Modern heating appliances. Heating appliance systems: device, connection, types. Retro style radiators

Their absence would make the water heating system inefficient, since the walls of the pipeline are minimally adapted for this. The heat transfer capacity of a radiator depends on a number of factors:

1. area of ​​its heating surface;
2. type of device;
3. location in the room;
4. scheme, in accordance with which it is connected to the pipeline.

One of the indicators characterizing heating appliances, is the test pressure. During pressure testing of the heating system, heating devices are subjected to hydraulic shocks (here it should be noted that in Russia, during testing, it is customary to increase the pressure pressure to 15 atm, which cannot be withstand by imported heating devices, since in the West the pressure is increased to 7-8 atm), and in during operation internal surfaces suffer from chemical and electrochemical corrosion. If the devices successfully withstand such tests, then they will last a long time, as they are of high quality. In addition, heaters must comply
requirements of a different nature.

Among them are the following:

1. heat engineering, i.e., heating appliances must provide the maximum density of the specific heat flux falling per unit area;
2. installation, which means the minimum labor and time costs during installation and the necessary mechanical strength appliances;
3. operational, i.e., heating devices must be heat-resistant; waterproof, even if the hydrostatic pressure reaches the maximum permissible value during operation; having the ability to regulate heat transfer;
4. economic. This means that the ratio of the cost of heating devices, their installation and operation should be optimal, and the consumption of materials in their manufacture should be minimal;
5. design;
6. sanitary and hygienic, i.e. have a minimum horizontal surface area, so as not to turn into a dust collector.

Classification of heating appliances

Briefly characterize different types heating appliances.

A convector is a ribbed heater equipped with a casing made of some material (cast iron, steel, asbestos cement, etc.) which increases its heat transfer. The convection of the heat flow of a convector with a casing is 90-95%. The functions of the casing can be performed by a finned heater. Such a heater is called a convector without a casing.

The casing plays not only a decorative role - it is functional - it increases air circulation near the surface of the heater.

Despite the rather low heat transfer coefficient, lack of resistance to hydraulic shocks, increased requirements for the quality of the coolant, convectors are widely used. The reasons for this are low metal consumption, low weight, ease of manufacture, installation and operation, fashion design. It would be unfair not to notice that convectors have another very unpleasant drawback - the convection air flows that arise during their operation raise and move dust and other small particles around the room.

The convective type heater is a ribbed tube. The material for it is flange cast iron pipe 1-2 m long, the outer surface of which is thin ribs cast during the pipe manufacturing process. Due to this, the outer surface area increases many times, which distinguishes it favorably from smooth pipe with the same diameter and length, which allows you to make the device more compact. In addition, the device is quite simple to manufacture and quite economical, i.e., the cost of its production is low. A number of serious shortcomings:

1. low temperature observed on the surface of the fins, despite the circulation of a high-temperature coolant;
2. big weight;
3. low mechanical strength;
4. unhygienic (ribs are difficult to clean from dust);
5. out-of-date design.

Nevertheless, finned tubes find use - usually in non-residential premises, which are warehouses, garages, etc. They are mounted horizontally in the form of a coil, connected with bolts, flanged cast-iron double taps (practitioners call them rolls) and counterflanges.

A variety of radiative heating devices is a ceiling radiator, which, when heated, begins to give off heat, which, in turn, is first absorbed by the walls and objects in the room, then reflected by them, i.e. secondary radiation occurs. As a result, a radiant interchange takes place between the heating devices, the enclosing structures of the house, and objects, which makes the stay of a person in such a room very comfortable. If the temperature drops by 1-2 °C, the convective heat transfer of a person increases, which has a positive effect on his well-being. Hence, if with convective heating the optimum temperature is 19.3 0С, then with radiation - 17.4 °С.

Ceiling radiators differ in the design of one element and come with a flat or wavy screen.

Of the advantages of a ceiling radiator, it should be noted such as a favorable atmosphere in the room; an increase in the temperature of the surface of the room, which reduces the heat transfer of a person; savings in thermal energy used for heating. However, this type of heating devices also has disadvantages, including significant thermal inertia, heat losses through cold bridges that occur in those places of enclosing structures in which heating elements are installed; the need to install fittings that regulate the heat transfer of concrete panels.

Heating of the premises can be solved by installing convective-radiation heating devices - radiators. Them distinctive feature is that they simultaneously give off heat with the help of convection, which accounts for 75% of the heat flux, and radiation, on which the remaining 25% fall.

Structurally, radiators are presented in two options:

1. sectional;
2. panel.

Sectional radiators differ in the material from which they are made.

First of all, it is cast iron. Radiators from it have not lost their popularity since the beginning of the 20th century. And even now, when aluminum and steel radiators are quite affordable, cast iron ones are only strengthening their positions, especially since the former are less durable and therefore endure the cataclysms of domestic heating networks worse.

Sectional aluminum (more precisely, aluminum-silicon alloy) radiators are pressed sections and collectors. They are cast and extruded. Firstly, each section is a single piece, and secondly, these are three elements connected by bolts using sealing elements or put on glue. Aluminum radiators have a number of positive qualities that distinguish them favorably from cast iron appliances. Firstly, they have a high heat transfer due to the finned sections; secondly, they heat up faster themselves and, accordingly, the air in the room; thirdly, they allow you to regulate the air temperature; fourthly, they are light in weight, which facilitates both the delivery and installation of the device; fifthly, they are aesthetic and modern in design. There are also very significant disadvantages: weak convection ability; increased gas formation, which contributes to the formation of air congestion in the system; the risk of leaks; heat concentration on the ribs; exactingness to the coolant, primarily to the pH level, which should not exceed 7-8; incompatibility with elements in the heating system made of steel and copper (in such cases, galvanized adapters should be used to avoid electrochemical corrosion).

The fins of all radiators must be strictly vertical.

Steel panels are produced in different options- one- and two-row, with a smooth or ribbed surface, with a decorative enamel coated and without it. Heating devices of this type have certain advantages, in particular, high heat transfer; insignificant thermal inertia; small mass; hygiene; aesthetics. Of the minuses, it is necessary to indicate the small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heating surface (in this regard, they are often mounted in pairs - in 2 rows with a gap of 40 mm) and susceptibility to corrosion.

Concrete panel radiators- these are panels having concrete, plastic or glass channels, differing in their configuration, and heating elements different shapes- serpentine or register. Heating devices, in the manufacture of which two metals are used (aluminum for fins and steel for conductive channels), are called bimetallic. The section of such a radiator is two vertical steel pipes(it should be noted that the diameter of the internal channels is rather small, which is a disadvantage), covered with an aluminum alloy (the process is carried out under pressure), connected by means of steel nipples. Gaskets made of heat-resistant rubber rubber can withstand temperatures up to 200 °C and provide the necessary tightness.

