Schedule of the summer youth olympic games in argentina. Russia won the battle! An enchanting start to the Olympics Akiles Järvinen during the decathlon competition. He won silver

In Moscow, in response to the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan; 64 countries supported his position. And this is not the first time that the Olympiads have been a field for the expression of political orientations.

Paris, 1924

Germany and its allies in the First World War, including Soviet Russia, which was declared a political boycott in the West, were not invited to the 1920 Olympics, which was held in Antwerp, Belgium.

Four years later, the Soviet Union refused to go to the Olympics, although an official invitation came from France to the Supreme Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. There were two reasons for this gesture. First, the USSR thus supported Germany, which was still not invited to the Olympics, remembering the First World War. Secondly, the charter of the Red Sportintern, which included the Soviet Union, obliged its members to fight bourgeois sports organizations, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was first on this list. The USSR boycotted the Olympic competitions, holding proletarian Olympics instead, until 1952.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Berlin, 1936

As a result, on July 19, Hitler solemnly opened the Games, but it did not work to hold the People's Olympiad in Barcelona in parallel - in the same month the Francoists revolted against the Republican government of Spain.

The athletes had to compete under the swastika flags that hung on Berlin. Paul Martin, a Swiss married to a Jewish woman, was excluded from the list of participants.

The Nazis carefully studied the American and European teams for the purity of Aryan blood, thinking ahead of time about the generation of "Olympiad children". Despite this, the triumphs of racist ideology did not work out of the games - ten African Americans took six gold, three silver and two bronze medals, and the black sprinter Jesse Owens was recognized as the best athlete of the Olympics.

It was only after World War II that the IOC publicly acknowledged its decision not to change the venue of the 1936 Olympics as erroneous.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Melbourne, 1956

The second - Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands - did not go to the Games in protest against the suppression of the uprising in Hungary by Soviet troops a month earlier. The Hungarian athletes themselves, dissatisfied with the new pro-Soviet government, refused to compete under the flag of the Hungarian People's Republic and appeared at the Olympics under the flag of Hungary in 1918. Some of them did not return home after the end of the competition.

The People's Republic of China also had a separate reason for boycotting the Olympics, which protested against the invitation of the Taiwan team as an independent state.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Tokyo, 1964

Meanwhile, its own drama developed in Asia: in 1962, the IV Asian Games were held in Jakarta, to which the teams of Israel and Taiwan were not allowed (they were denied visas). The IOC stripped the Indonesian Olympic Committee of its powers in connection with racial discrimination in that country, and in retaliation it announced that it would host its own Games for the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO). In 1963, 50 countries took part in the first competitions. Then the IOC banned GANEFO participants from participating in the Olympics. Therefore, Indonesia decided to boycott the Games, and the DPRK supported it.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Montreal, 1976

The Taiwan team did not travel to Montreal due to the fact that Canada did not want to recognize the independence of the island. In 1975, Canada threatened to keep Taiwanese athletes out of the Olympics who intended to fly the flag of the partially recognized Republic of China, despite the IOC's recognition by the National Olympic Committee. According to one version, Canada made this decision under pressure from Beijing, since the PRC was the country's largest trading partner.

The IOC threatened to ban the Olympics in Montreal, then Canada offered Taiwan to use its flag and anthem, but refused to recognize the Republic of China as an independent state, so the Taiwanese delegation did not go to Montreal. China, in turn, did not take part in the Games in protest against the fact that the IOC recognized Taiwan as an independent state.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Moscow, 1980

The national teams of Australia, Holland, Italy, France, Great Britain and some other countries played not under the national flags, but under the IOC flag. In the event of their victory, not the national, but the Olympic anthem sounded.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Los Angeles, 1984

“With the direct connivance of the American authorities, various kinds of extremist organizations and groups have sharply intensified, openly aiming at creating 'unbearable conditions' for the stay of the USSR delegation and for the performances of Soviet athletes. Political demonstrations hostile to the USSR are being prepared, and overt threats of physical violence are being heard against the NOC of the USSR, Soviet athletes and officials. The leaders of anti-Soviet, anti-socialist organizations are received by representatives of the US administration, their activities are widely advertised in the media. To justify this campaign, the US authorities and the organizers of the Olympics make constant references to various kinds of legislative acts, ”read the statement of the National Olympic Committee of the USSR dated May 8, 1984.

