: Youth policy in relation to students in the period of modern socio-political transformations of Russian society: norms and implementation (federal, regional and municipal levels).

Section 4. Interaction of state bodies and student public associations in the field of formation and implementation of youth policy in relation to students at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

Recommended list of dissertations in the specialty "Political Sociology", 22.00.05 code VAK

• Student youth of the Russian Federation in the era of systemic reforms: 1985-2003. 2008, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Limonova, Maria Alexandrovna

• Student teams as a subject of the implementation of state youth policy: sociological and managerial analysis 2003, candidate of sociological sciences Khovrin, Andrey Yurievich

• Experience and problems of implementation of regional youth policy in Kuzbass, the second half of the 80s - 90s. 1999, candidate of historical sciences Zelenin, Alexey Anatolyevich

• Youth policy in Russia in the 70s - 90s. XX century: Historical experience and lessons 2002, Doctor of Historical Sciences Naumova, Elena Vladimirovna

• Activities of state and public organizations and institutions for the formation of value orientations of student youth in the late XX - early XXI century: Based on materials from the Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions 2004, candidate of historical sciences Tkachenko, Viktor Viktorovich

Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "State youth policy in relation to students in the context of modern socio-political transformations of Russian society: Federal and regional aspects"

Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Political Sociology", Saveliev, Igor Leonidovich

List of dissertation research literature candidate of sociological sciences Saveliev, Igor Leonidovich, 2000

Please note that the above scientific texts are posted for review and obtained by means of recognition of the original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Report of the expert of the Center for Scientific Political Thought and Ideology Natalia Shishkina at the scientific expert session "".

Social policy is one of the most important national policies that is always inherent in any state. The ideological foundations of social policy were laid in the ideas of ancient thinkers about an ideal state. It is social policy that touches on vital problems for society and individuals - problems in health care, education, the world of work, and housing. Social policy directly affects the state and development opportunities of one of the elements of the state as such - the population, therefore, there can be no successful state without an effective and successful social policy.

The term "social policy" became widely used in English-speaking countries after the Second World War, together with the introduction of the concept of "wellfare state" - "welfare state" or "welfare state". After the collapse of the USSR, following the Western countries, Russia in 1993 Art. 7 of the Constitution proclaimed itself "a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development of a person."

A country cannot develop successfully without a contribution to human capital and human resources.

It depends on them whether the state will be able to reach a new level of development, how quickly and efficiently the national economy will develop, whether the state will be independent in the international arena.

Social policy is that contribution of the state to human resources.

What is social policy?

There are many definitions of social policy. One can often find the identification of social policy exclusively with social protection of the population. But social protection of the population is aimed at the most vulnerable groups of people, while social policy covers a much wider range of problems.

Social policy is a system of values ​​and goals, state and administrative measures, decisions, programs and actions directed and implemented to achieve the set goals of social development.

Without a clear understanding of social policy as a system, without a value-based approach to planning and setting goals, it is impossible to implement social policy. And without it, the growth and development of technology is impossible, which creates an obstacle to building an innovative economy. This, in turn, makes the country weak compared to those who are developing more successfully, and makes it dependent, that is, the country ceases to be sovereign. Growing income inequality, insufficient support for the family as a social institution, and deteriorating living conditions can lead to a social explosion or extinction of the indigenous population and depopulation of the territory. Ineffective social policy can lead to the disappearance of the state, making the country unviable.

Social policy in Russia

In foreign countries, social expenditures include expenditures on education, health care, social security, labor and employment issues, social transfers, assistance to certain social groups, and protection of mothers and children.

In Russia, the largest amount of budget funds is spent annually on the item “social policy”.

In 2013, according to the Ministry of Finance, expenditures on social policy amounted to 5.7% of GDP, the share of expenditures on social policy of the total was 34.6%.

But in Russia, social policy is not an analogue of the expenditure item of the budgets of foreign countries, and is reduced to pensions, social services and provision of the population, protection of families and children, applied scientific research in the field of social policy.

Rice. 1. Federal budget expenditures in areas of social policy,% of GDP

In fact, the item of expenditure "social policy" is only a part of social policy: social protection and pensions. In developed countries, social policy is not limited exclusively to social protection: within the framework of social policy, education, medicine, culture, sports, housing policy, youth policy, employment policy, and the fight against poverty and social inequality are financed and supported. In Russia, education, health care, culture, sports, housing and communal services are separate items of expenditure and different ministries responsible for the implementation of programs for the development of these areas.

Fig. 2. Some items of expenditure of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, in% of GDP

Social policy should ensure the development of society. The effectiveness of social policy can be judged by the availability of health care and education, housing, the reduction of poverty and the narrowing of the income gap, demographic indicators.

The indicator of health care accessibility can be the number of people per hospital bed, the number of hospitals. The quality of the health care reforms being carried out can also be assessed by the incidence rate per 1000 people.

The number of hospitals after the health care reform in Russia on average has decreased since 2005 by 37.8%. The reform was aimed at optimizing health care, while the population was assured that there would be no increase in the number of people per bed in the hospital - the hospitals were simply being merged to better manage them. The conclusion suggests itself that health care reform is aimed at the convenience of managers in this system, and not at the interests of the population. The decline in the number of hospitals, despite these assurances, has led to an increase in the population per hospital bed, which reduces the quality of service.

Rice. 3. Dynamics of the population size per hospital bed on average in Russia

Accordingly, the ability of people to use health care services decreases. At the same time, the incidence per 1000 people of the population increased from 768 people out of a thousand who were diagnosed for the first time in their lives in 2008 to 799 per 1000 people in 2013.

Fig. 4. Morbidity dynamics per 1000 population in Russia

Here it should be said about a decrease in the number of general practitioners, which is also associated with the health care reform: firstly, the number of hospitals has significantly decreased due to district hospitals, and secondly, such requirements apply to general practitioners when a doctor cannot provide quality care , since it does not have the ability to qualitatively carry out the necessary diagnostics.

Health care reform is aimed at solving the problem of queues in polyclinics, but this decision caused an outflow of general practitioners.

Instead of building new hospitals, improving working conditions for doctors and increasing wages, attracting young specialists and improving the quality of education in medical universities, they introduced temporary norms for examining patients.

For example, a pediatrician must examine a patient in 9 minutes, a general practitioner in 12 minutes. This directly affects the quality of medical care and diagnostics for which a particular doctor is responsible, which puts the general practitioner at risk in the first place. As a result, the morbidity rate of the population is growing, which cannot have a positive effect on the living conditions of Russians.

The availability and, indirectly, the quality of education can be assessed by the number of children per school, the number of students per teacher, the percentage of university graduates from the number of applicants.

Fig. 5. Dynamics of the number of children per school

The number of children per school continues to grow. This is due to the fact that the number of schools in Russia has decreased by 34.5% compared to 2005, but the number of students in general education institutions has slowly grown. At the same time, until 2011, the number of teachers per school is decreasing, and the load on teachers is increasing, which, firstly, affects the quality of the education received, and secondly, negatively affects the desire to work in schools of young specialists.

Fig. 6. Changes in the number of teachers in schools and the workload on teachers

After 2010, the number of teachers per school increased, but this is not due to the number of graduates of pedagogical universities, but to the reduction of schools. In 2011, the number of schools in comparison with 2010 decreased immediately by 4.7%.

In preschool institutions, there were 105 children per 100 places in 2012. At the same time, 109 children applied for 100 places in cities and urban-type settlements, and 92 children in rural areas. The number of preschool institutions is decreasing, while the number of children is growing. Since 2000, the number of preschool institutions has decreased by 7,000. At the beginning of 2013, 2.4 million children needed preschool placement. In the future, with an increase in the birth rate, the number of kindergartens should increase, and the shortage of preschool institutions will be felt even more acutely. As a solution to the problem, more and more often people started talking about private kindergartens from TV screens.

The number of those who entered but did not graduate from universities is growing. This is due to three reasons:

1. Those who have entered do not see the point in continuing their studies, they are not aimed at obtaining education, since there is no value attitude towards knowledge. There is only a pragmatic attitude towards education. The reluctance to continue education is also due to the fact that the number of poor people with higher education is increasing, while the number of poor people with a secondary complete education is decreasing. Conditions are being created under which science and higher education are not a priority and lose their attractiveness: why study for five years if there is not a sufficiently well-paid job?

