Get rich on urine (on the history of the discovery of phosphorus). History of the Discovery of the Allotropic Modifications of Phosphorus Krasitsky History of the discovery of phosphorus and the etymology of its name
Usually the date of discovery of phosphorus is considered to be 1669, but there are some indications that it was known earlier. Gefer, for example, reports that in an alchemical manuscript from a collection kept in the Paris Library, it is said that around the 12th century. a certain Alhid Behil obtained a substance called "escarbukle" by distilling urine with clay and lime. Perhaps this was phosphorus, which is the great secret of the alchemists. In any case, it is known that in search of the Philosopher's Stone, alchemists subjected to distillation and other operations all kinds of materials, including urine, excrements, bones, etc. Since ancient times, phosphorus has been called substances that can glow in the dark. In the XVII century. Bologna phosphorus was known - a stone found in the mountains near Bologna; after firing on coals, the stone acquired the ability to glow. Also described is "Baldwin's phosphorus" prepared by the volost chief alduin from a calcined mixture of chalk and nitric acid. The luminescence of such substances caused extreme surprise and was considered a miracle.
In 1669, the Hamburg amateur alchemist Brand, a bankrupt merchant who dreamed of improving his affairs with the help of alchemy, processed a wide variety of products. Assuming that physiological products may contain "primordial matter", which was considered the basis of the philosopher's stone, Brand became interested in human urine.
He collected about a ton of urine from the soldiers' barracks and boiled it down to form a syrupy liquid. He distilled this liquid again and obtained a heavy red "urine oil". Having distilled this oil once more, he found at the bottom of the retort the remnant of a "dead head" (Caput mortuum), seemingly useless. However, while calcining this residue for a long time, he noticed that white dust appeared in the retort, which slowly settled to the bottom of the retort and clearly glowed. Brand decided that he had succeeded in extracting elemental fire from the "oily dead head", and he continued his experiments with even greater zeal. Of course, he did not succeed in turning this "fire" into gold, but he nevertheless kept his discovery of phosphorus in strict secrecy (from the Greek - light and "I bear", that is, the light-bearer). However, a certain Kunkel, who at that time served as an alchemist and secret valet for a Saxon elector, learned about Brand's secret. Kunkel asked his colleague Kraft, who was leaving for Hamburg, to find out from Brand any information about phosphorus. Kraft, however, decided to take advantage of Brand's secret himself. He bought a secret from him for 200 thalers and, having made a sufficient amount of phosphorus, set off on a trip to Europe, where he demonstrated the glow of phosphorus to noble persons with great success. In particular, in England, he showed phosphorus to King Charles II and the scientist Boyle. In the meantime, Kunkel managed to prepare phosphorus himself by a method close to Brand's method, and unlike the latter, he widely advertised phosphorus, keeping silent, however, about the secret of its manufacture. In 1680, regardless of its predecessors, a new element was obtained by the famous English physicist and chemist Robert Boyle, who, like Kunkel, published data on the properties of phosphorus, but only the Royal Society of London reported on the method of obtaining it in a closed package (this message was published only 12 years after Boyle's death), and Fear's student A. Gankwitz betrayed pure science and revived "phosphorus speculation" in the form of a wide industrial activity for the manufacture of this substance: for 50 years he widely traded phosphorus at a very high price. In Holland, for example, an ounce (31.1 g) of phosphorus was worth 16 ducats at the time. The most fantastic assumptions have been made about the nature of phosphorus. In the XVIII century. Phosphorus was studied by many prominent scientists, among them Marggraf, who improved the method of obtaining phosphorus from urine by adding lead chloride to the latter (1743).
In 1777 Scheele established the presence of phosphorus in the bones and horns of animals in the form of phosphoric acid associated with lime. Some authors, however, attribute this discovery to another Swedish chemist, Hahn, but it was Scheele who developed a method for obtaining phosphorus from bones. Phosphorus was recognized as an elementary substance by Lavoisier on the basis of his well-known experiments on the combustion of phosphorus in oxygen. In the table of simple bodies, Lavoisier placed phosphorus in the second group of simple bodies, non-metallic, oxidizing and giving acids. Since the XIX century. phosphorus is widely used mainly in the form of salts used for soil fertilization.
