Atomic lake. Polygons Semipalatinsk and Sary-Shagan. Personal view. The history of Lake Chagan

There is an amazing lake in Kazakhstan, in which the bottom is like melted glass. The water in it is almost black. The carp living in it grow up to a meter, while other fish are wonderful and frightening. This is Atom-Kol, Lake Chagan in the Semipalatinsk region. Knowledgeable people try to bypass it. Those who come here by chance are surprised at the ominous beauty of this place.

Man made miracle

Lake Chagan in Kazakhstan is the work of Soviet nuclear scientists. They proposed creating artificial reservoirs for storing water in arid regions by means of a directed nuclear explosion. According to the idea of ​​scientists, at least forty such lakes were to appear on the territory of Central Asia.

Thus, it was planned to solve the problem of summer drought and optimize agriculture in the Kazakh steppes. This is how Chagan appeared, with a capacity of 20 million cubic meters. m of water.

Time for great accomplishments

In the Soviet Union, scientists developed ambitious projects for the peaceful use of atomic energy. The best minds fought to create ships, airplanes and even cars, the engines of which would work as a result of nuclear reactions. Realizing the incredible power of atomic energy, they proposed using this colossal energy to build canals, tunnels and reservoirs to collect gigantic volumes of water.

The enthusiasm of physicists knew no bounds. The program was called "Peaceful Atom". In pursuit of scientific achievements, they did not think about the consequences for the environment and the health of the nation. Shock construction and the raising of virgin lands covered the entire union. Swamps were drained, rivers were turned back, and new lakes were formed at the will of man in places planned by him. It was a time when man did not expect favors from nature. Now he is paying the price for his arrogance.

First explosion

In the USSR, the first industrial explosion was carried out on January 15, 1965 on the territory of the Semipalatinsk region. At that time, there was a test site where nuclear weapons were tested. For the experiment, a place remote from large cities was chosen in the Kazakh steppes. According to the scientists' idea, the explosion was supposed to form a giant funnel, the edges and bottom of which would have to melt from the high temperature. From such a reservoir, water will not seep into the ground, and local residents will be able to use it for watering livestock and for irrigating the surrounding fields. In the area of ​​the channel of the small river Chagan, which dries up in the summer, a directional explosion was made. The project was led by the nuclear scientist Ivan Turchin.

Powerful explosion

An explosive device was placed into well No. 1004 at the Balapan site in the floodplain of a small river Chaganka to a depth of 178 meters. The operation was scheduled for January 15, 1965. At 5 hours 59 minutes 59 seconds GMT, the morning silence was broken by a deafening explosion. Within 2.5 seconds, the formation of a cloud of incandescent gases was registered. After only 5 minutes, it reached an altitude of 4800 m. 10.3 million tons of soil were thrown into the air, to an altitude of 950 m. Multi-ton rocks were scattered over a radius of several tens of kilometers. The river bed was blocked.

At the site of the explosion, a giant funnel with melted edges remained. Its diameter is 430 m, its depth exceeded 100 m. Turchin wrote in his diaries that he had never seen a more beautiful sight.

Heavy Duty Bomb

The explosive device used in the creation of such an object as the atomic lake Chagan had a yield of 170 kilotons. For comparison, a 20 kiloton bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. All this power was in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 86 cm and a length of 3 m!

Already in the spring, equipment arrived at the scene of the explosion, which connected the river with a new reservoir. Scientists realized that flood waters could carry radioactive dust from the entire region to the Irtysh and thus infect the entire Siberian region. According to the scientists' plan, all the water should be collected in Lake Chagan. For this, a dam was poured, which did not let the river water to the Irtysh. In the spring, the funnel was filled with melt water, but the watering hole did not work out of the artificial reservoir - the level of radiation exceeded the norm by thousands of times. Lake Chagan in Kazakhstan still exists. The Chaganka River has struck a new channel for itself, bypassing the deadly trap. Inhabitants of the neighboring auls bypass the terrible place, but the shepherds still drive the cattle to the watering hole. After all, there is nowhere else.

Infected area

As a result of the explosion, after which the nuclear lake Chagan was formed, the territory, in which there were 11 settlements with a population of about 2000 people, was contaminated with radioactive substances. The radiation in a day after the test exceeded 30 r / h, and after 10 days it reached 1 r / h. Current measurements show 2000-3000 μR / h, while in the rest of the territory the radiation level is 15-30 μR / h.

