What does n mean in physics 10. School curriculum: what is n in physics? Derived physical quantities
Studying physics at school lasts several years. At the same time, students are faced with the problem that the same letters represent completely different quantities. Most often this fact concerns Latin letters. How then to solve problems?
There is no need to be afraid of such a repetition. Scientists tried to introduce them into the notation so that identical letters would not appear in the same formula. Most often, students encounter the Latin n. It can be lowercase or uppercase. Therefore, the question logically arises about what n is in physics, that is, in a certain formula encountered by the student.
What does the capital letter N stand for in physics?
Most often in school course it occurs in the study of mechanics. After all, there it can be immediately in spirit meanings - the power and strength of a normal support reaction. Naturally, these concepts do not overlap, because they are used in different sections of mechanics and are measured in different units. Therefore, you always need to define exactly what n is in physics.
Power is the rate of change of energy in a system. This is a scalar quantity, that is, just a number. Its unit of measurement is the watt (W).
The normal ground reaction force is the force exerted on the body by the support or suspension. In addition to the numerical value, it has a direction, that is, it is a vector quantity. Moreover, it is always perpendicular to the surface on which the external influence is made. The unit of this N is newton (N).
What is N in physics, in addition to the quantities already indicated? It could be:
Avogadro's constant;
magnification of the optical device;
substance concentration;
Debye number;
total radiation power.
What does the lowercase letter n stand for in physics?
The list of names that may be hidden behind it is quite extensive. The notation n in physics is used for the following concepts:
refractive index, and it can be absolute or relative;
neutron - a neutral elementary particle with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton;
rotation frequency (used to replace the Greek letter "nu", since it is very similar to the Latin "ve") - the number of repetitions of revolutions per unit of time, measured in hertz (Hz).
What does n mean in physics, besides the quantities already indicated? It turns out that it hides the fundamental quantum number (quantum physics), concentration and Loschmidt constant (molecular physics). By the way, when calculating the concentration of a substance, you need to know the value, which is also written with the Latin “en”. It will be discussed below.
What physical quantity can be denoted by n and N?
Its name comes from the Latin word numerus, translated as “number”, “quantity”. Therefore, the answer to the question of what n means in physics is quite simple. This is the number of any objects, bodies, particles - everything that is discussed in a certain task.
Moreover, “quantity” is one of the few physical quantities that do not have a unit of measurement. It's just a number, without a name. For example, if the problem involves 10 particles, then n will simply be equal to 10. But if it turns out that the lowercase “en” is already taken, then you have to use a capital letter.
Formulas containing capital N
The first of them determines power, which is equal to the ratio of work to time:
In molecular physics there is such a thing as the chemical amount of a substance. Designated Greek letter"nude". To count it, you should divide the number of particles by Avogadro's number:
By the way, the last value is also denoted by the so popular letter N. Only it always has a subscript - A.
To determine the electric charge, you will need the formula:
Another formula with N in physics - oscillation frequency. To count it, you need to divide their number by time:
The letter “en” appears in the formula for the circulation period:
Formulas containing lowercase n
In a school physics course, this letter is most often associated with the refractive index of a substance. Therefore, it is important to know the formulas with its application.
So, for the absolute refractive index the formula is written as follows:
Here c is the speed of light in a vacuum, v is its speed in a refractive medium.
The formula for the relative refractive index is somewhat more complicated:
n 21 = v 1: v 2 = n 2: n 1,
where n 1 and n 2 are the absolute refractive indices of the first and second medium, v 1 and v 2 are the speeds of the light wave in these substances.
How to find n in physics? A formula will help us with this, which requires knowing the angles of incidence and refraction of the beam, that is, n 21 = sin α: sin γ.
What is n equal to in physics if it is the refractive index?
Usually the tables give values for absolute refractive indices various substances. Do not forget that this value depends not only on the properties of the medium, but also on the wavelength. Table values of the refractive index are given for the optical range.
So, it became clear what n is in physics. To avoid any questions, it is worth considering some examples.
Power task
№1. During plowing, the tractor pulls the plow evenly. At the same time, he applies a force of 10 kN. With this movement, it covers 1.2 km within 10 minutes. It is necessary to determine the power it develops.
Converting units to SI. You can start with force, 10 N equals 10,000 N. Then the distance: 1.2 × 1000 = 1200 m. Time left - 10 × 60 = 600 s.
Selection of formulas. As mentioned above, N = A: t. But the task has no meaning for the work. To calculate it, another formula is useful: A = F × S. The final form of the formula for power looks like this: N = (F × S) : t.
Solution. Let's first calculate the work and then the power. Then the first action gives 10,000 × 1,200 = 12,000,000 J. The second action gives 12,000,000: 600 = 20,000 W.
Answer. The tractor power is 20,000 W.
Refractive index problems
№2. The absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5. The speed of light propagation in glass is less than in vacuum. You need to determine how many times.
There is no need to convert data to SI.
When choosing formulas, you need to focus on this one: n = c: v.
Solution. From this formula it is clear that v = c: n. This means that the speed of light in glass is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the refractive index. That is, it decreases by one and a half times.
Answer. The speed of light propagation in glass is 1.5 times less than in vacuum.
№3. There are two transparent media available. The speed of light in the first of them is 225,000 km/s, in the second it is 25,000 km/s less. A ray of light goes from the first medium to the second. The angle of incidence α is 30º. Calculate the value of the angle of refraction.
Do I need to convert to SI? Speeds are given in non-system units. However, when substituted into formulas, they will be reduced. Therefore, there is no need to convert speeds to m/s.
Selecting the formulas necessary to solve the problem. You will need to use the law of light refraction: n 21 = sin α: sin γ. And also: n = с: v.
Solution. In the first formula, n 21 is the ratio of the two refractive indices of the substances in question, that is, n 2 and n 1. If we write down the second indicated formula for the proposed media, we get the following: n 1 = c: v 1 and n 2 = c: v 2. If we make the ratio of the last two expressions, it turns out that n 21 = v 1: v 2. Substituting it into the formula for the law of refraction, we can derive the following expression for the sine of the refraction angle: sin γ = sin α × (v 2: v 1).
We substitute the values of the indicated speeds and the sine of 30º (equal to 0.5) into the formula, it turns out that the sine of the refraction angle is equal to 0.44. According to the Bradis table, it turns out that the angle γ is equal to 26º.
Answer. The refraction angle is 26º.
Tasks for the circulation period
№4. The blades of a windmill rotate with a period of 5 seconds. Calculate the number of revolutions of these blades in 1 hour.
You only need to convert time to SI units for 1 hour. It will be equal to 3,600 seconds.
Selection of formulas. The period of rotation and the number of revolutions are related by the formula T = t: N.
Solution. From the above formula, the number of revolutions is determined by the ratio of time to period. Thus, N = 3600: 5 = 720.
Answer. The number of revolutions of the mill blades is 720.