2. Students, having a sufficient level of knowledge for admission, do not know how to study. They have formed a consumer attitude towards the education process. This is explained by the fact that the majority of former schoolchildren lack the ability to independently master and acquire knowledge, which is the main difference between higher education and secondary education. In fact, future students are accustomed to the total control that secondary school is forced to exercise, since there is no educational work at school, a sense of social responsibility for their work is not formed, and the main goal of the teacher is the student's results. A kind of bias and transfer of responsibility for learning outcomes from the student to the teacher is formed. Axiom: the learning process is a two-way process, and an attempt to neglect this leads to problems already in higher education, later in the social life of a person.

3. Tuition fees are increasing, which creates financial difficulties. This is due to the economic situation in the country. The state has completely shifted the payment and obtaining of higher education onto the shoulders of the population. Not every family has such a level of income that allows them to complete their education.

Fig. 7. Change in the number of students who entered but did not graduate from universities, in% of those who entered

Fig. 8. Change in the number of poor people by education level, in% of the total number of poor people

The well-being of the family, the household with the child speaks about the well-being and development of society.

However, in recent years, the number of low-income households with children has only increased, while the number of low-income childless families has fallen.

This suggests that conditions are being created under which people are not ready to have children, and in some cases cannot afford to have children, that is, social policy does not provide adequate support to families with children. As a result, children become a luxury.

Rice. 9. Dynamics of the number of poor households depending on the presence of children in them,% of the total number of poor.

It is obvious that despite the maternity capital program, assistance families with children is insufficient.

The income gap of the population is also growing. The decile ratio of funds grew until 2007, after which it slightly decreased and remained practically unchanged. In general, the income gap has only grown since 1995, which affected the well-being of Russians and the ability to provide for children.

Rice. 10. The income gap. According to Rosstat data.

The affordability of housing can be judged by the average price per square meter of living space. On average in Russia, this indicator, compared to 2000, in the primary housing market has grown 5.5 times, in the secondary housing market the price per square meter has increased 8.5 times. Over the seven years from 2005 to 2012, the price per square meter of housing in the primary market has grown 2.5 times, in the secondary - almost twice.

Moreover, every fifth family in 2012 with children under 18 was going to improve their living conditions.

The living conditions of Russians are improving slowly. The number of residential buildings with wear and tear of more than 31 to 65% is gradually decreasing, but in 2012 there were still more than half of such residential buildings. The number of housing depreciated above 66% is also growing slowly. These indicators indicate that the state is making some attempts to change the situation for the better, but they are clearly not sufficient and the situation requires a quick and active response, large investments and attention. The growing gap between people with a low income level and people with a high income level, difficulties in obtaining education, health services, housing have become one of the reasons for the deterioration of the psychological state of people, regular stress, which "became normal." People in the media offer various treatments for stress, but they do not organize a stress-free life. Russia has one of the highest mortality rates - 13.3 people per 1000 population, deaths from suicide, drug use, which is an indicator of unfavorable living conditions. Another piece of evidence is emigration.

The number of emigrants has been growing since 2009, but a particularly sharp jump was observed in 2012: the number of emigrants has tripled compared to 2011. In 2013, the number of people leaving the country exceeded the same indicator in 2000. This speaks of unfavorable living conditions for Russians.

Rice. 11. Dynamics of the number of emigrants

conclusions

Now the social policy of Russia is not successful. This is evidenced by statistics.

In Russia, the expenditure item of the budget "social policy" does not include such important areas of social policy as education, health care, poverty alleviation, housing policy, and youth policy.

In the United States, the costs of social policy includes education and labor, health care, material security of citizens, social protection.

In Europe, as well as in the United States, social policy includes education, health care, labor and employment issues, pensions, social insurance.

In Russia, social policy is limited only to social protection. Recent reforms do not lead to the development of society, not to an improvement in living and working conditions, but only lead to a deterioration in results and increasing tension in society, as evidenced by the speeches of doctors and teachers, and dissatisfaction with housing and communal policies, difficulties with the purchase of housing, material difficulties for families with children. This is due to the fact that in Russia they ignore and do not take into account Russian specifics (mentality of the population, difficult historical experience, regional differences in living conditions, climatic and natural conditions, vast territories). At the same time, the state is essentially trying to relieve itself of the costs of social policy and the responsibility provided for by the Constitution, to turn important components of social policy into a profitable business, which contradicts the essence of social policy.

The erosion of social policy in Russia is the reason for the ineffectiveness of social policy. In the event that this is combined with the absence of a value-based approach in social development programs (which is based on the interests of the people) and, as a consequence, the declarativeness of the goals set, this can lead to further degradation of the social sphere, and ultimately - a possible social explosion ...

The social policy that is currently being pursued in Russia must be changed, as it leads the country in the opposite direction from success. And moreover, in the form in which it is being implemented now, it can lead to the inability of Russia to exist, since negative influences are directly on the most important constituent element of the state as such - the people, the population of the country.

Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "KAZAN STATE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY As a manuscript Igor Leonidovich SAVELIEV STATE YOUTH POLICY REGARDING THE SOCIAL STUDENT CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "Political Sociology" Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of sociological sciences Kazan, 2000 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "The thesis was made at the Department of Public Administration, History and Sociology of Kazan State Technological University. Scientific adviser: Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Sadagaev A. L. Official opponents: Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Corresponding Member. RAO Volovich L.A., candidate of historical sciences, prof. Volkov R.V. The leading organization is the Institute of Youth (Moscow). The defense will take place on June 22, 2000 at 2 pm at a meeting of the dissertation council K 063.37.08 on the defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of sociological sciences at the Kazan State Technological University. Address: 420015 Kazan, st. K. Marx, 68, KSTU bldg. A, conference room of the Academic Council, 3rd floor. The dissertation can be found in the Scientific Library of the Kazan State Technological University. Academic Secretary of the Dissertation Council, Candidate of Political Sciences GM Mansurova Today's Russian society is going through a period characterized by radical transformations in all aspects of its socio-economic life. This stage is a transition from the previous rigid centralized system to a fundamentally different social structure, where the role of the main economic regulator should be performed by market relations.The transitional period is accompanied by a global scale and inevitable transformation of social institutions, the system of social values ​​to norms. The destruction of the totalitarian regime in a short time and the formation of democracy have formed a number of negative trends that adversely affect the position of all social strata and groups, and especially young people. The Russian state, which has proclaimed a course of democratic reforms, has no chance to make this choice a reality without ensuring effective regeneration of the social and, especially, intellectual structure of society. During the period of transformations, the formation of a young generation of a new type began, free from ideological dogmas, uninhibited in thoughts and actions, pragmatic. However, only by granting freedoms it is impossible to solve the whole complex of youth problems; it is necessary to expand opportunities for the normal integration of a young person into public life, to provide conditions for his self-development and self-realization in the interests of society. This requires a state youth policy (GMP), which, subject to consistency, thoughtfulness, and serious support of public authorities at all levels, could really be an important factor not only for a successful socio-political 3 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”transformation, but also the stabilization of social development. This forces us to consider the policy of intellectual development, the potential for preserving youth, and therefore building up the state's investment resources, as well as a number of strategic issues. Many highly developed countries of the world have chosen this path. The strategy of youth policy in the Russian Federation is in its infancy. Only now has the first reading in the State Duma passed the draft federal law "On the foundations of state youth policy in the Russian Federation." However, it should be recognized that in our country and its regions the term "GMP" not only came into use, but the policy itself received some recognition as an integral part of the social policy of the state, its regions and a number of public institutions. A process of active regionalization of youth policy has emerged (at this time, laws on youth have already been adopted in more than 30 constituent entities of the Russian Federation). In the context of socio-political transformations, together with changes in society, the GMF is constantly changing. Youth policy is differentiated according to the levels of formation and implementation, according to youth groups. Therefore, in relation to students, due to their intellectual and creative potential, the GMP should have its own characteristics and its own specific refraction. Social stratification, a decrease in social activity, an increase in the level of alcoholism and drug addiction in the student environment give particular relevance to the development of real youth policy. That is why there is a need for a special study of conceptual approaches, social mechanisms of interaction between society and youth, the relationship between the level of modernization of public institutions and the directions of the formation and implementation of GMP. Of great interest is the same policy of government structures and activities of public organizations aimed at working with student youth. The above indicates that there is a need for a scientific understanding of the processes taking place in the student environment, the problems of the formation of youth policy at different levels. All this allows us to consider the topic chosen for the dissertation research as relevant in scientific and applied aspects. The degree of development of the topic. The topic and structure of the dissertation research cover several aspects of the problem, studied at varying degrees. Therefore, the author has analyzed studies devoted to the problems of youth policy at different levels; peculiarities of state policy in relation to students; the influence of transformations of social relations in Russia on the formation of the GMP. The topic of the policy of the modern Russian state in relation to students at the federal and regional levels, as a complex problem, has become the object of scientific analysis, however, it cannot be considered sufficiently developed. Publications on this topic can be divided into: - works related to research on youth policy in general and its individual aspects; - studies of individual social groups of young people, including students. Scientific research on GMP in domestic sociology and political science at a serious level began relatively recently, and this was due to a change in the socio-political structure of society, the preparation of a draft USSR Law on youth policy, and the activation of the world community in the field of solving youth problems. The subject of 5 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "of study were issues, primarily of the legislative support of GMP (Ilyinsky IM., Lukov V.A., Oleshenok S.V., Salagaev A.L. and others ), problems of social V.T., (Lithuanian and socio-political activity of youth Chu pro in V.I. and others), development of youth social movement (Krivoruchenko V.K., Ilyin I.V., Lukov V.A. ). In the last 5-6 years, the country's first dissertations on youth policy have been defended, where the historical experience of the implementation of the GMP, the policy of party and other public bodies in relation to youth, was mainly studied. In this group dissertations of O.A. Gayiutdinov, I.N. Rodionov, A.K. Samaev, M.A.Taranov, M.G. Antonov. and other authors. Interesting are the scientific studies of youth policy in the Russian Federation by the former chairman of the State Committee for Children and Youth Sharonov A. Certain aspects of the GMF were considered in the works of A. A. Korolev, L. Kogan, K. Gospodyanov, K. Starke, V. Adamsky and others. The problems of Soviet and Russian students were actively studied by A.P. Vetoshkina, V.T. Litovskiy, V.N. Boryaz and V.I. Astakhova, L. Ya. Rubin and others. In the works of these and other authors, a fairly extensive material is given. At the same time, in most of the works the student body is viewed more as an object of education and upbringing. The issues of student activity, the realization of the potential of student youth are not discussed enough. At the same time, the listed works do not consider: 1) youth policy in relation to student youth; 2) regional and municipal aspects of such a policy; 3) student public associations as objects of youth policy. 6 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ” state youth policy. The aim of the study is to analyze the main directions of the formation and implementation of the GMP in relation to student youth in the context of the socio-political transformations of Russian society at the federal and regional levels, to show the ways of forming a new strategy of social policy in this area. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set in the work: - to define methodological approaches to the study of youth policy; - to clarify the content of the concepts of "youth" and "youth policy" in relation to the study of GME in relation to students in the context of socio-political transformations of Russian society; - to consider the existing Western and Russian models of the implementation of youth policy, as well as to investigate the adequacy of their application in the Russian Federation. - to give a brief retrospective review of the policy of the Soviet state in relation to students; - to analyze federal, regional and municipal legislation in the field of youth policy and the peculiarities of the implementation of these normative acts in the activities of state bodies in relation to students; - to investigate the current state and prospects for the development of the student social movement in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan; 7 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”. Kazan. Subject of research: the process of formation and features of the state policy in relation to student youth at the federal and local levels, the system of relations between the state and student public associations. Methodological base and theoretical sources of work. The work uses the research methods and practices used by modern interdisciplinary humanitarian research, in particular, the distinction between the sociological paradigms of J. Rntzer; the theory of social change (O. Comte, G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, K., Marx); approaches to youth on the structural-functional or generational (E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, S. Eisenstadt, K. Mannheim) and subcultural (M. Break, A. Cohen, S. Hall and others), as well as definitions of the concept of "youth ", given by V. Disovskiy, I. Kon and other researchers. Empirical Sources ... in Research Methods. The following were used as empirical sources in the analysis of youth policy in relation to students: - materials of an expert survey of 45 heads of agencies for children and youth affairs and representatives of youth organizations and movements; - regulatory legal documents of the federal, regional and municipal levels; secondary analysis of empirical data obtained by domestic and Western researchers of youth problems; - statistical data on the situation of young people in the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that it contains: 8 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service - an analysis of the models and concepts of state youth policy existing in domestic and Western literature was carried out, as well as foreign theories and concepts were presented in the sphere of youth policy, previously unknown to domestic sociologists and political scientists; - clarified the content of the concepts of "youth" and "youth policy" in relation to the study of GMP in relation to students in the context of socio-political transformations of Russian society; - highlighted the stages of youth policy in the USSR and Russia in relation to students; - the analysis of the normative base of youth policy in relation to students and the peculiarities of its implementation at the federal, regional and municipal levels is given; - youth student movements are described as an object of youth policy at the federal, pei and disgraced and municipal levels. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it makes it possible to use analyzed and generalized materials to develop approaches to creating a concept of youth policy in relation to students, both at the federal and regional and municipal levels. In addition, the materials given by the author can be used directly in the educational process. In higher education in courses, political sociology, sociology of youth and youth policy. Approbation of the study. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented at the II Republican Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists (1996), at the Inter-Republican Scientific Research Conference “The Situation of Youth in the Republics 9 Federation "(1997), at the Republican scientific and practical conference on the implementation of youth policy (1997), at the interuniversity scientific and methodological conference" Optimization of the educational process in modern conditions "(1997), at the Republican scientific conference" Energy problems (section: "Humanities", 1998), as well as in speeches at the Forum of youth organizations of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995), at the 1st Congress of RT students (1996) and reflected in 10 publications ... Work structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four sections, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature, and seven appendices. 10 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”MAIN CONTENT OF THE WORK The first section" Methodological framework for the study of youth policy "is devoted to defining the paradigmatic framework of the study, the place of youth policy in relation to students in sociological and political sciences; it also clarifies the concept of "youth", defines the concept of "youth policy" and examines its various models. Various research approaches can be used to analyze youth policy towards students. The most adequate, in our opinion, seems to be the factualist paradigm of J. Ritzer, which combines structural functionalism and the theory of conflict and sets as the task the clarification of the essence and causes of the phenomena occurring. The approach to youth and youth policy from the point of view of political sociology makes it possible to consider youth both in the broad context of social relations and as an object, and in special cases, as a subject of youth policy. In the field of political sociology, youth is presented as a developing force in any society and, therefore, this approach is most consistent with the goals of our research. To analyze youth in the context of Russian youth policy, we propose to use the following definition: Youth is a socio-demographic group, represented at the age of 16 to 30 years old, going through a period of formation of social maturity, entry into the world of adults and adaptation to it, allocated on the basis of the aggregate characteristics, features of social status and socio-psychological properties, which are determined by level 11 From the entire socio-demographic group of young people, students were chosen as the subject of scientific analysis. The choice is due to the fact that, firstly, students are close in the nature of their activities, interests, orientation to the social group of the intelligentsia and specialists; secondly, the student body has an active social position, a desire to act as a subject of social, and, in particular, youth policy. State youth policy, in our understanding, is the activity of the state (together with various public associations) aimed at creating legal, economic and organizational conditions and guarantees for the implementation of the innovative potential of young people, as well as maintaining a certain social (economic, legal, political , ethnic, cultural, etc.) status of that group of young people who, for one reason or another, is in a difficult, disadvantaged position compared to other groups (strata) of the population and at the same time does not have the opportunity to independently improve their situation. If in domestic studies. The main criterion for the classification of youth policy models is the degree and type of state participation in its implementation, then Western sociologists distinguish models of youth policy that differ, first of all, in the approach to determining the place of youth in the social structure, as well as the influence of such a structure on the status and behavior of young people. Thus, domestic researchers (P. Bmelin) distinguish political, social democratic and liberal parties, while Western researchers (L. Keli) distinguish integrative and structuralist models of youth policy. In the course of the analysis, the author examines how the state and the complex social structure 12 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service of Russian society affect the situation of young people, and how state and public organizations in these conditions construct a policy towards her. Such an analysis will also allow us to present the correspondence of existing approaches to youth policy with the real needs and expectations of young people. The second section "Formation and development of youth policy in relation to students in the USSR and Russia in the XX century" analyzes the history of the implementation of youth policy in the USSR and modern Russia from the point of view of the described models and carries out its division into stages. In our opinion, there are four main stages in the formation of youth policy in Russia: 1. The period before 1917 - the allocation of youth as a social group and the formation of political and ideological attitudes of youth policy; 2. 1917-1953 - implementation of a tough party-political model of youth policy; 3. 1953-1989/1991 - the weakening and collapse of the party-political model of youth policy; 4. 