Water heating risers can move when heated, damaging the plaster, therefore, during installation, they must be passed through pipes larger diameter or sleeves made of roofing steel.

Such models are devoid of the disadvantages characteristic of aluminum and steel radiators, but have important advantage- High heat dissipation due to aluminum housing. The ability of aluminum to heat up quickly allows you to control and regulate heat consumption.

Working pressure for bimetallic devices is 25 atm, crimping - 37 atm (thanks to the latest bimetal radiators preferred for pressurized systems), the maximum flow temperature is 120 °C. In addition, they are suitable for installation in various heating systems, while the number of storeys of the house does not matter.
As heating devices, steel pipes with a smooth surface, which are given a serpentine or register shape and which are placed at intervals smaller than the diameter of the pipes, can be used (the latter is important in detail, since with an even greater decrease in the distance, mutual irradiation of the pipes begins, which leads to a reduction in heat transfer device). Heating devices of this design show the highest heat transfer coefficient, but due to their significant weight, large dimensions, unaesthetics, they are usually installed in non-residential premises, for example, in greenhouses.

The place where the thermostat with a built-in air temperature sensor will be located must be located in a heated room at a height of 150 cm from the floor, protected from drafts, UV radiation and not adjacent to other heat sources.

Thus, having an idea of ​​what kind of heating devices modern industry and the market offers, it remains only to do right choice. In doing so, the following criteria must be followed:

1. type and design of the heating system;
2. open or hidden gasket pipeline;
3. the quality of the coolant intended for use;
4. the value of the working pressure for which the heating system is designed;
5. type of heating devices;
6. house layout;
7. the thermal regime that is supposed to be maintained in the premises, and the duration of the tenants' stay there.

In addition, it must be remembered that the operation of heating devices is associated with such problems as corrosion, water hammer. Need to study carefully available material, consult a specialist, find out from the seller or look for information about manufacturing companies, find out how long they have been working on the domestic market, which particular heating devices are best adapted to the conditions of our reality. All this will help to avoid a rash purchase and will be the key to a successfully operating heating system.
After the heating devices are purchased, it becomes necessary to place them in the premises of the house. And there are options here (by the way, this should also be foreseen in advance in order to buy heaters of the appropriate height).

So, metal heaters are placed along the walls or in niches in 1 or 2 rows. They can be mounted behind screens or open.

However, usually heaters take their place under the window at outer wall, but at the same time it is necessary to comply with a number of requirements:

1. The length of the device must be at least<50-75 % длины окна (об этом уже было сказано, но, следуя логике изложения, считаем возможным повторить). Это не относится к витражным окнам;
2. the vertical axes of the heater and the window must match. The error can be no more than 50 mm.

In some situations (subject to short and warm winters, short-term stay of people in the room), heaters are placed near the inner walls, which has certain advantages, since the heat transfer of heaters increases; the length of the pipeline is reduced; the number of stands is reduced.

There are wishes regarding the height and length of heating devices.

With high ceilings in the house, it is preferable to install high and short batteries, with standard ones - long and low.

The types of heating devices are determined by their design, which determines the method of heat transfer (convective or radiative heat transfer may prevail) from the outer surface of the devices to the room. There are six main types of heating appliances, radiators, panels, convectors, finned tubes, smooth tube appliances and heaters.

By the nature of the outer surface, heating devices can be with a smooth (radiators, panels, smooth-tube devices - Appendix 9, A) and a ribbed surface (convectors, finned pipes, heaters - Appendix 9, B).

According to the material from which heating devices are made, metal, combined and non-metallic devices are distinguished.

Metal appliances are made of cast iron (from gray cast iron) and steel (from sheet steel and steel pipes).

Combined appliances use a concrete or ceramic array in which steel or cast-iron heating elements (heating panels) are embedded, or ribbed steel pipes placed in a non-metallic (asbestos-cement) casing (convectors).

Non-metallic appliances are concrete panels with embedded glass or plastic pipes or with voids without pipes at all, as well as porcelain and ceramic radiators.

By height, all heaters can be divided into high (more than 600 mm high), medium (400-600 mm) and low (<400 мм). Низкие приборы высотой менее 200 мм называются плинтусными.

Basically, the choice of the type of heater depends on financial capabilities, on the necessary technical qualities of the heater, on the quality of the goods. A significant role in the choice of heating equipment is its type, installation method and the conditions in which it will need to function, as well as its appearance (Appendix 9, B).

Sectional cast iron radiators - widely used heating appliances - are cast from gray cast iron in the form of separate sections and can be assembled into devices of various sizes by connecting sections on nipples with heat-resistant rubber gaskets. The main advantages of cast-iron sectional radiators are that they give off heat well and withstand relatively high pressure. The large diameter of the passage hole and the low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation. The disadvantages of cast iron radiators are the complexity of installation, not the most attractive appearance and large thermal inertia.

The radiator emits about 25% of the total amount of heat transferred from the coolant into the room with radiation, and is called a radiator only by tradition. The panel is a device of a convective-radiation type of relatively shallow depth, which does not have gaps along the front. The panel transmits by radiation a somewhat larger part of the heat flux than the radiator, however, only the ceiling panel can be classified as radiation-type devices (radiating more than 50% of the total amount of heat). The heating panel can have a smooth, slightly ribbed or wavy surface, columnar or serpentine channels for the coolant.

Aluminum sectional radiators have very good heat dissipation, low weight and attractive design. The disadvantages include the fact that they are susceptible to corrosion, which is aggravated by the presence of galvanic aluminum pairs with other metals in the heating system.

Bimetallic sectional radiators (having an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves) combine the advantages of aluminum radiators - high heat transfer, low weight, good appearance and, in addition, under certain conditions, have higher corrosion resistance and are usually designed for more pressure in the heating system. Their main disadvantage is the high price. Due to the fact that these radiators are able to withstand high pressure, they can be used in city apartments.

Column radiators are two separately manufactured collectors (upper and lower), interconnected by vertical "columns".

Convectors are a casing with a structure made of metal tubes, on which there are fins in the form of pressed or welded plates. Column and panel devices, as well as convectors are produced in the form of a standard range, which allows you to choose a model with optimal (for a particular room) power characteristics.

Steel panel radiators are most often used for individual heating. Steel panel radiators have a small thermal inertia, which means that it is easier to use them to automatically control the temperature in the room. They have received such wide distribution due to the relatively low cost and many options for height, length, depth and thermal power. In accordance with Russian SNiP, the pressure when testing heating devices must exceed the operating pressure by 1.5 times, which happens before the start of each heating season during pressure testing of heating systems.

Modern radiators designed for installation in bathrooms and hallways are the most numerous in terms of the number of models offered, sizes, colors and their combinations.

