Type of blockages formed during the complete destruction of buildings. Types of blockages. Blockage design scheme

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

East Siberian State University of Technology and Management

Department of Industrial Ecology and Protection in Emergency Situations

EXERCISE

FOR COURSE WORK

Student_____

1. Topic of work________________________________________________________________

__________________________

2. Deadlines for completing the course work "_____" ______________20___.

3. Initial data ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. Date of issue of the task "_____" __________________ 20___.

Head of work ___________________________________________________________

The task was accepted for execution by _________________________________________________

(date and student's signature)

Introduction

1. Classification and characteristics of blockages

1.2. Building characteristics

1.3. Blockage design scheme

2. Reconnaissance blockage and location of people

3.Technology of the manhole device in the rubble of the destroyed building

4. Safety in the conduct of ACP in the conditions of the destruction of the building

Conclusion

List of sources used

Application

INTRODUCTION

More than 50 people die every year in Russia when buildings are destroyed.

After the destruction of the building, a blockage is formed.

Buildings are destroyed in various cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kirov, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Chelyabinsk.

In most cases, due to the destruction of the building, blockages of various types and structures are formed.

The problem of self-rescue and rescue of people in these conditions is that collapses in most cases occur suddenly and very rapidly.

As a result, people fall under the rubble and to save them, rescuers arrange a hole in the rubble.

In connection with the above, the term paper on the topic: "Technology of the manhole device in the conditions of the destruction of the building" is relevant.

The purpose of this course work is: the development of a manhole device technology in the conditions of building destruction. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: - Give a classification and description of the blockages;

Conduct reconnaissance of the blockage and determine the location of people;

Develop a technology for arranging a manhole in the rubble of a destroyed building;

To disclose the issues of ensuring safety in the conduct of emergency rescue operations in the condition of the destruction of the building

Classification and characteristics of blockages

For 5 years in Russia there were more than 70 destructions of buildings with the subsequent formation of a blockage, 27 of them occurred during an earthquake.

The reason for the destruction of buildings can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

It is believed that a blockage is formed if the building receives a severe or complete degree of destruction. In case of severe destruction, up to half of the construction volume of the building turns into a blockage.

Types of blockages formed during severe destruction of buildings:

A) unilateral; b) bilateral; c) V-shaped; d) flat

As a result of the complete destruction of the building, a continuous blockage is formed.

The structure, configuration and dimensions of the blockage depend on:

building type;

Building dimensions;

Directions of destructive influence.

The main indicators of blockages are:

Also taken as indicators of blockages:

Debris spread range (L);

The size of the upper and lower faces of the blockage (length, width);

blockage height;

All blockages are heterogeneous in their volume. As a rule, blockages have a higher density near the surface. The main mass of small fragments, fragments of the roof, construction debris will also be concentrated here. In the center of the blockage, at its base, there are mainly large and medium-sized fragments, voids are more common, the dimensions of the voids are relatively large. This distribution of fragments is explained by the nature of the blockage formation. When a building is destroyed, the structures of its upper floors travel a longer path, receive greater acceleration and are subjected to higher dynamic loads. This leads to the fact that these structures for the most part turn into small debris and debris. The structures of the lower floors of the building are less destroyed when falling and, piling up, form secondary vaults in which a large number of voids are formed. There is a high probability of formation of voids in the surviving corners of the building and in the areas where the staircases (elevator shafts) are located.

In some cases, when a building is destroyed, secondary vaults are not formed. This can happen during earthquakes and collapses, characterized by the vertical collapse of buildings with insufficiently strong walls. In this case, a blockage is formed in which the interfloor ceilings of the building are destroyed relatively weakly and practically lie on top of each other. The voids in such a blockage are relatively small. Similar blockages took place in Neftegorsk during the destruction of panel buildings from an earthquake and were called "layer cake". These blockages are considered the most difficult for rescue and other work to be carried out in them.