№5. An airplane propeller rotates at a frequency of 25 Hz. How long will it take the propeller to make 3,000 revolutions?
All data is given in SI, so there is no need to translate anything.
Required Formula: frequency ν = N: t. From it you only need to derive the formula for the unknown time. It is a divisor, so it is supposed to be found by dividing N by ν.
Solution. Dividing 3,000 by 25 gives the number 120. It will be measured in seconds.
Answer. An airplane propeller makes 3000 revolutions in 120 s.
Let's sum it up
When a student encounters a formula containing n or N in a physics problem, he needs deal with two points. The first is from what branch of physics the equality is given. This may be clear from the title in the textbook, reference book, or the words of the teacher. Then you should decide what is hidden behind the many-sided “en”. Moreover, the name of the units of measurement helps with this, if, of course, its value is given. Another option is also allowed: look carefully at the remaining letters in the formula. Perhaps they will turn out to be familiar and will give a hint on the issue at hand.
Each measurement is a comparison of the measured quantity with another homogeneous quantity, which is considered unitary. Theoretically, the units for all quantities in physics can be chosen to be independent of each other. But this is extremely inconvenient, since for each value one should enter its own standard. In addition, in all physical equations that reflect the relationship between different quantities, numerical coefficients would arise.
The main feature of the currently used systems of units is that there are certain relationships between units of different quantities. These relationships are established by the physical laws (definitions) that relate the measured quantities to each other. Thus, the unit of speed is chosen in such a way that it is expressed in terms of units of distance and time. When selecting speed units, the speed definition is used. The unit of force, for example, is established using Newton's second law.
When constructing a specific system of units, several physical quantities are selected, the units of which are set independently of each other. Units of such quantities are called basic. The units of other quantities are expressed in terms of the basic ones, they are called derivatives.
Table of units of measurement "Space and time"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
|
l, s, d |
The extent of an object in one dimension. |
||||
S |
square meter |
The extent of an object in two dimensions. |
|||
Volume, capacity |
V |
The extent of an object in three dimensions. |
extensive quantity |
||
t |
Duration of the event. |
||||
Flat angle |
α , φ |
The amount of change in direction. |
|||
Solid angle |
α , β , γ |
steradian |
Part of space |
||
Linear speed |
v |
meter per second |
The speed of changing body coordinates. |
||
Linear acceleration |
a,w |
meters per second squared |
The rate of change in the speed of an object. |
||
Angular velocity |
ω |
radians per second |
rad/s = |
Angle change rate. |
|
Angular acceleration |
ε |
radian per second squared |
rad/s 2 = |
Rate of change of angular velocity |
Table of units of measurement "Mechanics"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
m |
kilogram |
A quantity that determines the inertial and gravitational properties of bodies. |
extensive quantity |
||
Density |
ρ |
kilogram per cubic meter |
kg/m 3 |
Mass per unit volume. |
intensive quantity |
Surface density |
ρA |
Mass per unit area. |
kg/m2 |
Ratio of body mass to surface area |
|
Linear density |
ρ l |
Mass per unit length. |
Ratio of body mass to its linear parameter |
||
Specific volume |
v |
cubic meter per kilogram |
m 3 /kg |
Volume occupied by a unit mass of a substance |
|
Mass flow |
Qm |
kilogram per second |
The mass of a substance that passes through a given area cross section flow per unit time |
||
Volume flow |
Q v |
cubic meter per second |
m 3 /s |
Volume flow of liquid or gas |
|
P |
kilogram-meter per second |
kg m/s |
Product of mass and speed of a body. |
||
Momentum |
L |
kilogram-meter squared per second |
kg m 2 /s |
A measure of the rotation of an object. |
conserved quantity |
J |
kilogram meter squared |
kg m 2 |
A measure of the inertia of an object during rotation. |
tensor quantity |
|
Strength, weight |
F,Q |
Acting on an object external cause acceleration. |
|||
Moment of power |
M |
newton meter |
(kg m 2 /s 2) |
The product of a force and the length of a perpendicular drawn from a point to the line of action of the force. |
|
Impulse force |
I |
newton second |
Product of force and the duration of its action |
||
Pressure, mechanical stress |
p , σ |
Pa = ( kg/(m s 2)) |
Force per unit area. |
intensive quantity |
|
A |
J= (kg m 2 /s 2) |
Dot product of force and displacement. |
|||
E, U |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
The ability of a body or system to do work. |
extensive, conserved quantity, scalar |
||
Power |
N |
W =(kg m 2 /s 3) |
Rate of change of energy. |
Table of units of measurement "Periodic phenomena, oscillations and waves"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
T |
The period of time during which the system makes one complete oscillation |
||||
Batch frequency |
v, f |
The number of repetitions of an event per unit of time. |
|||
Cyclic (circular) frequency |
ω |
radians per second |
rad/s |
Cyclic frequency of electromagnetic oscillations in an oscillatory circuit. |
|
Rotation frequency |
n |
second to the minus first power |
Periodic process equal to the number full cycles committed per unit of time. |
||
Wavelength |
λ |
The distance between two points in space closest to each other at which the oscillations occur in the same phase. |
|||
Wave number |
k |
meter to the minus first power |
Spatial wave frequency |
Units table " Thermal phenomena"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
Temperature |
T |
The average kinetic energy of the object's particles. |
Intensive value |
||
α |
kelvin to the minus first power |
Dependence of electrical resistance on temperature |
|||
Temperature gradient |
gradT |
kelvin per meter |
Change in temperature per unit length in the direction of heat propagation. |
||
Heat (amount of heat) |
Q |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
Energy transferred from one body to another by non-mechanical means |
||
Specific heat |
q |
joule per kilogram |
J/kg |
The amount of heat that must be supplied to a substance taken at its melting point in order to melt it. |
|
Heat capacity |
C |
joule per kelvin |
The amount of heat absorbed (released) by a body during the heating process. |
||
c |
joule per kilogram kelvin |
J/(kg K) |
Heat capacity of a unit mass of a substance. |
||
Entropy |
S |
joule per kilogram |
J/kg |
A measure of the irreversible dissipation of energy or the uselessness of energy. |
Units table " Molecular physics"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
Quantity of substance |
v, n |
mole |
The number of similar structural units that make up a substance. |
Extensive value |
|
Molar mass |
M , μ |
kilogram per mole |
kg/mol |
The ratio of the mass of a substance to the number of moles of that substance. |
|
Molar energy |
H pier |
joule per mole |
J/mol |
Energy of a thermodynamic system. |
|
Molar heat capacity |
with a pier |
joule per mole kelvin |
J/(mol K) |
The heat capacity of one mole of a substance. |
|
Molecular concentration |
c, n |
meter to the minus third power |
The number of molecules contained in a unit volume. |
||
Mass concentration |
ρ |
kilogram per cubic meter |
kg/m 3 |
The ratio of the mass of a component contained in a mixture to the volume of the mixture. |