1990s - the search for new models and the institutionalization of youth policy in the Russian Federation. At the beginning of the 20th century, a historical transition began in Russia from considering the “child, personality” as an individual who is an object of socialization in the family, to analyzing the “young generation” as a community whose members have a similar status, and as an object of a certain state policy. The most active youth policy of the Soviet state. It manifested itself since the founding in 1918 of the Russian Communist Union 13 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Youth (RKSM) and turning it into the only youth socio-political organization in the country. Four main directions of its activity can be distinguished: first, it was the youth wing of the CPSU, which served as a conductor of official party and state ideas to the youth environment and the main channel for its replenishment; secondly, it was a broad youth movement that brought together a significant part of the youth, including by interests, professional, club characteristics; thirdly, it was a youth political organization, which was especially pronounced in the last years of the existence of the Komsomol in the form of political initiatives and movements; fourthly, it was an organization directly involved in the performance of the functions of a state body in relation to youth (a system of recommendations for certain types of activities, support of youth artistic and technical creativity, entrepreneurship; organization of leisure, tourism, labor mobilization, law enforcement, the presence of the right to legislative initiative etc.). The entire period of the 1960s is characterized by increased attention to youth issues. This fact can be partly explained by the influence of the "youth revolution" that took place in the West, the political leadership of the country, as well as the "thaw" in the crisis of the "socialist system" (events in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and other countries). The interest in youth issues in the 1960s on the part of the state was directed by the inheritance of the need to retain the socialist young ideals, the generation of preservation within the framework of the principle of the continuity of generations. The subsequent period of 1966-1985, designated in Russian history as a period of "stagnation", was characterized by extensive development of higher education in the country and was characterized by the strengthening of the planned management system. On the one hand, this made it possible to ensure the training of specialists for almost all areas of modern science, and on the other hand, it gave rise to many problems, some of which have manifested themselves most clearly only recently. Irreparable damage to the Komsomol was caused by inattention to its real interests, the desire to use young people in the interests of various departments, to squeeze their activity within a pre-designed framework. It was forgotten that the Komsomol was created as an independent political organization expressing and defending the interests of young people. Since the late 1960s, under the slogan of intensifying the ideological struggle, the initiative and initiative of young people have been suppressed in every possible way, which has led to the elimination of people with an active life position from public life. In the late 1960s - early 1970s, political discussion clubs were closed, the activities of a significant part of interest clubs were banned, popular vocal and instrumental ensembles were disbanded, permission to hold festivals was not given. strict ideological and political control, starting with party and Komsomol bodies and ending with state security bodies. As a result of such "activities", the social life of young people and, in particular, students was reduced to a set of standard forms (demonstrations, meetings, meetings, rallies, conferences, the nomination of deputies, voting for one candidate, street holidays, watches, months, subbotniks, etc. .NS.). Perhaps all the problems described contributed to a qualitative turn in youth policy - an awareness of the need for a complete regulatory document that would regulate all issues of interaction between the state and youth and would be a regulatory framework implementation of youth policy in the Soviet Union. As a consequence, it was in the depths of the Central Committee of the Komsomol in the mid-1960s, then in the 1970s, and finally in 1987-1989 that various draft laws on youth were developed, designed to determine the status of youth policy in the USSR. "was replaced by Gorbachev's" perestroika ", and to which young people were assigned, according to tradition," the most important role. " The third section "Youth policy in relation to students in the period of modern socio-political transformations of Russian society: norms and implementation (federal, regional and municipal levels)" is devoted to the study of existing normative documents in the field of youth policy in relation to students at the federal, regional and municipal levels. levels; it provides a level-by-level analysis of practical measures to implement such a policy. The fundamental regulatory legal implementation of youth policy and in the acts of the Russian Federation are: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On priority measures in the field of state youth policy" (September 1992) and "Main directions of state youth policy in the Russian Federation" (adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation in June 1993). The priorities of the state youth policy for the medium term were fixed by the federal program "Youth of Russia" (approved by Presidential Decree of September 15, 1994 ), which created conditions for the stabilization of activities in this area. This program involves the allocation of budgetary funds for the development of priority areas of youth policy and the coordination of actions of federal and local authorities and administration - all this, in turn, should contribute to the creation of a mechanism for solving youth problems that can function in the future without the participation of federal authorities and administration. The development of the federal law "On the Foundations of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation" lasted about 10 years, and its draft was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation only in October 1997. In 1999, it was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the first reading. The main reason for this state of affairs, as noted by Viktor Denikin, Chairman of the Russian Committee on Youth Policy, is the "framework nature" of the law and its high "cost". He also emphasizes that regional laws are of a practical nature, while federal laws should establish certain legal foundations for state youth policy2. At present, it can be argued that a new stage has begun in the development of legislation on state youth policy, which is characterized by greater activity of the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, the legal, financial and organizational base of regional youth policy is actually being formed. So, in 1996-1997, laws on youth policy were adopted in almost 40 regions, including the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kabardino-Balkaria and others. 1 On the federal program "Youth of Russia" Decree of the President of the Russian Federation // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation - 1994. № 22 –st. 2459. 2 Youth of Tatarstan, 1999, June 3 17 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service " area, etc.). In the Republic of Tatarstan, in particular, complex state programs "Children of Tatarstan" and "Youth of Tatarstan" have been adopted. There are also programs for the implementation of youth policy at the city and municipal levels. An example is the "Program for the formation and implementation of youth policy in Kazan ", the program" Youth of the city of Ivanov. 1998-2000 "," Concept for the formation and implementation of youth policy in the city of Vladimir "," Program for the implementation of the state youth policy in the city of Tula ", the city complex program" Youth of Kostroma "and others. Implementation of the municipal youth policy in the republic Tatarstan manifested itself in such documents as the program "Youth of the District" of the Vakhitovsky District of Kazan, "The Program of Measures for the Implementation of the State Youth Policy in the Novo-Savinovsky District of Kazan", "The Target Program for the Cultural Development of the Bavlinsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan", etc. Increasing the effectiveness of programs for the implementation of youth policy, in our opinion, requires the definition of its theoretical foundations.Modern Western scholars characterize youth as a set of "transitions" - with this approach, the status of an adult depends on the passage of a certain number of transitions, and not on the achievement of a certain "Youth Bulletin of Tatarstan: information and analytical bulletin. Kazan: RitsTitul, No. 13, 1999.-С 3 18 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "age 1. As noted, the following transitions are most important for young people: 1) the transition from education and training to work in the labor market (the transition "from school to work"); 2) the transition from the parental family to their own ("family" transition); 3) the transition from substitute) living to living with separate parents (or and persons, their material independence (transition to "separate living and material independence"). Based on this approach, the following leading directions of youth policy can be identified: - ensuring guarantees in the sphere of labor and employment of young people (the transition "from school to work"); - support for a young family ("family" transition); - provision of social services and support for talented youth (transition to "separate living and material independence.) On the one hand, programs to address the identified problems of youth and students should achieve the greatest degree of concretization with a decrease in the level from federal to municipal. However, this does not always happen. in reality, which once again proves the declarative nature of some norms and program provisions. Often phrases from municipal programs simply repeat phrases from * city or from programs of federal subjects. 1 Banks, M El al Careers and Identities. - Buckingham Open University Press, 1992. Junes, G, Wallace, C. Youth family and cuntnship - Milton Keynes. Open University Press. 1992 2 CoJes, In Youth and Social Policy youth citizenship an J young careers - London UCL Press, 1995 -P. 8-19 Copyright OJSC CDB "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Despite the emerging regulatory and organizational framework, the youth policy on attitude towards students is not completely adequate to the current situation in society, since - the chosen socio-economic model of youth policy, in which the state bodies of the republic strive to take maximum responsibility for holding events in the field of youth policy, does not correspond to their real financial capabilities; - the high centralization of state bodies in the field of youth policy implementation does not allow students' youth organizations, movements and private services to take full initiative. Moreover, the structure of the subjects of youth policy remains highly centralized. In this situation, a gradual transition to the implementation of a liberal model of youth policy in relation to students is proposed, when proactive student organizations gain more independence to solve their own problems, and state funding of their activities is carried out on a competitive basis. In this situation, it is important to strive to increase the knowledge of young people about their place in the social structure and how they can independently design youth policy. In the fourth section "Youth public associations and state authorities: interaction in the implementation of youth policy in relation to students at the federal, regional and municipal levels" we consider the legal foundations of the practical nature of the activities of various youth student 20 and Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBKOM "& LLC "Agency Book-Service" organizations and movements, as well as issues of their interaction with public authorities in the implementation of youth policy. Speaking about the student movement, we mean a social movement that unites student organizations, whose leading role is to represent the social and professional interests of student youth. The initial stage of the modern student movement (1987-1989) was represented by: student organizations, associations, councils that arose on the basis of the reform of the Komsomol (student associations, student councils, student associations and councils created on a professional basis) and alternative (informal) student associations ... Development of the student movement in 1990-1991. took place in two directions: firstly, the collapse and crisis of the Komsomol led to the formation on its basis, first of a federation of communist youth unions, and then independent organizations that spoke out for the need for a national youth movement; - secondly, new youth structures, including student ones (mainly at the regional level and in individual universities), have taken shape. Currently, in 50 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are more than 350 social services of youth affairs bodies and more than 660 social institutions of various departmental subordination, more than 1350 clubs at the place of residence that implement the presidential program "Youth of Russia", as well as various social programs at the regional and municipal levels. ... 21 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Bodies of the state suit in the Russian Federation communicate with public organizations, in particular with students, through various federal and regional bodies created to work with youth (Russian State Committee for do youth under the Government of the Russian Federation, the Subcommittee on Childhood and Youth Affairs of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the National Council of Youth Associations of Russia, the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, committees and departments for youth affairs of the constituent entities of the Federation and various municipalities). The State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Children and Youth Affairs also coordinates its activities with the largest student organization in the Republic of Tatarstan - the League of Students of the Republic of Tatarstan. The main problem of such interaction, both at the federal and regional levels, is the state's unwillingness to share finances and powers with "free carriers" of youth services, and there is not a single regulatory document that would place such interaction in a clear legal framework. The overwhelming majority of respondents (more than 70%) believe that the problems of student youth can be effectively resolved if the student youth themselves are active and organized in defending their interests, as well as under the condition of close interaction of student public organizations with local authorities. Thus, at present, a number of student public organizations operate in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, the goals of which are to defend the position of students and the implementation of youth policy in relation to this social group. Moreover, a legal organizational framework has been created for their activities. However, the main contradiction is 22 and Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”the unwillingness of state bodies to really share with public organizations their powers and financial resources. In the conclusion of the dissertation, the results of the research are summed up, the main conclusions are formed and prospects for further theoretical and practical work on the problem under study are outlined. Published works: 1. Saveliev I. L. Problems of students in Kazan // Youth Bulletin of Tatarstan. - Kazan. - 1995. - Issue. 2.S. 44-45. 2. Saveliev IL Features of social protection and health organization of student youth // Youth Bulletin of Tatarstan. - Kazan. 1996.-Iss. 5.P. 19-20. 3. Saveliev IL Organization of educational work with students is one of the main tasks of the higher education system at the present stage // Abstracts of the II Republican Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists. - Kazan: Das, 1996. S. 4. 4. Saveliev I. L. Principles of building the republican program "Students" // Information bulletin of the AP RT. - Kazan: Printing house of AP RT. - 1997. - No. 10. S. 34-35. 5. Saveliev IL Interaction of state bodies and public associations in the implementation of the state youth policy of the Republic of Tatarstan // Social management: theory and practice. Abstracts of the republican scientific-practical conference. - Kazan, 1997. P. 5556. 6. Saveliev IL Student public associations in the Republic of Tatarstan: state and development prospects // Position of youth in the republics of the Russian Federation. Abstracts of reports of the inter-republican conference. -Kazan, i997. Pp. 71-72 23 scientific and practical Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "7. Saveliev I. L - Organization of educational work in the university // Information and methodological collection. - Kazan: Publishing house of KSTU, 1998. S. 3-49. (co-authored) 8. Saveliev IL The problem of adaptation of student youth to socio-economic changes in society // Problems of energy. Abstracts of the republican scientific conference. - Kazan: Publishing house of KFMEI, 1998.S. 21-22 (co-authored). 9. Saveliev I.L. Youth policy in Kazan // Youth Bulletin of Tatarstan. - Kazan: Ritz-title. - 1995.-Iss. 13.P. 31-32. 10. Saveliev I. L. Personnel policy in the framework of youth policy // Seminar of heads of educational institutions and enterprises of light industry. Abstracts of reports. - Kazan: Publishing house of KSTU, 2000.S. 4-5. Order 176 Circulation 100 copies Offset laboratory of Kazan State Technological University 420015, Kazan, K Marksa, 68