For rooms with special requirements for air purity, such as hospital wards, radiators are offered with the ability to easily clean them from dust, which are parallel panels with free space between them. There are also devices whose fastenings and connection to the heating system allow you to tilt the existing radiator from the wall to clean its rear wall from dust.

heating appliance- this is an element of the heating system, which serves to transfer heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room.

1. Registers from smooth pipes represent a bundle of pipes located in two rows and united on both sides by two pipes - collectors, equipped with fittings for supplying and discharging the coolant.

Registers of smooth pipes are used in rooms where there are increased sanitary and hygienic requirements, as well as in industrial buildings with a high degree of fire hazard, where a large accumulation of dust is unacceptable. The devices are hygienic, easy to clean from dust and dirt. But not economical, metal-intensive. Estimated heating surface of 1m smooth pipe.

2. Cast iron radiators. The block of cast-iron radiators consists of cast iron sections interconnected by nipples. They are 1-2 and many channel. In Russia, mainly 2-channel radiators. According to the mounting height, radiators are divided into high 1000 mm, medium - 500 mm and low 300 mm.

M-140-AO radiators have inter-column finning, which increases their heat transfer, but reduces aesthetic and hygienic requirements.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. This:

1. Corrosion resistance.

2. Fine-tuned manufacturing technology.

3. Ease of changing the power of the device by changing the number of sections.

The disadvantages of these types of heaters are:

1. High consumption of metal.

2. The complexity of manufacturing and installation.

3. Their production leads to environmental pollution.

3. Finned tubes. They are a cast iron pipe with round fins. The fins increase the surface of the instrument and reduce the surface temperature.

Ribbed tubes are mainly used in industrial plants.

Advantages:

1. Cheap heaters.

2. Large heating surface.

Disadvantages:

Do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (difficult to clean from dust).

4. Stamped steel radiators. They are two putty steel places, interconnected by contact welding.

There are: columnar radiators RSV 1 and serpentine radiators RSG 2.

Column radiators: form a series of parallel channels, interconnected at the top and bottom by horizontal collectors.

Serpentine radiators form a series of horizontal channels for the passage of the coolant.

Steel plate radiators made in single and double rows. Double-row are made of the same standard sizes as single-row, but consist of two plates.

Advantages:

1. Small weight of the device.

2. Cheaper than cast iron by 20-30%.

3. Less transportation and installation costs.

4. Easy to install and meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Disadvantages:

1. Small heat dissipation.

2. Special treatment of heating water is required, since ordinary water corrodes with metal. Found wide application in housing in public buildings. Due to the rise in the price of metal, the release is limited. High price.

5. Convectors. They are a series of steel pipes through which the coolant moves and steel finning plates mounted on them.

Convectors are available with or without casing. They are made of various types: For example: Comfort convectors. They are divided into 3 types: wall-mounted (hung on a wall h = 210 m), island (installed on the floor) and ladder (built into the building structure).

Convectors are made end and through. Convectors are used for heating buildings for various purposes. Used mainly in central Russia.

Non-metallic heating devices

6. Ceramic and porcelain radiators. They are a panel cast from porcelain or ceramic with vertical or horizontal channels.

Such radiators are used in rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating devices. Such devices are used very rarely. They are very expensive, the manufacturing process is laborious, short-lived, subject to mechanical stress. It is very difficult to connect these radiators to metal pipelines.

7. Concrete heating panels. They are concrete slabs with pipe coils embedded in them. Thickness 40-50 mm. They are: window sill and partition.

Heating panels can be attached and built into the construction of walls and partitions. Concrete panels meet the most stringent sanitary and hygienic requirements, architectural and construction requirements.

Disadvantages: difficult to repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer, increased heat loss through additionally heated external structures of buildings. They are used mainly in medical institutions in operating rooms and in maternity hospitals in children's rooms.

Plumbing heating appliances must meet the heat engineering, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

Thermal engineering assessment heating devices is determined by its heat transfer coefficient.

Sanitary and hygienic assessment- characterized by a constructive solution of the device, facilitating its maintenance in cleanliness.

The temperature of the outer surface of the heater must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. In order to avoid intense burning of dust, this temperature should not exceed 95 ° C for residential and public buildings, and 85 ° C for medical and children's institutions.

Aesthetic evaluation- the heater should not spoil the interior appearance of the room, should not take up much space.

One of the main elements of water heating systems - a heater - is designed to transfer heat from heat carriers to a heated room.

To maintain the required room temperature, it is required that at each moment of time the heat loss of the room Qp be covered by the heat transfer of the heater Qpr and pipes Qtr.

The scheme of heat transfer of the heater Qpr and pipes to compensate for the heat losses of the room Qp and Qdop during heat transfer Qt from the side of the water coolant is shown in fig. 24.

Rice. 24. Scheme of heat transfer of a heater located at the outer fence of the building

The heat Qt supplied by the coolant for heating this room should be greater than the heat loss Qp by the amount of additional heat loss Qadd caused by increased heating of the building structures.

Qt \u003d Qp + Qadd

The heating device is characterized by the area of ​​the heating surface Fpr, m2, calculated to ensure the required heat transfer of the device.

According to the predominant method of heat transfer, heating devices are divided into radiation (ceiling radiators), convective-radiation (devices with a smooth outer surface) and convective (convectors with a ribbed surface).

When heating rooms with ceiling radiators (Fig. 25), heating is carried out mainly due to radiant heat exchange between heating radiators (heating panels) and the surface of the building structures of the room.

Rice. 25. Suspended metal heating panel: a - with a flat screen; b - with a wave-shaped screen; 1 - heating pipes; 2 - visor; 3 - flat screen; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - wavy screen

The radiation from the heated panel, falling on the surface of fences and objects, is partially absorbed, partially reflected. In this case, the so-called secondary radiation arises, which is also eventually absorbed by the objects and enclosures of the room.

Due to radiant heat exchange, the temperature of the inner surface of the fences increases compared to the temperature during convective heating, and the surface temperature of the inner fences in most cases exceeds the temperature of the air in the room.

With panel radiant heating, due to the increase in the temperature of the surfaces in the room, an environment favorable for humans is created. It is known that a person's well-being improves significantly with an increase in the proportion of convective heat transfer in the total heat transfer of his body and a decrease in radiation to cold surfaces (radiative cooling). This is exactly what is provided with radiant heating, when the heat transfer of a person by radiation decreases due to an increase in the temperature of the surface of the fences.

With panel radiant heating, it is possible to lower the normal (normative for convective heating) air temperature in the room (on average by 1-3 ° C), and therefore the convective heat transfer of a person increases even more. It also improves a person's well-being. It has been established that under normal conditions, people's well-being is ensured at an indoor air temperature of 17.4 ° C with wall heating panels and at 19.3 ° C with convective heating. Hence, it is possible to reduce the consumption of thermal energy for space heating.