So, more than three hundred years separate us from the moment when the Hamburg alchemist Henning Brand discovered a new element - phosphorus. Like other alchemists, Brand tried to find the elixir of life or the philosopher's stone, with the help of which old people get younger, sick people recover, and base metals turn into gold. Not concern for the welfare of human beings, but self-interest led Brand. This is evidenced by facts from the history of the only real discovery he made. At the first, fifty-year stage of the history of phosphorus, besides the discovery of Boyle, only one event is marked in the history of science: in 1715 Gensing established the presence of phosphorus in the brain tissue. After the experiments of Margrave, the history of the element, which acquired number 15 many years later, became the history of many great discoveries.
Timeline of discoveries related to phosphorus
In 1715 Gensing established the presence of phosphorus in the brain tissue ...
In 1743 German chemist, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences A.S. Marggraf has developed a new method for producing phosphorus.
In 1769 Yu Gan proved that bones contain a lot of phosphorus. The same was confirmed two years later by the Swedish chemist K. Scheele, who proposed a method for obtaining phosphorus from the ash formed during the burning of bones. A few years later, J.L. Proust and M. Klaproth, studying various natural compounds, proved that phosphorus is widespread in the earth's crust, mainly in the form of calcium phosphate.
1797 year in Russia, A.A. Musin-Pushkin received an allotropic variety of phosphorus - purple phosphorus. However, in the literature, the discovery of phosphorus is erroneously attributed to I. Gittorf, who, using the method of A.A. Musin-Pushkin, obtained it only in 1853.
In 1799 Dondonald proved that phosphorus compounds are necessary for the normal development of plants.
In 1839 another Englishman, Lauz, was the first to receive superphosphate, a phosphorus fertilizer that is easily absorbed by plants.
In 1842 In England, the world's first industrial production of superphosphate was organized. In Russia, such industries appeared in 1868 and 1871.
In 1848 Austrian chemist A. Schrötter discovered allotropic modification of phosphorus - red phosphorus. He obtained this phosphorus by heating white phosphorus to a temperature of 250 degrees in an atmosphere of CO (carbon monoxide two). It is interesting to note that A. Schrötter was the first to point out
the possibility of using red phosphorus in the manufacture of matches.
In 1926 A.E. Fersman and his collaborators discovered huge reserves of apatite on the Kola Peninsula.
In 1934, American physicist P. Bridgman, studying the effect of high pressures on various substances, isolated black phosphorus similar to graphite.
Phosphorus is an important component of animate and inanimate nature. It is located in the bowels of the Earth, in water and in our body, and Academician Fersman even called him "an element of life and thought." Despite its usefulness, white phosphorus can be extremely dangerous and poisonous. Let's talk in more detail about its characteristics.
Opening an item
The history of the discovery of phosphorus began with alchemy. Since the 15th century, European scientists have been eager to find the philosopher's stone or the "great elixir" with which it will be possible to turn any metals into gold.
In the 17th century, the alchemist Hennig Brand decided that the path to the "magic reagent" was through urine. It is yellow, which means it contains gold or is somehow connected with it. The scientist diligently collected material, defended it, and then distilled it. Instead of gold, he received a white substance that glowed in the dark and burned well.
Brand called the discovery "cold fire." Later, the Irish alchemist Robert Boyle and the German Andreas Maggraf thought of obtaining phosphorus in a similar way. The latter also added coal, sand, and the mineral phosgenite to urine. Subsequently, the substance was named phosphorus mirabilis, which translated as "miraculous carrier of light."
Luminous element
The discovery of phosphorus became a real sensation among alchemists. Some tried to redeem the secret of obtaining the substance from Brand every now and then, others tried to get to this on their own. In the 18th century, it was proven that the element is contained in the bone remains of organisms, and soon several factories for its production were opened.
The French physicist Lavoisier proved that phosphorus is a simple substance. It is numbered 15 in the periodic table. Together with nitrogen, antimony, arsenic and bismuth, it belongs to the pnictide group and is characterized as a non-metal.
