Stepan's uprising is a reason. The uprising of Stepan Razin began with ordinary robberies and ended in a peasant war. Suppression of the uprising. Execution

The Cossack-peasant movement against serfdom, led by the famous Cossack chieftain, is the most powerful and large-scale movement in the 17th century in the history of Russia. began on the Don and spread to the Caspian and Volga lands, covering large territories and affecting many peoples.

A sharp change in the social situation in the Cossack regions on the Don was the reason that the uprising of Stepan Razin began. Year after year, the situation of the peasants worsened. Fugitive peasants flocked to the Don and the Volga lands, trying to get rid of enslavement. But even here their position remained difficult, since the indigenous Cossacks were reluctant to accept them on their lands. This forced the "golutvennyh" Cossacks to unite and engage in robbery and plunder.

The uprising of Stepan Razin began as a predatory raid by the Cossacks on the Volga lands. In 1667, Razin captured the Volga, where many Cossacks joined him. In 1668, the Razins ravaged the Caspian coast, after which they entered into a confrontation with Iran. The Cossacks captured the city of Ferahabad, won a major victory over the Iranian fleet and returned to the Don in 1669. Razin's successes sharply increased his authority among the inhabitants of the Don and the Volga region, which allowed him to make up for the losses and recruit a new army.

The peasant uprising of Stepan Razin itself began in 1670. In the spring he moved to the Volga. His campaign was accompanied by spontaneous rebellions and riots seeking to free themselves from enslavement. Tsaritsyn was captured in May. Astrakhan, Saratov and Samara opened the gates for the Cossacks, where many archers and townspeople passed under his command.

In autumn, the army of Stepan Razin laid siege to the fortified city of Simbirsk. At this time, many local peoples joined the uprising: Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians. However, the siege dragged on, which allowed the tsarist governors to gather large troops. The tsarist government hastily mobilized all its forces to suppress the uprising and sent an army of 60,000 to Simbirsk. On October 3, 1670, a decisive battle took place near Simbirsk between the Cossacks and the tsarist forces, in which the rebels were defeated.

The wounded Stepan Razin was taken to the Don by his loyal Cossacks, where he was going to recruit a new army, but the homely Cossacks captured him and handed him over to the tsar's military leaders. On June 6, 1671, Stepan Razin was quartered in Moscow. However, with his death, the uprisings did not stop, many Cossack chieftains continued to fight for another six months. Only in November 1671, the tsarist troops managed to take the last stronghold of the Razin people - Astrakhan.

The uprising led by Stepan Razin in 1670-1671, unlike his previous campaigns, was already acutely social in nature, and many historians call the "peasant war", since the population of the Don and the Volga region opposed the tsarist power and serfdom, fighting against the dominance of power and the powerlessness of the peasantry ...

Thus, the uprising of Stepan Razin began with Cossack robberies and gradually resulted in a full-scale peasant movement, the purpose of which was to weaken taxes and duties and improve the life of the peasantry.