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Introduction

1.2 Social Issues

2. Experience of working with students

2.1 Research results

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of this topic is to identify the social problems of students. In our time, the position of students in society has changed significantly. Their values ​​and priorities have changed. Students will soon take their place as the main intellectual and productive social force. Students are the middle link between the older and younger age groups.

It is the student body that is the social group most sensitive to changes, reacting quickly to social changes. The changes taking place in the Russian Federation affect the social life of students. The state plays the main role in this. It creates a protection system that is aimed at the legal and social guarantees of each student.

In our time, modern youth strive to embody their ideas. The state helps her in this.

In different periods, such scientists as: Aleshenok S.V., Babochkina P.I., Bunich V.A., Bykova S.N., Vasilyeva E.Yu., Gurvich G., Dubinina E.V. were engaged in the study of the social life of students. ., Zhuravlev G.T., Zubok Yu.A., Zdravomyslov A.G., Ivanov V.N., Ksenofontov V.N., Kolesnikov Yu.S., Kopteva N.T., Kovaleva T.V., Kupriyanova Z.V., Kukhtevich T.N., Lisovskiy V.T., Rodionov V., Rutkevich M.N., Ruchkin B.A., Sorokin P.A., Uzhegova Z.A., Chuprov V.I. ., Shalamova L.F. and others. Student youth should develop fully and acquire knowledge, but this is hampered by various social problems. Allowed to reveal this - the analysis of scientific literature. These contradictions allowed me to choose the topic: "Mechanisms of social management in solving social problems of students."

The subject of the research is the activities of state bodies and public organizations in solving student problems.

The purpose of this course work is to analyze the problems of social students and the role of the state in this.

Following from this, you can determine the objectives of the course work:

1. Consideration of the problems of social youth

2. Study of various literature

3. Studying student politics

4. Analysis of the study

In the course of scientific work, such research methods were used as: analysis of scientific literature, questionnaires, study of legal documents, federal laws, generalization of work experience, method of mathematical research of data.

1. Mechanisms of social management in solving social problems of students

1.1 Public policy among students

Young people have their own functions in society, no other socio-demographic groups have been replaced or implemented. Young people inherit the achieved level of development of society and, by virtue of their specific position, must appropriate for themselves the spiritual and material wealth accumulated in society, such as education, housing, houses of culture, sports facilities, etc.

State youth policy (GMP) is a system of priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of youth, for the development of its potential in the interests of Russia and, consequently, for the socio-economic and cultural development of the country, ensuring its competitiveness and strengthening national security.

