Works. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin Wonderful Russian writer, poet and prose, a man of a big and challenging destiny - the document what we will do with the material obtained

Dark alleys in creativity I.A. Bunin. The meaning of the name and problem of the cycle

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870-1953) is one of the largest masters of the novels in modern Russian literature and an outstanding poet. It is not by chance that the book of stories written during the Second World War, in exile, in the recovered France, called "dark alleys" (1937-1945). It includes thirty-eight stories. The favorite book of Bunin does not accidentally call the book of love, but love is seen to the author in tragic doomed or briefness. This is due to the globility of the writer, with the perception of the dramaticness of the surrounding life. Collection of stories "Dark Alleys", which became the top of the late creativity of the writer. "All the stories of this book are only about love, about her" dark "and most often very dark and cruel alles," wrote Bunin in one of the letters. Love in his prose as a mysterious element - sudden, frank and almost always tragic. The birth of this book was for Bunin to confirm the great, divine force of art, which is able to withstand the most serious shocks of modernity.

Dark alleys The work is a multi-panic, diverse. Bunin shows human relations in all manifestations of an elevated passion, quite ordinary attractions, novels from nothing to do, animal manifestations of passion. In his characteristic manner, Bunin always finds the right, suitable words to describe even the lowest human instincts. He never goes to vulgarity, for he considers it unacceptable. But, as a true wizard, the word always conveys all the shades of feelings and experiences. He does not bypass by any sides of human existence, he will not meet the Hangestical silence of some topics. Love for the writer feeling quite earthly, real, tangible. Spirituality is inseparable from the physical nature of human attraction to each other. And this for the rioon is no less beautiful and attractive.

Often researchers I.A. Bunin in his explanations meaning the title of the collection refer to the author's self-recognition. The title of books reports some impressionistic features and book as a whole, and its separate stories. Such, for example, the story, with the "Dark" name "Smaragd". It is a very simple plot, or rather, there is no plot. There is only a short dialogue of it and her and the description of the evening sky. The word "Smaragd" translated into Russian means emerald, it is so called emerald in the apocalypse, which describes the heavenly town of Jerusalem after the events of the terrible court. After all, thanks to Smaraguad, the name becomes metonimical: the state of the heroine is called the name of the stone in the wall of heavenly town - love and reflection of this state in the heavenly landscape and vice versa (the mental state of heroine is determined by the celestial landscape). Buninsky story so built: Heroes do not talk about love, they talk about heaven, about the paints of the sky, and it turns out that about love, and everyone expresses itself through the "understanding" of the sky. So two diametrically opposite ideas about love are faced. For her, love is the sky, paradise, for him - earthly, flesh, "The Holiday of the flesh ..." After all, it calls the color of the sky "Smaragd" or "Yahont", and he is ironsisted over it, who seeks his sublime feeling to express an elevated word. In response to her words, given above, he laughs: "And golden pears on the willow" ...

This story is not in vain included I.A. Bunin in the second part of the Dark Alley. First, because there is a story with a stunning landscape: "The night blue sky ... The moon swims, and near her, along with her the golden tear of the star" (metaphorical epithets of the apocalyptic landscape). And this landscape is reflected in her soul: "I bite the lip, she keeps tears." It is easy to imagine such a sky, and this is a state of a person, and this is the very realism that researchers write about, but this is a special bunin poeticity, Petrarkism and Motherland, as he himself spoke. The "golden tear of the star" is inscribed in contrast in the dark sky: everything is like in the Buninsky idea of \u200b\u200blove.

And this story, like all the stories of "Dark Allah", that love is such a rare gift that does not fall on a lifetime, but by a moment, it is precious to all the wealth of the world. But can we understand this when the Lord sends us her? Hero after the heroine running away from him, says: "Stupid to holiness!" In SMARAGDA, the idea is common for all stories: Life is fleeting, a happy youth time, when you see brighter, feel sharper, goes too fast ...

In the "Dark Alley", which Bunin himself considered the most perfect creature, truly perfection reaches the Buninsky art of the stylist: the expressiveness of the sensual detail, the originality of psychology - the ability to convey the mental state of the character in the images of the visible, most often natural world, popling in the stream of consciousness and contemplation of the hero - The striking compactness of the forms of the narrative, the flexibility of their intercourse and the "fortress" of the verbal pattern.

Although the stories are named "Dark Alleys", they have a lot of light. In the "Dark Alley", the main focus is made not so much on separate details, but on the tonality formed by the entire amount of the details. The poetic atmosphere in the late Novella Bunin, unlike early lyrical miniatures, is subordinated by abstract ideas lying on almost any story from "Dark Alley", "the idea of" fatal dependence of a person from fate "and the idea of" tragic brief love and happiness. "

"Dark alleys" are stories about love. ABOUT LOVE, that can become a sad and proud episode of the past. Or a minute, overgrown, alternating human life. Perhaps - just a poetic legend. And perhaps, the exquisite "cruel romance" Silver Century times. And each of the stories - the "dark alley" in the most confusing from the maze of the world - in the eternal weakens of thoughts and feelings, in endless love-war, in which the winners are not ...

Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) - Russian writer, poet. The first of the Russian writers became the laureate of the Nobel Prize (1933). Part of life spent in emigration.

Life and art

Ivan Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in the impoverished family of the nobleman in Voronezh, from where the family was soon moving to the Oryol province. The formation of the Bunin in the local helican gymnasium lasted only 4 years and was discontinued due to the inability of the family to pay for their studies. Ivan's education took on his older brother Julius Bunin, who received university education.

The regular appearance of poems and prose of young Ivan Bunin in periodical began from 16 years. Under the wing of an older brother, he worked in Kharkov and Orel by the corrector, editor, journalist in local print publishers. After an unsuccessful civil marriage with Barbara Paschenko, Bunin leaves for St. Petersburg and follows to Moscow.

Confession

In Moscow, Bunin enters the circle of famous writers of its time: L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Bryusov, M. Gorky. The first recognition comes to a novice author after the publication of the story "Antonovskiy apples" (1900).

In 1901, for the published collection of poems "Listopad" and the translation of the poem "Song of Guyavate" G. Longfello Ivan Bunin was awarded Pushkin Prize from the Russian Academy of Sciences. The second time the Pushkin Prize was awarded the Bunin in 1909 along with the title of Honorary Academician of Elegant Literature. Poems Bunin, who were in line with the classical Russian poetry Pushkin, Tyutchev, Feta, are characterized by special sensuality and role of epithets.