UPRISING STEPAN RAZIN UPRISING STEPAN RAZIN

THE UPRISING OF STEPAN RAZIN 1670-1671 in Russia, was caused by the spread of serfdom (cm. SERFDOM) in the southern and southeastern regions of the country, it covered the Don, the Volga region and the Trans-Volga region. The uprising was led by S.T. Razin, V.R. Us, F. Sheludyak, Cossacks, peasants, townspeople, non-Russian peoples of the Volga region (Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Tatars) took part in it. Razin and his supporters urged to serve the tsar, to "beat" boyars, nobles, governors, merchants "for treason", to give "black people" freedom.
During the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1654-1667) and Sweden (1656-1658), in response to increased taxes, there was a massive exodus of peasants and townspeople to the outskirts of the state. Under pressure from the nobility, the government, implementing the norms of the Cathedral Code of 1649, from the end of the 1650s began to organize a state search for the fugitives. Measures to return the fugitive peasants provoked mass protests in the southern regions, especially on the Don, where there has long been a tradition - “there is no extradition from the Don”. Heavy duties and the nature of land use brought the service people closer to the peasants, guarding the southern borders.
The forerunner of the uprising was the movement of the Cossack detachments of Vasily Us to Tula (1666). During the campaign, the peasants and slaves of the southern Moscow region joined the Cossacks, who demanded a salary for their service. In the spring of 1667, a gang of golutven Cossacks and fugitive people gathered on the Don, led by Stepan Razin, who led them to the Volga, and then to the Caspian. Insofar as the tsarist governors had an order to detain the Cossacks, the actions of the Razins often assumed a rebellious character. The Cossacks took possession of the Yaitsky town (modern Uralsk). After wintering here, Razin sailed to the Persian shores along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The Cossacks returned from the campaign in August 1669 with rich booty. The Astrakhan governors could not hold them back and let them go to the Don. Cossacks and fugitive peasants began to flock to the Kagalnitsky town, where Razin settled.
Upon Razin's return to the Don, a confrontation between the Razinites and the Don Cossack foreman emerged. The tsar's ambassador (G.A. Evdokimov) was sent to the Don with an order to find out about Razin's plans. On April 11, 1760, Razin arrived with his supporters in Cherkassk and achieved the execution of Evdokimov as a spy. From that time on, Razin actually became the head of the Don Cossacks and organized a new campaign on the Volga, which took on an openly anti-government character. The insurgents killed the governors, landowners and their clerks, created new bodies of power in the form of Cossack self-government. City and peasant elders, chieftains, esauls, centurions were elected everywhere. Razin called on the rebels to serve the king and "give freedom to black people" - to free them from state taxes. The rebels announced that Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who died in 1670) was allegedly in their army, who was going to Moscow by order of his father to "beat" boyars, nobles, governors and merchants "for treason." The initiators and leaders of the uprising were the Don Cossacks, and the active participants were the service people "by device", the peoples of the Volga region, the inhabitants of Sloboda Ukraine.
In May 1670, the Cossacks captured Tsaritsyn. At this time, Moscow archers (1 thousand) under the command of I.T. Lopatin, which were defeated by the rebels. From Astrakhan to Tsaritsyn the army of the voivode Prince S.I. Lvov; On June 6, near Cherny Yar, the Astrakhan archers without a fight went over to the side of the rebels. The rebels moved to Astrakhan and on the night of June 22, went to the assault. Ordinary archers and townspeople did not offer resistance. Taking the city, the rebels executed the governor I.S. Prozorovsky and Streletsky chiefs.