Among the disadvantages of the panel-radiant heating system, it should be noted:

Some additional increase in heat loss through external fences in those places where heating elements are embedded in them; -

The need for special fittings for individual control of heat transfer of concrete panels;

Significant thermal inertia of these panels.

Devices with a smooth outer surface are sectional radiators, panel radiators, smooth-tube devices.

Devices with a ribbed heating surface - convectors, ribbed tubes (Fig. 26).

Rice. 26. Schemes of heating devices of various types (cross section): a - sectional radiator; b - steel panel radiator; c - smooth-tube device of three pipes; g - convector with a casing; D - a device of two finned tubes: 1 - channel for the coolant; 2 - plate; 3 - rib

According to the material from which heating devices are made, metal, combined and non-metallic devices are distinguished. Metal appliances are mainly made of gray cast iron and steel (sheet steel and steel pipes). Copper pipes, sheet and cast aluminum and other metals are also used.

In combined appliances, a heat-conducting material (concrete, ceramics, etc.) is used, into which steel or cast-iron heating elements (panel radiators) or finned metal pipes are embedded, and a non-metallic (for example, asbestos-comeptpy) casing (convectors).

Non-metallic appliances include concrete panel radiators with embedded plastic or glass pipes or with voids, as well as ceramic, plastic and other radiators.

By height, all heaters are divided into high (more than 650 mm high), medium (more than 400 to 650 mm), low (more than 200 to 400 mm) and plinth (up to 200 mm).

According to the magnitude of thermal inertia, devices of small and large inertia can be distinguished. Low-inertia devices have a small mass and contain a small amount of water. Such devices made on the basis of small-section metal pipes (for example, convectors) quickly change the heat transfer to the room when adjusting the amount of coolant admitted into the device. Devices with large thermal inertia - massive, containing a significant amount of water (for example, concrete or sectional radiators), heat transfer is changed slowly.

For heating appliances, in addition to economic, architectural and construction, sanitary and hygienic and production and installation requirements, thermal engineering requirements are also added. The device is required to transfer from the coolant through a unit area to the room the greatest heat flux. To fulfill this requirement, the device must have an increased value of the heat transfer coefficient Kpr, in comparison with the value of one of the types of sectional radiators, which is taken as a standard (cast iron radiator type H-136).

In table. 20 shows thermal performance and conventional signs mark other indicators of devices. The plus sign indicates positive indicators of the devices, the minus sign - negative ones. Two pluses indicate indicators that determine the main advantage of any type of device.

Table 20

Design of heating devices

Radiator sections are cast from gray cast iron, they can be combined into devices of various sizes. Sections are connected on nipples with gaskets made of cardboard, rubber or paronite.

Various designs of one-, two-, and multi-column sections of various heights are known, but the most common are two-column sections (Fig. 27) of medium (installation height hm = 500 mm) radiators.

Rice. 27. Two-column radiator section: hp - full height; hm - mounting height (construction); b - building depth

The production of cast-iron radiators is laborious, installation is difficult due to the bulkiness and significant mass of the assembled devices. Radiators cannot be considered to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements, since cleaning the intersection space from dust is difficult. These devices have significant thermal inertia. Finally, it should be noted that their appearance does not correspond to the interior of the premises in buildings of modern architecture. These disadvantages of radiators make it necessary to replace them with lighter and less metal-intensive devices. Despite this, cast-iron radiators are the most common heating device at present.

At present, the industry produces cast-iron sectional radiators with a construction depth of 90 mm and 140 mm (type "Moscow" - abbreviated as M, type I Standard - MS and others). On fig. 28 shows the designs of manufactured cast-iron radiators.

Rice. 28. Cast iron radiators: a - M-140-AO (M-140-AO-300); b - M-140; c - RD-90

All cast iron radiators are designed for operating pressure up to 6 kgf/cm2. The heating surface meters of heating devices are a physical indicator - a square meter of the heating surface and a thermotechnical indicator - an equivalent square meter (ekm2). An equivalent square meter is the area of ​​a heating device that gives off 435 kcal of heat in 1 hour with a difference in the average temperature of the coolant and air of 64.5 ° C and a water flow rate in this device of 17.4 kg / h according to the flow pattern of the coolant from top to bottom.

Technical characteristics of radiators are given in table. 21.
Heating surface of cast iron radiators and finned tubes
Table 21

Continuation of the table. 21

Steel panel radiators consist of two stamped sheets forming horizontal manifolds connected by vertical columns (column form) or horizontal channels connected in parallel and in series (serpentine form). The coil can be made from a steel pipe and welded to a single profiled steel sheet; such a device is called sheet-tube.

Rice. 29. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 30. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 31. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 32. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 33. Cast iron radiators

Rice. 34. Schemes of channels for the coolant in panel radiators: a - columnar; b - two-way coil, c - four-way coil

Steel panel radiators differ from cast iron ones in their lower mass and thermal inertia. With a decrease in weight by about 2.5 times, the heat transfer rate is no worse than that of cast-iron radiators. Their appearance satisfies architectural and construction requirements, steel panels are easy to clean from dust.

Steel panel radiators have a relatively small heating surface area, which is why sometimes it is necessary to install panel radiators in pairs (in two rows at a distance of 40 mm).

In table. 22 shows the characteristics of manufactured steel stamped radiator panels.

Table 22

Continuation of the table. 22

Continuation of the table. 22

Concrete panel radiators (heating panels) (Fig. 35) can have concrete coil or register-shaped heating elements made of steel pipes with a diameter of 15-20 mm, as well as concrete, glass or plastic channels of various configurations.

Rice. 35. Concrete heating panel

Concrete panels have a heat transfer coefficient close to those of other devices with a smooth surface, as well as a high thermal stress of the metal. Devices, especially combined type, meet strict sanitary-hygienic, architectural and construction and other requirements. The disadvantages of combined concrete panels include the difficulty of repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat supply to the premises. The disadvantages of attachment-type devices are the increased costs of manual labor in their manufacture and installation, and the reduction in the usable floor area of ​​the room. Heat losses through additionally heated external fences of buildings also increase.

A smooth-tube device is called a device made of several steel pipes connected together, forming channels for a coil or register-shaped coolant (Fig. 36).

Rice. 36. Forms of connecting steel pipes to smooth-tube heaters: a - serpentine form; b - register form: 1 - thread; 2 - column

In the coil, the pipes are connected in series in the direction of movement of the coolant, which increases the speed of its movement and the hydraulic resistance of the device. When the pipes are connected in parallel in the register, the coolant flow is divided, the speed of its movement and the hydraulic resistance of the device decreases.

The devices are welded from pipes DN = 32-100 mm, located at a distance of 50 mm from each other exceeding their diameter, which reduces mutual exposure and, accordingly, increases heat transfer to the room. Smooth-tube appliances have the highest heat transfer coefficient, their dust-collecting surface is small and they are easy to clean.