As a translator Bunin addressed the writings of Shakespeare, Byrone, Petrarki, Heine. The writer perfectly owned English, independently studied Polish.

Together with the third wife, Vera Muromseva, the official marriage with which was concluded only in 1922 after the divorce with the second wife of Anna Tsakney, Bunin travels a lot. From 1907 to 1914, a couple visited the countries of the East, Egypt, Ceylon Island, Turkey, Romania, Italy.

Since 1905, after the suppression of the first Russian revolution, the topic of historical fate of Russia appears in the prose of Bunin, which was reflected in the story "Village". The narrative of the non-identity life of the Russian village was a bold and innovative step in Russian literature. At the same time, in the stories of the Bunin ("light breathing", "clash") are formed women's images with hidden passions in them.

In 1915-1916, Bunin's stories come out, including Mr. San Francisco, which finds the reason for the doomed fate of modern civilization.

Emigration

The revolutionary events of 1917 were caught by Bunins in Moscow. Ivan Bunin belonged to the revolution as the collapse of the country. This look disclosed in his diary records of 1918-1920. Legted the basis of the book "The Okayan Days".

In 1918, the Bunins leave for Odessa, from there to the Balkans and Paris. In Emigration, Bunin spent the second half of his life, dreaming to return to his homeland, but without fulfilling his desire. In 1946, to issue a decree on the provision of Soviet citizenship, a bunin caught fire with a desire to return to Russia, but the criticism of the Soviet power of the same year to Akhmatova and Zoshchenko forced him to abandon this idea.

One of the first significant essays completed abroad was the autobiographical novel "Life of Arsenyev" (1930) dedicated to the world of Russian nobility. For him in 1933, Ivan Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize, becoming the first Russian writer, awarded such a honor. A significant amount of money obtained by Bunin as a premium, in its most part was distributed to them in need.

In the years of emigration, the topic of love and passion is becoming a central topic in the work of Bunin. She found an expression in the writings "Mitin Love" (1925), "Sunny blow" (1927), in the famous cycle "Dark Alleys", which was published in 1943 in New York.

In the late 1920s, Bunin writes a number of small stories - "Elephant", "Petuhi", etc., in which his literary language is hosted, seeking the most concisely express the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition.

In the period 1927-42. Together with Bunin, Galina Kuznetsova lived, a young girl, which Bunin represented by his student and a receptional daughter. She was associated with the writer, which the writer himself and his wife Vera were experiencing quite painfully. Subsequently, both women left their memories of Bunin.

The years of World War II BUNNY was worried about Paris's suburb and carefully followed the events in the Russian Front. Numerous offers from the Nazis entering him as a famous writer, he invariably rejected.

At the end of his life, Bunin did not publish anything because of long and severe illness. The last essays - "memories" (1950) and the book "About Chekhov", which was not completed and published after the death of the author in 1955.

Ivan Bunin died on November 8, 1953. Extensive necrologists of the memory of the Russian writer posted all the European and Soviet newspapers. He was buried in the Russian cemetery near Paris.

Bunin Ivan.

(1870-1953)

Russian Writer: Proser, Poet, Publicist

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of a deceased nobleman, who belonged to the old nobility.

The ancestor of Bunins, who had no noble origin, left Poland in the XV century to the Great Prince Vasily Vasilyevich. His great-grandfather, Alexander Lavrentiev, Son Bunin, served in Vladimir, was killed in 1552 when taking Kazan. Bunin's family belonged to poetess Anna Petrovna Bunin (1775-1828), Poet V.A. Zhukovsky (illegitimate son A.I. Bunin).

Ivan Alekseevich's father - Alexey Nikolaevich Bunin, Mother - Lyudmila Alexandrovna, nee Chubarova. The family had nine children, but five died. Senior Brothers - Julius and Eugene, the younger sister - Maria remained alive. The noble family of Chubarov also had an old root. Santa and Father Lyudmila Aleksandrovna had generic estates in the Oryol and Trubchev district. The great-grandfather Ivan Bunin was also rich, the grandfather owned in small plots of land in the Oryol, Tambov and Voronezh provinces, his father was so wasteful, which was completely broken. He managed to drain not only his condition, but also the state of his wife.

Ivan Bunin's father was a man unusually strong, healthy, cheerful, decisive, generous, quick-tempered, but removable. He loved to read, reading everything that fell at hand.

The mother was kind, gentle, but with a solid character.

The first three years of the life of the future writer were held in Voronezh, then a ruined father was forced to move with his family to his estate - on the farmers of the Byrics of the Yeletsky County of the Oryol province.

The first education Ivan Alekseevich Bunin received from his home teacher - the son of the greener of the nobility, who was once in the Lazarevian Institute of Oriental Languages, taught in several cities, but then turned into a wanderer on the villages and manads. The teacher owned three languages, played a violin, painted watercolor, wrote poems; To read his pupil Ivana taught the "Odysse" of Homer.

In 1881, Ivan entered the gymnasium in Yelets, but he studied there for only five years, as the family had no funds from the family. Further education was held at home: to fully master the program of the gymnasium, and then His older brother Julius helped the University of Ivan Bunin, by that time the university, who had been in prison for political reasons and sent home for three years.

The first poem Bunin wrote at eight years.

In May 1887, the work of a young writer first appeared in the press: the St. Petersburg weekly magazine "Motherland" published one of his poems. In September 1888, his poems appeared in the "books of the week", where the works of L. N. Tolstoy, Shchedrin, Polonsky were printed.

In 1891, his student book "Poem" was published in the Appendix to the newspaper "Orlovsky Bulletin". 1887-1891. At the same time, Ivan Bunin met Barbara Vladimirovna Paschenko, who worked as the corrector of the Oryol Vestnik newspaper. In 1891, they began to live one family, but since the parents of Varvara Vladimirovna were against this marriage, the spouses lived those who were nevemented.

In 1892, they moved to Poltava, where Brother Julia was headed by the Statistical Bureau of the provincial Zemstvo. Ivan Bunin secured the service librarian of the Zemskaya Government, and then - statisticians in the provincial government. During the period of life in Poltava met L. N. Tolstoy. At various times, he worked as a proofreader, statistical, librarian, newspaper reporter. In April 1894, the first prosaic work of the Bunin appeared in the press - the story "Rustic sketch" was printed in "Russian wealth" (the name is chosen in the publishing house).