Leaving some of the Cossacks in Astrakhan, headed by V. Us and F. Sheludyak, Razin with the main forces of the rebels (about 6 thousand) sailed on plows to Tsaritsyn. The cavalry was walking along the coast (about 2 thousand). On July 29, the army arrived at Tsaritsyn. Here the Cossack circle decided to go to Moscow, and from the upper Don to deliver an auxiliary blow. On August 7, Razin marched towards Saratov with an army of ten thousand. On August 15, Saratov residents greeted the rebels with bread and salt. Samara surrendered without a fight. The leaders of the uprising intended to enter the counties inhabited by serfs at the end of the field agricultural work, counting on a mass peasant uprising. On August 28, when Razin was 70 versts from Simbirsk, Prince Yu.I. Baryatinsky with troops from Saransk hurried to the aid of the Simbirsk governor. On September 6, the townspeople let the rebels into the Simbirsk prison. Baryatinsky's attempt to knock Razin out of the prison ended in failure and he retreated to Kazan. Voevoda I.B. Miloslavsky sat down in the Kremlin with five thousand soldiers, Moscow archers and local nobles. The siege of the Simbirsk Kremlin fettered the main forces of Razin. In September, the rebels launched four unsuccessful attacks.
Atamans Y. Gavrilov and F. Minaev with detachments of 1,5-2 thousand people went from the Volga to the Don. Soon the rebels moved up the Don. On September 9, the forward detachment of the Cossacks captured Ostrogozhsk. Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Colonel I. Dzinkovsky, joined the rebels. But on the night of September 11, wealthy townspeople, whose property was confiscated by the rebels along with the provincial goods, unexpectedly attacked the Razins and captured many of them. On September 27 alone, three thousand insurgents under the command of Frol Razin and Gavrilov approached the city of Korotoyaku. After the battle with the vanguard of Prince G.G. Romodanovsky Cossacks were forced to retreat. A detachment of Cossacks under the command of Lesko Cherkashenin began to advance up the Seversky Donets at the end of September. On October 1, the rebels occupied Moyatsk, Tsarev-Borisov, Chuguev; however, a detachment of Romodanovsky's troops soon approached, and Lesko Cherkashenin retreated. On November 6, a battle took place near Moyatsk, in which the rebels were defeated.
To prevent the tsarist troops from coming to the aid of Miloslavsky, besieged in Simbirsk, Razin sent out small detachments from Simbirsk to raise peasants and townspeople on the right bank of the Volga to fight. Moving along the Simbirsk zasechnaya line, a detachment of atamans M. Kharitonov and V. Serebryak approached Saransk. On September 16, the Russians, Mordvinians, Chuvashs and Mari occupied Alatyr with a battle. On September 19, the insurgent Russian peasants, Tatars and Mordovians, together with the Razin detachment, captured Saransk. The detachments of Kharitonov and V. Fedorov occupied Penza without a fight. The entire Simbirsk line was in the hands of the Razins. A detachment of M. Osipov, with the support of peasants, archers and Cossacks, occupied Kurmysh. The uprising engulfed the peasants of the Tambov and Nizhny Novgorod districts. In early October, a detachment of the Razins captured Kozmodemyansk without a fight. From here, up the Vetluga River, a detachment of ataman I.I. Ponomarev, who raised an uprising in the Galician district. In September-October, rebel detachments appeared in the Tula, Efremov, Novosilsky districts. The peasants were also worried in the districts into which the Razins could not penetrate (Kolomensky, Yuryev-Polsky, Yaroslavsky, Kashirsky, Borovsky).
The tsarist government was gathering a large punitive army. The commander was appointed governor, Prince Yu.A. Dolgorukov. The army consisted of the nobility of the Moscow and Ukrainian (southern border) cities, 5 Reitar (noble cavalry) regiments and 6 orders of the Moscow archers: later it included the Smolensk gentry, dragoon and soldier regiments. By January 1671, the number of punitive troops exceeded 32 thousand people. On September 21, 1670, Dolgorukov set out from Murom, hoping to reach Alatyr, but the uprising had already engulfed the district, and he was forced to stop at Arzamas on September 26. The rebels attacked Arzamas from several sides, but the chieftains were unable to organize a simultaneous offensive, which allowed the tsarist governors to repel the onslaught and defeat the enemy in parts. Later, about 15 thousand rebels with artillery again launched an offensive against Arzamas; On