The state youth policy is carried out in relation to:

Citizens of the Russian Federation, including persons with dual citizenship, aged 14 to 30;

Foreign citizens, stateless persons between the ages of 14 and 30 - to such an extent that their stay on the territory of the Russian Federation entails the corresponding obligations of federal state bodies;

Young families - families in the first three years after marriage (in the case of the birth of children, without limiting the duration of the marriage, provided that one of the spouses has not reached the age of 30 and single-parent families with children in which the mother or father has not reached 30 years of age;

Youth associations.

Creation of legal, socio-economic conditions for young citizens to choose their life path, implement programs (projects) put forward by them in the field of state youth policy in the Russian Federation, social formation, self-realization and participation of young citizens in public activities;

Upbringing and education of young people, protecting their rights and legitimate interests;

Implementation of socially significant initiatives, socially useful activities of youth, youth, children's public associations;

Promotion of social, cultural, spiritual and physical development of youth;

Non-admission of discrimination of young citizens based on age;

Creation of conditions for a fuller inclusion of young people in the socio-economic, political and cultural life of society;

Expanding the capabilities of a young person in choosing his life path, achieving personal success;

Realization of the innovative potential of young people in the interests of social development and the development of young people themselves.

The principles of the activities of the executive authorities of the state, for the introduction of GMP on the basis of constitutional provisions on the equality of human and civil rights and freedoms, the state protection of human rights and freedoms, the creation of conditions for a dignified life and free development of man and citizen. The implementation of these provisions in relation to young people is provided on the following principles:

1. The principle of state responsibility is responsible for new generations of Russians for the socio-economic, ecological, cultural state of the country, and new generations are responsible for the preservation and enhancement of the inherited heritage.

2. The principle of continuity of state youth policy cannot depend on institutional changes in the system of public administration, the entry or exit of individual politicians, officials of state bodies. The adopted strategic directions of the state youth policy should be revised more often than once every 10-15 years.

3. The principle of priority measures in the field of state youth policy were developed and implemented as a priority in the state's activities to ensure the socio-economic and cultural development of Russia. The strategic aspect of this principle is the recognition of the high performance of investment in youth. This setting assumes an approach to calculating financial resources to support youth associations based on predicting the positive (including financial) consequences of such social investments, both in the short term and especially in the long term.

4. The principle of participation - young people are not only an object of upbringing and education, but also a conscious participant in social transformations. Supporting youth organizations is not only an urgent task, but also a promising direction for the activities of state authorities for the implementation of young people in Russian society, which is impossible without his participation in the implementation of reforms and the formation of a new social basis for the life of Russians. Youth children's public associations are active participants in the formation and implementation of state youth policy in the Russian Federation.

The state youth policy provides:

Strategic succession of generations, preservation and development of national culture, education of young people to respect the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia;

The formation of patriots of Russia, citizens of a legal, democratic state, capable of socialization in a civil society, respecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, using the capabilities of the legal system, possessing a high statehood and showing national and religious tolerance, respectful attitude to the languages, traditions and culture of other peoples, tolerance for spiritual opinion, the ability to seek and find meaningful compromises;

Formation of a culture of peace and interpersonal relations, rejection of forceful methods of resolving political conflicts within the country, readiness to defend it from aggression;

Versatile and timely development of young people, their creative abilities, skills of self-organization, self-realization of the individual, the ability to defend their rights, participate in the activities of public associations;

Formation of a holistic world outlook and a modern scientific outlook in them, the development of a culture of interethnic relations;

Formation of positive labor motivation in young citizens, high business activity, successful mastery of the basic principles of professionalization, skills of effective behavior in the labor market;

The mastery by young people of various social skills and roles, responsibility for their own well-being and the state of society, the development of a culture of their social behavior, taking into account the openness of society, its informatization, the growth of the dynamism of changes.

Social policy, including social development, social support and social assistance, family and demographic policy, based on partnership between the state and the individual, creating conditions for social formation and development, ensuring equal starting opportunities, social support in obtaining general and vocational education, classes, artistic, scientific and technical creativity, targeted social assistance for those with disabilities and those who find themselves in difficult life circumstances.

As for the state youth policy, this means:
- respect and prevention of violation of the rights and freedoms of a young citizen;

Social support for young people with difficult access to education and the introduction and development of their skills; work with gifted children and talented youth;

Targeted social assistance;

Social support for young families.

In the context of modernization of society and an increase in the requirements of human capital, state youth policy should become an instrument for the development and transformation of the country. This requires all participants in the process of social development of youth to develop and consistently implement approaches focused on the direct involvement of young people in solving their own problems and tasks of the state.

The tasks of the state youth policy of such a scale can be solved only through the application of a project approach, the formation of a system of Russian youth projects based on the priority directions of the strategy, clear and demand in the youth environment and society.

1.2 Social Issues

Paying attention to the social problems of students, caused by a number of factors associated with the contradictory influence of modernization processes in Russia, the political and legal consciousness of young people, participation in the political life of the younger generation, extremely low non-constructive participation in political and public life, education and construction of civil society, efficiency conceptual - the foundations of state youth policy.
To determine the scientific and theoretical foundations of the study of the problem, you must decide what will be taken into account not only students, but also students and young people in general.

The documents on the state youth policy say that “young people are considered by the authorized bodies of state power as a social-age group of the population from 14 to 30 years old, a lot of young people who the company provides an opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting their potential in various areas participation in the life of society. Modern scientists believe that the age limit for the term of young people is conditional, they can be defined in the range from 13-14 years old to 29-30 years. " But youth is not only and not so much at what stage of the life cycle, as the social status of a person associated with the main activities: student, soldier, management, etc.
In the scientific literature, there is no single point of view regarding the definition of student youth. In the development of O.V. Larina "student youth are specific, social and professional groups of people, the younger generation, the combined holding of special educational and socially prepared functions, preparation for the performance of social functions, characterized by the unity of life, values ​​and way of life." And in the works of V.T. Lisovsky, the definition of student youth as a social group in the social structure of society, which his position belongs to the intelligentsia, is given, this position is intended for the study of highly qualified work in various fields of science, technology, culture and others. "

The next point of view belongs to AS Vlasenko: "Student youth is a special social group formed from various social formations of society and is characterized by specific conditions of life, work and daily life, social behavior and psychology, for which knowledge and prepare oneself for future work , in science, culture is the main and, in most cases, the only occupation. " We do not share the opinion of A.S. Vlasenko, because, in our opinion, modern student youth should not only acquire knowledge, but also carry out practical activities.

Contemporary sociologists define the specific characteristics of student youth. O.V. Rudakova highlights the following:

The student body is the most significant social group in terms of number and role in the system of social reproduction;

The main function of the student body is to replenish the ranks of the qualified strata of society, specialists and the intelligentsia;

Student youth is a special transitional social group within which personal and social development is carried out;

A distinctive feature of the student body is the desire for everything new, due to the lack of experience, a tendency to maximalism, exaggeration of their own opinions;

The composition of the student group is formed from representatives of various strata and classes of the population of approximately the same age with a certain level of education;

Student youth are the most sensitive to social transformations and are open to any innovation.

Consider the definition of college students.

“Students are a special social group of young people, whose main occupation is preparation for highly skilled work in institutions of higher professional education. There are several approaches to student analysis. Scientists define the student body as a socio-demographic, socio-professional and social group. "

An author like L.Ya. Rubina defines the student body as "a mobile social group, the purpose of which is to prepare, organized according to a specific program, to fulfill high professional and social roles in material and spiritual production."

From the point of view of A.N. Semashko's student body is defined as a separate social group. He argues that "it would be wrong to consider the student body only as a state for the preparation and occupation of the status of the intelligentsia, the student body possesses all the necessary characteristics sufficient for attributing it to a special social group."

And in turn T.V. Ishchenko focuses on the fact that the student body - a special social group of society, the reserve of the intelligentsia - unites in its ranks young people of approximately the same age, educational level - representatives of all classes, social strata and groups of the population. " We agree with the opinion of T.V. Ishchenko because class heterogeneity really corresponds to the student body.

I.V. Militsina defines the student body as "an identification group united by age, the specifics of work, special living conditions, behavior and psychology, determined by a common vision of the world, common values ​​and ideas in a single cultural field."