In January 1895, after the treason of his wife, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin left the service and moved first to Petersburg, and then to Moscow. In 1898 (in some sources, 1896) was married to Anna Nikolaevna Zakney - Grechanka, the daughter of the revolutionary and an emigrant N. P. Tsakney. Family life was again unsuccessful and in 1900 the spouses divorced, and in 1905 their son Nicholas died.

In Moscow, the young writer met many famous artists and writers: with K. D. Balmont, with A. P. Chekhov, with V. Ya. Bryusov, with D. Teleshov. In the spring of 1899 in Yalta met Maxim Gorky.

In 1900, the story of "Antonovskaya apples" is published and fame comes to Bunin. In 1901, a collection of poems "Listopad" was published in the publishing house "Leishetad", for which Pushkin Prize was awarded the poet of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1902, the first process of I. A. Bunin was published in the "Knowledge" publishing house.

In 1906, in Moscow met the faith of Nikolaevna Muromsky, which became his wife in 1907 and the right companion to the end of his life. Later, V. N. Muromtseva, gifted by literary abilities, wrote a series of book memories about his husband ("Life of Bunin" and "Conversations with Memory"). In 1907, young spouses went on a journey through the countries of the East - Syria, Egypt, Palestine.

In 1909, Ivan Bunin was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences honorary academician on the category of elegant literature.

In 1912, in connection with the 25th anniversary of the creative activity of the writer, his celebration was held at Moscow University; In the same year, he was elected an honorary member of the Society of Russian Literature Fans (in 1914-1915 he was the chairman of this society).

Chet Bunins are a lot on travels abroad: Egypt, Ceylon, Trapezund, Constantinople, Bucharest, Capri, Turkey, Malaya Asian countries, Greece, Oran, Algeria, Tunisia, outskirts of Sahara, India, they developed almost all of Europe, especially Sicily and Italy were in Romania and Serbia.

By the February and October Revolutions of 1917, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin reacted extremely hostile and perceived them as a catastrophe. On May 21, 1918, he left Moscow to Odessa, and in February 1920 he emigrated first to the Balkans, and then to France.

Everything written by him in emigration concerned Russia, Russian man, Russian nature: "Kosov", "Lapti", "distant", "Mitina Love", the newly "Dark Alleys" cycle, Roman "Life Arsenyev", 1930, and others .

In 1933, Ivan Alexeevich Bunin, the first of the Russian writers, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died in Paris on the night from 7 to 8 November 1953. He died quietly and calmly, in a dream. On his bed lay Roman L. N. Tolstoy "Resurrection".

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin in the Russian cemetery of Saint-Geneva de Boua, near Paris.

Bunin twice (1903, 1909) was awarded Pushkin Prize. On November 1, 1909, he was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences on the category of elegant literature.

Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (1870-1953) Prose, poet, translator. The author of the story "Antonovsky apples" (1900), collections "Bird shadow", "Dark alleys", the autobiographical book "Life of Arsenyev", memories of Lev Tolstoy, F. I. Shalyapin, M. Gorky. The first Russian laureate of Nobel

14. Ivan Bunin at an early age I sent my poems to feedback, hopelessly bad. The answer was: "Multivated O. A., one I can advise you - continue to write, trying to speak your own words, and not strangers and not so" beautiful. " Sorry so brief and

Ivan Bunin I want to briefly tell me not so much about the writer, how much about the Bunin-man, with whom I had to meet, living in Paris, for almost two decades in the Russian literary environment and in the home setting of the writer. In any of our library -

Sparkling stone Larisa Rubalskaya, poet songwriter, prose, translator with Japanese I always loved listening to people's stories. And then retell them in your own words, simultaneously adding what, as it seemed to me, will make plots more interesting. So the stories appeared and

Jerusalem Vladimir Sotnikov, Children's Writer, Prose, the author of numerous adventure leads, Vladimir Sotnikov writes all his life as much as he remembers. This does not mean that since childhood he wrote novels - but noticed that the world was subject to his view and asks

Ivan Bunin, no matter how sad in this incomprehensible world, but he is still beautiful. I. Bunin still in the gymnasium I began to read Bunin. At that time I knew little about him. Something I learned from an autobiographical note, written by the Bunin himself for the "Dictionary of Writers" Wengerov. There was

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870-1953) Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born 10 (22 in a new style) of November 1870 in Voronezh, in the old impoverished noble family. In the human race there were such outstanding figures of Russian culture and science, as V. A. Zhukovsky, Brothers I. V. and P. V. Kireevsky, Great

Ivan Bunin 1870 - 1953 "How no love?" Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born 23 (10) October 1870 in Voronezh. Bunny's impoverished landowners belonged to a noctive race, among their ancestors - Vasily Zhukovsky and the poetess Anna Bunin. Mother Bunina, Lyudmila Alexandrovna, always said

Ivan Bunin Voloshin Maximilian Voloshin was one of the most prominent poets of the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary years of Russia and combined in his verses, many very typical features of most of these poets: their aestheticism, snobbery, symbolism, their passion for European poetry

Ivan Bunin Memories of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin about Voloshin were written in 1932. The text is given - with some abbreviations - by the book: Bunin I. A. Memories. Paris, 1950.

Chapter 32. Writer, poet, publicist, politician Eduard Limonov: "Sometimes Tyrant is also useful ..." - Always very proud that I am Russian. But I never have, unlike other Soviet writers, founded in the West, there was no complex of inferiority. W.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander (1918-2008) Russian Writer, Publicist, Poet Alexander Isaevich (Isaakievich) Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk (now Stavropol Territory). Baptized in the Kislovodsk temple of the holy healer Panteleimon.Other - Isaac Semenovich Solzhenitsyn,

Ivan Bunin, like a sad in this incomprehensible world, he is still beautiful ... I. Bunin still in the gymnasium I began to read the bunin. At that time I knew little about him. Something I learned from an autobiographical note, written by the Bunin himself for the "Dictionary of Writers" Wengerov.