October 22, a battle took place near the village of Murashkino, in which they were defeated. After that, the governors, suppressing the uprising, marched to Nizhny Novgorod. Voevoda Yu.N. Baryatinsky in mid-September again went to the aid of the Simbirsk garrison. On the way, the punishers withstood four battles with the combined forces of Russian peasants, Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvash and Mari. On October 1, the tsarist troops approached Simbirsk. Here the rebels twice attacked Baryatinsky, but were defeated, and Razin himself was seriously wounded and was taken to the Don. On October 3, Baryatinsky linked up with Miloslavsky and unblocked the Simbirsk Kremlin.
From the end of October, the offensive impulse of the rebels dried up, they fought mainly defensive battles. November 6, Yu.N. Baryatinsky made his way to Alatyr. At the end of November, the main forces under the command of Dolgorukov set out from Arzamas and entered Penza on December 20. On December 16, Baryatinsky captured Saransk. After the defeat of Razin near Simbirsk, the troops of the voivode D.A. Baryatinsky, who were in Kazan, headed up the Volga. They lifted the siege of Tsivilsk and took Kozmodemyansk on November 3. However, D.A. Baryatinsky could not connect with the detachment of the voivode F.I. Leontyev, who set out from Arzamas, since the inhabitants of the Tsivilsky district (Russians, Chuvash, Tatars) rebelled again and laid siege to Tsivilsk. The battles with the rebels of the Tsivilsky, Cheboksary, Kurmysh and Yadrinsky districts, headed by the atamans S. Vasiliev, S. Chenekeyev, continued until early January 1671. Ponomarev's detachment moved along the territory of the Galician district to the Pomor districts. His advance was delayed by the local landowners' detachments. When the rebels occupied Unzha (December 3), they were overtaken by the tsarist troops and defeated.
Stubborn battles took place for Shatsk and Tambov. The detachments of atamans V. Fedorov and Kharitonov approached Shatsk. On October 17, a battle with the troops of Voevoda Y. Khitrovo took place near the city. Despite the defeat, the uprising in this area lasted until mid-November, until the troops of Khitrovo and Dolgorukov united. The uprising in the Tambov region was the longest and most stubborn. Around October 21, the peasants of the Tambov district rose up. No sooner had the punishers suppressed their performance, when the servicemen, led by ataman T. Meshcheryakov, rebelled and besieged Tambov. The siege was lifted with a detachment of tsarist troops from Kozlov. When the punishers returned to Kozlov, the Tambovites rebelled again and from November 11 to December 3 they repeatedly stormed the city. On December 3, voivode I.V. Buturlin from Shatsk approached Tambov and lifted the siege. The rebels retreated into the woods, here help came to them from Khopra. On December 4, the rebels defeated Buturlin's vanguard and drove him to Tambov. Only with the arrival of the troops of Prince K.O. Chipped-toothed from Krasnaya Sloboda, the uprising began to decline.
As the tsarist troops succeeded, Razin's opponents on the Don became more active. On April 9, 1671, they attacked Kagalnik, took Razin and his brother Frol prisoner; On April 25, they were sent to Moscow, where they were executed on June 6, 1671. Longest of all, the uprising continued in the Lower Volga region. On May 29, Ataman I. Konstantinov sailed to Simbirsk from Astrakhan. On June 9, the rebels launched an unsuccessful assault on the city. By this time V. Us died, and the Astrakhan people elected F. Sheludyak as ataman. In September 1671, the troops of I.B. Miloslavsky began the siege of Astrakhan, on November 27 it fell.
Like other peasant uprisings, the uprising of Stepan Razin was characterized by spontaneity, disorganization of the forces and actions of the rebels, and the local character of the uprisings. The tsarist government managed to defeat the peasant detachments, since the landlords rallied to defend their privileges and the government was able to mobilize forces that outnumbered the rebels in organization and weapons. The defeat of the peasants made it possible for the landowners to strengthen their ownership of land, to extend the serf economy to the southern outskirts of the country, and to expand the ownership rights to the peasants.