At the same time, smooth-tube devices are heavy and bulky, take up a lot of space, increase the consumption of steel in heating systems, and have an unattractive appearance. They are used in rare cases when other types of devices cannot be used (for example, for heating greenhouses).

Characteristics of smooth-tube registers are given in table. 23.

Table 23

The convector is a convective type device, consisting of two elements - a finned heater and a casing (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Schemes of convectors: a - with a casing; b - without casing: 1 - heating element; 2 - casing; 3 - air valve; 4 - pipe fins

The casing decorates the heater and increases heat transfer due to the increase in air mobility at the surface of the heater. A convector with a casing transfers up to 90-95% of the total heat flux into the room by convection (Table 24).

Table 24

A device in which the functions of the casing are performed by the fins of the heater is called a convector without a casing. The heater is made of steel, cast iron, aluminum and other metals, the casing is made of sheet materials (steel, asbestos cement, etc.)

Convectors have a relatively low heat transfer coefficient. However, they are widely used. This is due to the ease of manufacture, installation and operation, as well as low metal consumption.

The main technical characteristics of convectors are given in Table. 25.

Table 25

Continuation of the table. 25

Continuation of the table. 25

Note: 1. When installing KP skirting convectors in multiple rows, a correction for the heating surface is introduced depending on the number of rows vertically and horizontally: with a two-row installation vertically 0.97, three-row - 0.94, four-row - 0.91; for two rows horizontally, the correction is 0.97. 2. The indicators of the end and passage models of convectors are the same. Passage convectors have an index A (for example, Hn-5A, H-7A).

A finned tube is a convective-type device, which is a flanged cast-iron pipe, the outer surface of which is covered with jointly cast thin ribs (Fig. 33).

The outer surface area of ​​a finned tube is many times greater than the surface area of ​​a smooth tube of the same diameter and length. This gives the heater a particularly compact design. In addition, the reduced surface temperature of the fins when using a high-temperature coolant, the relative ease of manufacture and low cost determine the use of this thermally inefficient, heavy device. The disadvantages of finned tubes also include an outdated appearance, low mechanical strength of the ribs and the difficulty of cleaning from dust. Ribbed tubes are usually used in auxiliary premises (boiler rooms, warehouses, garages, etc.). The industry produces round ribbed cast-iron pipes 1-2m long. They are installed horizontally in several tiers and connected according to the serpentine scheme with bolts using "kalachi" - flanged cast-iron double taps and counterflanges.

For a comparative thermal performance of the main heating devices in table. 25 shows the relative heat transfer of devices 1.0 m long under equal thermal and hydraulic conditions when using water as a heat carrier (heat transfer of a cast-iron sectional radiator 140 mm deep is taken as 100%).

As you can see, sectional radiators and convectors with a casing are distinguished by high heat transfer per 1.0 m of length; convectors without a casing and especially single smooth pipes have the lowest heat transfer.

Relative heat output of heaters with a length of 1.0 m Table 26

Selection and placement of heating devices

Rice. 38. Cast iron ribbed tube with round ribs: 1 - channel for the coolant; 2 - ribs; 3 - flange

To create a favorable thermal regime, devices are chosen that provide uniform heating of the premises.

Metal heaters are installed mainly under the light openings, and under the windows the length of the device is desirable not less than 50-75% of the length of the opening, under the shop windows and stained-glass windows the devices are placed along their entire length. When placing devices under windows (Fig. 39a), the vertical axes of the device and the window opening must match (a deviation of not more than 50 mm is allowed).

Devices located at the outer fences contribute to an increase in the temperature of the inner surface in the lower part of the outer wall and window, which reduces the radiation cooling of people. The ascending currents of warm air created by the devices prevent (if there are no window sills blocking the devices) the ingress of cooled air into the working area (Fig. 40a). In the southern regions with a short warm winter, as well as for a short stay of people, it is permissible to install heating devices near the inner walls of the premises (Fig. 39b). This reduces the number of risers and the length of heat pipelines and increases the heat transfer of devices (by about 7-9%), but there is an unfavorable movement of air with a low temperature near the floor of the room (Fig. 40c).

Rice. 39. Placement of heating devices in rooms (plans): a - under the windows; b - at the inner walls; p - heater

Rice. 40. Schemes of air circulation in rooms (sections) at different locations of heating devices: a - under windows without a window sill; b - under windows with a window sill c - at the inner wall; p - heater

Rice. 41. Location under the window of the heater room: a - long and low (preferably); b - high and short (undesirable)

Vertical heating devices are installed as close as possible to the floor of the premises. With a significant rise of the device above the floor level, the air near the floor surface may be supercooled, since the circulation flows of heated air, closing at the level of the device, do not capture and do not warm up the lower part of the room in this case.

The lower and longer the heater (Fig. 41a), the more even the temperature of the room and the better the entire volume of air warms up. A tall and short device (Fig. 41b) causes an active rise of a jet of warm air, which leads to overheating of the upper zone of the room and the lowering of cooled air on both sides of such a device into the working area.

The ability of a tall heater to cause an active upward flow of warm air can be used to heat rooms of increased height.

Vertical metal appliances, as a rule, are placed openly against the wall. However, it is possible to install them under window sills, in wall niches, with special fencing and decoration. On fig. 42 shows several methods for installing heaters in rooms.

Rice. 42. Placement of heating devices-a - in a decorative cabinet; b - in a deep niche; c - in a special shelter; g - behind the shield; d - in two tiers

Sheltering the device with a decorative cabinet having two slots up to 100 mm high (Fig. 42a) reduces the heat transfer of the device by 12% compared to its open installation against a blank wall. To transfer a given heat flux to the room, the area of ​​the heating surface of such a device must be increased by 12%. Placing the device in a deep open niche (Fig. 42b) or one above the other in two tiers (Fig. 42e) reduces heat transfer by 5%. However, hidden installation of devices is possible, in which the heat transfer does not change (Fig. 42c) or even increases by 10% (Fig. 42d). In these cases, it is not required to increase the area of ​​the heating surface of the device or even reduce it.

Calculation of the area, size and number of heating devices

The task of the calculation is, first of all, to determine the area of ​​the external heating surface of the device, which, under the calculated conditions, provides the necessary heat flow from the coolant to the room. Then, according to the catalog of devices, based on the estimated area, the nearest trade size of the device is selected (the number of sections or the brand of the radiator (the length of the convector or finned tube). The number of sections of cast-iron radiators is determined by the formula: N=Fpb4/f1b3;

where f1 is the area of ​​one section, m2; type of radiator accepted for indoor installation; b4 - correction factor, taking into account the way the radiator is installed in the room; b3 is a correction factor that takes into account the number of sections in one radiator and is calculated by the formula: b3=0.97+0.06/Fp;

where Fp is the calculated area of ​​the heater, m2.