182 people who came from different parts of the Union worked on the construction of the canal. Despite the measures taken (excavator cabins were sheathed with lead), the radiation caused enormous damage to the health of young healthy men. All of them received huge doses of radiation. Each of them ended his work shift as a deeply disabled person. Within a few years, the vast majority of them died from radiation sickness and other ailments.

When, many years later, the liquidators showed a copy of the geoscheme, on which the explosion data were marked, to a specialist in geoecology E. Yakovlev, he noticed that it was worse than Chernobyl.

Settling the lake

When, in 1966, the military and liquidators left the test site where the underground nuclear explosion took place, Lake Chagan became a place of research for biologists. Since the effect of radiation on living organisms was still poorly understood, biologists carried out experiments, populating the nuclear lake with various types of flora and fauna. Often atypical for the region. At the biological station Atom-Kol, experiments were carried out on the effects of radiation on living organisms. 36 species of fish were launched into Lake Chagan, among which there were even piranhas from the Amazon, 27 species of molluscs, 42 species of invertebrates, 32 species of amphibians, 8 mammals, 11 reptiles. In addition, experiments were carried out with 150 species of vegetation, most of which were algae.

90% of the introduced animals died due to the high level of radiation and unusual living conditions. The rest were subject to mutations up to a change in the appearance of the offspring and a radical transformation of behavior. So, carp, which under normal conditions are herbivorous fish, brought into the atomic lake Chagan (Kazakhstan), have become active predators. Here they grow up to almost a meter. But eating them is strongly discouraged.

A common crayfish is about the size of an oceanic yellow lobster. In the natural environment, there was a crossing of various species of living creatures, which gave a common offspring. Some animal species have mutated so that their descendants do not resemble either their ancestors or each other.

Scientists noted that even herbivorous fish became predators under radiation conditions. In 1974, the research station was closed.

Similar object

Lake Chagan is an echo of Soviet nuclear tests. After its formation, the leadership refused to repeat such experiments. Although it was originally planned to create a whole network of such reservoirs. But this experiment is not the only one in the world. In the United States in Nevada, there is the Sedan crater, which was also formed by an explosion.

But Soviet scientists succeeded in increasing the useful power of the explosion and minimizing the harmful effects on the environment. Although even with such "achievements", colossal damage was inflicted on the region.

Chagan today

Now the territory of the Semipalatinsk polgon, including Lake Chagan, is included in the list of areas especially affected by nuclear tests. Radioactive contamination of water is 300 picocurie / l (with an allowable - 15 picocurie / l). This water is not suitable for drinking and irrigation of fields. But cattle breeders bring cattle to the watering place. The level of cancer and genetic disorders in the region is much higher than in neighboring ones.

It is not recommended to eat fish caught in Lake Chagan. But clever businessmen offer giant carp in the markets of Semipalatinsk to buyers who are passing through and do not know about the wonderful lake. The scientists' calculations did not come true. This lake with dead water, for human life, even after half a century, it is unsuitable. Tourists are brought here to talk about the achievements of nuclear technology in the USSR.

January 15, 1965. The Chaganka River is one hundred kilometers from Semipalatinsk. In the early morning, the earth swayed and reared sharply. A 170-kiloton nuclear charge laid in the depths - nine Hiroshims, shattered the earth. Boulders weighing about a ton were scattered for several kilometers. A cloud of dust covered the horizon for several days. At night, the sky glowed with a crimson glow. A crater about five hundred meters in diameter and up to one hundred meters deep with melted obsidian edges formed at the site of the explosion. The size of the rock heap around the funnel reached forty meters.
In the official report, which was recently declassified, we read: “Immediately after the explosion, a dome of shattered soil began to rise. 2-5 seconds after the explosion a breakthrough of incandescent gases was noted and the formation of a cloud, which stabilized after five minutes at an altitude of 4800 m. The fragmented part of the soil, reaching a maximum height of 950 m, began to descend ... population of 2000 people ... "
The level of gamma radiation at the edges of the funnel by the end of the first day was 30 roentgens per hour, after 10 days it dropped to 1 R/ h, and currently it is 2000-3000 microR / hour (the natural radioactive background in this area is 15-30 microR / hour). This is how the Peaceful Atom program began in the Soviet Union.

