Spiritual diploma of Ivan Kalita. Spiritual diploma of Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Spiritual literacy: testament of Ivan Kalita

The vertical line marks the end of one line and the beginning of another in the original.** The numerical values ​​of the letters in square brackets are not taken into account (these letters were considered by Kuchkin as lost and “restored”). . Since my previous experience of familiarizing myself with texts traditionally called “ancient” or “medieval” shows that the division of the text into lines is much more important than its breakdown into functional or thematic nodes, I chose the first five lines of the testament as the subject of initial analysis. This was all the more expedient because the first clause ends with the fifth line (on the word “trained”), it is of a general nature, and, in essence, continues the preamble. The final numerical value of the words of the first line is 9, the second - 3, the third - 3, the fourth - 8, the fifth - 9, all five lines - 5.

What was Ivan Kalita's will written on?

Attention

Sanity 24.02.2009, 22:32 # Of course, I embellished my ignorance a little with texts from Pleshakov's textbook. Once I inserted to the child that if you read everything carefully, then the answers can be found. Of course, in Pleshakov's textbook there will not be a word about a will. But there certainly is either about the first books in Russia or something else indirect.

Virtual exhibition dedicated to the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood

Pleshakov lived a long time and all his children learned from his textbooks! smoked badly. here are sources about both wills parchment there was: http://www.rusarchives.ru/evants/exhibitions/rosarchiv90_rgada.shtml It's not me or parchment according to your birch bark? Are you interested in facts or what is "in my opinion"? you complained that there is no Yandex, I found it for you. It's not me 02/24/2009, 21:50 # Light, I'm interested in what the hell a child in the 4th grade is asked such questions, to which the answer must be sought in the archives on the Internet. once again a question. There are 6 statements, one of which is false. which? five are exactly right, there is nothing to argue about. one - about the wills of Ivan Kalita on birch bark. I read the wiki wiki, Yandex - no there about birch bark and Kalita's will so that on it. that is, I conclude that Kalita did not write a will on birch bark. you grish - you looked badly, he wrote on parchment.

one more step

The number 6 is in a correlative relationship with the number of varieties of objects handed over by the father to the eldest son. Third clause. The most striking element of the constructivist nature of the text of the "testament" in this fragment is 4 "chains of gold", 3 "belts of gold" and 2 "cups of gold". The number series 432 represented here is the date of the Olympic Games 432.
BC, on which the Greek mathematician and astronomer Meton proposed his own method of adjusting the calendar by introducing a 235-month synodic cycle of 7 years with 13 months. Meton's formula already in antiquity was called the "golden number". The final numerical value of all the words of the five lines of the clause, including the remainder of the words of the previous one, with which its first line begins, and the beginning of the next clause, with which the fifth line ends, is 9, in a metonic cycle of 6939 days (6 and 3 of this series together form 9, three times 9 - 27, or 9).

The number of words of the first line in the final expression is 6 (in the original expression - 15), the second - 2, the third - 2, the fourth - 9, the fifth - 2, the resulting row is 62292; the total numerical value is not calculated here, since the token “own” is divided into two parts and is taken into account both in the second and third lines. In total, there are 56 words in five lines, the final numerical value is 2. Now we summarize the final numerical indicators of each line, obtained according to the two criteria indicated above, having previously built these indicators in two columns.
The third column on the right is the obtained line-by-line final numerical values.9 6 63 2 53 2 58 9 89 2 2 In the obtained columns-rows, various symmetrical relationships between the rows, columns and, in one case, within the row (8 9 8) are noteworthy.

Testament of Prince Ivan Danilovich

Info

For us, it, as well as the eclipse of 1050, are interesting primarily because the 96th Saros ended in 1374 (its last eclipse), that is, for 74 years of the XIV century. and, accordingly, during the life of Ivan Kalita, he "died" (eclipses of 1302, 1320, 1338, 1356). The compiler of the will is not limited to hinting at the semantic connection between the “document” and the saros, he almost directly points to this: the gap between the dates 950 and 1040, which he took care of, is 90 years, the anthroponym Ivan (7) Danilovich (2) is endowed with a finite numerical value 9 (zeros are optional in verbal-numerical enigmatics). The nickname "Kalita" also has a final numerical value of 9.