The quality and efficiency of the heating system affects the creation of a comfortable environment in a residential area. One of the main elements of the heating system is a radiator, which transfers heat from a heated coolant using radiation, convection and thermal conductivity.

They are divided into separate groups depending on the material of manufacture, design, shape, application.

One of the important details that you need to pay attention to when choosing is the material of manufacture. The modern market offers several options: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic heaters.

Heat exchangers made of aluminum comprehensively heat the room by thermal radiation and convection, which occurs through the movement of heated air from the lower sections of the heater to the upper ones.

Main characteristics:

• Working pressure from 5 to 16 atmospheres;
• Thermal power of one section - 81–212 W;
• The maximum water heating temperature is 110 degrees;
• The pH of the water is 7–8;
• The service life is 10-15 years.

There are two manufacturing methods:

1. Casting.

At increased pressure, separate sections are made of aluminum with the addition of silicon (no more than 12%), which are fastened into one heater. The number of sections varies, it is possible to attach additional sections to one section.

1. extrusion method.

This method is cheaper than injection molding and involves the manufacture of vertical parts of the battery on an extruder, and the collector is made of silumin (aluminum-silicon alloy). Parts are connected, adding or reducing sections is not possible.

Advantages:

1. High thermal conductivity
2. Light weight, easy installation
3. An increased level of heat transfer, which is facilitated by the design features of the heat exchanger.
4. Modern design that fits into any interior.
5. Due to the reduced volume of coolant in the sections, aluminum units heat up quickly.
6. The design of the battery allows you to build in thermostats, thermal valves, which contribute to economical heat consumption by regulating the heating of the coolant to the required temperature.
7. Easy to install, installation is possible without the involvement of professionals.
8. The outer coating of the battery prevents the formation of peeling paint.
9. Low cost.

Disadvantages:

1. Sensitive to shock and other physical influences, as well as pressure surges. These batteries are contraindicated for installation in industrial plants due to high pressure in the heating system.
2. The need to constantly maintain the pH level of the water within the acceptable range.
3. Contaminated coolant - water with solid particles, chemical impurities - damages the inner protective layer of the walls, causing their destruction, corrosion and blockages, which reduces the service life. Filters need to be installed and cleaned.
4. Aluminum reacts with oxygen in water to oxidize, releasing hydrogen. This leads to gas formation in the heating system. To avoid rupture, the installation of an air release device is required, which needs constant maintenance.
5. Joints between sections are susceptible to leakage.
6. Aluminum radiators are not compatible with copper pipes, which are often used in modern heating systems. When they interact, oxidation processes occur.
7. Weak convection.

Characteristics:

• Heat dissipation - 1200–1800 W;
• The indicator of working pressure is from 6 to 15 atmospheres;
• Hot water temperature is 110–120 C.
• Steel thickness - from 1.15 to 1.25 mm.

Advantages:

1. Little inertia. The steel heat exchanger heats up very quickly and begins to give off heat to the room
2. Increased heat transfer by thermal radiation and convection
3. Long service life due to uncomplicated design
4. Ease of installation
5. A light weight
6. Low cost
7. Attractive appearance, original design. Steel are made in various forms, allowing them to be placed vertically, horizontally and at an angle.
8. Compatibility with various materials used as fasteners
9. High level of energy saving
10. Installation of temperature controllers
11. Simple design ensures easy maintenance

Disadvantages:

1. Low resistance to corrosion. Units made of the thickest steel can withstand a service life of no more than ten years.
2. Do not leave for a long time without water inside, which is not suitable for central heating.
3. Inability to withstand strong water hammer and pressure surges, especially at welds.
4. If the outer coating was initially applied with flaws, over time it will begin to flake off.

Models of steel radiators differ in the type of connection - it can be side or bottom. The bottom connection is considered universal, it is discreet in the interior, but more expensive in cost.

Depending on the number of panels and convectors, or internal sections, there are several types.

Type 10 has one panel without a convector, 11 has one panel and one convector, 21 has two heating panels and one internal section, and so on, types 22, 33 and others are divided by analogy. Three-panel heat exchangers are quite heavy, heat up more slowly and require more complex maintenance.

They are made of several identical sections, cast from cast iron and hermetically connected to each other. When installing such a heater, it is necessary to determine the number of sections, which depends on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, the number of windows, the height of the floor, the angular placement of the apartment.

Characteristics:

• Withstanding pressure 18 atmospheres;
• Hot water temperature - 150 C;
• Power 100–150 W;

Advantages:

1. Corrosion resistant. Cast iron is a wear-resistant material, the quality of the coolant does not affect functionality.
2. Retains heat for a long time after stopping heating.
3. Service life of 30 years or more.
4. Compatibility with other materials.
5. Increased heat transfer due to the vertical arrangement of the internal fins.
6. Heat resistance, strength.
7. Due to the internal diameter and volume of the sections, minimal hydraulic resistance is created and blockages do not occur.

Disadvantages:

1. Heavy weight, making it difficult to install and move.
2. Slow heating.
3. The impossibility of embedding a temperature controller.
4. Difficulty in care and coloring.
5. The outer coating is not stable, may flake off and peel off. For this reason, it becomes necessary to periodically stain the battery.
6. Unrepresentable appearance.
7. Increased fuel costs due to large internal volume.
8. Cast iron heat exchangers have a porous inner surface that collects dirt on itself, which over time will lead to a deterioration in the heat-conducting qualities of the battery.

This type includes devices with an aluminum case and steel pipes inside. They are most common when installed in residential areas.

Characteristics:

• The indicator of working pressure is from 18 to 40 atmospheres;
• Thermal power - 125–180 W;
• The permissible temperature of the coolant is from 110 to 130 degrees;
• The warranty period is 20 years on average.

Varieties:

1. 100% bimetallic, i.e. the inner core is made of steel, the outer part is made of aluminum. They are stronger.
2. Bimetallic by 50% - only those pipes that reinforce vertical channels consist of steel. At a cost, they are cheaper than the first type, and heat up faster.

Advantages:

1. Long service life without the need for maintenance.
2. Increased level of heat transfer. This is achieved due to the rapid heating of the aluminum panels and the small internal volume of the steel core.
3. Strength, reliability, resistance to mechanical stress and pressure surges.
4. Corrosion resistance due to the use of high-strength steel with a special coating.
5. Light weight, easy installation.
6. Aesthetic appearance that will fit into the interior.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive.
2. During the descent of water from the heating system, with simultaneous exposure to air and water, the steel core may corrode. In this case, it is better to use bimetallic models with a copper core and aluminum panels.
3. Aluminum and steel differ in terms of thermal expansion. Therefore, heat transfer instability, characteristic noises and crackling inside the device are possible during the first years of operation.