Julius Kim - Poet, Prose, the playwright Y. Kim said: "In the 69th year I was ... in a very sharp situation. In the 68th year, Petya Fomenko produced a play on Shakespeare with my songs. My name was crossed out of all posters, all the music was listed for Nikolaev, and all my texts are for

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin - a wonderful Russian writer, poet and prose, a man of a big and challenging destiny.

He was born in Voronezh in the impoverished noble family. Childhood passed in the village.

"I happen," Bunin wrote in one of his autobiographies, "from the old nobleman, who gave Russia a lot of prominent figures, both in the field of state and in the field of art, where two poet of the beginning of the last century are particularly known: Anna Bunin and Vasily Zhukovsky. ..

All my ancestors have always been associated with the people and the land, were landlords. The owners were both grandfathers and fathers, who owned estates in Central Russia, in the fertile subsepane, where the ancient Moscow kings, in order to protect the state from the raids of the South Tatars, created barriers from settlers from various Russian regions, where many people have formed the richest Russian language and where There were almost all the greatest Russian writers led by Turgenev and Tolstoy. "

Early knew the bitterness of poverty, caring for a piece of bread. In his youth, the writer tried many professions: served as a statist, librarian, worked in newspapers. Seventeen years Bunin printed its first poems and from that time it was forever connected his fate with literature. The fate of the Bunin was noted by the two circumstances that were not passing for him: being nobler in origin, he did not even receive a gymnasium education, and after leaving the native bed never had his home (hotels, private apartments, lives and from grace, always Temporary and other people's refuge). In 1889, Bunin left his native places, but Elets and his surroundings were forever remained with him, becoming a place of action of many of his works, and in 1895 he came to St. Petersburg.

Life in the village taught Bunin to deeply understand nature, see beauty sprung in it. His works recreate the world around not only in the colors, but also in his sounds and smells. And there are almost no equal in this bunin. As Chukovsky's roots, "his steppe rustic eye noticed in the article about the writer," his steppe rustic eye, that we are all in front of him like blindness. Did we know that the white horses under the moon are green, and their eyes are purple, and smoke is a lilac, and the black soil is blue, and the jn is lemon? Where we see only blue or red paint, he sees dozens of halftone and shades ... "

From here, from the young age, Bunin made in many respects and knowledge of the life of the Russian village, the morals and customs of peasants, small nobles, small officials, etc. - Characters of his works.

An important role in the formation of the Bunin as a writer was played early acquaintance with Russian classics, which was also promoted by the mother, and the elder brother exist in the village. Pushkin worship , Lion Tolstoy, Chekhov Bunin retained for life.

Bunin did not share his works on the books of poems and books of stories, but published lyrics and prose in general collections. It was new for that time.

"First of all, I do not recognize the division of fiction on poems and prose. Such a look seems to me unnatural and outdated. The poetic element is spontaneously inherent in the works of elegant literature equally both in the poetic and prosaic form. The prose should also differ in a tonality.<...> For prose no less than poems, the requirements of musicality and language flexibility should be presented.<...> I think I will be right if I say that the poetic language should approach the simplicity and naturalness of spoken speech, and the musicality and flexibility of the verse should be mastered by the prose syllable.

The first collections of stories and poems Bunin appeared at the turn of the two centuries. They already showed his creative identity. For the "Listopad" poems published in 1901, A. Kubrin and A. Blok responded with a praise, after a few years, who called the Bunin "real poet," deserving "one of the equal places among modern Russian poetry." In his verses (and he wrote them until the last days of life) Bunin was the continuer of the traditions of Russian classical poetry of the XIX century. However, at the same time, as criticized, Bunin, having funny, even what the poets had repeatedly appealed to him, found new intonations and new images to express their impressions and experiences. And the world appeared in his verses "Fresh", "in his primordial purity." The relationship of the Buninsky lyrics with the poetry of his time was noted. Such interrelation of traditions and searches of the new in the poetry of Bunin gave the basis of critics to call him an archaist-innovator in the Russian poetry of the 20th century. The main subject of his lyrical experiences is passionately beloved by the poet nature. Bunin landscapes are characterized by special concreteness and accuracy, but as the poet himself said in one of his poems,

"No, not a landscape entails me,

And the fact that in these paints shines:

Love and joy of being.

Over the years, the poetry of Bunin is increasingly filled with philosophical issues and philosophical generalizations - not only in the lyrical paintings of nature, but also in verses on the topics of mythology, art and history of mankind, related to the impressions of his travels to the world.

Bunin was characterized by a sense of communication with all previous generations. The keeper of this connection, as he believed, was the memory that Bunin called after L. Tolstov, "spiritual instinct"

Only the earliest Bunin itself touched the influence of the modern poetry. In the future, he tightly compares from all sorts of fashionable poster in poetry, holding the samples of Pushkin and Lermontov, Baratyan and Tyutchev, as well as Feta and partly Polonsky, but remaining distinctive.

Of course, it would be wrong to think that he did not take anything and did not take anything in his verse from the most prominent poets of his time, which he ruled all his life, rather evaluating everyone, and no matter how seeming the difference between Balmont and Northergyan, Bryusov and Hippius, Block and Gorodetsky. "

"The main mood of poems of the Bunin lyrics is elegacy, contemplation, sadness as a familiar mental state. And let, on the Bunin, this feeling of sadness is nothing but the desire of joy, a natural, healthy feeling, but he has any, the most joyful picture of the world invariably causes such a state of the soul. "

So wrote about Bunin A. T. Tvardovsky in1965

Bunin - fatalist, irrationalist, his works are characterized by pathos tragidity and skepticism. Creativity Bunin echoes with the concept of modernists about the tragedy of human passion. Like the symbolists, the Bunin has an appeal to the eternal themes of love, death and nature. Space flavor works of a writer, the imbiberation of his images with the voices of the Universe brings his work with Buddhist ideas.

Concept of love at the Bunin tragedy. Moments of love, on Bunin, become the top of the human life. Only having loved, a person may truly feel another person, only the feeling justifies high demands for himself and to his neighbor, only lovingly able to overcome his egoism. The state of love is not fruitless for the heroes of the Bunin, it elevates the soul.

Bunin was not only a wonderful prose, but also an outstanding poet, whose activities were particularly intensively developed in pre-revolutionary years. What features is the Bunin poetry, which place does it take in the Russian literature of the beginning of the 20th century? Answering this question should, first of all, note that the creative path of the Bunin-poet was not subject to such sharp qualitative changes as the path of the Bunin-Prosaika. And the value of poetry Bunin, with all its indisputable advantages, is not so great as the value of Buninskaya prose. Nevertheless, the extensive poems of the author of the author "Listopad" includes a precious contribution to Russian literature of the XX century.