Okrmir 4th grade. wills of Prince Ivan Danilovich

Important

And so the layout is different 🙁 It's not me 24.02.2009, 23:28 # but this is not an indicator by the way. I communicate a lot with aunts from other classes and parallels. who does not go to school knows nothing about lice at all. Yes, all mb, but they happen, and I've been It's not me 02/24/2009, 10:31 pm # Yul! then that now when you are sick you need to do all the DZ. such nonsense, ugly. at school there is at least some kind of movement, but here only write DZ at home. of course, she didn’t kill much, but still grit - I don’t know how to do it. I’m thinking about birch bark, well, dad immediately intervened that this was nonsense and drove. the main thing is to help, he does not help her, he only criticizes my help. such a feasible contribution to family life. "Papa intervened" - this is not help, is it? IMHO, dad is right in criticism, you yourself are hysterical and you wind up the child in vain. It's not me February 24, 2009, 10:43 PM # YES WHO ISTERY? Light, I just asked a question.

Spiritual literacy: testament of Ivan Kalita

• As far as I know, Ivan Kalita wrote his will on parchment. By the way, Ivan Kalita did all this in several copies at once, and then assured him with his personal seal, since in the end this will was also certified by Khan Uzbek with his personal seal.
• The will, or as they said at that distant time, the spiritual letter of Tsar Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita, was the last dying declaration of the will of the sovereign, and therefore an official document and of great historical significance. First of all, in this document, Ivan Kalita listed everything that he owned and confirmed his spiritual health at the time of the will.
  Then he wrote off all the property to his sons, for the first time introducing into the practice of transferring the inheritance not to the eldest surviving brother, but directly to his descendants.

Testament of Ivan Kalita about the Olympic Games

The sons of Ivan Kalita in 1350 concluded an agreement among themselves, on the observance of the will of their father and the inviolability of Russia. (It is interesting that this treaty was the oldest document written on paper that has come down to us. Before that, all letters were written on birch bark or parchment). Sanity 24.02.2009, 21:05 # maybe he was on the hunt, all of a sudden, writing in the forest? Maybe there is a story? there was definitely paper then. Birch bark is usually remembered when they are trying to find confirmation of a thousand-year history. It's not me 24.02.2009, 21:10 # He wrote two of them when he went to the Golden Horde to give bribes. in general, I thought that Kalita was a rare bastard. according to Pleshakov, he is the angel savior of all Russia. okay, you have to choose one of the six statements is wrong. It looks like the will is wrong. I already smoked both Yandex and Wiki, there is nothing about birch bark there.

(Kalita) was written on birch bark. this is a false statement, right? Discussion closed by moderator Maria-k 02/25/2009, 11:49 # and who asked this question? it's not in the textbook 🙂 It's not me 25.02.2009, 13:08 # workbook! 4th grade, history section "Russia inflates its wings" Sanity 02/24/2009, 22:13 # I don't understand one thing, your bias towards Pleshakov. We also have Pleshakov, the child somehow copes on his own. There were 4 times in a quarter - I didn’t finish reading something before the control.
But there is nothing in Pleshakovo that would force parents to join regularly. only parents at the sight of /Pleshakov fall into a slight stupor kolobok)) I'm so sure when I leaf through the textbook for the 1st grade It's not me 24.02.2009, 22:21 # she grit does not know the answer.

As is known, the villages included the settlements in which there was a church, the villages included the villages where the landowner's house was located, and the village consisted only of peasant huts. In Kamensk stands the oldest stone St. Nicholas Church in the Moscow region. A prominent historian and architect in his time, a researcher of ancient Russian church architecture B.L. Altshuller (1926-1998), together with the historian and archaeologist M.Kh. Aleshkovsky (1933-1974) in large-scale archaeological research of this temple, determined that it was originally built of stone, attributing the beginning of construction to the second half of the 14th century. But, as we see and what was written about earlier on the pages of the newspaper "Center of the City" in the essay "St. Nicholas Church in the village of Kamenskoye" No. 50 (421) dated 18.12.

What was Ivan Kalita's will written on?