The "peaceful atom" in the Soviet Union was a kind of fix idea. Seriously developed projects of giant aircraft, ships, trains and even cars with nuclear engines, space "explosives" and other devices using nuclear energy. The enthusiasm of the nuclear industry knew no bounds. Physicists suggested using nuclear explosions in the construction of canals and harbors, overburden works, digging of foundation pits, to intensify oil and gas production, to build underground tanks for water storage, waste disposal, and many other purposes.
In March 1962, the Minister of Medium Machine Building E.P. Slavsky received a report by nuclear physicists Yuri Babaev and Yuri Trutnev "On the need to develop work to study the possibilities of using atomic and thermonuclear explosions for technical and scientific purposes." Each point of the program was detailed and made a very realistic impression. Slavsky enthusiastically supported Trutnev and Babayev's report, and in 1962 the Soviet Union launched a large-scale program of "peaceful atomic explosions." More than a dozen ministries were involved in it: Minsredmash, Mingazprom, Minnefteprom, Minugolprom, Minenergo, Mintsvetmet, Minvodkhoz and others, on whose orders the explosions were carried out. "Peaceful atom" burst through.
The first Soviet industrial nuclear explosion occurred on January 15, 1965 in Kazakhstan, on the territory of the Semipalatinsk region. It was necessary to create a giant funnel and fill it with the waters of the Chagan River. According to the plan of Soviet scientists, such craters were supposed to soon cover the entire territory of the arid Central Asian regions. Specifically for Kazakhstan, it was required to create about forty reservoirs with a total volume of 120-140 million cubic meters. Spring runoffs would accumulate in giant funnels, and a relatively small evaporation mirror and a glassy bottom of the reservoir would save water for irrigation, cattle breeding, prevent salinization of territories, etc.
The technology for creating reservoirs in the floodplains of rivers was as follows: a deep funnel was created using a nuclear explosion for release. Then a canal was laid, connecting the river bed with a funnel. This is what happened during the explosion near the Chaganka River. A classified atomic scientist Ivan Turchin was appointed as the head of the work. At the beginning of 1965, the river bed was connected to a funnel by a canal, and later a stone-earth dam with culverts was built. In general, a reservoir with a total capacity of 17 million cubic meters of water was formed.
In total, while carrying out the Peaceful Atom program, 124 nuclear explosions were carried out in the USSR. Soviet newspapers wrote:

“As a result, the beautiful Chagan Lake was created with clean transparent water. The area has changed. On the shore, we found large transparent crystals of gypsum, which were opened by the explosion. "

“... An event has happened that has been awaited for so long. The heat was usual for these places. People were exhausted. True, it was a little cooler on the shore, but how attractive this serene surface of water was! Truly, the elbow is close, but you won't bite ... Bye. Finally, the doctors gave the go-ahead, and all the inhabitants of the village ran to the beach. We swam for a long time, heartily ... "

Efim Pavlovich Slavsky was proud of this creation of a human genius. He commissioned to shoot a color film for wide screening. Stills of the film: a speedboat rushes across the blue expanse of the atomic lake Chagan ...

Scientists understood that if flood waters carry radioactive dust scattered over a large area into the Irtysh River, the huge Siberian waterway will be heavily contaminated, this will cause irreparable damage. Back in January, a decision was made: to punch a channel in the crater wall and block the Chaganka river bed with an earthen dam in order not to let the deadly water into the Irtysh and create a lake in the crater.
One of the few surviving members of that expedition, Vladimir Vasilyevich Zhirov, at that time a master in the “mailbox”, says: “I was 23 years old. the task of that fierce winter will be fatal for us. We were brought up how we were brought up: the party ordered - so we must go. We quickly collected equipment, put together a temporary residence. In January we moved from Ust-Kamenogorsk to Semipalatinsk, and from there to the place of the explosion.
A boardwalk residential town is located about five kilometers from the epicenter. In the booths - an iron stove-stove, the rhino-degree frosts took their toll. The place of the explosion is monstrous, this is the fear of God. When he went there, blood poured through his nose, and his throat scraped like emery. I pulled the "petal" off my face, my clothes were covered in blood, I was suffocating, but I had to go. We worked honestly, did not spare ourselves. One bulldozer driver, saving the car, dived with a rope into the atomic water. The bulldozer saved, and died a short time later. I came out of the ashes with chronic rewards - nosebleeds, pancreatic disease, bronchitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis ... Out of three hundred liquidators, fewer than thirty people survived. "
“Everything is so with us,” another participant, Viktor Efimovich Bogomolov, a surveyor, joins the conversation. will not forget you. "
The liquidators accidentally preserved a copy of the geoscheme, where it was written in red on black and white: "Funnel-crater, formed as a result of a ground atomic explosion T" Ch " .Ch agan, Semipalatinsk region. "This document was presented to a specialist in geoecology, Professor Yevgeny Yakovlev, he shook his head, said:" It was worse there than in Chernobyl "...