Bunin began his creative way when the first prologies of decadence in the literature - N. Minsk, D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gippius, K. Balmont, were already quite firmly substantiated in Russian soil. A beginner poet remained away from the "new flows" in Russian poetry, although at the end of the XIX-early XX century it became close to a short time with individual representatives of the Russian decadence and even published one of his best poetic books - "Listopad" in the decadent Publishing House "Scorpio" . This poem can be considered a masterpiece of early Buninsky lyrics, which permeates the melody of wilting, farewell to the past. But the nature of the Bunin is inseparable from a person, his feelings, experiences.

"And again all the circle of zoked

Latest moments of happiness!

It knows autumn that such -

Harbinger of long bad weather

Subsequently, Bunin has repeatedly responded sharply about the poetry of decadents, condemning her for a separation from life, ridiculous personality, unnatural, shouting manners.

The poetry of Bunin himself emerged and developed under the beneficial effects of the largest poets of the XIX century - Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Feta and less large, but in its own way - Polonsky, A. Tolstoy, Majkova. They studied a bunin with a careful attitude to the word, simplicity, classical clarity and clarity.

The most significant of the early poems of the Bunin is devoted to the paintings of their native nature. The poet knew how simple words to convey the diversity of paints, sounds, the odors of the surrounding world. Its landscapes are surprisingly specific, and the descriptions of plants and birds are very accurate.

A pertinary creative declaration is the lines of a sixteen-year-old poet who opened all meetings of Buninsky poems:

Wider, chest, swinging, for adoption

Sensities of spring - minute guests!

You will cut me, nature, hugs.

So that I merged with your Krasu!

You, high sky, distant,

Infinitive Blue!

You, green field wide!

Only I strive for your soul!

This poem written in 1886 and is the earliest of all, which included bunin into his collections, reveals a long series of works of the poet of the 80s of the 90s, which captured the nature of the Central Runs of Russia. This nature often causes joyful poet in the soul, light feelings:

And wind, playing foliage,

Mixed young birchings,

And sunbeam like alive

Lit the trendy sparkles

And puddles poured blue

Won Rainbow ... Have fun

And having fun thinking about the sky,

About the sun, about concerning bread

And happiness to rummate simple.

Go to the sky, the sun, without bad weather,

Revive in shine and warm

Build again along the whole earth

That all life is a day of joy and happiness!

Revealing its attitude towards nature, Bunin writes during this period:

No, not a landscape entails me

Not paints greedy notice

And the fact that in these paints is shining

Love and joy of being.

Especially loves to depict the poet nature of early autumn, when:

Forest silence mysteriously.

Invisibly sings and wanders autumn ...

The whole poem "Listopad" is one of the wonderful works of Russian landscape lyrics, dedicated to Bunin, autumn pore, depicting as:

Forest, exactly led painted,

Purple, gold, crimped,

Cheerful, Moto Wall

It is standing over a light polar.

The pictures of nature at the Bunin are striking the richness of the colors of the shades, the Russian national beginning is pronounced in them. Comparing the autumn forest with the painted rubber, the poet the most autumn calls the "quiet widow", which "enters the motley turn", and, having been alone,

Summets in the sky that end

The forest smells oak and pine

For the summer he dry he from the sun

And autumn quietly widow

Enters the motley thread your

Forever in empty bore

Opened by terme will leave its own.

The motives of Russian folk creativity were heard not only in the "Leaf Fall" poem, but also in other works of Bunin. Such, for example, the poem "at the crossroads", inspired by the famous picture of V. M. Vasnetsov "Vityaz on the crossroads", such are poems about the fabulous bird styre, which:

In the fright beats the medium of branches,

Sadly moaning and spares,

And the time so sad,

What a man suffers from the hospital ...

Bunin does not accidentally end the poem with the words about the suffering of man. The poet humanist, he regards this topic more than once, although it never rises to awareness of the need for an active struggle with arbitrariness and violence.

Appeal to a simple person, poetic penetration into the depths of his heart experiences gives rise to such a wonderful poem of the Bunin as "song":

I am a simple girl on bashtan,

He is a fisherman, a cheerful man.

Sinking white sail on Liman,

He saw a lot of seas and rivers.

Speak, Grechany on Bosphorus

Good ... And I am a black, Hud.

Untust white sail in the sea,

Maybe never comes back!

I will wait in the weather, in bad weather ..

I can't wait - the bashtan will miss,

I will go to the sea, I'll throw the ring in the water

And Kosoy, black removing.

As you can see, reading this poem, the Bunin-poet is exceptionally accurate in the wording consumption, it is characterized by certainty and concreteness, deprived of any impressionistic vagueness, not to mention that "meaningfulness", which was considered the necessary feature of poetry theorists and practitioners of symbolism . Evaluating his creative method, Bunin wrote: "Comparisons, all sorts of animations should dictate the greatest feeling, measures and tact, should never be stretched, empty," beautiful ", etc. I am almost always very accurately saying what I say, and I will learn to death to death. " Bunin is not afraid to introduce a domestic prose to the poem, which often acquires particular expressive under his pen. In one of the most famous Bunin poems "loneliness," where the artist, who left his beloved woman, a lot of such expressive details left, but the household, prosaic ending of the poem, subtly transmitting an abandoned artist, is particularly impressive.

Well! Fireplace flooding, I will drink ...

It would be nice to buy a dog.

Gradually, the range of Bunin poetry expands. Foreign travel, which repeatedly performs a bunin since the 900s, contribute to what is significantly enriched by the circle of observations of the poet and the lives of other countries, mainly the south and the Middle East, begins to enter his work.

The travels themselves were needed by Bunin because they, as he wrote, "join the soul of the infinity of time and space" (sketch "Shadow of the Birds").