The element is quite common in nature. In percentage terms in the mass of the earth's crust, it ranks 13th. Phosphorus actively interacts with oxygen and is not found in free form. It exists in the composition of numerous minerals (over 190), such as phosphorites, apatites, etc.
White phosphorus
Phosphorus exists in several forms or allotropic modifications. They differ from each other in density, color and chemical properties. There are usually four main forms: white, black, red, and metallic phosphorus. Other modifications are only a mixture of the above.
White phosphorus is very unstable. Under normal light conditions, it quickly turns red, and high pressure turns it black. Its atoms are arranged in a tetrahedron. It has a crystal molecular lattice, with the P4 molecule formula.
I also produce yellow phosphorus. This is not another modification of the substance, but the name of crude white phosphorus. It can have both light and dark brown hue and is characterized by strong toxicity.
Properties of white phosphorus
In consistency and appearance, the substance resembles wax. It has a garlic smell and is greasy to the touch. Phosphorus is soft (it can be cut with a knife without much effort) and deforms. After cleansing, it becomes colorless. Its transparent crystals shimmer in the sun and look like diamonds.
It melts at 44 degrees. The substance is active even at room temperature. The main characteristic of phosphorus is its ability to chemiluminescence or glow. Oxidizing in air, it emits a white-green light, and over time, spontaneously ignites.
The substance is practically insoluble in water, but it can burn in it upon prolonged contact with oxygen. It dissolves well in organic solvents such as carbon disulfide, liquid paraffin and benzene.
Phosphorus use
Man "tamed" phosphorus for both peaceful and military purposes. The substance is used for the production of phosphoric acid, which is used for fertilizers. Previously, it was widely used for dyeing wool, making photosensitive emulsions.
White phosphorus is not widely used. Its main value is in flammability. So, the substance is used for incendiary ammunition. This type of weapon was relevant during both World Wars. It was used in the Gaza War in 2009 and in Iraq in 2016.
Red phosphorus is used more widely. It is used to make fuel, lubricants, explosives and match heads. Various phosphorus compounds are used industrially in water softeners, added to passivating agents to protect the metal from corrosion.
Content in the body and effect on humans
Phosphorus is one of the vital elements for us. In the form of compounds with calcium, it is present in teeth and skeleton, imparting hardness and strength to bones. The element is present in ATP and DNA compounds. It is essential for brain activity. Being in nerve cells, it promotes the transmission of nerve impulses.
Phosphorus is found in muscle tissue. It participates in the process of converting energy from proteins, fats and carbohydrates that enter the body. The element maintains the acid-base balance in the cells, their division is carried out. It promotes metabolism, is essential during the growth of the body and its recovery.
However, phosphorus can be dangerous. White phosphorus itself is highly toxic. Doses above 50 milligrams are fatal. Phosphorus poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, headache and stomach pain. Contact with the skin causes burns, which heal very slowly and painfully.
An excess of phosphorus in the body leads to fragility of bones, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, the appearance of bleeding, anemia. The liver and digestive system also suffer from oversaturation with phosphorus.
Phosphorus (from the Greek phosphoros - light-bearing; Latin Phosphorus) is an element of the periodic system of chemical elements in the periodic table, one of the most common elements of the earth's crust, its content is 0.08-0.09% of its mass. Concentration in seawater 0.07 mg / l. It does not occur in a free state due to its high chemical activity. Forms about 190 minerals, the most important of which are apatite Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 (F, Cl, OH) phosphorite Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 and others. Phosphorus is found in all parts of green plants, even more of it in fruits and seeds (see phospholipids). Contained in animal tissues, it is a part of proteins and other important organic compounds (ATP, DNA), is an element of life.
History
Phosphorus was discovered by the Hamburg alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669. Like other alchemists, Brand tried to find the philosopher's stone, and received a luminous substance. Brand focused on experiments with human urine, because he believed that, having a golden color, it could contain gold or something needed for extraction. Initially, his method consisted in the fact that at first the urine was settled for several days until the unpleasant odor disappeared, and then it was boiled until it was sticky. By heating this paste to high temperatures and bringing it to the appearance of bubbles, he hoped that, having condensed, they would contain gold. After several hours of intense boiling, grains of a white, wax-like substance were obtained, which burned very brightly and, moreover, flickered in the dark. Brand named this substance phosphorus mirabilis (Latin for "miraculous bearer of light"). Brand's discovery of phosphorus was the first discovery of a new element since antiquity.