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. N. Mikhailov in his book "I am a hawk" writes: "The diameter of the funnel was about five hundred meters, the depth was one hundred meters, and the height of the parapet soil heap reached forty meters. This was our first nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes for education The explosion was carried out in the bed of the Chagan River, which usually dries up in summer. It was believed that in the spring, when the snow is actively melting, the funnel will be filled with water, which will be enough for the entire dry summer in these places for watering animals of neighboring state farms. happened: in the spring, the funnel was filled with water, and in front of the breastwork a large lake, one or two meters deep, a bay of about two square kilometers of steppe area formed. This is how this lake stands today, terrifying the inhabitants of neighboring villages. back, bending around the creation of human hands.
The next year after the explosion, in the spring, we came to fish in the flooded waters, and to look at our miracle. And the miracle lake made a terrible impression, and not with the radiation, which was still quite large on the parapet of the lake, but with the blackness of the water surface and the lifelessly gloomy bulk of soil around it - the blocks of the earth's entrails turned inside out. We settled down by the flooded lake, caught a line by raving, cooked fish soup and looked at Atom-Kul for a long time, as the locals call the Atomic Lake. No, this is not the case: if there can be a peaceful use of nuclear explosions, then only not in habitable places. "

Materials used:

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. N. Mikhailov, the book "I am a hawk",
head of "Semipalatinsk nuclear test site"

Elena Rakitina
East Kazakhstan region, Express-K publishing house

Leo Hermann
The truth about the great lie. Volume 2.S.-Petersburg, 1999

Brish A.A., "Patriarch of Minatom" -
on the Minister of Medium Machine Building E.P. Slavsky

With a diameter of about 700 mm.

Background

To implement the project, it was necessary to carry out a "clean" nuclear charge with reduced residual contamination of the area. The creation of this charge was carried out on a competitive basis, two developments were presented:

• project NII-1011, which, when tested, did not show the required energy efficiency.
• the KB-11 project, the tests of which were successful.

The tests took place in 1964 at the Semipalatinsk test site, the KB-11 project was selected for implementation. The work on the creation of this charge was carried out by a team of specialists: Yu. A. Trutnev, V. S. Lebedev, V. N. Mokhov, V. S. Pinaev.

Explosion

Nuclear pollution

There is information that the explosion cloud covered the territory of 11 settlements with a total population of 2 thousand people. Estimated doses of thyroid gland exposure for those who lived in the most contaminated areas, in the first year and a half after the explosion alone, amounted to more than 14 rem (with a maximum exposure level of 0.5 rem per year or 5 rem in 50 years).

Lake Chagan

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Lake Chagan

The spring flood filled the explosion funnel, and as a result, an artificial reservoir with a total capacity of 17-20 million m³ was formed - Chagan Lake (Atom-Kol (Atomic Lake), also known as Lake Balapan), consisting of two reservoirs. The external reservoir (surface area 3.5 km², volume 10 million m³) is part of the river bed. Chagan and is connected by a narrow channel with an internal reservoir (mirror area 0.14 km², volume 7 million m³) - actually a funnel with a smooth glassy bottom. In 1966, a stone-earth dam with culverts was installed in the left-bank part of the bulk. It is believed that the Minister of Medium Machine Building Yefim Slavsky was the first person to bathe in the explosion crater.