The reservoir of his poetry B. Koshelyantz said about the aspiration of the Bunin to the past: "Bunin always sought intensively in the world that he was not amenable to destroying time, but at the same time he was rejected from the living modernity, from the active struggle for the future. He sees him only in the past. Therefore, it outdated that he was interested in him who did not move, but completing his movement, which became "timeless." This is a story, inevitably acquires some kind of museum. It is the subject of a calm contemplation, not a force that encourages a person to actively. "

This is the significant difference between the Bunin from such a contemporary poet, as Alexander Block, for which history has always been an area that helped him better understand and comprehend modernity, which was particularly strongly affected in the famous block cycle "on the field of Kulikov".

The approach to the past as a giant cemetery, which absorbed the innumerable human generations, determined the interest of the Bunin to the image of the graves, burials and tombs, where people are resting, a lot of hundreds of years ago.

Here is a characteristic of the Poems "Tomb":

Deep tomb from Porfire,

Clocks Broches and two cool ribs.

In the bones of the hand - iron sequirs,

On the skull - the crown of silver.

He will be thrown on black socies,

Spears on the forehead, brilliant and empty.

And thin, sweet, smells from the tomb.

Extluous cypress cross.

However, the theme of death, which over the years begins to sound more and more in the prose of Bunin, does not exhaust the content of its poetry. The interest of the poet to the subject of the world leads him to the creation of a whole series of realistic paintings, reproducing reality, in particular the scenes of rural labor. Such are the relatively early poems of the Bunin - "The old man's hut had a shovel", "PAKAR", such later, "Senokos" and some others, such as peculiar poems "on the spindle", "Balagul", "with a monkey", "Artist " Most often in the center of these novels - lonely people: Living of your age on one of the Moscow streets of the old woman; a lyrical hero, a rapidlyging, regretting his crippled life; Croat-Sharmanwger, wandering on a hot summer day by citizens with his only friend - a trained monkey; Heavy sick writer, in which it is easy to learn Chekhov. These small poems of themes with accuracy and sharpness of verbal characteristics, attentive to the surrounding heroes, everyday life approaching the poetry of Bunin e of his prose.

Further development in the mature of the work of Bunin acquires the theme of nature. Increasingly, naturally in a more organic image of nature merges in Buninsky poetry with feelings, thoughts and experiences of man. So, in the poem "Birch" its final lines:

Birch of alone.

But she is easy. Her spring is far away.

naturally switch attention to a person, on a young girl, the spring flourishing of which is still ahead. In the poem "Night Winter Mutna and Cold" in front of you not only description of the winter night, and merging the picture of the night of the night of the vague Duma of the lyrical hero. And such examples in the mature poetry of the Bunin can be found quite a lot.

But with all the artistic wealth, the Bunin lyrics in it clearly one important flaw - it is almost completely devoid of civil, social motives. After such poems as "Ormazz", "Jordan Bruno", "Waste," written under the influence of the events of the first Russian revolution and came the response to the liberation movement in Russia, Bunin, by, creature, will be held for a long time in its poetry from public topics, and Only after the revolution his rejection will express it in several political poems ...

Bunin took the traditions of classical Russian poetry, the traditions of Pushkin and Lermontov, their desire for simplicity and clarity, their transparent, alien to any formal pieces of verse, their delicate feeling of nature; But the public pathos of the Creativity of the Great Russian Classics, he did not embody in his poetry. Therefore, the inheritance of the Bunin traditions of classical Russian literature had a somewhat limited nature, did not cover the entire wealth. In this sense, such poets of the 20th century, as a block and Mayakovsky, with all the novelty of their creativity, marked, as it seemed to some contemporaries at that time, the departure from the classical tradition, stood undoubtedly closer to the main, the main line of development of Russian poetry of the XIX century Pushkin , Lermontov, Nekrasov associated with the struggle for the best future of mankind. Buninsky Lyrics as a whole was outside this struggle, and this largely limited its impact on the reader.

Bunin-poet, like Bunin-Prosais, did not remain unchanged for several decades of literary activities, and poems written by him in the 10ths, differ in many ways from the poems of the beginning of the 900s, and even more than 90 or 80 x year

Over the years, with the general fidelity of the Bunin, the classical verse, in poetry, everything is clearly felt as soon as possible and subtly convey the world of thoughts and feelings, the man of the 20th century, as compressed and scoop to express this world in poetic images. Laconism of the poems of Mature Bunin, intention of certainness of some of them, are undoubtedly consistent with the general aspiration of Russian poetry. XX century to search for new forms of figurative expressiveness.

Such bunin verses of the second half of the 900s, as already mentioned "loneliness", "Balagul", "artist", and even more poems of the beginning of the 10s - "Musket", "Widow cried at night" and others - not Only a wonderful artistic strength, but also a new word in Russian poetry, convincingly refuting to once the bunin, mainly from the camp of symbolists, a ridiculous charge of epigionism.

Bunin was a wonderful master of poetic translation. His translations from the English language of philosophical drams D. Bairon "Cain", "Manfred", "Sky and Earth" and especially the poem of Longfello "Song of Guyavate", which arose on the basis of the epic of Indian tribes of North America, can safely be attributed to the most outstanding phenomena of Russian poetic culture.

According to V. Afanasyev

Analysis of the poem "The bird has a nest"

The bird has a nest, the beast has a nora.

How bitterly was a young heart,

When I left the father's yard,

Say forgive your home!

The beast has a nora, the bird has a nest.

How the heart beats, sore and loudly,

When you enter, peeling, in someone else's hired house

With his versa cotton!

The theme of loneliness, homelessness, alien and longing in their homeland. And back

memories of the hometown, the father's courtyard, and surrounds the heroes all someone else's: someone else's country, strangers, someone else's house, someone else's monastery ..

Bunin creates a feeling of hopelessness of the lyrical hero e pittes "Gorky", "sorely", "Old". Comparison of a person with a bird and a beast that have a nest and non-

The poet changed the order of words in the repetition of the first line to mustacheslide cry, complaint, inhibit. And when the order changeswords, not only bitterness, but also protest, anger.

Facts are stated in long lines: "The bird has a nest ...", "I left the father's courtyard ...", "the beast has a nora ...", "inthick, in someone else's hired house ... ". And in short lines- feelings, yougiving out of the depths of the soul: "like bitterly ...", "sorry ...", "how beatsthe heart is grated and loud ... ".

The cutoff of the Motherland causes a person to suffer, fills his soul bitterness, pain, loneliness.

In the postwar years, Bunin benevolently belonged to the Soviet Union, but he could not accept the socio-political change in the country, which prevented him to return to the USSR. In Emigration, Bunin constantly recycled his already published writings. Shortly before the death, he asked him to print his works only on the last author's edition.