Building characteristics

The residential building on Dvinskaya Street in St. Petersburg was a 9-storey brick residential building, composed of 4 sections in the lintels between which stairs and vestibules were arranged. The outer and inner walls were made of ceramic bricks. The thickness of the outer walls was 540 mm. The ceilings were designed from round-hollow panels and flat reinforced concrete slabs. The foundations of the building are made of concrete blocks installed on reinforced concrete pads. The depth of foundations is 2.0 ... 2.1 m from the surface (absolute elevation +1.6 ... 1.7 m B.S.), the width of the sole is 2.8 ... 3.2 m , the average pressure on the sole of the foundation is 1.5 kg / cm 2. The project provided for a 100 mm thick sand bed under the sole. A reinforced belt 50 mm high is designed on top of the foundation pads. Brickwork rested on the blocks, which, according to the project, was supposed to be reinforced with welded meshes. The thickness of the bearing walls exceeded the thickness of the foundation blocks by 140 mm.

The height of the building was 30 meters.

The length of the building was 14 meters

The width of the building was 12 meters

Geomorphologically, the site, the territory on which the building was built, is within the coastal zone of the Primorskaya Plain, raised by bulk dump soils from absolute marks ~ 0.0 m to the current 3.5 ... 4.2 m B.S. The southwestern part of the building adjoined the slope of the Seldyany Canal, which was filled in at the end of the 1960s. The soils were dumped on peaty deposits. The thickness of the bulk and peaty soils is 3.5...4.2 m. within the bulk soils. Peaty soils are characterized by low building properties.

Under the bulk soils lie marine and lake deposits, represented by sands of medium density of variable thickness (1.3 ... 2.0 m on the eastern side of the building; 0.5 ... 1.5 m - on the western side). The minimum thickness of sands was noted in the area of ​​the destroyed section. With absolute marks minus 1.5 ... minus 1.7 m, they are underlain by soft-plastic loams of lacustrine-glacial deposits with a thickness of 0.5 ... 1.4 m, below which, with absolute marks minus 2.0 ... minus 3.1 m B.S. glacial deposits. Lying in the upper part of the moraine strata, the Luga sandy loam of soft-plastic consistency, according to static sounding data, is characterized by frontal resistances of 5...10 kg/cm 2 ; they were found almost along the entire perimeter of the building, with the exception of the northeast corner. The thickness of sandy loam reaches 5.0...5.5 m. marks minus 9.3 ... minus 11.9 m B.S. – interglacial sandy loams of semi-solid consistency. The roof of the semi-solid sandy loams of the Moscow moraine is located at abs. marks minus 15.3 ... minus 15.8 m B.S.

The groundwater level during surveys in 1969 (May) was recorded at abs. elev. +0.7 m B.S., in 2002 (June) - at abs. +2.0...+1.8 m B.S. During the accident, the fluctuation of the water level in the Neva River was insignificant (no more than +30 cm above the standard).

In general, engineering and geological conditions are unfavorable for the construction of shallow foundations. The presence of bulk and peaty soils requires, even for low-rise buildings, work on peat removal and the installation of a sand cushion.

On the night of June 3, 2002, the southern section of the dormitory collapsed due to an earthquake, the magnitude of the earthquake was 9 points on the Richter scale, and a fire started. The collapse was preceded by high temperatures and intensive development of the building's roll in a southerly direction with the formation of a split between adjacent sections. As a result, 8 people fell under the rubble. The ambient temperature was 21°C.

Blockage design scheme

It is known that the length of the building (A) was 14 meters, the width (B) 12 meters, and the height (h) 30 meters.

The blockage parameters will be calculated using special mathematical formulas.

Also beware of rotten food in the refrigerator and greasy stains on the stove.

Sometime, as an exercise, decide to really thoroughly clean out what you usually just brush off the dust. A good object for this is a TV, computer or tape recorder. All this equipment has "unpleasant" places where fluff and dust accumulate.

Arm yourself with an old toothbrush, a dusting cloth, and some suitable cleaning agent (you can buy it at a computer hardware store) and get to work.

Do it like meditation. Do it with love. Do it not out of obligation, but because this item is part of your life and you want to honor yourself. You will be surprised how pleasant it is.

Before the birth of a child, many women feel a great need to clean their homes, prepare and clear the space for the unborn child. This is a natural, instinctive reaction.

Traditionally, people in the West energize themselves by doing a spring cleaning of their homes once a year. Imagine what your life force would be like if you kept your house like this all the time!