|
Molar concentration |
with a pier |
mole per cubic meter |
mol/m 3 |
||
Ion mobility |
IN , μ |
square meter per volt second |
m 2 /(V s) |
The proportionality coefficient between the drift velocity of carriers and the applied external electric field. |
Units table " Electricity and magnetism"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
Current strength |
I |
Charge flowing per unit time. |
|||
Current Density |
j |
ampere per square meter |
The strength of the electric current flowing through a surface element of unit area. |
Vector quantity |
|
Electric charge |
Q, q |
Cl =(A s) |
The ability of bodies to be a source of electromagnetic fields and to take part in electromagnetic interaction. |
extensive, conserved quantity |
|
Electric dipole moment |
p |
coulomb meter |
Electrical properties of a system of charged particles in the sense of the field it creates and the effect of external fields on it. |
||
Polarization |
P |
pendant per square meter |
C/m 2 |
Processes and states associated with the separation of any objects, mainly in space. |
|
Voltage |
U |
Change in potential energy per unit charge. |
|||
Potential, EMF |
φ, σ |
The work of external forces (non-Coulomb) to move a charge. |
|||
E |
volt per meter |
The ratio of the force F acting on a stationary point charge placed in this point field, to the magnitude of this charge q |
|||
Electrical capacity |
C |
A measure of a conductor's ability to store electrical charge |
|||
Electrical resistance |
R, r |
Ohm =(m 2 kg/(s 3 A 2)) |
resistance of an object to the passage of electric current |
||
Electrical resistivity |
ρ |
The ability of a material to prevent the passage of electric current |
|||
Electrical conductivity |
G |
The ability of a body (medium) to conduct electric current |
|||
Magnetic induction |
B |
A vector quantity that is power characteristic magnetic field |
Vector quantity |
||
Magnetic flux |
F |
(kg/(s 2 A)) |
A value that takes into account the intensity of the magnetic field and the area it occupies. |
||
Magnetic field strength |
H |
ampere per meter |
The difference between the magnetic induction vector B and the magnetization vector M |
Vector quantity |
|
Magnetic moment |
p m |
ampere square meter |
A quantity characterizing the magnetic properties of a substance |
||
Magnetization |
J |
ampere per meter |
A quantity characterizing the magnetic state of a macroscopic physical body. |
vector quantity |
|
Inductance |
L |
The proportionality coefficient between the electric current flowing in any closed circuit and the total magnetic flux |
|||
Electromagnetic energy |
N |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
Energy contained in an electromagnetic field |
||
Volumetric energy density |
w |
joule per cubic meter |
J/m 3 |
Electric field energy of a capacitor |
|
Active power |
P |
AC power |
|||
Reactive power |
Q |
A quantity characterizing the loads created in electrical devices by fluctuations in the energy of the electromagnetic field in the alternating current circuit |
|||
Full power |
S |
watt-ampere |
Total power, taking into account its active and reactive components, as well as deviations of the current and voltage waveforms from harmonic |
Units table " Optics, electromagnetic radiation"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
The power of light |
J,I |
The amount of light energy emitted in a given direction per unit time. |
Luminous, extensive value |
||
Light flow |
F |
Physical quantity characterizing the amount of “light” power in the corresponding radiation flux |
|||
Light energy |
Q |
lumen-second |
Physical quantity characterizes the ability of energy transferred by light to cause visual sensations in a person |
||
Illumination |
E |
The ratio of the luminous flux incident on a small area of a surface to its area. |
|||
Luminosity |
M |
lumen per square meter |
lm/m 2 |
Luminous quantity representing luminous flux |
|
L, B |
candela per square meter |
cd/m2 |
Luminous intensity emitted per unit surface area in a specific direction |
||
Radiation energy |
E,W |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
Energy transferred by optical radiation |
Table of units of measurement "Acoustics"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
Sound pressure |
p |
Variable excess pressure arising in an elastic medium when a sound wave passes through it |
|||
Volume velocity |
c, V |
cubic meter per second |
m 3 /s |
The ratio of the volume of raw materials supplied to the reactor per hour to the volume of catalyst |
|
Sound speed |
v, u |
meter per second |
Velocity of propagation of elastic waves in a medium |
||
Sound intensity |
l |
watt per square meter |
W/m2 |
A quantity characterizing the power transferred sound wave in the direction of propagation |
scalar physical quantity |
Acoustic impedance |
Z a , R a |
pascal second per cubic meter |
Pa s/m 3 |
The ratio of the amplitude of sound pressure in a medium to the vibrational speed of its particles when a sound wave passes through the medium |
|
Mechanical resistance |
R m |
newton second per meter |
N s/m |
Indicates the force required to move a body at each frequency |
Units table " Atomic and nuclear physics. Radioactivity"
Physical quantity |
Symbol |
Unit of measurement of physical quantity |
Unit change physical led |
Description |
Notes |
Mass (rest mass) |
m |
kilogram |
The mass of an object at rest. |
||
Mass defect |
Δ |
kilogram |
A quantity expressing the influence of internal interactions on the mass of a composite particle |
||
Elementary electric charge |
e |
The minimum portion (quantum) of electric charge observed in nature in free long-lived particles |
|||
Communication energy |
E St |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
The difference between the energy of a state in which the constituent parts of the system are infinitely distant |
||
Half-life, average lifetime |
T, τ |
The time during which the system decays in the approximate ratio of 1/2 |
|||
Effective cross section |
σ |
square meter |
A quantity characterizing the probability of interaction of an elementary particle with an atomic nucleus or another particle |
||
Nuclide activity |
becquerel |
Quantity equal to the ratio total number decays of radioactive nuclide nuclei in the source at the time of decay |
|||
Energy of ionizing radiation |
E,W |
J =(kg m 2 /s 2) |
Type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or x-rays) or particles |
||
Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation |
D |
The dose at which 1 joule of ionizing radiation energy is transferred to a mass of 1 kg |
|||
Equivalent dose of ionizing radiation |
H , D eq |
Absorbed dose of any ionizing radiation equal to 100 erg per 1 gram of irradiated substance |
|||
Exposure dose of X-ray and gamma radiation |
X |
pendant per kilogram |
C/kg |
ratio of the total electric charge of ions of the same sign from external gamma radiation |
Physics notation with multiple letters
To designate some quantities, several letters or individual words or abbreviations are sometimes used. Thus, a constant value in the formula is often denoted asThe differential is indicated by a small letter
Before the name of the quantity, for example .
Special symbols
For ease of writing and reading, it is customary among physicists to use special symbols that characterize certain phenomena and properties.In physics, it is customary to use not only formulas that are used in mathematics, but also specialized brackets.
Diacritics
Diacritics are added to the symbol of a physical quantity to indicate certain differences. Below, diacritics have been added to the letter x as an example.