The student body represents a significant group of young people, the distinguishing feature of which is the number. According to Rudakov, “students, as well as young people, in general, is not a social element that exists alongside classes; it is, first of all, an integral part of the social structure of society, in which concrete manifesto the main characteristics of classes and strata. , consisting of representatives of different classes and social strata, has similar features and common interests. "

In our opinion, the most comprehensive and precise definition is given to students by O.V. Rudakova. "The modern student body as a social group, as a part of youth, consists of representatives of different classes and social communities."

"Another important feature is that active interaction with various social formations of society, as well as the specifics of education give students enormous opportunities for communication. Therefore, the relatively high intensity of communication is a feature of students."

As noted above, students - the transition of a social group, which includes personal and social development, in the process of socialization - the assimilation of social values ​​and norms, the formation of a worldview.
The student period is of particular importance, since the most active development of moral and aesthetic qualities, the formation and stabilization of nature, mastering the full range of social functions of an adult, including civil, political, social and professional labor.

Summarizing the above, students have social groups characterized by a certain number, gender and age structure, socio-psychological characteristics, the main activity of which is obtaining a higher professional education. The interests of students are suitable not only for education, but also for the development of cultural and moral values, the desire to be in demand in the professional labor market and to work effectively in the chosen field of activity.

Currently, the socio-economic situation in the country does not provide sufficient conditions for the younger generation to realize their rights to education, health care, leisure, harmonious spiritual, moral and physical development.

Student youth does not occupy an independent place in the production system, student status is deliberately temporary, and the social status of students and their specific problems are determined by the nature of the social system and are concretized depending on the level of socio-economic and cultural development of the country, including the national characteristics of the higher education system.

In turn, the student body is stratified by the type and level of education received. For us, the most interesting is student youth studying in higher educational institutions.

It is important to note that the student body is a significant part of the youth. Consequently, social problems will manifest themselves in the same way.

Unfortunately, the existing economic and social programs practically do not take into account the specific social position of the younger generation in the process of social development. In this regard, it is necessary to increase attention to the social problems of young people, to identify the aspects of life that are especially important, in the opinion of young people, and to establish feedback.

Based on the works of E.V. Dubinin, it can be distinguished that there are problems concerning all young people, including students, and they find their concrete expression in more private contradictions:

Between the objective need of society for the development of social activity of student youth and the weak involvement of students in solving their own problems;

Between the presence of negative tendencies in the youth, and in particular the student, environment and the weak mass activity of young people in overcoming them;

Between the urgent need to actualize the social creativity of students in universities and colleges and the really small number of student public associations and trade union organizations or the absence of primary public youth organizations in educational institutions of this type;

Between a wide range of problems, difficulties that students objectively face when studying in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, and a weak representation in the activities of student self-government bodies, existing in educational institutions areas of work related to protecting the rights and interests of students, improving their financial situation , civil self-realization, participation in the management of the affairs of the corresponding educational institution;

Between the presence of traditional student self-government bodies and the low degree of their influence on student youth;

Between the complexity of organizing the life and activities of students and the weak coordination of interaction in solving student problems between student government bodies, administrations of educational institutions of other social structures, government bodies, local government;

Between the need to optimize the activities of student self-government bodies in higher educational institutions (universities) and secondary specialized educational institutions and the insufficient development of social technologies to actualize the subject potential of students for the implementation of their own, state, public interests.

The problems of the student body are employment, the problem of maintaining health, and leisure. Some students also pay attention to the problems of poverty, everyday life, and social activities. Many other problems can be identified, for example: students pay special attention to the deterioration of the ecological situation, problems of professional and social self-determination, housing problems, and psychological problems.

Another question arises about social protection, which is aimed at providing legal and economic guarantees for every young person. There is a need for targeted support to young people, families, organizations and public institutions working with young people, constant assistance to those who are unable to do without it.

Thus, after analyzing the scientific literature, we found out that: students public power state

The present socio-economic situation in the country does not provide sufficient conditions for the realization by the young generation of their rights to education, health care, rest, harmonious spiritual, moral and physical development;

Student youth is especially acutely aware of the ongoing changes in the life of society, they quickly react to social changes that give rise to social problems associated with the difficulties of adaptation to modern socio-economic conditions;

Students' problems are related to professional and social self-determination, insufficient material support, employment, housing problems, etc., which indicates the need for a social protection system aimed at providing social, legal and economic guarantees for each student.

2. Experience of working with students

The United States Department of Education, Health, and Human Services has grouped all types of assistance provided to students into two broad groups: social assistance to maintain minimum living standards and assistance in special situations.
The first type of assistance provides a decent living conditions, health and well-being of the student and can be provided if his income is not sufficient, or if he is not able to study. They help to maintain their standard of living once or for a long time, depending on the duration of the situation of those in need, and its volume is determined depending on the specific case. This assistance can be expressed in the form of long-term care or as a lump sum. This can be a payment for the purchase of clothes, shoes, furniture, bedding, clothes for pregnant women and newborns, and in certain conditions for repairs, moving, at Christmas.

The second type of help - help in special situations - is intended for young people who need support in special situations, such as illness, injury, help with training or blows of fate. Help in specific cases, regardless of whether the case itself is to blame or not. The fact that the need is unable to help oneself or receive help from others is critical. Both types of assistance are provided through social services of local communities and schools. According to experts, today more than 75% of young Americans are in at least one volunteer group. In other words, the American "third sector" and now includes more than 1 million organizations that bear the main burden of social protection and support of the population.

In the United States, social work focuses on the therapeutic aspect: the mechanism of social support is activated in the case when everything foreshadowed trouble, there is a request for help and it is proved that he or she needs help. However, one desire of those in need of assistance is not enough: social services are obliged to conduct a check to determine whether assistance is necessary for the applicant, especially in cases where material costs are involved.
The system of social work with students in the United States differs from most models of social work in other countries, decentralization. It is quite complex, but also very flexible. It consists of a variety of social programs, whether governed by federal or state law or federal government agencies and states. Selected programs hosted by local authorities.

In 1991, Russia joined the community of countries that have professional social work. Social policy and social work in Russia is ideologically mainly in accordance with world trends, but, naturally, there is a specific character, due to a number of socio-cultural and economic factors.
In our opinion, the Russian model of social work with young people should be based on the creative use of American experience in the political, socio-economic, national conditions of Russia, the originality of its culture and traditions.

Studying the American experience is important for understanding the natural phenomena of interaction and mutual enrichment, which are still significantly different and to a large extent artificially separate social systems, to find workable mechanisms to stimulate integration processes.

Adapting the American experience in organizing social work with young people is difficult, first of all, problems of the conceptual level associated with different approaches to the social significance of social work and the training of professional personnel for it. The absence in Russia of accepted not only state structures, but also citizens of the goals and values ​​of social work is not possible to understand and accept the policies, approaches of the American system of social work with students at different stages of development.
The second level of problems is the difficulties associated with the information barrier. Russian researchers, as a rule, do not have the necessary information about various aspects of solving some social problem. The information is mostly fragmentary and not always objective.

The next level of adaptation problems are technological barriers. They arise due to the fact that, having new rational ideas and proposals for improving any process, the technology of its application most often does not suit our conditions. Changes in individual elements can lead to failure of the system as a whole.

Finally, there are psychological problems. This group includes overcoming the inertia of traditions, unwillingness to use someone else's experience in the social sphere, and vice versa - excessive confidence that everything foreign is better than ours.

Thus, the adaptation of the American experience of social services of universities is possible on the basis of the creative use of the practice of the United States, taking into account the political, socio-economic, national conditions of Russia, the originality of its culture and traditions.

Social work with student youth is also carried out by various public associations.

Public youth associations are the main form of self-organization of youth, their activities should be aimed at:

1.increasing the public activity of the young generation, developing tolerance among the youth;

2. the acquisition of skills by young people for effective and productive inclusion in modern life;

3. participation of young people in the development and implementation of decisions in the field of state and municipal administration, through work in public and state structures at all levels, through the development of student self-government;

4. Creation of attractive models of positive activity and involvement of young people in it.

Resources can be transferred to public associations to solve problems that they are able to cope with on their own. At the same time, public associations assume full responsibility for solving these problems by the efforts of the youth themselves.