If you don't have the time or inclination to do it, you don't have to do it yourself. There are people in this world who love to clean! Arrange a mutual favor with a friend, or pay someone to come and do it for you.

You will get amazing results if you do a general cleaning in your house before the Space Cleansing and then keep it in such a state.

What to do with unwanted gifts

Get rid of them. The very thought of it seems dreadful to some people. “What if Aunt Jane comes and that expensive figurine she gave us is not on the mantelpiece?”

So whose is this fireplace? And whose life is this? If you like this figurine, fine, but if you keep it in the house out of fear or duty, then you yourself deprive yourself of power.

Every time you enter a room and see this object, some of your energy disappears. Surround yourself with things that you enjoy, that inspire you and make you feel better. And do not think that "out of sight - out of mind."

You will not be able to keep this item in the closet and take it out into the light of day before the arrival of Aunt Jane. After all, your subconscious mind knows about his presence in the house. If you are surrounded by a lot of "extra" gifts, your energy network is like a sieve with life force flowing through holes.

Try adopting a different philosophy regarding gifts. When you give something to someone, give it with love and joy. And don't forget to "let go" of the situation. Give the recipient free rein with regard to this gift.

If he finds it so useful that he sends it straight to the bin, well, fine.

If it's given to someone else, that's fine too (you don't want people to fill up their space with extra gifts, do you?). Give freedom to others, and then you will begin to experience a sense of greater freedom in your own life as well.

Blockage zones in your home

Where do blockages tend to form in your home? A cluttered basement corresponds to the subconscious, clogged with unconscious problems. Blockage in the attic can limit your higher aspirations. There is no such place in the house, the blockage in which would not have an impact on you.

Even if you drag all the junk to the garden shed or somewhere else, know that it is still with you and continues to influence the course of your life. The only thing that can be done with the rubble is to take responsibility for them and clear them.

So, for example, one zone is responsible for relationships, another for career, a third for well-being, and so on. If your house has a cluttered room, it means that some aspect of your life is under the influence.

One of my clients has a greenhouse in the Gift of Fortune area of ​​her house. Previously, she took down all unnecessary things there.

This lady was an excellent doctor, but she could not earn enough money to support herself. By cleaning the greenhouse and planting flowers in it, she made sure that her income increased significantly.

Another woman has accumulated a lot of rubbish in the area of ​​​​Relationships. All the men she attracted in her life were saddled with problems. After clearing this area of ​​debris, she finally found a man with whom she could establish a strong relationship.

If there are weaknesses in your life, check if the corresponding area in your house is littered with any rubbish!

Your front door

Keep this place completely clean. The front entrance to your home symbolizes your approach to the world as you look outward and your approach to your own life as you look inward.

When the first thing you see when you enter your house is a pile of rubbish, your energy level drops before you have time to cross the threshold. Some people like to hang all their outerwear and shoes in a tiny space outside the front door. Definitely not a good idea.

Others like to put things near the entrance so as not to forget to take it out of the house, and this ends with the fact that they are forced to step over the resulting blockage all the time. This is how you create tension for yourself.

An astonishing number of environmentally conscious people use the front area of ​​their home as a place to store old newspapers, magazines, cans and plastic bottles, which are then recycled.

By keeping all of this in plain sight, you are thereby making a statement (however unconscious it may be) that your approach to life is to constantly repeat situations of the past.

It can refer to ideas, problems, illnesses, relationships with people, and so on. This means that you never learn a lesson the first time. Repetition itself is a good thing. However, why admire this rubbish before you cross the threshold of your house?

Behind the doors

Doors that don't open fully restrict the flow of energy in your life. I have been in houses where there was so much rubbish behind the doors that people had to squeeze through narrow cracks. Remove everything that prevents the doors from opening completely, this also applies to clothes hanging behind them.

corridors

These are the arteries of your home. Rubbish in the hallway and corridors interferes with the flow of vital energy and erects obstacles in your path. As a result, you are more likely to trudge through life like an old horse than to walk with pleasure. Keep all passageways clear.

If you can't get rid of debris, at least clear the floor of debris. Many people who suffer from depression keep stuff on the floor that constantly "grounds" their energy.