In addition to the countries of victorious socialism, the Games were boycotted by Libya and Iran, dissatisfied with Israel's participation in them.
How the Olympics were boycotted

Seoul, 1988

Sochi, 2014

Last summer, when many forgot about the 08.08.08 conflict, the world community reacted painfully to the adoption by the State Duma of a law banning the promotion of homosexuality. Stephen Fry, a British actor, writer, playwright and gay discovery, was one of the first to boycott the Sochi Olympics. “In the general interest of the humanity proclaimed by the Olympic movement, the IOC is obliged to say a firm no to the barbaric, fascist law passed by the Duma at the suggestion of Putin,” Fry wrote on his blog. He compared the actions of the Russian authorities towards gays with the discriminatory policies of the Third Reich towards Jews and expressed fears that gay athletes could be at risk in Russia. Fry's position was shared by his compatriot, actor Rupert Everett.

In 1925, Pierre de Coubertin announced his resignation. Quite disappointed, he published a "sports testament", in which, once again setting out his concept of the essence of sport: "Professionalism, here it is - the enemy!" On May 28, 1925, at a session in Prague, the International Olympic Committee elected a new president for itself - the Belgian diplomat Count de Bayeux-Latour, who served until 1942, until his death. To host the 1928 Games, the IOC received only one application - from Amsterdam. So Amsterdam got the right to host the Olympic Games without any struggle. For the first time, the founder of the Games, Pierre de Coubertin, was not present at the Summer Olympics in the Netherlands: he fell seriously ill. On the whole, the Olympics were rather mundane. And although the number of participating countries increased, the number of athletes was slightly less, and the competition program was reduced.
In Amsterdam, a tradition arose that was never broken later: during the Games, a fire burned, lit in Olympia from the sun with the help of a mirror. Runners carried it to Amsterdam, passing it to each other like a baton. They crossed Greece, Yugoslavia, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands.
Lighting the Olympic flame. July 28, 1928.

Arrival of the Uruguayan national team to Amsterdam

Arrival of the French national ice hockey team at the central station of Amsterdam

After a 16-year break, the German team entered the Olympic start, and, I must say, came out in a solid composition - 233 people. For the first time, athletes from Malta, Panama and Rhodesia took part in the Olympics.
German athletes in white skirts, black blazers and white caps pose for the camera before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games on July 28, 1928.

Greek Olympic team participating in the 1928 Olympics

For the first time in the Olympic program there were competitions among women in athletics - running 100 and 800 meters, relay race 4 x 100 meters, high jumping, discus throwing - and in gymnastics. The most striking event was the performance of the athletes. Each type of program was marked by a world record.
Argentine national football team during the Olympic Games

American Betty Robinson won the 100m race and won a silver medal in the 4 x 100m relay. The 16-year-old student didn't know she was a good runner until her teacher saw her running after training. She began competing in running just four months before the 1928 Olympics. In her first outdoor performance, she set a world record at a distance of 100 meters. At the Olympics in Amsterdam, Betty won half a meter in the final of the 100 meter race, taking part in only the fourth time in this type of competition. Three years after her Olympic triumph, Elizabeth was in a plane crash. The man who found her even thought she was dead, carried her into the trunk of his car and took her to the funeral home. She was unconscious for seven weeks and could not walk normally for another two years, but he survived. Betty Robinson wanted to return to the sport and compete in the sprint. But her leg could no longer fully bend at the knee, which prevented the athlete from taking the correct starting position. However, she could run relay races. And in 1936, Betty Robinson won the second gold medal in the 4x100 meter relay as part of the American team.
Athletes from Czechoslovakia at the stadium

The 800m race was won by Lina Radke-Batshauer from Germany, the 4x100m relay by the Canadian (Fanny Rosenfeld was among the winners), and their compatriot Ethel Catherwood won the high jump. Percy Williams of Canada won two gold medals in the 100 and 200 meters.
The Estonian Olympic team before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games on July 28, 1928.