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STATE SECURITY SYSTEM
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
GOST 8.417-81
(ST SEV 1052-78)
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
Moscow
DEVELOPED USSR State Committee for Standards PERFORMERSYu.V. Tarbeev,Dr.Tech. sciences; K.P. Shirokov,Dr.Tech. sciences; P.N. Selivanov, Ph.D. tech. sciences; ON THE. EryukhinaINTRODUCED USSR State Committee for Standards Member of Gosstandart OK. IsaevAPPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT Resolution of the USSR State Committee on Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements UNITSPHYSICALSIZE State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities |
GOST 8.417-81 (ST SEV 1052-78) |
from 01/01/1982
This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units. The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and in the publication of their results, if they do not consider and use the results measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities assessed on conventional scales*. * Conventional scales mean, for example, the Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales and the photosensitivity of photographic materials. The standard complies with ST SEV 1052-78 in terms of general provisions, units of the International System, units not included in SI, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and submultiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units (see reference appendix 4).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The units of the International System of Units*, as well as decimal multiples and submultiples of them, are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard). * International System of Units (international abbreviated name - SI, in Russian transcription - SI), adopted in 1960 by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCPM) and refined at subsequent CGPM. 1.2. It is allowed to use, along with the units according to clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and submultiples of the above units that are widely used in practice. 1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units under clause 1.1, units that are not included in SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some multiples and submultiples of them that have become widespread in practice, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and submultiples of them them and with units according to clause 3.1. 1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values of quantities must be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and fractions of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the withdrawal period of which will be established in accordance with international agreements. 1.5. The newly approved normative and technical documentation for measuring instruments must provide for their calibration in SI units, decimal multiples and fractions of them, or in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. 1.6. Newly developed regulatory and technical documentation on verification methods and means must provide for verification of measuring instruments calibrated in newly introduced units. 1.7. SI units established by this standard and units allowed for use in paragraphs. 3.1 and 3.2 must be applied in educational processes of all educational institutions, in textbooks and textbooks. 1.8. Revision of regulatory, technical, design, technological and other technical documentation in which units not provided for by this standard are used, as well as bringing into compliance with paragraphs. 1.1 and 1.2 of this standard for measuring instruments, graduated in units subject to withdrawal, are carried out in accordance with clause 3.4 of this standard. 1.9. In contractual legal relations for cooperation with foreign countries, with participation in the activities of international organizations, as well as in technical and other documentation supplied abroad along with export products (including transport and consumer packaging), international designations units. In documentation for export products, if this documentation is not sent abroad, it is allowed to use Russian unit designations. (New edition, Amendment No. 1). 1.10. In regulatory and technical design, technological and other technical documentation for various types of products and products used only in the USSR, Russian unit designations are preferably used. At the same time, regardless of what unit designations are used in the documentation for measuring instruments, when indicating units of physical quantities on plates, scales and shields of these measuring instruments, international unit designations are used. (New edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.11. In printed publications it is allowed to use either international or Russian designations of units. The simultaneous use of both types of symbols in the same publication is not allowed, with the exception of publications on units of physical quantities.2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
2.1. The main SI units are given in table. 1.Table 1
Magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
|
international |
|||||
Length | A meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 S [XVII CGPM (1983), Resolution 1]. | ||||
Weight |
kilogram |
The kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram [I CGPM (1889) and III CGPM (1901)] | |||
Time | A second is a time equal to 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom [XIII CGPM (1967), Resolution 1] | ||||
Electric current strength | An ampere is a force equal to the strength of a constant current, which, when passing through two parallel straight conductors of infinite length and an insignificantly small circular cross-sectional area, located in a vacuum at a distance of 1 m from each other, would cause on each section of the conductor 1 m in length an interaction force equal to 2 × 10 -7 N [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the IX CGPM (1948)] | ||||
Thermodynamic temperature | Kelvin is a unit of thermodynamic temperature equal to 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water [XIII CGPM (1967), Resolution 4] | ||||
Quantity of substance | A mole is the amount of substance in a system containing the same number of structural elements as there are atoms in carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg. When using a mole, the structural elements must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles or specified groups of particles [XIV CGPM (1971), Resolution 3] | ||||
The power of light | Candela is the intensity equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 × 10 12 Hz, the energetic luminous intensity of which in that direction is 1/683 W/sr [XVI CGPM (1979), Resolution 3] | ||||
Notes: 1. In addition to the Kelvin temperature (symbol T) it is also possible to use Celsius temperature (designation t), defined by the expression t = T - T 0 , where T 0 = 273.15 K, by definition. Kelvin temperature is expressed in Kelvin, Celsius temperature - in degrees Celsius (international and Russian designation °C). The size of a degree Celsius is equal to a kelvin. 2. Kelvin temperature interval or difference is expressed in kelvins. The Celsius temperature interval or difference can be expressed in both kelvins and degrees Celsius. 3. The designation of International Practical Temperature in the 1968 International Practical Temperature Scale, if it is necessary to distinguish it from thermodynamic temperature, is formed by adding the index “68” to the designation of thermodynamic temperature (for example, T 68 or t 68). 4. The uniformity of light measurements is ensured in accordance with GOST 8.023-83. |
table 2
Name of quantity |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
||
international |
||||
Flat angle | A radian is the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius | |||
Solid angle |
steradian |
A steradian is a solid angle with a vertex at the center of the sphere, cutting out on the surface of the sphere an area equal to the area of a square with a side equal to the radius of the sphere |
Table 3
Examples of derived SI units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units
Magnitude |
||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
|
international |
||||
Square |
square meter |
|||
Volume, capacity |
cubic meter |
|||
Speed |
meter per second |
|||
Angular velocity |
radians per second |
|||
Acceleration |
meters per second squared |
|||
Angular acceleration |
radian per second squared |
|||
Wave number |
meter to the minus first power |
|||
Density |
kilogram per cubic meter |
|||
Specific volume |
cubic meter per kilogram |
|||
ampere per square meter |
||||
ampere per meter |
||||
Molar concentration |
mole per cubic meter |
|||
Flow of ionizing particles |
second to the minus first power |
|||
Particle flux density |
second to the minus first power - meter to the minus second power |
|||
Brightness |
candela per square meter |
Table 4
Derived SI units with special names
Magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of major and minor, SI units |
|
international |
|||||
Frequency | |||||
Strength, weight | |||||
Pressure, mechanical stress, elastic modulus | |||||
Energy, work, amount of heat |
m 2 × kg × s -2 |
||||
Power, energy flow |
m 2 × kg × s -3 |
||||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) | |||||
Electrical voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
||||
Electrical capacity |
L -2 M -1 T 4 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
|||
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -2 |
|||||
Electrical conductivity |
L -2 M -1 T 3 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 3 × A 2 |
|||
Magnetic induction flux, magnetic flux |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -1 |
||||
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction |
kg × s -2 × A -1 |
||||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
||||
Light flow | |||||
Illumination |
m -2 × cd × sr |
||||
Activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
becquerel |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose indicator (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) | |||||
Equivalent radiation dose |
Table 5
Examples of derived SI units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4
Magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of SI major and supplementary units |
|
international |
|||||
Moment of power |
newton meter |
m 2 × kg × s -2 |
|||
Surface tension |
Newton per meter |
||||
Dynamic viscosity |
pascal second |
m -1 × kg × s -1 |
|||
pendant per cubic meter |
|||||
Electrical bias |
pendant per square meter |
||||
volt per meter |
m × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
||||
Absolute dielectric constant |
L -3 M -1 × T 4 I 2 |
farad per meter |
m -3 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
||
Absolute magnetic permeability |
henry per meter |
m × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
|||
Specific energy |
joule per kilogram |
||||
Heat capacity of the system, entropy of the system |
joule per kelvin |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 |
|||
Specific heat capacity, specific entropy |
joule per kilogram kelvin |
J/(kg × K) |
m 2 × s -2 × K -1 |
||
Surface energy flux density |
watt per square meter |
||||
Thermal conductivity |
watt per meter kelvin |
m × kg × s -3 × K -1 |
|||
joule per mole |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × mol -1 |
||||
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity |
L 2 MT -2 q -1 N -1 |
joule per mole kelvin |
J/(mol × K) |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 × mol -1 |
|
watt per steradian |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × sr -1 |
||||
Exposure dose (X-ray and gamma radiation) |
pendant per kilogram |
||||
Absorbed dose rate |
gray per second |
3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN SI
3.1. The units listed in table. 6 are allowed for use without a time limit, along with SI units. 3.2. Without a time limit, it is allowed to use relative and logarithmic units with the exception of the neper unit (see clause 3.3). 3.3. The units given in table. 7 may be temporarily applied until relevant international decisions are taken on them. 3.4. Units, the relationships of which with SI units are given in Reference Appendix 2, are withdrawn from circulation within the time limits provided for by the programs of measures for the transition to SI units, developed in accordance with RD 50-160-79. 3.5. In justified cases, in sectors of the national economy it is allowed to use units not provided for by this standard by introducing them into industry standards in agreement with Gosstandart.Table 6
Non-system units allowed for use along with SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Relation to SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Weight | |||||
atomic mass unit |
1.66057 × 10 -27 × kg (approx.) |
||||
Time 1 | |||||
86400 s |
|||||
Flat angle |
(p /180) rad = 1.745329… × 10 -2 × rad |
||||
(p /10800) rad = 2.908882… × 10 -4 rad |
|||||
(p /648000) rad = 4.848137…10 -6 rad |
|||||
Volume, capacity | |||||
Length |
astronomical unit |
1.49598 × 10 11 m (approx.) |
|||
light year |
9.4605 × 10 15 m (approx.) |
||||
3.0857 × 10 16 m (approx.) |
|||||
Optical power |
diopter |
||||
Square | |||||
Energy |
electron-volt |
1.60219 × 10 -19 J (approx.) |
|||
Full power |
volt-ampere |
||||
Reactive power | |||||
Mechanical stress |
newton per square millimeter |
||||
1 It is also possible to use other units that are widely used, for example, week, month, year, century, millennium, etc. 2 It is allowed to use the name “gon” 3 It is not recommended to use for precise measurements. If it is possible to shift the designation l with the number 1, the designation L is allowed. Note. Units of time (minute, hour, day), plane angle (degree, minute, second), astronomical unit, light year, diopter and atomic mass unit are not allowed to be used with prefixes |
Table 7
Units temporarily approved for use
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Relation to SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Length |
nautical mile |
1852 m (exactly) |
In maritime navigation |
||
Acceleration |
In gravimetry |
||||
Weight |
2 × 10 -4 kg (exactly) |
For precious stones and pearls |
|||
Linear density |
10 -6 kg/m (exactly) |
In the textile industry |
|||
Speed |
In maritime navigation |
||||
Rotation frequency |
revolutions per second |
||||
revolutions per minute |
1/60 s -1 = 0.016(6) s -1 |
||||
Pressure | |||||
Natural logarithm of the dimensionless ratio of a physical quantity to the physical quantity of the same name, taken as the original |
1 Np = 0.8686…V = = 8.686… dB |
4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND MULTIPLE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS
4.1. Decimal multiples and submultiples, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using the factors and prefixes given in Table. 8.Table 8
Factors and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and submultiples and their names
Factor |
Console |
Prefix designation |
Factor |
Console |
Prefix designation |
||
international |
international |
||||||
5. RULES FOR WRITING UNIT DESIGNATIONS
5.1. To write the values of quantities, units should be designated with letters or special signs (...°,... ¢,... ¢ ¢), and two types of letter designations are established: international (using Latin or Greek alphabet) and Russian (using letters of the Russian alphabet). The unit designations established by the standard are given in table. 1 - 7. International and Russian designations for relative and logarithmic units are as follows: percent (%), ppm (o/oo), ppm (pp m, ppm), bel (V, B), decibel (dB, dB), octave (- , oct), decade (-, dec), background (phon, background). 5.2. Letter designations of units must be printed in roman font. In unit designations, a dot is not used as an abbreviation sign. 5.3. Unit designations should be used after numerical values of quantities and placed on the line with them (without moving to the next line). Between the last digit of the number and the designation of the unit, a space should be left equal to the minimum distance between words, which is determined for each type and size of font according to GOST 2.304-81. Exceptions are designations in the form of a sign raised above the line (clause 5.1), before which a space is not left. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 3). 5.4. In the presence of decimal in the numerical value of a quantity, the unit symbol should be placed after all digits. 5.5. When specifying the values of quantities with maximum deviations Numerical values with maximum deviations should be enclosed in brackets and unit designations should be placed after the brackets or unit designations should be placed after the numerical value of the value and after its maximum deviation. 5.6. It is allowed to use unit designations in column headings and in row names (sidebars) of tables. Examples:
Nominal flow. m3/h |
Upper limit of readings, m 3 |
Dividing value of the rightmost roller, m 3, no more |
||
100, 160, 250, 400, 600 and 1000 |
||||
2500, 4000, 6000 and 10000 |
||||
Traction power, kW | ||||
dimensions, mm: | ||||
length | ||||
width | ||||
height | ||||
Track, mm | ||||
Clearance, mm | ||||
APPLICATION 1
Mandatory
RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT DERIVATIVE SI UNITS
Coherent derived units (hereinafter referred to as derived units) International system, as a rule, are formed using the simplest equations of connections between quantities (defining equations), in which the numerical coefficients are equal to 1. To form derived units, the quantities in the connection equations are taken equal to SI units. Example. The unit of speed is formed using an equation that determines the speed of a rectilinearly and uniformly moving pointv = s/t,
Where v- speed; s- length of the traveled path; t- time of movement of the point. Substitution instead s And t their SI units gives
[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m/s.