For proper operation of the bimetal heat exchanger, it is recommended to install an air vent valve and shut-off valves on the inlet and outlet pipes.

By design features are divided into the following types:

1. Sectional
2. Panel
3. Tubular

Devices consisting of sections of the same type, connected together, inside each of which there are from two to four channels through which the coolant moves.

The body with sections is assembled to the required thermal power, length, shape. They are made of various materials - steel, aluminum, cast iron, bimetals.

Advantages:

1. The ability to install additional sections or remove unnecessary ones, depending on the required length of the heat exchanger and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room.
2. Increased heat transfer produced by the method of radiation and convection.
3. By increasing the number of sections, the power of the radiator increases.
4. Low cost.
5. Profitability.
6. Installation of temperature controllers.
7. Different center distance allows you to install the heater everywhere.

Disadvantages:

1. Joints between sections are subject to water leakage, and with a sharp increase in pressure, they can disperse.
2. Difficulties in maintenance associated with the removal of contaminants in the space between sections.
3. The inner surface of the sections has irregularities, which creates blockages.

They consist of two metal shields treated with anti-corrosion protection, fastened together by welding. Inside the panels, a coolant circulates through vertical channels, and ribs are attached to the back side to increase the area of ​​the heated surface in the form of a P.

Panel heat exchangers are divided into one-, two-, and three-row, made of steel.

Advantages:

1. A variety of sizes of panel boards allows you to select for heating in accordance with the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. Depending on the dimensions, the power increases or decreases. The large surface area of ​​the shields has increased heat dissipation.
2. Due to the low inertia, the battery responds quickly to temperature changes.
3. A light weight.
4. Due to the compact design, the battery can be placed in hard-to-reach places in the room.
5. Low cost.
6. To heat a panel radiator, several times less water is needed than for a sectional one.
7. Aesthetic appearance.
8. Ease of installation due to integral design.

Disadvantages:

1. Cannot be used in high pressure systems.
2. They need a clean coolant without chemical impurities and dirt.
3. The inability to increase or decrease the size for heating, as is the case with sectional.
4. In case of poor-quality painting with a protective material, corrosion may occur.
5. Sensitivity to water hammer.

They consist of vertical tubes from 1 to 6, connected by a lower and upper manifold. Due to the simple design, unhindered and efficient circulation of the coolant is ensured.

The level of heat transfer depends on the thickness of the tubes and the dimensions of the unit itself, which vary from 30 cm to 3 m. The indicator of the working pressure maintained by tubular models is up to 20 atmospheres. Made from steel.

Main advantage- resistance to pressure drops. The rounded edges and the shape of the tubes do not allow dust and other contaminants to accumulate on their surface. The appearance is stylish and modern, the variety of shapes allows you to create a design model for any interior. Strong welded joints exclude water flow.

Disadvantages: corrosion susceptibility and cost.

Thanks to convection, such radiators thoroughly warm up the air in the room.

When creating comfortable living conditions, attention is paid to details that should harmoniously fit into the design of a residential or public space. Often, when implementing a design project, it is required to organically fit each element into it.

The heater also has a variety of forms that can create the integrity of the interior. These include vertical, flat, mirror, floor, plinth devices made of various materials.

Vertical units have been designed for applications where indoor installation is not possible. It depends both on the interior design and on the dimensions or non-standard shape of the living space.

The vertical heat exchanger can be made part of the interior and not hidden behind decorative elements. The main difference is the dimensions, where the length exceeds the width, and vertical placement on the wall. A device of this type is indispensable in a room with panoramic windows.

Vertical radiators can be of various designs - panel, tubular, sectional, and made of various materials - cast iron, steel, aluminum. According to the method of connection to the heating system, there are lateral, lower and diagonal.

Advantages:

1. A wide range of shapes and sizes, colors.
2. Compactness, which is achieved by reducing the length of the battery along the wall.
3. Decorativeness is also expressed in the invisibility of all its fasteners and connecting elements.
4. Ease of installation, which is achieved due to the low weight and integrity of its design.
5. Large area for increased heat dissipation.
6. Heating speed.
7. Heating does not require a large amount of water, which helps to save.
8. Ease of care.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive
2. It is possible that the thermal performance of the heater will drop due to the fact that the air from above will always be warmer than the bottom. In accordance with this, the upper part will give off less heat than the lower one.
3. Uneven distribution of heat over the entire area of ​​​​the room due to the fact that the radiant heat accumulates in the upper part of the room.
4. It is recommended to install a battery with a reducer to normalize the internal pressure.

In other cases, the disadvantages and advantages correspond to those that are characteristic of each type of conventional batteries - sectional, tubular, panel.

Factors affecting work efficiency:

1. One or two pipe connections in the system. The first is less economical in terms of water consumption, but easy to install and does not require unnecessary costs.
2. Type of water supply to the system - top, bottom, side.
3. Method of connection to the heating system. Diagonal connection is considered universal.

The efficiency of heat transfer depends on the correct connection to the heating system. Before installation, it is important to insulate part of the wall to reduce heat loss.

For compact placement and freeing up space, flat models are used.

Characteristics:

• Smooth front panel that does not allow dust to accumulate on it.
• Dimensions - from 30 cm to 3 m.
• A small amount of water is consumed, which makes it easy to regulate using thermostats.
• Bottom and side connection.
• It is used as a decorative element, strict forms or bright colors.

Functioning is similar to panel and sectional ones: a coolant circulates between two metal sheets, if a heating element is laid, an electric flat version is obtained.

Operating pressure up to ten atmospheres, maximum water heating - 110 C. There are single-panel, two-panel and three-panel heaters.

The main advantage is compact size and fast heating. In addition, they are easy to care for, have an attractive and stylish appearance. The decoration of flat heat exchangers allows you to fit into any design of the room, and the mirror surface will replace the mirror. Small installation depth and good thermal radiation.

Among the disadvantages is the impossibility of installation in wet rooms to avoid corrosion, as well as high cost.

Flat and vertical must be equipped with venting devices, since this arrangement causes a difference in internal pressure.

Radiator identical to conventional wall heat exchangers, but mounted on a horizontal surface. It consists of a heat exchanger with a coolant circulating in it, surrounded by aluminum or steel plates and closed from the outside by a metal crate or protective casing.

Equipped with an air vent and connects to pipes of any diameter. The only difference from the wall-mounted options is that the floor radiator is attached to the floor or stands autonomously on it.

Characteristics:

• Indicators of working pressure up to 15 atmospheres;
• The heating temperature of the outer case is up to 60 degrees;
• Heat carrier temperature - 110 C;
• Dimensions in length are up to 2 m, in height on average - 1 m.

They are made of cast iron, aluminum, steel, bimetals. Many of the models are transformed from wall to floor and vice versa, using brackets.