Interestingly, the inclusion of 800 meters in the program for women caused great controversy. During the 800-meter races, young women fell exhausted onto the track. It was decided in 1932 to exclude this distance from the Olympic program, and again it appeared only at the XVII Games, in 1960, where the USSR athlete Lyudmila Shevtsova won. Her result was 12.5 seconds higher than Lina Radke's.
Canadian athletes prepare to take part in the opening ceremony of the 1928 Olympic Games

But, in general, the fight was exciting and interesting. As in the previous Games, the Finnish track and field athletes performed well. They won five gold, five silver and four bronze medals, and won 1500 meters, 5000 meters, 3000 meters hurdles and 10,000 meters. The legendary Paavo Nurmi was the first to finish at the last distance. It was his 9th Olympic gold medal!
The Australian Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

As for the American track and field athletes, they won nine gold, eight silver and eight bronze medals in Amsterdam. An interesting struggle took place in the long jump sector, which was fought between the American Eduard Hemm and the athlete from Haiti Silvio Kator. In 1928, they were the ones who fought the main battle for the championship. The American came to the Olympics in the rank of world record holder (7.90 m). A hard fight for Olympic gold also brought him victory with an Olympic record (7.73 m). However, the ambitious Kator nevertheless took revenge on the Olympic champion by winning the world championship with a new world record (7.93 m).
Argentine Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

The marathon race brought France an unexpected victory. The hero of the marathon was a little Algerian named Bougera El Kafi, a laborer from Renault factories in Biyancourt. His run in Amsterdam was a masterpiece of tactics, caution, ability to withstand. After the first ten kilometers, he lagged behind the leaders by 2 minutes 30 seconds. The Japanese and Finnish leaders seemed much more active. The Japanese K. Yamada, small but surprisingly wiry and strong, made a dash at the twenty-fifth kilometer. His mistake was that he went ahead very early. This mistake of Yamada became a trump card for El Kafi, who, picking up speed, saw on his road rivals exhausted in a fight with the Japanese. When the second hour struck, he was already outflanking the Japanese runner. But three kilometers before the finish line, another danger awaited him - Chilean Miguel Reyes Plaza rushed forward. But he also overestimated his strength, and one and a half kilometers before the finish, El Kafi was already confident of his success. And he became an Olympic champion.
The Belgian Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

In Amsterdam, the first victories were won by representatives of Japan: Mikio Oda in the triple jump and Ishiuki Tsuruta in the 200-meter breaststroke swim. The Post Office of the Land of the Rising Sun also celebrated the first Olympic award for Japanese athletes. The first silver was won by Kinue Hitomi in the 800-meter race. She lost less than a second to world record holder German runner Caroline Radke. Kinue Hitome exceeded the old German world record by as much as 2 seconds, but this was not enough. Caroline Radke set a new world record (2.16.8) in a bitter struggle and rightfully became the Olympic champion.
The British Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

As for swimming, it was in this sport that the Hero of the 1928 Olympics appeared. The American Johnny Weissmuller has rightfully become it. Weissmüller competed in the 100m freestyle and in the 4x200m relay, resulting in two gold medals. Johnny Weissmuller has performed brilliantly in the basins of America and Europe for about ten years. He has five Olympic gold medals in his collection. Twice he became the champion of the Olympic Games in the most prestigious swimming distance - 100 meters freestyle. At the same distance, Weissmuller was the first to get out of the minute and brought the world record to 57.4 seconds by 1924. In the pre-war and post-war years, the screens of the world were filled with numerous episodes of the American action movie Tarzan. Particularly successful were those episodes in the film, where Tarzan demonstrated amazing athletic qualities: a breathtaking competition with a crocodile, dizzying stunts in the jungle, long underwater journeys of the hero. Undisputed are the excellent sports data of the performer of the role of Tarzan. There is nothing surprising in this: after all, the five-time Olympic champion Johnny Weissmuller starred in the role of Tarzan.
The German Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928.