Under the beds

Piles of trash under your bed affect the quality of your sleep. If you sleep on a bed with drawers, it's best to keep only clean linens in them. To sleep well, remove everything from your bedroom except the bed itself!

On cabinets

The blockages hidden from view on cabinets are like problems hanging over you, waiting for a solution. They reduce your ability to think clearly and distinctly. If you stack things on your bedroom wardrobe, it will affect your sleep.

It will be difficult for you to wake up if the first thing that catches your eye in the morning is the warehouse on the closet. When your house has a lot of rubble hidden somewhere upstairs, they will have an overall overwhelming effect on you. In addition, you will suffer from headaches.

Get rid of unwanted clothes

Do you have clothes that you no longer wear, but keep "just in case"?

One woman said in my seminar that when her husband got paid, they decided to boo and buy her two really nice suits "in case" they never had enough money to buy something like that again.

Two years have passed since then, and she has never worn any of these costumes. She believes that the money was thrown away.

Some people keep things they haven't worn in 20 years. They say that if you keep them long enough, they will come back into fashion again. My advice to you is if you haven't worn an item in the last year, let alone if you haven't worn it for two or three years in a row, part with it, sell it, trade it, burn it, or just throw it away.

All seasons change throughout the year. If during all this time you have never felt the impulse to put it on, then the time for this thing has passed. If two or three seasonal cycles have passed, and it has remained unclaimed, then it is time to finally part with it.

You may find it helpful to know why you no longer want to wear certain clothes. Just as you choose the colors for the walls of your house, you unconsciously look for clothes of a certain color and cut, so that they match the characteristics of your energy vibrations.

For example, people go through different color phases. A few years ago, my entire wardrobe was purple with occasional splashes of green, blue, and turquoise.

Someone I knew came to Bali and recognized my house by the amount of purple linen hanging out to dry! At that time, I was accumulating a lot of violet energy in my aura, which should have restored my strength and success. Now I have already absorbed this color, so I almost never wear it.

Many people have items in their wardrobes that they bought, wore once, and haven't worn since.

It just so happened that you weren't in the mood to shop that day, but your eyes caught on something, let's say an orange dress with purple polka dots. You tried on this thing and looked "just fantastic" (in your opinion). You bought it.

In a word, on that very day you were slightly emotionally unbalanced, and the colors of your aura changed to orange with purple spots ... So the new clothes looked great on you.

But the next day, this special emotional state has passed, your aura has acquired its usual colors, and the clothes have lost their appeal to you. You wait for the return of that state, but it (fortunately) repeats very rarely or not at all.

The trick is to never shop when you're even a little "out of your mind." The feeling of comfort that comes with shopping is a guarantee that you will stop buying things that you will never wear.

Some people become attached to clothes that are too small for them because they plan to lose weight. But this rarely happens. If you are one of those people, do yourself a favor and heed Denise Lynn's advice, which in many cases produces amazing results.

Throw all those things away, and then go out and buy yourself something that makes you look and feel good while being who you are. And guess what usually happens in this case?

You are losing weight. Believe it or not, but this law works, and the reason for this is that you have stopped resisting the fact that you are fat.

You chose to love yourself for who you are instead of waiting until you lose weight. What you resist persists, and when you stop resisting, it gives in!

The burden of old shoes

We talked about clothes, but shoes also deserve a mention. Shoes are part of your appearance. A pair of shoes can literally make or break a good ensemble.

Piles of old shoes littering your house are very unsightly and take energy rather than give it. Keep the shoes you wear clean and in good condition, and dump all the rest.

Bags and packages

How can your life flow freely if you carry around a bag full of all sorts of receipts, used tissues, candy wrappers, and more? If you feel embarrassed at the thought of someone dumping the contents of your bag in public, empty it yourself right now and clean it up properly.

The same advice applies to your pockets!

One of my clients has a greenhouse in the Gift of Fortune area of ​​her home. Previously, she took down all unnecessary things there.

This lady was an excellent doctor, but she could not earn enough money to support herself. By cleaning the greenhouse and planting flowers in it, she made sure that her income increased significantly.

Another woman has accumulated a lot of rubbish in the area of ​​​​Relationships. All the men she attracted in her life were saddled with problems. After clearing this area of ​​debris, she finally found a man with whom she could establish a strong relationship.