Advantages:

1. Fire - and safety.
2. Uniform space heating.
3. A variety of shapes and sizes to suit the style of the interior and at the request of the buyer.
4. The use of copper in the heat exchanger improves the anti-corrosion properties and increases the service life.
5. Built-in electronic and automated control.
6. Profitability.
7. Installation is possible in any place of the room where a pipe with hot water supply is supplied.
8. Ensuring natural convection.
9. Built-in additional functions heat and purify the surrounding air.
10. A floor heat exchanger is a convenient option in rooms where there is no possibility of installing wall-mounted ones due to weight, or panoramic windows are installed.
11. Compact dimensions.
12. Increased heat dissipation.
13. Resistance to mechanical influences.

Disadvantages:

1. Installation problems are possible, since the installation of a floor radiator involves the supply of pipes hidden under the floor.
2. The cost with copper pipes and aluminum plates is quite high. Cast iron models are cheaper, but have lower thermal conductivity. Steel floor models have low heat dissipation.

A comfortable atmosphere in the bathroom, the absence of dampness, unpleasant odors, maintaining an optimal level of humidity will provide a properly installed radiator.

They are divided according to the method of heating and form:

1. Water, heated by running water

They are connected to the heating system of the house according to the usual wall-mounted method. In addition, it can be equipped with temperature controllers, with the help of which the required surface temperature is set.

It is recommended to use stainless steel, copper or brass as the external coating of the water unit.

1. Electrical

It functions autonomously, a heating element operating from the mains is built in. Ease of installation. It is not able to heat the entire area of ​​the bathroom, so it is advisable to use it in conjunction with other heaters, for example, with a floor heating system. In addition, this type is more expensive to maintain than water.

1. Combined: water and electric.

Able to function from the heating system and from the network. Of the minuses - the cost. There are simple forms and designer ones.

Depending on the material, there are:

1. Cast iron.

Pros: increased heat dissipation, cheap price, good service life.

Cons: unattractive appearance. If there is no protective polymer layer, the outer paintwork will peel off and the battery will lose its appearance.

1. Steel.

Cons: susceptibility to corrosion, the occurrence of leaks over time, which, under strong water pressure, make a breach.

1. Aluminum.

Pros: light weight, compact size, attractive appearance.

Cons: not suitable for a system with central heating, because they do not tolerate water hammer and contaminated with sand and chemical impurities, the coolant.

1. Bimetallic.

Pros: service life (up to 20 years), good heat transfer performance, resistance to water hammer and pressure drops.

Cons: cost.

1. infrared.

Pros: convenient mounting anywhere in the bathroom, while maintaining the usable area of ​​the room, the ability to control the temperature, heating items in the room.

Cons: high cost.

The radiator in the bathroom, regardless of type and shape, can be covered with a decorative panel. So the surface will not be exposed to external influences with a constant amount of radiated heat.

Radiator for an apartment

In apartment buildings, not every unit can be used effectively for many years.

It is necessary to take into account the features of the central heating system:

1. The coolant has contamination in the form of various chemical impurities that can cause corrosion over time.
2. Hard grains of sand and other blockages, over time, act on the walls of the pipes, calling for their abrasion.
3. The temperature of the water changes, as does the level of acidity.
4. Pressure surges cause the divergence of the joints of the welds on the walls.

Selection options:

1. The operating pressure specified by the manufacturer in the unit exceeds the pressure in the heating system.
2. The heating device is resistant to water hammer.
3. The inner surface of the heat exchanger walls must be with a special protective coating that protects against the chemical action of the elements on each other, and the wall thickness must withstand the physical effects of clogging particles from the inside.
4. It is worth choosing with the greatest heat transfer.
5. The duration of the service life.
6. External design.

Options suitable for installation in an apartment:

1. Bimetallic.

They are suitable for all the necessary parameters for installation and long service life in an apartment of a multi-storey building. Withstand hydraulic shocks, the maximum working pressure is up to 50 atmospheres, internal and external treatment with a protective coating keeps the surface from corrosion and wear.

Light weight makes it easy to install, and the appearance is attractive in any interior. The only downside is it's expensive.

1. Cast iron.

Long service life, thick walls, resistance to corrosion, chemically passive material of such heat exchangers creates conditions for use in an apartment. Cast iron retains heat for a long time compared to other materials. Heating by radiation is more efficient than convection.

Good heat dissipation, affordable price, when draining water from the system, the inner surface does not rust. Cons - cast iron may not withstand too large pressure surges, it is heavy and creates inconvenience during installation.

Not suitable for installation in an apartment:

1. Steel.

They do not withstand the pressure characteristic of a central heating system, despite good heat transfer and economical use of resources.

1. Aluminum.

Aluminum quickly corrodes in combination with water with chemical impurities and its pH level, and does not withstand strong pressure in the heating system.

Bimetal and cast iron are suitable. If the height of the house is more than five floors, and non-cast-iron batteries were originally installed in the apartment, it is recommended to install bimetallic ones.

To choose the right heater for a private house, you need to rely on the following features of an autonomous heating system:

1. Unlike a centralized heating system, an autonomous heating system operates at low pressure and without chemical impurities.
2. No large pressure drops.
3. The acidity level of the water is relatively constant.

Before choosing, it is necessary to make an accurate calculation of the released thermal energy in accordance with the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises.

The heat losses of the building must be taken into account in order to correctly select the power. Important factors are its size, as well as the ratio of price and quality.

Peculiarities:

1. Steel.

Sectional and panel types are an affordable option with good heat dissipation and attractive appearance. In a private house with large window openings, it allows you to block the access of cold air from the outside.

Tubular steel are similar in positive characteristics, but the price is higher.

The advantages of steel heat exchangers when used in a private house: light weight, convenient dimensions, long service life, economy and lack of oxidization from low-quality coolant.

Cons: the need for constant filling with water to avoid corrosion, maintenance every three years to eliminate blockages inside the battery, as well as sensitivity to mechanical stress.

1. Aluminum.

Due to its high heat output, the aluminum heat exchanger is suitable for independent heating systems. For long life, you need to monitor the pH level of the water.

When choosing this type of radiator, you need to make an accurate calculation of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, otherwise there is a risk of a temperature difference between the floor and the ceiling. Must be equipped with temperature and pressure sensors and dirt filters.

1. Bimetallic.

Characteristics suitable for use in a private home, but the cost is high. Since an autonomous heating system does not require resistance to powerful pressure surges and an aggressive coolant medium, you can find a profitable option with the parameters necessary for high-quality service.

The cost of a bimetallic radiator will pay off due to the long service life.

1. Cast iron.

Due to the fact that the cast-iron radiator cools slowly, you can save on fuel resources. Increased corrosion resistance and strength in relation to low cost can provide a long service life, which is suitable for heating a private house.

The disadvantage is that periodic maintenance, cleaning, painting, and the need for a strong fastening of the cast-iron battery are required.