At the Amsterdam Olympics, the winner of the weightlifting competition was determined for the first time by the sum of the classic triathlon: press, snatch, clean and jerk. Weightlifters competed in five weight categories, and Olympic and world records were broken in all categories.
The Danish Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

Field hockey competitions brought together 9 teams. For the first time, Indian hockey players took part in the Olympics. The debut brought them gold medals. From then until 1960, they had no defeats, and only in Rome did they have worthy rivals in the face of the Pakistani team.
The Canadian Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

The football tournament attracted 17 teams. This tournament was a great success among the audience, of which there were more than 250 thousand. The final was South American: Uruguay played against Argentina. It took two matches to determine the champion. The first ended in a draw - 1: 1. And only in the additional second match the Uruguayans were able to win - 2: 1. In the match for third place, the Italian team defeated the Egyptian team with a score of 11: 3.
The Finnish Olympic team during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. July 28, 1928

The Italians and the French competed in foil and epee fencing. And if the first in both cases won as a team, then in the individual competition the veteran, Frenchman Lucien Gaudin took the lead. So brilliantly ended the career of this outstanding fencer, who fought for the Olympic title for twenty-five years. The strongest saber fencers showed themselves to be the Hungarians, who won the championship both in the individual and in the team standings. This was their first of seven consecutive Olympic gold medals.
Cars in a parking lot near the Olympic stadium

At the 1928 Games, the brilliant career of German Helena Mayer began. Mayer became one of the strongest foil fencers in her time. She won gold (1928) and silver (1936) medals at the Olympic Games; 3-time world champion (1929, 1931, 1937), 6-time champion of Germany, 9-time champion of the USA. In 1923, at the age of 13, she won the German championship for the first time, playing for the Offenbach fencing club. In 1928, in addition to the Olympics, she won the Italian championship. In 1932 she moved to the United States to study at the university. In 1933, after the Nazis came to power in Germany, for some time it was one of the sports symbols of Nazi propaganda. Later, her half-Jewish origin surfaced, and she was even expelled from her native fencing club in Offenbach. However, Helena Meyer was included in the German Olympic team in 1936. After the 1936 Olympic Games, she finally emigrated to the United States.
Olympics security chief with collection of confiscated photographic equipment

In aristocratic equestrian sports, 2 gold medals (individual and team dressage competitions) were won by Karl Friedrich von Langen-Parov, a baron, a German aristocrat. In equestrian sports, overcoming obstacles in the individual championship was won by the Czechoslovak athlete František Ventura on Eliot. Without receiving a single penalty point, he won the dispute over 46 of the best athletes in the world from 16 countries.
Ladies from the medical staff of the Olympics

In freestyle wrestling, which was called Freestyle American in those years, the US athletes were noticeably pushed aside by the Europeans, and first of all the Finns and Swedes. Only in the featherweight title did the American get the title of Olympic champion.
Crowd near the Olympic Stadium

The queue to check tickets for the stadium.

An operator of an Italian film company during a match.

Press areas

Olympic stadium stands

American swimmers posing for photographers

400m hurdle race won by English Lord David Burleigh, Olympic Stadium

Akiles Järvinen during the decathlon competition. He won silver

Sprinter test start

August J. Scheffer (from London), 3rd place in weightlifting (middleweight)

Al Morrison, Olympic freestyle wrestling champion

American takes an autograph

Argentine cyclist Saavedra during the race

Boxing, Lambert Bep Van Claweren (right) Featherweight Champion. Olympic gold medalist

Gymnastics team from France

City selection

Two cities claimed to host the 1928 Summer Olympics: Amsterdam and Los Angeles. The capital of the Netherlands was preferred. 14 members of the IOC voted in favor of this decision, with four against and one abstention. A series of subsequent discussions and repeated votes did not change the results of the first vote. Los Angeles spent.

Preparing for the Games

The 1928 Olympic Games were the first to be held without Pierre de Coubertin as IOC President. In 1925, the 62-year-old founder of the Olympic movement announced his retirement for health reasons. Before leaving, partly disillusioned with the Olympic movement, Coubertin published a "sports testament", in which he once again outlined his concept of the essence of sport: "Professionalism, here it is - the enemy!" His "testament" ended with the following optimistic conclusion: "Despite some disappointments, which in an instant destroyed my best hopes, I believe in the peaceful and moral qualities of sport."

A tradition arose in Amsterdam, which was subsequently never violated: during the Games, a fire burned, lit in Olympia from the sun with the help of a mirror. Runners carried it to Amsterdam, passing it to each other like a baton. They crossed Greece, Yugoslavia, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands.

It was with this Olympics that the sponsorship of the IOC and the famous Coca-Cola concern began.