Poetry Bunin - the phenomenon is very bright in the Russian ligature of the late XIX - early XX century. Brilliantly developing the traditions of Feta, Majkova, Polonsky; She was not all noticeable and appreciated. However, life firmly secured the name of the poet among the names of the Russian poets of the first magnitude. His poems are the lyric and contemplative paintings of nature, created by means of thin parts, light paints, halftone. Their basic intonation is sadness, sadness, but this sadness "light" cleansing.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin Russian Writer, Poet, Honorary Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), the first Russian laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1933), was born on October 22 (according to the old style - October 10) of 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of a helentist nobleman, who belonged to the old nobility Rod. Bunin's father is a small official, Mother - Lyudmila Aleksandrovna, nee Chubarova. Of the nine of their children, five died at an early age. Ivan's childhood has passed on the farmers of the bottle of Orlovskaya province in communication with peasant peers.

In 1881, Ivan went to the first class of gymnasium. In Yelets, the boy studied about four and a half years old - until mid-winter, 1886, when he was expelled from the gymnasium for non-payment for training. Having moved to Ozerki, under the leadership of Brother Julia, the candidate of the university, Ivan successfully prepared for passing exams on the certificate of maturity.

In the autumn of 1886, the young man began to write a novel "Passion", which graduated from March 26, 1887. The novel was not printed.

Since the autumn of 1889, Bunin worked in the "Oryol Gazette", where his stories, poems and literary-critical articles were printed. The young writer met the proofreader of the newspaper Barbara Paschenko, who was married for him in 1891. True, due to the fact that Paschenko's parents were against marriage, the spouses were never married.

At the end of August 1892, the newlyweds moved to Poltava. Here, the elder brother Julius took Ivan to himself in the board. He even came up with a librarian's position for him, leaving enough time to read and travel according to the province.

After his wife agreed with a friend of Bunina A.I. Bibikov, the writer left Poltava. For several years, he led a restless way of life, without lingering for a long time. In January 1894, Bunin visited Lion Tolstoy in Moscow. The echoes of the ethics of Tolstoy, his critics of urban civilization are heard in the stories of the Bunin. The flags of the nobility caused nostalgic notes in his soul ("Antonovsky apples", "Epitaph", "New Road"). Bunin was proud of his origin, but was indifferent to the "blue blood", and the feeling of social accuracy turned into a desire to "serve people of the Earth and God of the Universe, - God, whom I call the beauty, mind, love, life, and which all the existence penetrates."

In 1896, the poem of the poem G. Longfello "Song of Guyavate" was revealed. He also translated Alkeya, Saadi, Petrarca, Bairon, Mitskevich, Shevchenko, Bialik and other poets. In 1897, in St. Petersburg, the Bunin Book "on the Edge of Light" was published and other stories.

Having traveled to the Black Sea coast, Bunin began to cooperate in the Odessa newspaper "Southern Review", published his poems, stories, literary and critical notes. Publisher newspaper N.P. Tsakney suggested Bunin to take part in the newspaper's publication. Meanwhile, Ivan Alekseevich attracted the daughter of Tsakney Anna Nikolaevna. On September 23, 1898 their wedding took place. But young people did not work out. In 1900, they divorced, and in 1905 their son Kolya died.

In 1898, a collection of poems of the Bunin "under the open-air" was released in Moscow, which defeated his fame. Enthusiastic reviews were met by the collection "Listopad" (1901), noted with the translation of the "Songs about Gayavate" Pushkin Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1903 and the fame of the "poet of the Russian Landscape" Bunin. The continuation of the poetry was the lyrical prose of the beginning of the century and travel essays ("Shadow of the Birds", 1908).

"Bunin's poetry was already differently distinguished by the devotion of a classical tradition, this feature will penetrate all his creativity, - writes E.V. Stepanyan. - The poetry that brought him fame was influenced by Pushkin, Feta, Tyutchev. But she possessed only her inherent in qualities. So, Bunin is to a sensually concrete image; The picture of nature in Buninskaya poetry is made up of smells, sharply perceived paints, sounds. A special role is played in the Bunin poetry and prose the epithet used by the writer as if emphasized subjectively, arbitrarily, but simultaneously endowed with persuasive sensory experience. "

Symbolism is not acceptable, Bunin entered the union of non-realists - the "knowledge" partnership and the Moscow literary circle "Wednesday", where he read almost all his works written until 1917. At that time, Gorky considered the Bunin "The first writer in Russia."

On the revolution of 1905-1907, Bunin responded with several declarative poems. He wrote about himself as "witnesses of the Great and Library, Impotious Witnesses of Attilities, Excirations, Torture, Avents."

At the same time, Bunin met his true love - faith Nikolaevna Muromtsev, daughter of Nikolai Andreevich Muromtseva, a member of the Moscow City Government, and the niece of Sergey Andreevich Muromtsev, Chairman of the State Duma. G.V. Adamovich, who many years knew the bunins in France, wrote that Ivan Alekseevich found in the faith of Nikolaevna "a friend not only loving, but with all the merits of his dedicated, ready to sacrifice himself, in everything to give up, while remaining a living person, not to turn into a lackless man shadow".

From the end of 1906, Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna met almost daily. Since the marriage with the first wife was not terminated, they could only be born in 1922 in Paris.

Together with faith, Nikolaev Bunin committed a trip to Egypt, Syria and Palestine in 1907, in 1909 and 1911 he had Gorky to Capri. In 1910-1911, he visited Egypt and Ceylon. In 1909, the Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize for the second time and he was elected an honorary academician, and in 1912 he was an honorary member of the society of lovers of Russian literature (until 1920 - Comrade Chairman).

In 1910, the writer wrote a story "Village". According to the Bunin itself, it was the beginning of the "whole range of works, sharply drawing Russian soul, its peculiar plexus, its bright and dark, but almost always the tragic foundations." The story "Sukhodol" (1911) is the confession of the peasant women, convinced that "the Lord had the same as the keys: or to rule, or fear." Heroes of the stories "Strength", "Good life" (1911), "Prince in Princes" (1912) - yesterday's chopers, losing the image of human in compliance; The story "Mr. from San Francisco" (1915) - about minting the death of a millionaire. In parallel, Bunin drew people who have nowhere to attach their natural gifts and strength ("Cricket", "Zakhar Vorobyev", "John Rydlets", etc.). I stating that it "most of all occupies the soul of a Russian man in a deep sense, the image of the features of the Slavyanina's psyche", the writer was looking for a nation rod in the folklery element, in the tours to the story ("six-time", "Saint Prokopii", "Sleep of Bishop Ignatia Rostovsky", "Prince Vslav"). Increased these searches and the First World War, the attitude to which the Bunin was sharply negative.