Relatively recently, in 2008, the text of the first version of the will appeared, in which all the “old” letters of the original were preserved, prepared for publication by Kuchkin, V.A., which I used for a brief analytical excursion, using also a snapshot of the second version, posted in networks. The results of the excursion are as follows. Text. Fragment (introductory formula and first three clauses).

The will was written in several copies on fairly clean parchment and certified by the personal seal of Kalita, as well as the seal of Khan Uzbek.

What was the will of Prince Ivan Danilovich written on?

Attention

The vertical line marks the end of one line and the beginning of another in the original.** The numerical values ​​of the letters in square brackets are not taken into account (these letters were considered by Kuchkin as lost and “restored”). . Since my previous experience of familiarizing myself with texts traditionally called “ancient” or “medieval” shows that the division of the text into lines is much more important than its breakdown into functional or thematic nodes, I chose the first five lines of the testament as the subject of initial analysis. This was all the more expedient because the first clause ends with the fifth line (on the word “trained”), it is of a general nature, and, in essence, continues the preamble.

Virtual exhibition dedicated to the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood

The Grand Duke gives Semyon Ivanovich 15 items from his treasury, the final numerical value is 6; the final numerical value of the names of objects is 4 (the sum of the series is 389398), the sum of 6 and 4 is 10, or 1; 1 and 9 form a row 19 - the number of years of the metonic cycle. The lexeme "cups" of the list of key three items is broken by the transfer of the second syllable to the next line - an indication of the connection to the series "chains - belts" of the next, only, object - "saucer" (instead of bowls). As a result of this optional action, the series 431, or 431 BC, is formed - the date of the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.

The set 4321 itself is also significant, in reverse order it is a progressively increasing simple number series, which was used by hoaxers in The Tale of Bygone Years. The remaining 2 chumas and 3 dishes, in their total quantity, are in a correlative relationship with 5 lines of the clause.

Testament of Ivan Kalita

Important

Important It was not observed in Europe, but belongs to the same saros 96, which gave rise to a total eclipse on March 20, 1140, one of the first eclipses noticed by the "chroniclers" (Novgorod first "chronicle"). It was observed throughout Russia, neighboring countries, and probably made a strong impression on everyone who saw it. One more step The sum of the numbers of the primary value, if it is greater than ten, is the intermediate numerical value of the word, if it is two-digit (for example, 11 or 99), the sum of the two numbers of the intermediate value is the final numerical value of the word, if it is not greater than ten (for example, 11 -2 but 99-18, the next conversion results in a final numerical value of 9).

Testament of Ivan Kalita about the Olympic Games

When the author calls it golden and large, he recalls the great migration of peoples, one of the acts of which was the powerful movement of the Huns. The form "plague" is a reminder of the perception of "settlers" in Europe, primarily by the Romans and Greeks. V. Kuchkin writes about the damage to the parchment on which the wills are written: “The examples given make clear two conclusions.
First, if we simply reproduce only the surviving text of the prince's testaments of the 14th century, then it will not be read. Instead of words linked into sentences, in many cases there will be parts of words and even individual letters, and sometimes not even them. The text will lose its meaning. Therefore, and this is the second, when the letters are published, the lost text must be restored.

Ivan Kalita's will on what is written

For us, it, as well as the eclipse of 1050, are interesting primarily because the 96th Saros ended in 1374 (its last eclipse), that is, for 74 years of the XIV century. and, accordingly, during the life of Ivan Kalita, he "died" (eclipses of 1302, 1320, 1338, 1356). The compiler of the will is not limited to hinting at the semantic connection between the “document” and the saros, he almost directly points to this: the gap between the dates 950 and 1040, which he took care of, is 90 years, the anthroponym Ivan (7) Danilovich (2) is endowed with a finite numerical value 9 (zeros are optional in verbal-numerical enigmatics). The nickname “Kalita” also has a final numerical value of 9. In the second clause, the number of cities and villages assigned to Semyon Ivanovich is 27, in the final expression it is 9. The final numerical value of all names is 6 (nomination “village on S (e) versts (e) in Pokhryansky ou (e) zd (e) "is equated to the name).
In itself, the set 4321 is also significant, in the reverse order it is a progressively increasing simple numerical series, which was used by hoaxers in The Tale of Bygone Years. The remaining 2 plagues and 3 dishes in their total number are in a correlative relationship with 5 lines of the clause. What was the will of Prince Ivan Danilovich written on? ("i" or "i", "o" or "omega", "e" or "yat", "f" or "fert", "ks" or "xi", "ps" or "psi") or deliberate mistakes.5. See Nikolai Morozov writes about him (www.doverchiv.narod.ru/morozov/8-I00-03.html).6. The Metonic cycle is still used today in Paschalia calculations. See: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle7.