Coca-Cola stall at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam

Symbolism

The posters for the IX Summer Olympics were designed by artist Joseph Rovers.

Two of them are considered to be the main ones. One depicts a marathon runner holding a laurel branch in his hand, a symbol of victory and the Olympic spirit. The three wavy lines at the bottom of the poster - red, white and blue - symbolize the national flag of the Netherlands.

In the other, an athlete is running across the stadium, with an Olympic flag with five rings in the distance.

Member countries

After a 16-year break, athletes from Germany were admitted to the Games. For the first time, athletes from Malta, Panama and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) took part in the Olympics. The USSR national team did not take part in the 1928 Games.

All countries participating in the 1928 Summer Olympics: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Denmark, Egypt, India, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , Cuba, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Rhodesia, Romania, USA, Turkey, Uruguay, Philippines, Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Chile, Sweden, Switzerland, Estonia, South Africa, Japan.

A total of 2883 athletes from 46 countries took part in the Games.

Athletes from the USA won for a clear advantage. But at the same time, the Americans won medals only in 9 out of 20 sports, but the athletes of the German national team, which was second in the overall standings, achieved success in 16 sports.

The opening ceremony

Traditionally, the head of state was supposed to open the Olympic Games. However, Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands, a true Christian, resolutely refused to take part in the ceremony, since she considered Olympiad "pagan merrymaking". The games were opened by her husband, Prince Hendrick of Orange. The Queen did not attend the Olympic events at all.

Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam. 1928 Games Opening Ceremony

At the opening ceremony, a traditional parade of athletes took place, and Harry Denis, a Dutch footballer, pronounced the Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes.

The Estonian national team before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games on July 28, 1928

Denmark national team at the opening ceremony of the Games

UK national team at the parade of participating countries

Cars in a parking lot near the Olympic stadium

Olympic medical staff

Press box at the IX Summer Olympic Games in Amsterdam

The head of the security service with a collection of photographic equipment confiscated from visitors. Photography was only allowed for accredited photographers

Ice hockey (May 17-26) and football (May 27 - June 15) competitions were held prior to the opening ceremony. Therefore, the official start date of the Games is May 17.

Scandals of the IX Summer Olympics

On the eve of the opening of the Games, French athletes led by the General Secretary of the French Athletics Federation Paul Mericamp went to the Amsterdam stadium to get acquainted with the venue of the competition. The watchman tried to keep the French out, although German athletes had entered the stadium a few minutes earlier.

In the course of the dispute that began, Paul Mericamp pushed the watchman, in response he hit the Frenchman in the face with a bunch of keys. The watchman's athletes beat him. As a result, they spent several hours at the police station.

The next day, the same watchman again refused to let the French into the stadium. The French team regarded what was happening as a provocation. To resolve the situation, the intervention of the Dutch Foreign Ministry was required. After that, the organizing committee of the Games made an official apology to the French national team.

They take (begin) their history from 776. BC. They were held in honor of the conclusion of an armistice between Hellas and Sparta. Competitions were held in i different locations in Greece - Olympia (Olympic Games), Delphi (Pythian Games), etc.

The ancient Olympic Games were held until 394. BC. all of them were held (there were 293. The games were held in Olympia on the banks of the Alpheus River.

Only free-born Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games. Slaves and women, as well as barbarians (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in the competition. The names of the winners were engraved on a marble column. The first winner, Koreb from Hellas, is a cook.

The Summer Olympic Games of our time emerged at the end of the 19th century. In 1894, 1,500 years after the ban at the suggestion of the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin;

(1863 - 1937), which convened the International Sports Congress, the International Olympic Committee was created, the president of which was Coubertin (1895 - 1925). At the congress, the text of the oath of the Olympic Charter was approved. The motto of the Olympic Games is “Faster, Higher, Stronger” The emblem of the Games of the 5 woven rings is the unity of the continents.

In 1914. in Paris, in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the Games, the Olympic flag was raised for the first time.

In the first games, there were 13 countries that competed in 9 sports. There were already 20 countries and 18 sports at the II Games.

Russian athletes first took part in the games (IV) in London in 1908. There were 5 people in the delegation in total. Three won medals. Panin is gold. figure skating, wrestlers Orlov, Petrov - silver.

Soviet athletes first took part in the games in 1952.

Principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are determined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French educator and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC). According to the charter, the Olympic Games “... unite amateur athletes from all countries in fair and equal competition. In relation to countries and individuals, no discrimination on racial, religious or political grounds is allowed ... ”. The Games are held in the first year of the 4-year (Olympic) cycle. The Olympiads have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place (I Olympiad - 1896-99). The Summer Olympics also gets its number in those cases when the games are not held (for example, VI - in 1916-19, XII-1940-43, XIII - 1944-47). In the numbering of the Winter Olympics, missed games are not taken into account (the IV Games in 1936 were followed by the V Games in 1948). The symbol of the Olympic Games is five connected rings, symbolizing the unification of the five parts of the world in the Olympic movement, the so-called. Olympic rings. The color of the rings in the top row is blue for Europe, black for Africa, red for America, in the bottom row, yellow for Asia, green for Australia. In addition to Olympic sports, the organizing committee has the right, at its choice, to include in the program demonstration competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC. In the same year as the Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games have been held since 1924, which have their own numbering. Since 1994, the dates for the Winter Olympic Games have been shifted by 2 years relative to the summer. The venue of the Olympics is chosen by the IOC, the right to organize them is given to the city, not the country. The duration of the Games is on average 16-18 days. Taking into account the climatic characteristics of different countries, the Summer Games can be held not only in the "summer months". So the XXVII Summer Olympic Games 2000 in Sydney (Australia), due to Australia's location in the Southern Hemisphere, where summer begins in winter, were held in September, that is, in the spring. The Olympic movement has its own emblem and flag, approved by the IOC at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The emblem is the Olympic rings. The motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin “faster, higher, stronger”). The flag is a white cloth with Olympic rings, since 1920 it has been raised at all Games. Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order of their performance):

Grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. From year to year, the best of the best from all over the world are involved in the development of scenarios for these spectacles: scriptwriters, organizers of mass shows, special effects specialists, etc. Many famous singers, actors and other important persons strive to take part in this spectacle. The broadcasts of these events break records of viewers' interest every time. Each host country of the Olympics strives to surpass all previous ceremonies in the scope and beauty of these ceremonies. The scripts of the ceremonies are kept in the strictest confidence until they begin. Ceremonies take place in large-capacity central stadiums where athletics competitions are held.

Opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present the viewers with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.

The ceremonial passage of athletes and members of delegations to the central stadium. Athletes from each country go in a separate group. Traditionally, the first is the delegation of athletes from Greece - the ancestor country of the Games. The other groups are in the order corresponding to the alphabetical order of the names of the countries in the language of the host country of the Games. (Or in the official language of the IOC - French or English). In front of each group is a representative of the host country carrying a plaque with the name of the respective country in the language of the host country of the Games and in the official languages ​​of the IOC. Behind him, at the head of the group, is the standard bearer - usually an athlete participating in the games, carrying the flag of his country. The right to fly the flag is highly honorable for athletes. As a rule, this right is trusted by the most titled and respected athletes.

Greeting speeches by the President of the IOC (required), the head or official representative of the state in which the Games are held, sometimes by the mayor of the city or the chairman of the Organizing Committee. At the end of the speech, the latter should say the words: "(the sequence number of the games) I declare the summer (winter) Olympic Games open." After that, as a rule, a volley of guns and many salutes of salute and fireworks are fired.

Raising the flag of Greece as the ancestor country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

Raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.

One of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics take place, the Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sports and the Olympic spirit (in recent years, words have also been uttered about the non-use of prohibited drugs - doping);

The swearing of an oath of impartial judgment by several judges on behalf of all judges;

Raising the Olympic flag with the performance of the official Olympic anthem.

Sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition of ending all armed conflicts during the Games.