In his book "I am a hawk" Academician of the RAS V. N. Mikhailov writes:

The diameter of the crater was about five hundred meters, the depth was one hundred meters, and the height of the breastwork soil heap reached forty meters. This was our first peaceful nuclear explosion to form a reservoir of fresh water supplies. The explosion was carried out in the bed of the Chagan rivulet, which usually dries up in summer. It was believed that in the spring, when the snow is actively melting, the funnel will be filled with water, which will be enough for the entire dry summer in these places to water the animals of neighboring state farms. And so it happened: in the spring, the funnel was filled with water, and in front of the breastwork a large lake, one or two meters deep, was formed, a bay of about two square kilometers of steppe area. True, this floodplain dried up in the summer, and the artificial watering hole did not work because of the relatively high radiation in it. This is how this lake stands today, terrifying the inhabitants of neighboring villages. And the Chaganka river has found a new channel and flows in the spring, like hundreds - thousands of years ago, bending around the creation of human hands. The next year after the explosion, in the spring, we came to fish in the flooded waters, and to look at our miracle. And the miracle lake made a terrible impression, and not with the radiation, which was still quite large on the parapet of the lake, but with the blackness of the water surface and the lifelessly gloomy bulk of soil around it - the blocks of the earth's entrails turned inside out. We settled down by the flooded lake, caught a line by raving, cooked fish soup and looked at Atom-Kul for a long time, as the locals call the Atomic Lake. No, this is not the case: if there can be a peaceful use of nuclear explosions, then only not in habitable places.

Biological experiments

Since the end of the 60s, the experimental biological station at Atom-Kol has carried out a number of experiments to study the effect of residual radiation on living organisms. For several years, 36 species of fish (including even Amazonian piranhas), 27 species of mollusks, 32 species of amphibians, 11 species of reptiles, 8 species of mammals, 42 species of invertebrates and almost 150 species of plants, including algae, have been inhabited in the lake. Almost all of these species were uncharacteristic for the local fauna, and 90% of the organisms died. The survivors showed an abnormal number of mutations and a change in appearance in the offspring (for example, freshwater crayfish increased enormously in size). In 1974, the experimental station was closed.

Current situation

At present, Kazakhstan has added Chagan to the list of areas especially badly affected by nuclear tests. The level of radiation around the lake (created mainly by radioactive isotopes cobalt-60, cesium-137, europium-152 and europium-154) reaches 2-3 (2000), in some places - up to 8 milliroentgens / hour (natural background - 15- 30 microroentgen / hour). Radioactive contamination of lake water at the end of the 90s. was estimated at 300 picocurie / liter (the maximum permissible level of water pollution in terms of the total radioactivity of alpha particles is 15 picocurie / liter). Until now, the lake is used for watering livestock.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the Karazhyra coal mine has been developed 20 kilometers from the explosion site, the products of which are supplied to power plants and enterprises in Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

The photo

In two foreign works published in the USA in the 90s. (David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939-1956, Yale University Press, 1994 and Richard Rhodes. Dark Sun: The Making Of Hydrogen Bomb, Simon & Schuster, 1996) this photograph (explosion "Dog") is designated as a photograph of the test of the first Soviet nuclear device RDS-1 / Pervaya Molniya (in the English-language literature - Joe-1), carried out in 1949. However, the photograph clearly shows that "Dog" is an underground nuclear explosion (large masses of the ejected soil are visible), while the RDS-1 was a nuclear warhead mounted on a tower a few meters above the ground. The site of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site indicates that this photograph is also mistakenly identified as a Trial 1004 image, although the Dog can be distinguished from the latter by the absence of snow cover. Thus, this photograph is not a photograph of either the RDS-1 explosion or Test 1004. The date and exact location of the explosion "Dog" are unknown.

see also

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Sources of

• pdf-file, 5.7 Mb
• pdf-file, 0.97 Mb

Links

• To the 40th anniversary of the first peaceful nuclear explosion in the USSR. "Atom-press", No. 2, January 2005
• "Express K", No. 33, February 23, 2007
• Popular Mechanics, December 2006
• Morning.ru, January 28, 2005

An excerpt characterizing the Chagan Project

Drive from Almaty to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.

"Pioneers are driven by curiosity, followed by science"

Jacques Yves Cousteau.

Drive from the city of Kurchatov to the Degelen site.