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See what "STEPAN RAZIN'S UPRISING" is in other dictionaries:

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The uprising led by Stepan Razin - a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks with the tsarist troops. It ended in the defeat of the rebels.

Causes.

1) The final enslavement of the peasantry;

2) The growth of taxes and duties of the social lower classes;

3) The desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freedom;

4) The accumulation of poor "golutvenny" Cossacks and fugitive peasants on the Don.

Background. The so-called "Campaign for Zipuns" (1667-1669) - a campaign of rebels "for prey" is often referred to the uprising of Stepan Razin. Razin's detachment blocked the Volga and thus blocked the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships.

Training... Returning from the "Campaign for the Zipuns" Razin was with his army in Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn. There he gained the love of the townspeople. After the campaign, the poor began to march towards him in droves, and he gathered a considerable army.

Hostilities. In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the actual war. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted. The Razins captured Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which the townspeople surrendered to them. There they executed the governor and nobles and organized their own government headed by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak.

Battle of Tsaritsyn. Stepan Razin gathered troops. Then he went to Tsaritsyn. He surrounded the city. Then he left Vasily Us in command of the army, and he himself with a small detachment went to the Tatar settlements, where he was voluntarily given cattle, which Razin needed in order to feed the army. In Tsaritsyn, meanwhile, the inhabitants experienced a shortage of water, and also the cattle of the Tsaritsynians were cut off from the grass and could soon begin to starve. In the meantime, the Razins sent their people to the walls and told the archers that the archers of Ivan Lopatin, who were supposed to come to the aid of Tsaritsyn, were going to cut out the Tsaritsynians and the Tsaritsynian archers, and then leave with the Tsaritsyn commander, Timofei Turgenev, near Saratov. They said they had intercepted their messenger. The archers believed and carried this news around the city in secret from the governor. Then the governor sent several townspeople to negotiate with the Razins. He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations informed the Razins that they had prepared a riot and agreed on the time of its beginning. The rioters gathered in a crowd, rushed to the gate and knocked down the locks. The archers fired at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razins burst into the city, the archers surrendered. The city was captured. Timofey Turgenev with his nephew and devoted archers locked himself in the tower. Then Razin returned with the cattle. The tower was taken under his leadership. The voivode behaved rudely with Razin and was drowned in the Volga along with his nephew, loyal archers, nobles.

The battle with the archers of Ivan Lopatin. Ivan Lopatin led a thousand archers to Tsaritsyn. His last halt was the Money Island, which was located on the Volga, north of Tsaritsyn. Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his place of position, and therefore did not put sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razins attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began firing at the Lopatins. They boarded boats in disarray and rowed towards Tsaritsyn. Along the way, they were fired upon by Razin's ambush detachments. Suffering heavy losses, they sailed to the walls of the city. The Razins began to shoot from them. The archers have surrendered. Razin drowned most of the commanders, and made spared and ordinary archers into rowers-prisoners.

The battle for Kamyshin. Several dozen Razin Cossacks disguised themselves as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razintsi approached the city. Meanwhile, those who entered killed the guards of some of the city gates, opened them, the main forces rushed through them into the city and took it. Streltsov, nobles, the governor were executed. Residents were ordered to collect all the essentials and leave the city. When the city was deserted, the Razintsi plundered it and then burned it down.

Hike to Astrakhan. A military council was held in Tsaritsyn. There they decided to go to Astrakhan. In Astrakhan, the archers were positively disposed towards Razin, this mood was fueled by anger at the authorities, who paid them their salaries late. The news that Razin was going to the city frightened the city authorities. The Astrakhan fleet was sent against the rebels. However, when they met the rebels, the archers tied up the chiefs of the fleet and went over to the side of Razin. Then the Cossacks decided the fate of their superiors. Prince Semyon Lvov was spared, and the rest were drowned. Then the Razins approached Astrakhan. At night, the Razins attacked the city. At the same time, an uprising of the archers and the poor broke out there. The city fell. Then the rebels carried out their executions, introduced a Cossack regime in the city and went to the Middle Volga region in order to reach Moscow.

Hike to Moscow.

After that, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians freely went over to the side of Razin. This success was facilitated by the fact that Razin declared everyone who went over to his side as a free person. Near Samara, Razin announced that Patriarch Nikon and Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich were going with him. This further increased the influx of poor people into its ranks. Throughout the entire journey, the Razintsi sent letters to various regions of Russia calling for an uprising. They called such letters adorable.

In September 1670, the Razins besieged Simbirsk, but could not take it. Government troops headed by Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov moved to Razin. The tsar's troops, a month after the start of the siege, defeated the rebels, and the seriously wounded Razin was taken to the Don by the associates. Fearing reprisals, the Cossack elite, led by the military chieftain Kornil Yakovlev, betrayed Razin to the authorities. In June 1671 he was quartered in Moscow; Brother Frol was allegedly executed on the same day.

Despite the execution of the leader, the Razins continued to defend themselves and were able to hold Astrakhan until November 1671.

Results. The scale of the massacre of the rebels was enormous, in some cities more than 11 thousand people were executed. The Razins did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the nobility and serfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.

The uprising led by Stepan Razin, Peasant War 1667-1669, 1670-1671, or The Uprising of Stepan Razin- the war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks and the tsarist troops. It ended in the defeat of the rebels.