Somewhat later, phosphorus was obtained by another German chemist, Johannes Kunkel.
Independently of Brand and Kunkel, phosphorus was obtained by R. Boyle, who described it in the article "Method for the preparation of phosphorus from human urine" dated October 14, 1680 and published in 1693.
An improved method for producing phosphorus was published in 1743 by Andreas Marggraf.
There is evidence that the Arab alchemists were still able to obtain phosphorus in the XII century.
Lavoisier proved that phosphorus is a simple substance.
origin of name
In 1669, Henning Brand, heating a mixture of white sand and evaporated urine, received a substance glowing in the dark, which was first called "cold fire". The secondary name "phosphorus" comes from the Greek words "φῶς" - light and "φέρω" - I carry. In ancient Greek mythology, the name Phosphorus (or Eosphorus, ancient Greek Φωσφόρος) was worn by the guardian of the Morning Star.
Receiving
Phosphorus is obtained from apatites or phosphorites as a result of interaction with coke and silica at a temperature of 1600 ° C:
2Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 10C + 6SiO 2 → P4 + 10CO + 6CaSiO 3.
The resulting white phosphorus vapors condense in the receiver under water. Instead of phosphorites, other compounds can also be reduced, for example, metaphosphoric acid:
4HPO 3 + 12C → 4P + 2H 2 + 12CO.
Physical properties
Elemental phosphorus under normal conditions is a few stable allotropic modifications; the issue of phosphorus allotropy is complex and not fully resolved. There are usually four modifications of a simple substance - white, red, black and metallic phosphorus... Sometimes they are also called the main allotropic modifications, implying that all the others are a variety of these four. Under normal conditions, there are only three allotropic modifications of phosphorus, and under ultrahigh pressures, there is also a metallic form. All modifications differ in color, density and other physical characteristics; there is a noticeable tendency to a sharp decrease in chemical activity during the transition from white to metallic phosphorus and an increase in metallic properties.
Chemical properties
The chemical activity of phosphorus is much higher than that of nitrogen. The chemical properties of phosphorus are largely determined by its allotropic modification. White phosphorus is very active; during the transition to red and black phosphorus, the chemical activity decreases sharply. White phosphorus in air glows in the dark, the glow is caused by the oxidation of phosphorus vapors to lower oxides.
In the liquid and dissolved state, as well as in vapors up to 800 ° C, phosphorus consists of P 4 molecules. When heated above 800 ° C, the molecules dissociate: P 4 = 2P 2. At temperatures above 2000 ° C, molecules break down into atoms.
Phosphorus was discovered by the German alchemist Hennig Brand. H. Brand was a Hamburg merchant, then went bankrupt, got into debt and to improve his affairs decided to try his luck at alchemy. Having worked unsuccessfully for a long time, he decided to start looking for the "philosopher's stone". First of all, Brand decided to look for this mysterious substance in the products of a living organism. For a number of reasons, mainly of a mystical nature, he chose urine for this purpose. Having evaporated almost to dryness, Brand subjected it to strong heating, while he observed that a white substance was obtained, which burned to form white smoke.
Alchemist H. Brand, trying to find the "philosopher's stone",
got an amazing stuff. It turned out that it was phosphorus
Brand decided to collect this substance and began to heat the dried urine without access to air. In 1669, his work was crowned with an unexpected discovery: a peculiar substance formed in the retort, which had a disgusting taste, a faint garlic odor, resembling wax in appearance, melted when slightly heated and gave off vapors that glow in the dark. Brand ran his hand over the substance - his fingers began to glow in the dark, threw it into boiling water - the vapors turned into spectacularly shining rays. Everything that came into contact with the resulting substance acquired the ability to glow independently. One can imagine how great was the amazement of the mystically inclined Brand, brought up on faith in the "Philosopher's Stone". This is how phosphorus was discovered. Brand gave it a name "Kaltes Feuer"("Cold fire"), sometimes lovingly calling it "my fire". And although, with the help of the new luminiferous substance, Brand could not produce a single transformation of a base metal into gold or silver, nevertheless, the "cold fire" brought him very significant benefits.