In June, we made a trip to the East Kazakhstan region. At the end of the route, the program included a trip to some places of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.
As a rule, I put not the most interesting places at the end of the trip, fatigue and impressions, I think, will break the desire to go further. After visiting Semey (Semipalatinsk), somehow themselves, the wheels of the car carried us along the paved route towards the village of Znamenka.
After the village of Znamenka, the main road goes to the village of Sarzhal, to the south-west, while we, in the middle of the way, turned north into the depth of the landfill. The settlements ended and then there was NOTHING!
It's just that the road that we got from the Soviet Union is mostly asphalt, but old, without patching, you can see the desolation of the road. In the distance, the surface of the water loomed, it is the Shagan reservoir.
Along the route, in the north, the reservoir ends with an almost round lake, apparently in the form of a nuclear explosion. As you know, the nuclear explosion was carried out underground in the floodplain of the Chagan River, in well No. 1004 at a depth of 178 meters on January 15, 1965, at 05:59 hours 59 seconds in the morning GMT.
In the future, it was planned in Kazakhstan with the help of nuclear explosions to create about 40 artificial reservoirs with a total volume of 120-140 million cubic meters. It was planned to accumulate spring runoffs in such deep reservoirs with a melted bottom and a small evaporation surface.
At the beginning of 1965, the channel of the Chaganka River was connected to the channel formed by the funnel. Later, a stone-earth dam with culverts was built here.
This is history. Of course, at first the track led us to the shore of the Shagan reservoir, a dull sight, a dilapidated house on the shore and the shore is littered and littered as much as our fisherman can do.
Yes, a fisherman, a bunch of fishermen, in a word they catch fish on Shagan and the fishermen are happy with the catch. A car drove up to us, asked us: "How is fishing?", Chatted. An elderly man came for a fishing trip, but saw that the shore was littered with garbage - he left for another place.
He told us how to go to the Atomic Lake. And here we are somewhere near this lake, left the car in the hillocks and went along the heaped hills in the direction of the lake. The hills are really heaped up, these are gigantic heaps of earth, the results of the ejection of soil from the explosion.
Everything that is close to the lake is huge heaps of earth, further from these heaps, to the side are individual pieces of huge stones, "bombs", everything that was thrown from the depths of the earth by the energy of the explosion. From the outside, it reminds, the consequences of a volcanic eruption, if anyone has seen this.
After the explosion, these stone "bombs" were pristine and intact, and only from time they swam, collapsed, and some of them were left with heaps of colored earth. To a non-specialist, among these emissions, it is possible to understand the geological epochs and epochs of the structure of the earth.
We passed countless hillocks, the last takeoff, and here we have an Atomic Lake, almost perfectly round in shape, connected by a small strait with the Shagan reservoir.
Climbing higher and skirting the water area of ​​the lake, you might think that this is a volcano filled with water. To some extent, this is so. Atomic explosions also give rise to lakes similar to volcanic ones.
On the opposite shore of the lake, on the slope, there are ejections of multi-colored rocks similar to the clays of the Shakelmes tract. The surroundings are full of different pipes sticking out of the ground, in one place there is a small grove of poplars.
There is a road along the southern shore of the lake that leads to the dam and reservoir. When we saw a handful of fishermen sitting at their cars under the tents, it somehow did not occur to us that it was dangerous here and there could be radiation.
Apparently the fishermen have long absorbed all the radiation and the dangers of this lake.

History

The nuclear explosion was made underground in the floodplain of the Chagan River, in well No. 1004 at a depth of 178 meters on January 15, 1965, at 05:59 hours 59 seconds in the morning GMT. In the future, it was planned in Kazakhstan with the help of nuclear explosions to create about 40 artificial reservoirs with a total volume of 120-140 million m³. In such deep reservoirs with a melted bottom and a small evaporation surface, it was planned to accumulate spring water runoffs.

At the beginning of 1965, the channel of the Chaganka River was connected to the channel formed by the funnel. Later, a stone-earth dam with culverts was built here.

Characteristic

see also

• Sedan (nuclear test) - American craters.
• Crater lakes are usually formed as a result of volcanic activity.

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Literature

• Kazakh encyclopedia, Volume 9. Section 18.
• Leo Hermann. The truth about the great lie. Volume 2.S.-Petersburg, 1999

Links

An excerpt characterizing Chagan (lake)