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  In Russian historiography, the reasons for the uprising indicate that the period for the search for fugitive peasants became indefinite, excessive feudal oppression was manifested. Another reason was the strengthening of centralized power, the introduction of the conciliar code of 1649. It is possible that the immediate cause of the war was the general weakening of the country's economy as a result of the protracted war over Ukraine.

  The state tax is increasing. An epidemic of pestilence and mass starvation begins.

  Briefly the main reasons:

  1. The final enslavement of the peasantry;
  2. The growth of taxes and duties of the social lower classes;
  3. The desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freedom;
  4. The accumulation of poor "golutvenny" Cossacks and fugitive peasants on the Don.

  Background

  The so-called "campaign for zipuns" (1667-1669) is often referred to the uprising of Stepan Razin - a campaign of rebels "for prey". Razin's detachment blocked the Volga, thereby blocking the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships. Having received the booty and seizing the Yaitsky town, Razin moved to the Kagalnitsky town in the summer of 1669, where he began to gather his troops. When enough people had gathered, Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.

  Training

  Returning from the "campaign for zipuns", Razin visited Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn with his army. There he gained the love of the townspeople. After the campaign, the poor began to march towards him in droves, and he gathered a considerable army. He also wrote letters to various Cossack chieftains calling for an uprising, but only Vasily Us came to him with a detachment.

  Hostilities

  Battle of Tsaritsyn

  Gathering troops, Stepan Razin went to Tsaritsyn and surrounded him. Leaving the command of the army of Vasily Usa, Razin with a small detachment went to the Tatar settlements. There he was voluntarily given the cattle that Razin needed in order to feed the army.

  In Tsaritsyn, meanwhile, the inhabitants experienced a shortage of water, the cattle of the Tsaritsynians were cut off from the grass and could soon begin to starve. However, Tsaritsyn's voivode Timofey Turgenev was not going to surrender the city to the rebels, hoping for the city walls and a thousand archers led by Ivan Lopatin, who went to help the besieged. Knowing this, the rebel leaders sent their people to the walls and told the archers that they had intercepted the messenger. who was carrying a letter from Ivan Lopatin to the Tsaritsyn voivode, which allegedly says that the Lopatins are going to Tsaritsyn to kill the townspeople and Tsaritsyn's archers, and then leave with the Tsaritsyn voivode Timofei Turgenev near Saratov. The archers believed and carried this news around the city in secret from the governor.

  Soon the governor Timofey Turgenev sent several townspeople to negotiate with the Razins. He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations informed the Razin chieftains that they had prepared a riot and agreed with them about the time of its beginning.

  At the appointed hour, a riot broke out in the city. The rioters rushed to the gate and knocked down the locks. The archers fired at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razins burst into the city, they surrendered. The city was captured. Timofey Turgenev with his nephew and devoted archers locked himself in the tower. Then Razin returned with the cattle. Under his leadership, the tower was taken. The voivode behaved rudely with Razin, for this he was drowned in the Volga along with his nephew, archers and nobles.

  The battle with the archers of Ivan Lopatin

  Ivan Lopatin led a thousand archers to Tsaritsyn. His last halt was the Money Island, which was located on the Volga, north of Tsaritsyn. Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his location, and therefore did not put sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razins attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began to shoot at the Lopatins. Those in disorder boarded boats and began to row towards Tsaritsyn. Along the way, they were fired upon by Razin's ambush detachments. Suffering heavy losses, they sailed to the walls of the city, from which the Razins again fired at them. The archers have surrendered. Razin drowned most of the commanders, and made spared and ordinary archers into rowers-prisoners.

  The battle for Kamyshin

  Several dozen Razin Cossacks disguised themselves as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razins approached the city. The "merchants" killed the guards of the city gates, opened them, and the main forces rushed into the city and took it. Streltsov, nobles, the governor were executed. Residents were ordered to collect all the essentials and leave the city. When the city was deserted, the Razin people plundered it and then burned it down.