October Revolution and Civil War summarized this social and artistic research. "There are two types of people," Bunin wrote. - In one prevailing Russia, in the other - sorry, measuring. But in the same time there is a terrible change of moods, appearance, "preciousness", as they said in the old days. The people themselves said to themselves: "Of us, like from the tree - and a dubb, and icon,", depending on the circumstances, from the one who treats the tree. "

From the revolutionary Petrograd, avoiding the "terrible proximity of the enemy," Bunin went to Moscow, and from there on May 21, 1918 in Odessa, where the diary "The Owned Days" was written - one of the most violent chips of the revolution and the authorities of the Bolsheviks. In poems, Bunin called Russia "Bludnitsa", wrote, referring to the people: "My people! Your guides were keen on the death. " "After drinking the cup of unspecified sincere sufferers," the twenty-sixth century, 1920, the Bunins went to Constantinople, from there - in Bulgaria and Serbia, at the end of March arrived in Paris.

In 1921, a collection of stories of Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" was released in Paris, this edition caused numerous responses in the French press. Here is just one of them: "Bunin ... Real Russian talent, bleeding, uneven and at the same time courageous and big. His book contains several stories that are worthwhile worthy of Dostoevsky "(" Nervie ", December 1921).

"In France," Bunin wrote, "I lived at first in Paris, since the summer of 1923 moved to the seaside Alps, returning to Paris only for some winter months."

Bunin settled on the Villa Belvedere, and at the bottom of the amphitheater, the ancient olive town of Grass was settled. The nature of Provence resembled the Bunin of the Crimea, which he loved very much. Rachmaninov visited him in the Grass. Under the Buninsky roof, novice writers lived - he taught them literary skills, criticized the written written by them, made his views on literature, history and philosophy. Talked about meetings with Tolstoy, Chekhov, bitter. N. Tafffi, B. Zaitsev, M. Aldanov, F. Stepun, L. Sestov, as well as his "Studios" G. Kuznetsova (the last love of Bunin) and L. Zurov, were included in the nearest literary environment.

All these years, Bunin wrote a lot, almost his new books appeared every year. Following the "Mr. from San Francisco" in 1921, the initial love collection was released in Prague, in 1924 in Berlin - Rosa Jericho, in 1925 in Paris - Mitin Love, and in 1929 - " Selected poems "- the only poetic collection of Bunin in the emigration caused positive responses V. Khodasevich, N. Taffphi, V. Nabokova. In the "blissful dreams about the past", Bunin returned to his homeland, recalled childhood, adolescence, youth, "unfulfilled love."

As noted by E.V. Stepanyan: "Binary thinking binarity - an idea of \u200b\u200bthe drama of life associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe beauty of the world," reports the Buninsky plots the intensity of development and tensions. The same intensity of being is tangible in the Bunin artistic part, which has become even greater sensual accuracy compared with the works of early creativity. "

Until 1927, Bunin acted in the newspaper "Revival", then (according to material considerations) in the "latest news", not adjacent to any of the emigrant political groups.

In 1930, Ivan Alekseevich wrote a "poultry shadow" and completed, perhaps, the most significant work of the emigration period - the novel "Life of Arsenyev".

Vera Nikolaevna wrote in the late twenties wife of the writer B.K. Zaitseva about the work of the Bunin over this book:

"Yang in the period (not to smooth) winding work: I sees anything, I don't hear anything, I don't say anything about ... As always during these periods, he is very meek, gently with me in particular, sometimes I read the one written - it's from him "big honor". And very often repeats that he never could be equal to me in his life, that I am the only one, etc.. "

The description of the experiences of Alexei Arsenyev was heated by sadness about the last, about Russia, "in our eyes in our eyes in such a magical short term." In the poetic sound, Bunin managed to translate even a purely prose material (a series of short stories 1927-1930: "calf head", "Roman Gorbun", "Roman", "killer", etc.).

In 1922, Bunin was first nominated for the Nobel Prize. His candidacy put up R. Rolland, informed Bunin M.A. Aldanov: "... Your candidacy is declared and declared by a person, extremely respected all over the world."

However, the Nobel Prize in 1923 received the Irish poet W.B. Yields. In 1926, negotiations were again about the nomination of the Bunin on the Nobel Prize. Since 1930, Russian emigrant writers resumed their troubles about the nomination of the Bunin on the Prize.

The Nobel Prize was awarded Bunin in 1933. In the formal decision on awarding the Bunin Prize says:

"The decision of the Swedish Academy dated November 9, 1933, the Nobel Prize for Literature for this year was awarded to Ivan Bunin for a strict artistic talent, with which he recreated a typical Russian character in the literary prose."

A significant amount of the Bunin's received bunin fought in need. A commission was established on the distribution of funds. Bunin spoke to the correspondent of the newspaper "Today" P. Nilsky: "... As soon as I received a prize, I had to distribute about 120000 francs. Yes, I don't know how to handle money with money. Now it is especially difficult. Do you know how many letters I got with the requests of the Assistance? For the shortest time it came to 2000 such letters. "

In 1937, the writer completed the philosophical and literary treatise "Liberation" - the result of long reflections on the basis of his own impressions and evidence of people closely knew than Tolstoy.

In 1938, Bunin visited the Baltic States. After this trip, he moved to another villa - "Jeannet", where he spent the whole second world war in difficult conditions. Ivan Alekseevich was very worried about the fate of the Motherland and with delight he accepted all reports of the victories of the Red Army. Bunin dreamed of returning to Russia to Russia until the last minute, but this dream was not destined to come true.

The book "About Chekhov" (published in New York in 1955) Bunin could not complete. His last masterpiece is the "night" poem - dated 1952.

On the eighth of November 1953, Bunin died and was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint-Geneviev de Boua near Paris.

According to the materials "100 Great Nobel laureates" Musian S.

• Biography