Now let's look at how you work with the youth of various social organizations. Political organizations can operate in a youth social work space in a number of ways. First, political activity is, to a large extent, the struggle for power, and its power structures, certain decisions. The direct impact of these activities on the development of youth policy itself is not obvious. Nevertheless, youth policy is an integral part of political life in general, in which everything is interconnected. Therefore, it cannot be argued that the growing influence of a particular party and its youth organization does not have social protection for young people in any case. Secondly, political movements and parties involved in the implementation of social protection of the population, including young people, as organizations carrying out various types of charity. Of course, this is done for the sake of the image, the conquest of the electorate; but carried out with this rather ambitious program with the participation of non-state funds.

At the same time, including in a legal form of political activity, it can direct the initiative of young people, without giving them antisocial actions. Thus, from the point of view of social work with young people, the palette of political movements and parties fighting for his support is not indifferent.

Of course, social workers cannot ensure their own dominance positively affecting young people. Nevertheless, they can and should be aware of the political situation, preferences and sympathies of young people to influence them in order to cooperate with the leadership of political parties and movements.

It turns out that today the development of sources of youth social movement are: the interest of young people to communicate with their peers, the need for group interaction; Interest of teachers in cooperation with the youth team in order to educate their members.

2.1 Research results

To study the problems of student youth, a survey was conducted among students of a higher educational institution. The number of respondents was 50. The purpose of the survey was to identify the main problems that sharply affect the student youth, to analyze who should solve the problems that arise.

Table 1 Opinion of respondents to the question "Who is primarily responsible for solving youth problems?"

We see that the majority of the participants are ready to bear responsibility for solving the problem themselves, but there are many who are ready to shoulder these problems on the shoulders of the authorities. Of course, this is a bad indicator, because each person must individually solve their problems. The authorities should only help him in this.

Table 2 Respondents' answers to the question "Do you know about youth programs implemented in our country?"

We see that almost half of the respondents know about the availability of youth programs, 48%. This indicates that young people are interested in youth programs, although not enough. This means that this indicator can be used to judge the average degree of youth activity.

Table 3 Respondents' answers to the question, "From what sources do you learn about the events and problems you are interested in?"

The majority receive information about events through the mass media, and this is not surprising, because today there are many different newspapers, television channels, etc. It follows from this that the mass media play an important role in informing young people.

Table 4 Answers to the question, "Which of the areas of work with youth are the most important?"

This question was answered ambiguously. Offered their version 38%. 21% believe that the main focus should be on the state policy in relation to youth, namely, the creation of an effective state legislative framework for favorable development, the formation of youth in various spheres of society. Also, family life and professional training did not go unnoticed. According to these data, it can be seen that quite a few of the respondents noted the importance of another direction and bring them examples, and this, in turn, suggests that the proportion of young people do not agree with the current trends.

Table 5 Answers to the question, "Which of these problems worries you the most?"

Problems of employment and unemployment, financial problems, as well as housing problems come to the fore. From this it can be judged that the problems of employment do not go unnoticed by young people and worry them no less than financial and housing problems.

Table 6 Respondents' answer to the question "Do young people play a significant role in public life, is their influence felt on what is happening in the country?"

The data in this table show that 51% of the respondents believe that yes, young people influence what is happening in the country, but this influence is not great, and this, in turn, indicates an insufficient level of activity of young people.

Table 7 Respondents' answer to the question "Are young people able to solve their problems on their own?"

We see that the indicators are disappointing, only 26% believe that they can cope with their problems on their own. This suggests that young people are not able to solve their problems on their own.

Table 8 Respondents' answer to the question, "From what sources can one obtain information on human rights?"

The respondents answered this question fairly evenly and touched upon all the listed sources. Although the percentage of those who receive information about human rights through the Internet and television is slightly higher. This is the second time that the media is taking the lead in informing young people.

Table 9 Respondents' answers to the question, "To what extent are you informed about the education system in our country?"

These data show that more than half of the respondents have enough information about the education system in our country, but the percentage of those who have insufficient information is also not small, 44%. This indicates a lack of awareness among young people about the education system in our country.

Form start

In general, according to the results of the study, we found that the last survey conducted for young people is not active enough in solving their own problems. He cannot cope with all the problems at the moment. In order to cope with all the problems young people need support from the state. The state said respondents should pay more attention to young people to create a youth program that is understandable to young people, in order to create a program that is influential in the past and that takes into account the interests of all young people. Humane treatment of the rest of society is also important. In turn, half of young people are not going to hang on the shoulders of the state and society. The question is: who, in your opinion, is primarily responsible for the problems of youth? 56% of young people said that we accept this responsibility, but must be responsible for all young people, because without her active participation, the state simply cannot cope with problems.

Thus, the Russian model of social work with students should be based on the creative use of American experience, taking into account the political, socio-economic, ethnic Russian conditions, the uniqueness of its culture and traditions;

public youth organizations are the main form of self-organization of young people, which leads to an increase in the social activity of the younger generation, the development of tolerance among young people;

work with young people is carried out by various public organizations, because of this it is included in the legal form of political activity;

Conclusion

This topic examines, in general, the social life of students. Students are a social group that responds to changes in society, so students have problems with employment, housing, etc. This affects the question of the protection that the state must provide to each student.

Nowadays, problems are solved in the very places of the educational institution. Each educational institution has its own special social institutions for student problems. They should provide assistance to students. Social work creates the preconditions for solving the social, economic, psychological, legal, medical problems that students have, and also acts as a preventive means of asocial behavior of young people. Elimination of problems depends on government assistance.

Many scientists and practitioners studied the social problems of student youth in different periods, such as: Kopteva N.T., Kovaleva T.V., Kupriyanova Z.V., Lisovskiy V.T., Rodionov V., Sorokin P.A. , Uzhegova Z.A., Chuprov V.I., Shalamova L.F. and etc.

In the course work, we determined that student youth is a transitional social group, the composition of which is formed from representatives of different strata and classes of the population of approximately the same age, the function of which is to obtain higher professional education.

Based on the results of what we studied, the American experience of social work with students was considered. US Social Services provide students with two types of assistance: social assistance to maintain minimum living standards and assistance in special life situations.

The study of the domestic experience of work of social services with student youth showed that social services in Russia carry out such activities as social support for students, psychological assistance, assistance in employment, prevention of a healthy lifestyle, etc.

Based on the results of the survey, we concluded that the young people who passed the survey are not active enough in solving their problems, that at the moment they cannot cope with all the problems on their own. Thus, the system of social protection should be provided by the state, in the form of the implementation of the state youth policy, which should be aimed at providing legal and economic guarantees for every young person.

Thus, the goal of the course work is achieved, the tasks are solved.

Bibliography

1.Anosov A.P. Teenager's problems. M.: Infra-M, 2007

2.Bolshoi legal dictionary / Ed. AND I. Sukhareva, V.E. Krutskikh.-2nd ed., Revised. and additional M .: INFRA-M, 2002. 704 p.

3. Baranov A.P. Social work with youth. M.: Infra-M, 2009.

4.Vatoropin A.S. Political orientations of students / A.S. Vatoropin // Sociological Research. - 2000. - No. 6. - S. 39-43.

5. Dorozhkin Yu.N., Mazitova L.T. Problems of social adaptation of foreign students / Yu.N. Dorozhkin // SOTSIS. Ї 2007. Ї No. 3. Ї S. 23-25.

6.Zety P. Political activity of youth // Bulletin of youth policy. - 2005. - No. 11. - S. 21.

7.Larmin O.V. Aesthetic education and development of youth) M., 1978, 196 p.

8.Militina I.V. Cultural self-identification of students: Dis. Cand. sociol. sciences. ЇChelyabinsk, 2007. Ї102 p.

9 Motrich E.L., Lee E.L., Seripnik E.O. Students of the Khabarovsk Territory. Socio-professional and migration guidelines and motivation of behavior / E. L. Motrich // SOTSIS. Ї 2006. Ї №5. Ї S. 37-42.

10.Pugach V.F. Russian students: statistical and sociological analysis. M., 2006. Ї 214 p.

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