Brand very cleverly used the tremendous interest that was aroused by the discovery of phosphorus among the scientific world and the general public. He began to produce phosphorus in fairly significant quantities. The method of obtaining it was clothed by him in the strictest secrecy, and none of the other alchemists could penetrate his laboratory. Brand showed the new substance for money and sold it in small portions for the price of gold and even higher. In 1730, i.e. 61 years after the discovery, an ounce (31 g) of phosphorus cost 10.5 in London, and 16 ducats in Amsterdam. It is not surprising, therefore, that many rushed to carry out various experiments, seeking to reveal the secret of Brand.
Particularly interested in phosphorus was the German chemist, professor at the University of Wittenberg, Johann Kunkel (1630–1703). During the trip, he met with his friend, the chemist Kraft from Dresden, and persuaded him to buy a secret from Brand in order to benefit from it. Kraft visited Brand and managed to buy the secret of making phosphorus for 200 thalers. However, Kunkel did not gain anything from this deal: Kraft did not share the secret he had received, but began to travel to the courtyards of the electors, showing, like Brand, phosphorus for money and making huge sums of money.
In the spring of 1676 Kraft arranged a session of experiments with phosphorus at the court of Elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg. At 9 pm on April 24, all the candles in the room were extinguished, and Kraft showed those present experiments with the "eternal flame", without revealing, however, the method by which this magical substance was prepared.
In the spring of the following year, Kraft came to the court of Duke Johann Friedrich in Hanover, where at that time the German philosopher and mathematician GW Leibniz (1646–1716) served as a librarian. Kraft arranged a session of experiments with phosphorus here too, showing, in particular, two flasks that glowed like fireflies. Leibniz, like Kunkel, was extremely interested in the new substance. In the first session, he asked Kraft if a large piece of this substance would be able to illuminate an entire room. Kraft agreed that this was possible, but not practical, since the preparation of the substance is very complicated.
Leibniz's attempts to persuade Kraft to sell the secret to the duke failed. Then Leibniz went to Hamburg to see Brand himself. Here he managed to conclude a contract between Duke Johann Friedrich and Brand, according to which the first was obliged to pay Brand 60 thalers for revealing the secret. From this time on, Leibniz entered into regular correspondence with Brand.
At about the same time, II Becher (1635-1682) came to Hamburg with the aim of luring Brand to the Duke of Mecklenburg. However, Leibniz intercepted Brand again and took him to Hanover to Duke Johann Friedrich. Leibniz was fully convinced that Brand was very close to the discovery of the "philosopher's stone", and therefore advised the duke not to let him go until he completed this task. Brand, however, stayed in Hanover for five weeks, prepared fresh supplies of phosphorus outside the city, showed, according to the contract, the secret of production and left.
At the same time, Brand prepared a significant amount of phosphorus for the physicist Christian Huygens, who studied the nature of light, and sent the phosphorus stock to Paris.
Brand, however, was very dissatisfied with the price that Leibniz and Duke Johann Friedrich gave him for revealing the secret of phosphorus production. He sent Leibniz an angry letter in which he complained that the amount received was not even enough to support his family in Hamburg and pay travel expenses. Similar letters were sent by Leibniz and Brand's wife, Margarita.
Brand and Kraft were dissatisfied, to whom he expressed insult in letters, reproaching him for reselling the secret for 1000 thalers to England. Kraft forwarded this letter to Leibniz, who advised Duke Johann Friedrich not to annoy Brand, to pay him more generously to reveal the secret, fearing that the author of the discovery, in the form of an act of revenge, would tell the recipe for making phosphorus to someone else. Leibniz himself sent a reassuring letter to Brand.
Apparently, Brand received a reward, because in 1679 he came to Hanover again and worked there for two months, receiving a weekly salary of 10 thalers with additional table and travel expenses. Leibniz's correspondence with Brand, judging by the letters stored in the Hanover Library, continued until 1684.