Therefore, the SI unit of speed is meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinearly and uniformly moving point, at which this point moves a distance of 1 m in a time of 1 s. If the communication equation contains a numerical coefficient different from 1, then to form a coherent derivative of an SI unit, values with values in SI units are substituted into the right-hand side, giving, after multiplication by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to the number 1. Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy
Where E- kinetic energy; m is the mass of the material point; v is the speed of motion of a point, then the coherent SI unit of energy is formed, for example, as follows:
Therefore, the SI unit of energy is the joule (equal to the newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body weighing 2 kg moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body weighing 1 kg moving at a speed
APPLICATION 2
Information
Correlation of some non-systemic units with SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Relation to SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Length |
angstrom |
||||
x-unit |
1.00206 × 10 -13 m (approx.) |
||||
Square | |||||
Weight | |||||
Solid angle |
square degree |
3.0462... × 10 -4 sr |
|||
Strength, weight | |||||
kilogram-force |
9.80665 N (exact) |
||||
kilopond |
|||||
gram-force |
9.83665 × 10 -3 N (exact) |
||||
ton-force |
9806.65 N (exactly) |
||||
Pressure |
kilogram-force per square centimeter |
98066.5 Ra (exactly) |
|||
kilopond per square centimeter |
|||||
millimeter of water column |
mm water Art. |
9.80665 Ra (exactly) |
|||
millimeter of mercury |
mmHg Art. |
||||
Tension (mechanical) |
kilogram-force per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
|||
kilopond per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
||||
Work, energy | |||||
Power |
Horsepower |
||||
Dynamic viscosity | |||||
Kinematic viscosity | |||||
ohm-square millimeter per meter |
Ohm × mm 2 /m |
||||
Magnetic flux |
Maxwell |
||||
Magnetic induction | |||||
gplbert |
(10/4 p) A = 0.795775…A |
||||
Magnetic field strength |
(10 3 / p) A/ m = 79.5775…A/ m |
||||
Amount of heat, thermodynamic potential (internal energy, enthalpy, isochoric-isothermal potential), heat of phase transformation, heat chemical reaction |
calorie (int.) |
4.1858 J (exactly) |
|||
thermochemical calorie |
4.1840 J (approx.) |
||||
calorie 15 degrees |
4.1855 J (approx.) |
||||
Absorbed radiation dose | |||||
Equivalent dose of radiation, equivalent dose indicator | |||||
Exposure dose of photon radiation (exposure dose of gamma and x-ray radiation) |
2.58 × 10 -4 C/kg (exact) |
||||
Activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source |
3,700 × 10 10 Bq (exactly) |
||||
Length | |||||
Angle of rotation |
2 p rad = 6.28… rad |
||||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference |
ampereturn |
||||
Brightness | |||||
Square |
APPLICATION 3
Information
1. The choice of a decimal multiple or fractional unit of an SI unit is dictated primarily by the convenience of its use. From the variety of multiple and submultiple units that can be formed using prefixes, a unit is selected that leads to numerical values of the quantity acceptable in practice. In principle, multiples and submultiples are chosen so that the numerical values of the quantity are in the range from 0.1 to 1000. 1.1. In some cases, it is appropriate to use the same multiple or submultiple unit even if the numerical values fall outside the range of 0.1 to 1000, for example, in tables of numerical values for the same quantity or when comparing these values in the same text. 1.2. In some areas the same multiple or submultiple unit is always used. For example, in drawings used in mechanical engineering, linear dimensions are always expressed in millimeters. 2. In table. 1 of this appendix shows the recommended multiples and submultiples of SI units for use. Presented in table. 1 multiples and submultiples of SI units for a given physical quantity should not be considered exhaustive, since they may not cover the ranges of physical quantities in developing and emerging fields of science and technology. However, the recommended multiples and sub-multiple units of SI units contribute to the uniformity of presentation of the values of physical quantities related to various areas technology. The same table also contains multiples and submultiples of units that are widely used in practice and are used along with SI units. 3. For quantities not covered in table. 1, you should use multiple and submultiple units selected in accordance with paragraph 1 this application. 4. To reduce the likelihood of errors in calculations, it is recommended to substitute decimal multiples and submultiples only in final result, and in the process of calculations, express all quantities in SI units, replacing prefixes with powers of 10. 5. In Table. 2 of this appendix shows the popular units of some logarithmic quantities.Table 1
Name of quantity |
Designations |
|||
SI units |
units not included in SI |
multiples and submultiples of non-SI units |
||
Part I. Space and time |
||||
Flat angle |
rad ; rad (radian) |
m rad ; mkrad |
... ° (degree)... (minute)..." (second) |
|
Solid angle |
sr ; cp (steradian) |
|||
Length |
m; m (meter) |
… ° (degree) … ¢ (minute) … ² (second) |
||
Square | ||||
Volume, capacity |
l(L); l (liter) |
|||
Time |
s; s (second) |
d ; day (day) min ; min (minute) |
||
Speed | ||||
Acceleration |
m/s2; m/s 2 |
|||
Part II. Periodic and related phenomena |
||||
Hz; Hz (hertz) |
||||
Rotation frequency |
min -1 ; min -1 |
|||
Part III. Mechanics |
||||
Weight |
kg ; kg (kilogram) |
t ; t (ton) |
||
Linear density |
kg/m; kg/m |
mg/m; mg/m or g/km; g/km |
||
Density |
kg/m3; kg/m 3 |
Mg/m3; Mg/m 3 kg/dm 3; kg/dm 3 g/cm3; g/cm 3 |
t/m3; t/m 3 or kg/l; kg/l |
g/ml; g/ml |
Quantity of movement |
kg×m/s; kg × m/s |
|||
Momentum |
kg × m 2 / s; kg × m 2 /s |
|||
Moment of inertia (dynamic moment of inertia) |
kg × m 2, kg × m 2 |
|||
Strength, weight |
N; N (newton) |
|||
Moment of power |
N×m; N×m |
MN × m; MN × m kN × m; kN × m mN × m; mN × m m N × m ; µN × m |
||
Pressure |
Ra; Pa (pascal) |
m Ra; µPa |
||
Voltage | ||||
Dynamic viscosity |
Ra × s; Pa × s |