Ivan Kalita testament on what is written

The number 6 is in a correlative relationship with the number of varieties of objects handed over by the father to the eldest son. Third clause. The most striking element of the constructivist nature of the text of the "testament" in this fragment is 4 "chains of gold", 3 "belts of gold" and 2 "cups of gold". The number series 432 represented here is the date of the Olympic Games 432.

BC, in which the Greek mathematician and astronomer Meton proposed his own method of adjusting the calendar by introducing a 235-month synodic cycle of 7 years with 13 months. Meton's formula already in antiquity was called the "golden number". The final numerical value of all the words of the five lines of the clause, including the remainder of the words of the previous one, with which its first line begins, and the beginning of the next clause, with which the fifth line ends, is 9, in a metonic cycle of 6939 days (6 and 3 of this series together form 9, three times 9 - 27, or 9).
In turn, Archimandrite Leonid Kavelin (1822-1891), on whose works we also rely in our studies of local lore, in the book "Moscow Zvenigorod and its district in church and archaeological terms", published by the synodal printing house in 1878, on the first page writes that the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita "usually refers to the years 1328-1331." Of course, it may seem strange why Mikhail Nikolayevich Tikhomirov, in his work on ancient Moscow, did not refer to him as the most authoritative historian of his time. Undoubtedly, Tikhomirov himself could not be unfamiliar with Leonid Kavelin's book, published 15 years before his birth. But the explanation for this is, apparently, the very time of the struggle and opposition of the Soviet authorities during the period of Stalinist repressions with the church. Find books by M.T.

The history of the people is its main treasure and memory, which will not be forgotten after many centuries. Being interested in the facts about the life of our ancestors, we often notice that the information is shrouded in secrets and deep meaning. Many are trying to find out what spiritual literacy is, how to understand and decipher it. Some researchers give the concept the following definition: spiritual literacy is one of the most important sources of Russian medieval history, a kind of testament addressed not only to specific individuals, but also to the whole people and descendants.

In ancient times, in order to understand what a specific prince owns, it was enough just to look at his spiritual literacy. She gave detailed information about the owner's property, about the reasons and methods for acquiring it. Thanks to the recorded information, in an extraordinary testament, we can trace the dynamics of the collection or crushing of princely lands and wealth. In the Middle Ages, almost everyone knew what spiritual literacy was. Manuscripts were kept for a long time and carefully, because documents used to be treated very reverently. A collection of testaments of the great Moscow princes has survived to this day.

Life and work of Ivan Kalita

One of the most remarkable and valuable is the spiritual diploma of Ivan Kalita. This was truly the Grand Duke, who was born in 1283 and went through a difficult path before becoming a famous and revered person during his lifetime. At the very beginning of his reign, the prince achieved great results. He was respected for his ability to find a common language with people, as well as for his perseverance and determination. Thanks to the Great Ivan, the economic and political life of the union of the Moscow principality and the Golden Horde came into harmony. Kalita was merciless with traitors and strict with his people, any confrontations were always stopped by him with ease.

Spiritual credentials of Ivan Kalita

The spiritual charter of Kalita was compiled for a long time, in a very difficult historical period for Russia. At the beginning of the will there is an indication of the state of health of the prince. He assured that everything was in order with him mentally and that there were no physical deviations either. During his life, Kalita accumulated sufficient capital, which he bequeathed to his sons and wife, Princess Ulyana. In the document, Ivan listed all his savings, which he inherited from his father, grandfather, and those that he earned on his own. By the way, there were a lot of them. At that time, the Grand Duke was the owner of several cities, including Ruza, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Kolomna. Ivan Kalita owned dozens of villages and parishes.