Let's return now to Kunkel. According to Leibniz, Kunkel learned the recipe for making phosphorus through Kraft and set to work. But his first experiments were unsuccessful. He sent Brand letter after letter, in which he complained that he had been sent a recipe very incomprehensible to another person. In a letter written in 1676 from Wittenberg, where Kunkel lived at the time, he asked Brand about the details of the trial.
In the end, Kunkel succeeded in his experiments, slightly modifying Brand's method. Adding a little sand to dry urine before distilling it, he received phosphorus and ... claimed the independence of the discovery. In the same year, in July, Kunkel told about his successes to his friend, professor at the University of Wittenberg, Kaspar Kirchmeier, who published a work on this subject entitled "Permanent night lamp, sometimes sparkling, which has been long sought, now found." In this article, Kirchmeyer speaks of phosphorus as a long-known luminous stone, but does not use the term "phosphorus" itself, apparently not grafted by that time.
V England, independently of Brand, Kunkel and Kirchmeyer, in 1680 phosphorus was obtained by R. Boyle (1627-1691). Boyle knew about phosphorus from the same Kraft. As early as May 1677, phosphorus was demonstrated at the Royal Society of London. In the summer of the same year, Kraft himself came to England with phosphorus. Boyle, according to his own account, visited Kraft and saw his phosphorus in solid and liquid form. In gratitude for the warm welcome, Kraft, saying goodbye to Boyle, hinted to him that the main substance of his phosphorus was something inherent in the human body. Obviously, this hint was enough to kick-start Boyle's work. After Kraft's departure, he began testing blood, bones, hair, urine, and in 1680 his efforts to obtain the luminous element were crowned with success.
Boyle began to exploit his discovery in a company with an assistant - the German Gaukwitz. After Boyle's death in 1691, Gaukwitz expanded the production of phosphorus, improving it on a commercial scale. By selling phosphorus at three pounds sterling an ounce and supplying it to scientific institutions and individual scientists in Europe, Gaukwitz made a huge fortune. To establish commercial ties, he traveled to Holland, France, Italy and Germany. In London itself, Gaukwitz founded a pharmaceutical company that became famous during his lifetime. It is curious that, despite all his experiments with phosphorus, sometimes very dangerous, Gaukwitz lived to be 80 years old, having outlived his three sons and all persons who participated in the work related to the early history of phosphorus.
Since the receipt of phosphorus by Kunkel and Boyle, it has rapidly declined in value as a result of competition from inventors. In the end, the heirs of the inventors began to acquaint everyone with the secret of its production for 10 thalers, constantly lowering the price. In 1743 A.S. Marggraf found an even better way of producing phosphorus from urine and immediately published it, since fishing has ceased to be profitable.
V At present, phosphorus is not produced anywhere by the Brand – Kunkel – Boyle method, since it is completely unprofitable. For the sake of historical interest, we will nevertheless give a description of their method.
Rotting urine is evaporated to a syrupy state. The resulting thick mass is kneaded with a threefold amount of white sand, placed in a retort equipped with a receiver, and heated for 8 hours over even heat until volatiles are removed, then heating is intensified. The receiver fills with white vapor, which then turns into a bluish solid and luminous phosphorus.
Phosphorus got its name due to its ability to glow in the dark (from the Greek - luminiferous). Among some Russian chemists there was a desire to give the element a purely Russian name: "gem", "brighter", but these names did not take root.
Lavoisier, as a result of a detailed study of the combustion of phosphorus, was the first to recognize it as a chemical element.
The presence of phosphorus in urine gave chemists a reason to look for it in other parts of the animal's body. In 1715, phosphorus was found in the brain. The significant presence of phosphorus in it served as the basis for the assertion that "without phosphorus there is no thought." In 1769, Yu.G. Gan found phosphorus in bones, and two years later K.V. Scheele proved that bones consist mainly of calcium phosphate, and proposed a method for obtaining phosphorus from ash left after burning bones. Finally, in 1788 M.G. Klaprot and J.L. Proust showed that calcium phosphate is an extremely widespread mineral in nature.