The opening ceremony is crowned with the lighting of the Olympic flame. The fire is lit from the sun's rays in Olympia (Greece) in the Temple of the pagan Greek god Apollo (in ancient Greece, Apollo was considered the patron saint of the Games). The "High Priestess" of Hera says a prayer of the following content: "Apollo, the god of the sun and the idea of ​​light, send your rays and light the sacred torch for the hospitable city ... (name of the city)." “The Olympic torch relay was held all over the world until 2007. Now, for the purpose of the anti-terrorist campaign, the torch is carried only in the country in which the games are held. relay races to pass the fire on. The relay race is of great interest in all countries through which the path of the Olympic flame lies. To carry the torch is considered a great honor. The first part of the relay race runs through the cities of Greece. The last part of the relay race passes through the cities of the host country. On the opening day of the Games, the torch is delivered to the host city. Athletes of this country deliver the torch to the central stadium at the very end of the ceremony. At the stadium, the torch rushes in a circle several times passing from hand to hand until it is given to the athlete who has been entrusted with the right to light the Olympic flame. This right is the most honorable The fire is ignited in a special bowl, the design of which is unique for each Olympiad. s. Also, the organizers always try to come up with an original and interesting way of lighting. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must be lit throughout the Olympics and extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.

Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.

During the closing ceremony, there are also: a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the IOC President and a representative of the host country. However, the President of the IOC has already announced the closure of the Olympics. This is followed by the performance of the national anthem, the Olympic anthem, while the flags are lowered. The representative of the host country solemnly hands over the Olympic flag to the President of the IOC, who in turn hands it over to the representative of the Organizing Committee of the next Olympiad. This is followed by a short introduction to the next city that will host the Games. At the end of the ceremony, the Olympic flame is slowly extinguished to the accompaniment of lyrical music.

Since 1932, the host city has been building the "Olympic Village" - a complex of living quarters for the participants of the games.

The organizers of the Games are developing the Olympic symbols - the official emblem and mascot of the Games. The emblem usually has a unique design, stylized according to the characteristics of the given country. The emblem and mascot of the Games are an integral part of the souvenir products produced in large quantities on the eve of the Games. The proceeds from the sale of souvenirs can make up a large part of the income from the Olympics, but they do not always cover the costs.

According to the charter, the Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, since 1908, the so-called. unofficial team scoring - determining the place occupied by teams by the number of medals received and points scored in competitions (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5, 3rd - 4, 4 -e - 3, 5th - 2, 6th - 1). The title of Olympic champion is the most honorable and desirable in the career of an athlete in those sports for which Olympic tournaments are held. See Olympic sports. The exceptions are football, baseball, and other game sports held in open areas, since either youth teams (football - up to 23 years old) take part in them, or not the strongest players come because of the tight game schedule.

IX Olympic Winter Games were held in Innsbruck from January 29 to February 9, 1964.

Representatives of Austria have always taken an active part in the work of the Olympic Movement and the IOC, and very much hoped to bring the 1960 Games to Innsbruck. For this, they began to build a new ice arena, a speed skating rink, ski lifts and jumping jumps, as well as roads, hotels, restaurants and bridges. After the victory of the American Squaw Valley in Austria, they were very upset. But they did not despair, but continued their preparation. And so by the decision of the 55th session of the IOC, the city of Innsbruck, the capital of the Tyrolean region, was chosen as the host city of the IX Winter Olympic Games. The rivals of the Austrian city - Canadian Calgary and Finnish Lahti - got 12 and 1 votes, respectively, against 55 votes for Innsbruck.

Innsbruck was well prepared for the Games, new sports facilities were built and the existing sports facilities were reconstructed. However, the thaw dramatically complicated the atmosphere of the competition. The special services, which consisted mainly of the military, had to move 15,000 cubic meters of snow from the hollows to the toboggan, bobsleigh and ski slopes. The snow cover had to be restored literally with our own hands and feet. As a result, the competition was held at a very high level.

Snow delivery to the Olympic venues in Innsbruck

The 1964 Winter Games attracted a record number of spectators - over a million people visited Innsbruck's sports venues in 12 days. Alpine skiing and ice hockey competitions were especially popular with the fans.

The 1964 Winter Olympics became the largest in history. More than a thousand athletes (including 197 women) from 37 countries took part in it. For the first time, teams from Mongolia, India and the DPRK came to the games. And the teams of the GDR and the FRG acted as a united front, so there were officially 36 teams at the Olympics.

The emblem of the Games features the coat of arms of the city of Innsbruck. The coat of arms depicts a bridge over the river Inn, from which the city of Innsbruck was named. The bridge connects the old town with the Hötting area.