Thus, to the question of what spiritual literacy is, one can give a simple answer - a real testament drawn up during the reign. For the first time, Kalita neglected the rules for the division of inheritance. He distributed it to all his sons equally, not paying attention to the "stair climb", according to which a significant share went to the eldest son. It is worth noting that Ivan Kalita did not take care of anyone else except his family. The whole inheritance was divided in a close family circle. An interesting fact is that the prince did not allocate a "widow's share" to his wife. The money that was rightfully hers, he gave to his eldest son and ordered him to take care of his mother and younger brothers.

Kalita's testament today

Unfortunately, few people know what spiritual literacy is, but it is never too late to read it and feel the events of a thousand years ago. For example, the will of Ivan Kalita is now available to everyone. There are two versions of the spiritual diploma of the Grand Duke, each of which deserves attention.

And he gave it to his son Andrey8): Lopastna, Seversk, Narunizhskoye, Serpokhov, Nivna, Temna, Golichichi, Shields, Przemysl, Rastovets, Tukhachev. And here are the villages: the village of Talezhskoye, the village of Serpokhovskoye, the village of Kolbasinskoye, the village of Narskoye, the village of Peremyshlskoye, the village of Bityagovskoye, the village of Trufonovskoye, the village of Yasinovskoye, the village of Kolomninskoye, the village of Nogatinskoye. And from gold I gave to my son Andrey: 4 chains of gold, a belt of Fryaz gold 9) with a woman with a stone, a belt of gold with a hook on the neck 10) silk, a belt of royal gold 11), 2 chchars of gold, 2 a small plague of gold; and from the dishes - a dish is silver, and two are small. And now I give my princesses12) with my younger children: Surozhik, Mushkov Gora, Radonezhskoye, Beli, Vorya, Chernogolovl, on Vori Svobodka Sofronovskaya, Vokhna, Deikovo Ramenye, Danilishchova Svobodka, Mashev, Selna, Guslitsa, Ramenye, which was for the princess.

Virtual exhibition dedicated to the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood

I-1_2/0003.jpg (RGADA website, the first version is not posted in the archive).4. For the numerical values ​​of the letters, see Wikipedia, articles "Cyrillic", "Greek alphabet".

In texts of hoax origin, letters function as carriers of numbers, but a number of letters of the Old Russian and modern Russian alphabets do not have a numerical value. The sum of the numeric values ​​of the letters of the word involved in the encoding field is the primary numeric value of that word (for example, 5, 2, and 1 together make 8, in the name Eve, in particular).

Sequential summation of numbers is carried out, in most cases, until an indicator is obtained from one number.

What was Ivan Kalita's will written on?

The Moscow prince lists both inherited from his father and acquired property - “patrimonial estates and purchases”, from which a collective picture of the Moscow principality is gradually formed almost at the very beginning of its formation. Kalita already owned such cities as Mozhaisk, Kolomna, Ruza, Zvenigorod, Serpukhov, not counting the huge number of villages and volosts.

All this was distributed precisely to the sons, that is, Ivan Danilovich for the first time neglected the rules of the so-called ladder climb, when not the eldest son, but the elder brother was considered the eldest in the family. Shares for other relatives, except for their own children, the collector of Moscow did not provide.

The widow's part was not allocated for the wife either - Ivan appointed his eldest son Simeon as executor and instructed him to take care of the princess and younger brothers ("by God you will be a sad man").

Spiritual literacy: testament of Ivan Kalita

In turn, Archimandrite Leonid Kavelin (1822-1891), on whose works we also rely in our studies of local lore, in the book "Moscow Zvenigorod and its district in church and archaeological terms", published by the synodal printing house in 1878, on the first page writes that the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita "usually refers to the years 1328-1331." Of course, it may seem strange why Mikhail Nikolayevich Tikhomirov, in his work on ancient Moscow, did not refer to him as the most authoritative historian of his time.

Undoubtedly, Tikhomirov himself could not be unfamiliar with Leonid Kavelin's book, published 15 years before his birth. But the explanation for this is, apparently, the very time of the struggle and opposition of the Soviet authorities during the period of Stalinist repressions with the church.