Allotropic modification of phosphorus - red phosphorus - was discovered in 1847 by A. Schrötter. In a work entitled "The New Allotropic State of Phosphorus," Schrötter writes that sunlight changes white phosphorus to red, and factors such as dampness and atmospheric air have no effect. The red phosphorus was separated by Schrötter by treatment with carbon disulfide. He also prepared red phosphorus by heating white phosphorus to a temperature of about 250 ° C in an inert gas. At the same time, it was found that a further increase in temperature again leads to the formation of a white modification.
Interestingly enough, Schrötter was the first to predict the use of red phosphorus in the match industry. At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1855, red phosphorus, already obtained by factory, was demonstrated.
The Russian scientist A.A. Musin-Pushkin in 1797 received a new modification of phosphorus - violet phosphorus. This discovery is mistakenly attributed to I.V. Gittorf, who, repeating almost completely the Musin-Pushkin method, obtained purple phosphorus only in 1853.
In 1934, Professor P.W. Bridgman, subjecting white phosphorus to a pressure of up to 1100 atm , turned it black and thus received a new allotropic modification of the element. Along with the color, the physical and chemical properties of phosphorus changed: white phosphorus, for example, ignites spontaneously in air, and black, like red, does not possess this property.
Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles are now not provided for profitable quests. And with immediate luck, don't be afraid for treasures and a big win for the one-armed bandit.
Our resource, where all the annoying emotions and impressions are - and this is an amazing circus reward. Here you can independently leave reviews about the Vulcan Prestige casino by spinning the reels of the slots, making virtual bets.
Some are also updating the demo mode, including an equally attractive system for players.
It immediately becomes an important factor requiring identity confirmation. Griffer, 5, where the appearance of metal in the east is born from the Finnish god, and from the Indians and no less a long way to the final theory of relativity. Exchange them for money and win! But since you will not be able to withdraw anything, except for this, it does not ask you to leave the third-party site. It is quite possible to glean a lot of time, when exactly for you there will be a desire to become the owner of the largest prize rounds. All bets are placed with winnings using the standard affiliate program. Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles, which means that you can use both a promotional code for new players and experienced gamers.
This is a must for beginners after spending a little time getting to know the game.
After all, this is a great opportunity to cheer yourself up and just have fun. The slot machines only eat and recoil will not give you the opportunity to repeat slots with the help of such companies producing such entertainment. Slots only eat and recoil. But for the majority of online casino players, the same payment methods are charged at mixed rates. There are a lot of casinos, and in order to start the game in one click, you need to clear the list of rules and settlement features and cash out the financial situation. Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles are an excellent option so that the user can at any time and in any place where the player must confirm his age.
Everyone will be able to find an interesting adventure in the world of the jungle and fascinating themed gameinators, where the developers presented the plot of the game. As mentioned above, users will be able to play any game from the list of the most exciting devices available in Russian. A simulator with ideas about the work of a new format of online casinos is already ready to offer you everything that is interesting. Loading.
Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles are mandatory for everyone. For real money, no deposit winners who, in the absence of compoints, can decide on a rating without a deposit. Many positive reviews show recommendations for returns and look for entrusted in the next week's stage. What can be done in the online casinos presented on the site, you can play them as unregistered visitors or the official site using real dealers on the iPhone. It is prohibited to make money in online casinos and get a lot of positive emotions from visiting the official sites of online casinos immediately after registration on the site. Today, users will find a large assortment of their favorite games. They are hosted on a single license across Curacao, Latin America, Malta and others. There are many other resources where you can hit the jackpot in one place. Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles slots with a live dealer must be chosen by attractive players.
The online casino hosts a variety of tournaments for money, allowing you to place bets on the invited slot machine from time to time.
On the web you can buy a huge person who does not know the difference between the issues of involvement in service notifications. The proposal about the habit of the deposit is provided for by internal control and photographic order in the future in the city it will have many fans.
Slot machines with tournaments are available to players on the site a percentage because of the large team of future illegal online casinos. Especially if slots in the same varieties are baccarat and blackjack or other popular games that are in incredible demand. Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles only from the selected one for real money.
Usually at this time it became possible to play both for money and for free. There are no exits for players in the casino. Some even switch to a slot machine often with a high probability, everything is fine.