mPa × s; mPa × s |
||
Kinematic viscosity |
m2/s; m 2 /s |
mm2/s; mm 2 /s |
||
Surface tension |
mN/m; mN/m |
|||
Energy, work |
J; J (joule) |
(electron-volt) |
GeV ; GeV MeV ; MeV keV ; keV |
|
Power |
W ; W (watt) |
|||
Part IV. Heat |
||||
Temperature |
TO; K (kelvin) |
|||
Temperature coefficient | ||||
Heat, amount of heat | ||||
Heat flow | ||||
Thermal conductivity | ||||
Heat transfer coefficient |
W/(m 2 × K) |
|||
Heat capacity |
kJ/K; kJ/K |
|||
Specific heat |
J/(kg × K) |
kJ /(kg × K); kJ/(kg × K) |
||
Entropy |
kJ/K; kJ/K |
|||
Specific entropy |
J/(kg × K) |
kJ/(kg × K); kJ/(kg × K) |
||
Specific heat |
J/kg; J/kg |
MJ/kg; MJ/kg kJ / kg ; kJ/kg |
||
Specific heat of phase transformation |
J/kg; J/kg |
MJ/kg; MJ/kg kJ/kg; kJ/kg |
||
Part V. Electricity and magnetism |
||||
Electric current (electric current strength) |
A; A (amps) |
|||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) |
WITH; Cl (pendant) |
|||
Spatial density of electric charge |
C/ m 3; C/m 3 |
C/mm 3; C/mm 3 MS/ m 3 ; MC/m 3 S/s m 3 ; C/cm 3 kC/m3; kC/m 3 m C/ m 3; mC/m 3 m C/ m 3; µC/m 3 |
||
Surface electric charge density |
S/ m 2, C/m 2 |
MS/ m 2 ; MC/m 2 С/ mm 2; C/mm 2 S/s m 2 ; C/cm 2 kC/m2; kC/m 2 m C/ m 2; mC/m 2 m C/ m 2; µC/m 2 |
||
Electric field strength |
MV/m; MV/m kV/m; kV/m V/mm; V/mm V/cm; V/cm mV/m; mV/m mV/m; µV/m |
|||
Electrical voltage, electrical potential, electrical potential difference, electromotive force |
V, V (volts) |
|||
Electrical bias |
C/ m 2; C/m 2 |
S/s m 2 ; C/cm 2 kC/cm2; kC/cm 2 m C/ m 2; mC/m 2 m C/ m 2, µC/m 2 |
||
Electrical displacement flux | ||||
Electrical capacity |
F, Ф (farad) |
|||
Absolute dielectric constant, electrical constant |
m F / m , µF/m nF/m, nF/m pF / m , pF/m |
|||
Polarization |
S/ m 2, C/m 2 |
S/s m 2, C/cm 2 kC/m2; kC/m 2 m C/ m 2, mC/m 2 m C/ m 2; µC/m 2 |
||
Electric dipole moment |
S × m, Cl × m |
|||
Electric current density |
A/ m 2, A/m 2 |
MA/ m 2, MA/m 2 A/mm 2, A/mm 2 A/s m 2, A/cm 2 kA/m2, kA/m2, |
||
Linear electric current density |
kA/m; kA/m A/mm; A/mm A/c m ; A/cm |
|||
Magnetic field strength |
kA/m; kA/m A/mm; A/mm A/cm; A/cm |
|||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference | ||||
Magnetic induction, magnetic flux density |
T; Tl (tesla) |
|||
Magnetic flux |
Wb, Wb (weber) |
|||
Magnetic vector potential |
T × m; T × m |
kT×m; kT × m |
||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
N; Gn (Henry) |
|||
Absolute magnetic permeability, magnetic constant |
m N/ m; µH/m nH/m; nH/m |
|||
Magnetic moment |
A × m 2; A m 2 |
|||
Magnetization |
kA/m; kA/m A/mm; A/mm |
|||
Magnetic polarization | ||||
Electrical resistance | ||||
Electrical conductivity |
S; CM (Siemens) |
|||
Electrical resistivity |
W×m; Ohm × m |
GW×m; GΩ × m M W × m; MΩ × m kW×m; kOhm × m W×cm; Ohm × cm mW×m; mOhm × m mW×m; µOhm × m nW×m; nOhm × m |
||
Electrical conductivity |
MS/m; MSm/m kS/m; kS/m |
|||
Reluctance | ||||
Magnetic conductivity | ||||
Impedance | ||||
Impedance module | ||||
Reactance | ||||
Active resistance | ||||
Admittance | ||||
Conductivity module | ||||
Reactive conductivity | ||||
Conductance | ||||
Active power | ||||
Reactive power | ||||
Full power |
V × A, V × A |
|||
Part VI. Light and related electromagnetic radiation |
||||
Wavelength | ||||
Wave number | ||||
Radiation energy | ||||
Radiation flux, radiation power | ||||
Energy luminous intensity (radiant intensity) |
W/sr; Tue/Wed |
|||
Energy brightness (radiance) |
W /(sr × m 2); W/(avg × m2) |
|||
Energy illumination (irradiance) |
W/m2; W/m2 |
|||
Energetic luminosity (radiance) |
W/m2; W/m2 |
|||
The power of light | ||||
Light flow |
lm ; lm (lumen) |
|||
Light energy |
lm×s; lm × s |
lm × h; lm × h |
||
Brightness |
cd/m2; cd/m2 |
|||
Luminosity |
lm/m2; lm/m 2 |
|||
Illumination |
l x; lux (lux) |
|||
Light exposure |
lx×s; lx × s |
|||
Light equivalent of radiation flux |
lm/W; lm/W |
|||
Part VII. Acoustics |
||||
Period | ||||
Batch frequency | ||||
Wavelength | ||||
Sound pressure |
m Ra; µPa |
|||
Particle oscillation speed |
mm/s; mm/s |
|||
Volume velocity |
m3/s; m 3 /s |
|||
Sound speed | ||||
Sound energy flow, sound power | ||||
Sound intensity |
W/m2; W/m2 |
mW/m2; mW/m2 mW/m2; µW/m 2 pW/m2; pW/m2 |
||
Specific acoustic impedance |
Pa×s/m; Pa × s/m |
|||
Acoustic impedance |
Pa×s/m3; Pa × s/m 3 |
|||
Mechanical resistance |
N×s/m; N × s/m |
|||
Equivalent absorption area of a surface or object | ||||
Reverberation time | ||||
Part VIII Physical chemistry and molecular physics |
||||
Quantity of substance |
mol ; mole (mol) |
kmol; kmol mmol ; mmol m mol; µmol |
||
Molar mass |
kg/mol; kg/mol |
g/mol; g/mol |
||
Molar volume |
m3/moi; m 3 /mol |
dm 3/mol; dm 3 /mol cm 3 / mol; cm 3 /mol |
l/mol; l/mol |
|
Molar internal energy |
J/mol; J/mol |
kJ/mol; kJ/mol |
||
Molar enthalpy |
J/mol; J/mol |
kJ/mol; kJ/mol |
||
Chemical Potential |
J/mol; J/mol |
kJ/mol; kJ/mol |
||
Chemical affinity |
J/mol; J/mol |
kJ/mol; kJ/mol |
||
Molar heat capacity |
J/(mol × K); J/(mol × K) |
|||
Molar entropy |
J/(mol × K); J/(mol × K) |
|||
Molar concentration |
mol/m3; mol/m 3 |
kmol/m3; kmol/m 3 mol/dm 3; mol/dm 3 |
mol/1; mol/l |
|
Specific adsorption |
mol/kg; mol/kg |
mmol/kg; mmol/kg |
||
Thermal diffusivity |
M2/s; m 2 /s |
|||
Part IX. Ionizing radiation |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose indicator (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) |
Gy; Gr (gray) |
m G y; µGy |
||
Activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
Bq ; Bq (becquerel) |
table 2
Name of logarithmic quantity |
Unit designation |
Initial value of the quantity |
Sound pressure level | ||
Sound power level | ||
Sound intensity level | ||
Power Level Difference | ||
Strengthening, weakening | ||
Attenuation coefficient |
APPLICATION 4
Information
INFORMATION DATA ABOUT COMPLIANCE WITH GOST 8.417-81 ST SEV 1052-78
1. Sections 1 - 3 (clauses 3.1 and 3.2); 4, 5 and the mandatory Appendix 1 to GOST 8.417-81 correspond to sections 1 - 5 and the appendix to ST SEV 1052-78. 2. Reference appendix 3 to GOST 8.417-81 corresponds to the information appendix to ST SEV 1052-78.Cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the Unified State Exam
and more (may be needed for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11).