Testament of Ivan Kalita about the Olympic Games

Se gave (ye) see from (s) well to your (ye) greater Semyon Mozha (ye) sk, Kolomna | well with all the Kolomna volosts, Gorodenka, M (e) zynyu, P (e) juicy, Pokhryane, Oust- Merska, Broshevaya, Gvozdna, Ivani, De|revni, Makovets, L (e) vichin, Skulnev, Kanev, Gzhel, [Go] r (e) tov, [Gor] ki, se[lo Lysts] evsko (ye), a village on the S (e) versts (e) in Pokhryan|skom ou (e) zd (e), the village of Kostyantynovskoe, the village of Orininskoe, the village of O | Strovskoe, the village of Kopotenskoe, the village of Mikulsko (ye), the village of Malakhov | Vskoe, the village of Naprudskoe oh city. And with your stomach (e) gave (ye) | sm s (s) well Semyon 4 chains of gold, 3 belts of gold, 2 bowls of gold with women, a saucer of gold with women with stone (ye) m. | And besides, he gave (ye) sm (ye) mu 2 a great plague of gold. A is vessels | from silver *** gave (ye) sm (ye) to 3 dishes of silver.
*In parentheses are substitutions for letters of the ancient Russian alphabet that do not have a numerical value.

History lessons: what is spiritual literacy?

When the author calls it golden and large, he recalls the great migration of peoples, one of the acts of which was the powerful movement of the Huns. The form "plague" is a reminder of the perception of "settlers" in Europe, primarily by the Romans and Greeks.
V. Kuchkin writes about the damage to the parchment on which the wills are written: “The examples given make clear two conclusions. First, if we simply reproduce only the surviving text of the prince's testaments of the 14th century, then it will not be read. Instead of words linked into sentences, in many cases there will be parts of words and even individual letters, and sometimes not even them. The text will lose its meaning. Therefore, and this is the second, when the letters are published, the lost text must be restored.

Spiritual letters are one of the most important sources of ancient Russian history. Peculiar testaments of princes make it possible to track the process of acquiring, owning and collecting or crushing certain lands. These documents were kept extremely carefully and carefully, so today they are carefully studied.
The Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita was no exception, compiling his "Spiritual Charter". Two versions of it have survived to this day, which differ from each other by mentioning a different number of villages and volosts. Historians still do not know whether this is one document in duplicate or two completely independent, dated from different times. But, in any case, the letter was drawn up in advance, before Kalita's trip in 1339 to the Horde to Khan Uzbek, who was distinguished by his particular ruthlessness towards the Russian princes. Anticipating the possibility of his death, Ivan Kalita took care of writing a will that would sum up the princely power in the 14th century.
The main purpose of creating this document was to consolidate the advantages of the Moscow Grand Duke's house, which required the preservation of the integrity of the inherited lands. The main mechanism for regulating this process was the new order of succession to the throne, introduced by Ivan Danilovich.
According to the "Spiritual Letter", the younger sons of Kalita, Ivan and Andrei, had to obey their older brother Semyon in everything, who remained the only commander of the military forces of the Moscow principality. In order to preserve and strengthen political and economic unity, Moscow and the lands closest to it in the district of 40 km were to be controlled jointly by all the heirs of Kalita, each of whom had his own share of possessions in the city - “districts”. This combination of individual and princely possessions made it possible to preserve and develop the statehood of the Moscow principality.
All valuables (gold and silver utensils, jewelry, church vessels, weapons) the prince divided equally between his sons, his second wife and daughters. Such a division was intended to ensure the property interests of all parties, while eliminating possible disputes, and lay the foundation for the creation of the great treasury of the Moscow princes. A significant amount of property was bequeathed to the clergy.
Land holdings were unevenly distributed: most of them were given to the eldest son, and all the others got approximately the same number of villages and volosts. Surprisingly, such a testament did not serve as the beginning of internecine strife, but, on the contrary, rallied the members of the princely house. Subsequently, the following Grand Dukes adhered to the principles of Ivan Kalita regarding the division of inheritance.
Many historians, speaking about the significance of the reign of Ivan Kalita in general and the creation of his "Spiritual Charter" in particular, rightly note that at that time the foundation for the further power of Moscow was laid.