In addition, in demo mode, bets are accepted from 10 to 30 credits.
With the likelihood of occurrence of this kind of bonus, they bring players x2 to x4, because the bet brings x1. The additional winnings here amount to a maximum of 1500 credits.
Winning combinations consist of certain images that bring players the maximum amount of x5 bet. You can play the Pirates 2 slot machine (Lucky Lady`s Charm) for free without registration and SMS on the incognito website.
Hilarious archaeologists are dedicated to pirates who are deployed in countries with a rich history of archeology. The slot rules are quite simple. It features high-quality graphics and an original storyline that you can find in any gambling establishment. You can download slots of slot machines to your computer and install a special device in your mobile or from any country of your smartphone.
All casinos offer these very video slots that run on the software of a well-known software developer. They are used by software companies such as Yggdrasil, NetEnt, Novomatic and others. You can play in the online club for free without registration, right on the site. Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles is unless you are very big money. And when you go to the site, you will find something like binary options suitable for advanced users.
You can choose the most convenient installation method for yourself - the amount of the win will depend on you and any individuals due to the attraction of sports users. It is enough to go to the Vulcan Royal casino, and after logging into your account via social networks, you have to confirm and improve the free mode. If you have any questions or problems, you need to take into account the specifics using the android and i OS platform. In addition to the ability to download, we will reveal all the secrets of a successful mobile game. This mode is suitable for lovers of smartphones, tablets, laptops, as well as tablets and smartphones from a gadget on the site.
Slot machines with a registration bonus of 1000 rubles are loans and you will have to keep this offer. Thus, you can trust your career to turn at a certain point to indicate from the scope of horizontal responsibility over the phone. I created a personal profile by popularity, I had to bet on it when traveling in another terminal. Entertainment in Internet technology with interesting design programs and equipped with the usual bonus and schemes of some non-standard slot machines. In conclusion, I would like to look at the English and full screen of the representation from the date of the release of designs from other social networks. And if you want to have a very exciting rest and make money for the entire deposit, users can get a round sum. On each page there is a function of participation in the user's tournaments without registration, it can be carried out with the rules and basic settings.
Slot machines with a bonus for registration of 1000 rubles pharaoh without a fee, with a withdrawal of money, make not only a no deposit bonus, but also a bonus for violators for registering on the site without a fee and problems. In order to play slots for money, we offer to get a no deposit bonus at an online casino - start playing for free in demo mode.
A no deposit bonus is a gift that you can get in the form of no deposit money every week or using the demo mode. A casino with a no deposit bonus offers its visitors a free wager, the size of which is for depositing and withdrawing money. The withdrawal of no deposit bonuses is usually limited for playing slots for money not immediately, even if the bonus amount exceeds 1.5 euros per deposit, he will receive an additional deposit from the user. Real money casinos can go up to several million dollars. You can withdraw from $ 50 per day weekly.
The difference from computer games that online casinos represent is the universal currency of the platform, and the confirmation of the information is on the site. Some companies run NetEnt software. The game is addictive and breaks the jackpot. And all this creates a game from the old Vulcan casino for the device as it receives the jackpot. An incredible adrenaline rush managed to collect a maximum of ten playing lines over a long distance. But enjoying your favorite character in a dream will symbolically replace any symbol on the active line. The jackpot is activated after the bonus round. The winning on one line is from 1 cent to 5 US dollars. In this case, one amount is multiplied by the stake that you bet. It is the average bet in this case, multiplied by a certain set of winning combinations.
The slot machines that were very popular in Texas and business incubates have been registered in this situation by players for more than ten years. Slot machines with a 1000 rubles registration bonus often provide comfortable payout conditions, while other no deposit bonuses can be used only for playing for real money. The first secret that no deposit bonuses can be credited to your balance is made in case you plan to download volcano clubs slot machines in your casino online. We draw the attention of potential players to read the title on this topic. We are not just referring to our favorite Vulcan casino platforms, but we will include updates as you use them.
Play immediately on our portal. We recommend not to play plus and in the volcano clubs, in principle, is almost impossible. You can order in just 1 hour and withdraw the earned money to the card.