12 artists from Austria took part in the competition for the best poster of the Olympics. But the victory went to only one. Wilhelm Jarushka presented the symbol of the Olympics in the form of a stylized snowflake on a black background, in the central ray of which the Olympic rings are inscribed.

For the first time in the program of the Winter Olympics, luge has appeared, and bobsleigh competition has returned. 34 sets of medals were competed in 10 sports, including biathlon, bobsleigh, alpine skiing, figure skating, ski jumping, ice skating, cross-country skiing, combined skiing, luge and ice hockey.

The USSR national team, represented in Innsbruck by 69 athletes (52 men and 17 women), confidently won the overall standings of the Games for the third time in a row. Soviet athletes have won 25 medals (11 gold, 8 silver and 6 bronze). The second place was taken by the hosts of the competition, the Austrians (4-5-3), and the third - by the Norwegian team (3-6-6). Representatives of the Soviet Union national team took part in all types of the Olympic program, except for single figure skating, luge and bobsleigh.

For the first time in the history of the Games, the Olympic flame in honor of the Winter Olympics was lit in ancient Olympia in the Sacred Grove near the Temple of Hera. This event took place on January 22, 1964. The High Priestess, accompanied by the priestesses of the Temple of Hera, transferred the Olympic flame to the building of the Olympic Academy and handed it over to the representatives of Innsbruck, the host city of the IX Winter Olympic Games in 1964. This solemn ceremony was attended by Crown Prince Constantine, representatives of state and church organizations of Greece, heads of the IOC and NOC of Greece, the Austrian Ambassador to Greece and other officials and guests of honor. The national anthems of Austria were performed in Greece, the head of the Austrian delegation made a short speech of thanks.

Olympic torch of the Games in Innsbruck 1964

Olympic torch relay

During the day, the Olympic flame was stored in the building of the NOC of Greece and on January 23, 1964, an escort of 16 people delivered the Olympic torch to the airport of Athens. The plane headed for Vienna. On January 24, 1964, the Olympic flame arrived in Innsbruck, the Olympic stadium of which was decorated with the National flags of the 36 countries participating in the Games.

The opening ceremony of the IX Olympic Games took place on January 29, 1964. The solemn speech was made by Adolf Scherf - at that time the President of the Austrian Republic.

After the parade participants emerged and lined up, fanfares and timpani sounded on the Olympic arena. To the sound of the Olympic anthem, the IOC flag was raised on the flagpole, and at the same time a fire was lit in the Olympic bowl of the arena. Then the Austrian bobsledder Paul Aste pronounced the Olympic oath and fireworks were fired.

The famous speed skater, four-time Olympic champion Evgeny Grishin was the standard bearer of the USSR national team.

The opening ceremony of the IX Winter Olympic Games in 1964, which lasted about one and a half hours, was attended by over 1200 people representing 36 countries participating in the Games.

First, the traditional parade of the participating countries took place. In front of their teams were standard-bearers with the national flags of their countries. After the parade, IOC President Avery Brandage, accompanied by two Tyrolean Guard soldiers, ascended the podium for the guests of honor and announced the closure of the IX Winter Olympics. The Olympic flame went out, the Games went down in history ...

For the first time in the history of the Olympic Movement, Innsbruck has been awarded the honor for adherence to the principles of nobility. It was received by the Italian bobsledder Eugenio Monti, who was in the lead in the two-man bobsleigh competition with Sergio Siopres. He gave the fastening bolt of his bob to competitors - Robin Dixon and Anthony Nash from Great Britain, who were left without a spare part during the descent. As a result, the British celebrated the victory, and Monty was left with the bronze.

At the IX Winter Olympic Games, for the first time in alpine skiing, the time of the participants began to be recorded to the hundredth of a second, which made it possible to avoid a large number of identical results.

On the opening day of the Games, silver medals in pair skating were won by West German figure skaters Marika Kilus and Hans-Jürgen Baumler. Two years later, they were disqualified and deprived of awards, as it turned out that before the start of the Olympics, athletes entered into a professional contract, although the IOC rules prohibited professional athletes from participating in competitions. After another 21 years, the athletes managed to prove that before the Olympics-64 they had never performed at professional tournaments. In December 1987, by the decision of the IOC, the medals were returned to them.

Original: http://olimp-history.ru/node/368

This site uses Akismet to combat spam. ...