  Hike to Astrakhan

  Outcomes

  The scale of the massacre of the insurgents was enormous. In Arzamas alone, more than 11 thousand people were executed. The Razins did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the nobility and serfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.

  Stepan Timofeevich Razin - Ataman of the Don Cossacks, who organized the largest popular uprising of the pre-Petrine period, which was called the Peasant War.

  The future leader of the rebellious Cossacks was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya in 1630. Some sources point to another place of Stepan's birth - the city of Cherkassk. The father of the future ataman Timofey Razya was from the Voronezh region, but moved from there for unclear reasons to the banks of the Don.

  The young man took root among the free settlers and soon became a homely Cossack. Timofey was distinguished in military campaigns by courage and courage. From one campaign, a Cossack brought a captured Turkish woman into the house and married her. The family had three sons - Ivan, Stepan and Frol. The godfather of the middle brother was the chieftain of the army Kornil Yakovlev himself.
  

  Time of Troubles

  In 1649, serfdom was finally established in Russia with the "Council Epistle" signed by the tsar. The document proclaimed the hereditary state of serfdom and made it possible to increase the search term for fugitives to 15 years. After the adoption of the law, uprisings and rebellions began to break out in the country, many peasants set off on the run in search of free lands and settlements.

  
  

  The time of trouble has come. Cossack settlements more and more often became a haven for "dullness", poor or impoverished peasants who belonged to the well-to-do Cossacks. By an unspoken agreement with the "homely" Cossacks, detachments were created from the fugitives who were engaged in robbery and theft. The Terk, Don, and Yaik Cossacks increased at the expense of the "golutvenny" Cossacks, their military power grew.

  Youth

  In 1665, an event occurred that influenced the further fate of Stepan Razin. The elder brother Ivan, who took part in the Russian-Polish war, decided to voluntarily leave the position and retire with the army to his homeland. According to custom, the free Cossacks were not obliged to obey the government. But the troops of the governor caught up with the Razin people and, having declared them deserters, were executed on the spot. After the death of his brother, Stepan flared with rage against the Russian nobility and decided to go to war against Moscow in order to free Russia from the boyars. The unstable position of the peasantry also caused Razin's uprising.

  
  

  From his youth, Stepan was distinguished by his courage and ingenuity. He never went ahead, but used diplomacy and cunning, therefore, already at a young age, he is part of important delegations from the Cossacks to Moscow and Astrakhan. With diplomatic tricks, Stepan could settle any failed business. So the famous campaign "for zipuns", which ended in a deplorable way for the Razin detachment, could lead to the arrest and punishment of all its participants. But Stepan Timofeevich communicated so convincingly with the tsarist voivode Lvov that he sent the entire army home, equipped with new weapons, and presented Stepan with an icon of the Mother of God.

  Razin also showed himself as a peacemaker among the southern peoples. In Astrakhan, he mediated in the dispute between the Nagaybak Tatars and Kalmyks and did not allow bloodshed.

  Insurrection

  In March 1667, Stepan began to gather an army. With 2000 soldiers, the chieftain went on a campaign along the rivers flowing into the Volga to rob the ships of merchants and boyars. The robberies were not perceived by the authorities as a riot, since theft was an integral part of the existence of the Cossacks. But Razin went beyond the usual robbery. In the village of Cherny Yar, the ataman massacred the streltsy troops, and then released all the exiles who were in custody. Then he went to Yaik. The rebel troops cunningly penetrated the fortress to the Ural Cossacks and subjugated the settlement.

  
  Stepan Razin's uprising map

  In 1669, the army, replenished by fugitive peasants, under the leadership of Stepan Razin went to the Caspian Sea, where it made a number of attacks on the Persians. In the battle with the flotilla of Mamed Khan, the Russian chieftain outwitted the eastern commander. Razin's plows imitated an escape from the Persian fleet, after which the Persian gave the order to unite 50 ships and surround the army of the Cossacks. But Razin unexpectedly turned around and subjected the enemy's main ship to powerful shelling, after which it began to sink and pulled the entire fleet with it. So, with small forces, Stepan Razin emerged victorious from the battle at the Pig Island. Realizing that after such a defeat the Sefivids would gather a larger army against the Razins, the Cossacks set off through Astrakhan to the Don.