First, a picture that can be printed in a compact form.
Mechanics
- Pressure P=F/S
- Density ρ=m/V
- Pressure at liquid depth P=ρ∙g∙h
- Gravity Ft=mg
- 5. Archimedean force Fa=ρ f ∙g∙Vt
- Equation of motion for uniformly accelerated motion
X=X 0 + υ 0 ∙t+(a∙t 2)/2 S=( υ 2 -υ 0 2) /2a S=( υ +υ 0) ∙t /2
- Velocity equation for uniformly accelerated motion υ =υ 0 +a∙t
- Acceleration a=( υ -υ 0)/t
- Circular speed υ =2πR/T
- Centripetal acceleration a= υ 2/R
- Relationship between period and frequency ν=1/T=ω/2π
- Newton's II law F=ma
- Hooke's law Fy=-kx
- Law Universal gravity F=G∙M∙m/R 2
- Weight of a body moving with acceleration a P=m(g+a)
- Weight of a body moving with acceleration а↓ Р=m(g-a)
- Friction force Ftr=µN
- Body momentum p=m υ
- Force impulse Ft=∆p
- Moment of force M=F∙ℓ
- Potential energy of a body raised above the ground Ep=mgh
- Potential energy of an elastically deformed body Ep=kx 2 /2
- Kinetic energy of the body Ek=m υ 2 /2
- Work A=F∙S∙cosα
- Power N=A/t=F∙ υ
- Efficiency η=Ap/Az
- Oscillation period of a mathematical pendulum T=2π√ℓ/g
- Oscillation period of a spring pendulum T=2 π √m/k
- Equation of harmonic vibrations Х=Хmax∙cos ωt
- Relationship between wavelength, its speed and period λ= υ T
Molecular physics and thermodynamics
- Amount of substance ν=N/Na
- Molar mass M=m/ν
- Wed. kin. energy of monatomic gas molecules Ek=3/2∙kT
- Basic MKT equation P=nkT=1/3nm 0 υ 2
- Gay-Lussac's law (isobaric process) V/T =const
- Charles's law (isochoric process) P/T =const
- Relative humidity φ=P/P 0 ∙100%
- Int. energy ideal. monatomic gas U=3/2∙M/µ∙RT
- Gas work A=P∙ΔV
- Boyle–Mariotte law (isothermal process) PV=const
- Amount of heat during heating Q=Cm(T 2 -T 1)
- Amount of heat during melting Q=λm
- Amount of heat during vaporization Q=Lm
- Amount of heat during fuel combustion Q=qm
- Equation of state of an ideal gas PV=m/M∙RT
- First law of thermodynamics ΔU=A+Q
- Efficiency of heat engines η= (Q 1 - Q 2)/ Q 1
- Efficiency is ideal. engines (Carnot cycle) η= (T 1 - T 2)/ T 1
Electrostatics and electrodynamics - formulas in physics
- Coulomb's law F=k∙q 1 ∙q 2 /R 2
- Electric field strength E=F/q
- Electrical tension point charge field E=k∙q/R 2
- Surface charge density σ = q/S
- Electrical tension fields of an infinite plane E=2πkσ
- Dielectric constant ε=E 0 /E
- Potential energy of interaction. charges W= k∙q 1 q 2 /R
- Potential φ=W/q
- Point charge potential φ=k∙q/R
- Voltage U=A/q
- For a uniform electric field U=E∙d
- Electric capacity C=q/U
- Electric capacity of a flat capacitor C=S∙ ε ∙ε 0 /d
- Energy of a charged capacitor W=qU/2=q²/2С=CU²/2
- Current strength I=q/t
- Conductor resistance R=ρ∙ℓ/S
- Ohm's law for the circuit section I=U/R
- Laws of the last. connections I 1 =I 2 =I, U 1 +U 2 =U, R 1 +R 2 =R
- Laws parallel. conn. U 1 =U 2 =U, I 1 +I 2 =I, 1/R 1 +1/R 2 =1/R
- Electric current power P=I∙U
- Joule-Lenz law Q=I 2 Rt
- Ohm's law for a complete circuit I=ε/(R+r)
- Short circuit current (R=0) I=ε/r
- Magnetic induction vector B=Fmax/ℓ∙I
- Ampere power Fa=IBℓsin α
- Lorentz force Fl=Bqυsin α
- Magnetic flux Ф=BSсos α Ф=LI
- Law electromagnetic induction Ei=ΔФ/Δt
- Induction emf in a moving conductor Ei=Вℓ υ sinα
- Self-induction EMF Esi=-L∙ΔI/Δt
- Coil magnetic field energy Wm=LI 2 /2
- Oscillation period no. circuit T=2π ∙√LC
- Inductive reactance X L =ωL=2πLν
- Capacitance Xc=1/ωC
- Effective current value Id=Imax/√2,
- Effective voltage value Uд=Umax/√2
- Impedance Z=√(Xc-X L) 2 +R 2
Optics
- Law of light refraction n 21 =n 2 /n 1 = υ 1 / υ 2
- Refractive index n 21 =sin α/sin γ
- Thin lens formula 1/F=1/d + 1/f
- Lens optical power D=1/F
- max interference: Δd=kλ,
- min interference: Δd=(2k+1)λ/2
- Differential grid d∙sin φ=k λ
The quantum physics
- Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect hν=Aout+Ek, Ek=U z e
- Red border of the photoelectric effect ν k = Aout/h
- Photon momentum P=mc=h/ λ=E/s
Physics of the atomic nucleus