  Peasant war

  The year 1670 began with the preparation of Stepan Razin's troops for a campaign against Moscow. The chieftain went up the Volga, capturing coastal villages and cities. To attract the local population to his side, Razin used "lovely letters" - special letters that he distributed among the urban people. The letters said that the oppression of the boyars can be thrown off if you join the army of the rebels.

  Not only the oppressed layers went over to the side of the Cossacks, but also Old Believers, artisans, Mari, Chuvash, Tatars, Mordvins, as well as Russian soldiers of government troops. After widespread desertion, the tsarist troops were forced to start attracting mercenaries from Poland and the Baltic states. But with such soldiers, the Cossacks acted cruelly, subjecting all foreign prisoners of war to execution.

  
  

  Stepan Razin spread the rumor that the missing Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, as well as an exile, was hiding in the Cossack camp. Thus, the ataman attracted more and more dissatisfied with the current government to his side. During the year, residents of Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, Alatyr, Saransk, Kozmodemyansk went over to the side of the Razins. But in the battle near Simbirsk, the Cossack flotilla was defeated by the troops of Prince Yu. N. Baryatinsky, and Stepan Razin himself, after being wounded, was forced to retreat to the Don.

  
  

  For half a year, Stepan hid with those close to him in the Kagalnitsky town, but the local wealthy Cossacks secretly decided to surrender the ataman to the government. The elders feared the anger of the tsar, who could lie on all the Russian Cossacks. In April 1671, after a short assault on the fortress, Stepan Razin was captured and taken to Moscow along with his inner circle.

  Personal life

  There is no information about the ataman's private life in historical documents, but it is only known that Razin's wife and his son Afanasy lived in the Kagalnitsky town. The boy followed in his father's footsteps and became a warrior. During a skirmish with the Azov Tatars, the young man was captured by the enemy, but soon returned to his homeland.

  
  

  A Persian princess is mentioned in the legend about Stepan Razin. It is assumed that the girl was captured by the Cossacks after the famous battle on the Caspian Sea. She became Razin's second wife and even managed to give birth to children to the Cossack, but out of jealousy, the ataman drowned her in the depths of the Volga.

  Death

  At the beginning of the summer of 1671, Stepan and his brother Frol, guarded by the governors, steward Grigory Kosagov and clerk Andrei Bogdanov, were taken to Moscow for trial. During the investigation, the Razins were severely tortured, and 4 days later they were taken to the execution, which took place on Bolotnaya Square. After the announcement of the verdict, Stepan Razin was quartered, but his brother could not stand what he saw and asked for mercy in exchange for secret information. After 5 years, not finding the stolen treasures promised by Frol, it was decided to execute the chieftain's younger brother.

  
  

  After the death of the leader of the liberation movement, the war continued for another six months. The Cossacks were headed by atamans Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak. The new leaders lacked charisma and wisdom, so the uprising was suppressed. The popular struggle led to disappointing results: serfdom was tightened, the days of the transfer of peasants from the owners were canceled, and it was allowed to show an extreme degree of cruelty towards the defiant serfs.

  Memory

  The story of the uprising of Stepan Razin remained in the memory of the people for a long time. 15 folk songs are dedicated to the national hero, including "From behind the island to the rod", "There is a cliff on the Volga", "Oh, it's not evening." The biography of Stenka Razin aroused creative interest among many writers and historians, such as A. A. Sokolov, V. A. Gilyarovsky,.

  
  

  The plot of the exploits of the hero of the Peasant War was used in the creation of the first Russian film in 1908. The film was called "The Lowest Freelancer". Streets of St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Yekaterinburg, Ulyanovsk and other settlements are named in honor of Razin.

  The events of the 17th century formed the basis for operas and symphonic poems by Russian composers N. Ya. Afanasyev, A. K. Glazunov,.