If there are probably weak people in your life sides, check if the corresponding area in your house is not littered with any rubbish!

Your front door

Keep this place completely clean. The front entrance to your home symbolizes your approach to the world as you look outward and your approach to your own life as you look inward.

When the first thing you see when you enter your house is a pile of rubbish, your energy level drops before you have time to cross the threshold. Some people like to hang all their outerwear and shoes in a tiny space outside of course the entrance. door(see source). Definitely not a good idea.

Others like to put things near the entrance so as not to forget to take it out of the house, and this ends with the fact that they are forced to step over the resulting blockage all the time. This is how you create tension for yourself.

An astonishing number of environmentally conscious people use the front area of ​​their home as a place to store old newspapers, magazines, cans and plastic bottles, which are then recycled.

By keeping all of this in plain sight, you are thereby making a statement (however unconscious it may be) that your approach to life is to constantly repeat situations of the past.

It can refer to ideas, problems, illnesses, relationships with people, and so on. This means that you never learn a lesson the first time. Repetition itself is a good thing. However, why admire this rubbish before you cross the threshold of your house?

Behind the doors

Doors that don't open fully restrict the flow of energy in your life. I have been in houses where there was so much rubbish behind the doors that people had to squeeze through narrow cracks. Remove everything that prevents the doors from opening completely, this also applies to clothes hanging behind them.

corridors

These are the arteries of your home. Rubbish in the hallway and corridors interferes with the current of life energy and erects obstacles in your way. As a result, you are more likely to trudge through life like an old horse than to walk with pleasure. Keep all passageways clear.

If you can't get rid of debris, at least clear the floor of debris. Many people who suffer from depression keep all sorts of nasty things on the floor that are decidedly constantly(source not specified) "grounds" their energy.

Under the beds

Piles of trash under your bed affect the quality of your sleep. If you sleep on a bed with drawers, it is best to keep only pure bed sheets. To sleep well, remove everything from your bedroom except the bed itself!

On cabinets

The blockages hidden from view on cabinets are like problems hanging over you, waiting for a solution. They reduce your ability to think clearly and distinctly. If you're stacking things on your bedroom closet, it's sure to have a influence(source not specified) to your dream.

It will be difficult for you to wake up if the first thing that catches your eye in the morning is the warehouse on the closet. When your house has a lot of rubble hidden somewhere upstairs, they will have an overall overwhelming effect on you. In addition, you may suffer from headaches.

Get rid of unwanted clothes

Do you have clothes that you have not worn for a long time, but keep "for probably every happening(source not cited)"?

One woman said in my seminar that when her husband got paid, they decided to boo and buy her two really nice suits "in case" they never had more(source not specified) there won't be enough money to buy something like that.

Two years have passed since then, and she has never worn any of these costumes. She believes that the money was thrown away.

Some people keep things they haven't worn in 20 years. They say that if you keep them long enough, they will come back into fashion again. My advice to you is if you haven't worn an item in the last year, let alone if you haven't worn it for two or three years in a row, part with it, sell it, trade it, burn it, or just throw it away.

Feng Shui and Clothing Feng Shui masters say that clothes should probably always be neat and attractive in order for Lady...

Page 7 of 7

Causes and types of destruction of tunnels

The destruction of tunnels can occur during construction or operation.

AT during the construction process, the causes of destruction and collapses are either an incorrect assessment and insufficient knowledge of the engineering and geological conditions for the location of tunnels, or the choice of incorrect methods for the production of tunnel construction works or their poor quality. The hydrogeological features of the massif, which contribute to the occurrence of destruction and landslides, include: the presence of weak water-bearing and water-saturated soils such as quicksand; inclined and horizontal bedding of soils and the presence of slip planes in them in the form of wetted thin clay layers; the presence in the tunnel zone of discharge, landslide and landslide areas, as well as karst formations; strong cracking-newness of soils.

The most characteristic shortcomings of construction, causing emergency situations in tunnel workings, are: untimely installation of temporary lining; prolonged idle time on temporary supports of individual sections of a long tunnel; installation of supports of insufficient bearing capacity; deviation from approved projects; low quality work.

AT destruction of tunnels during operation can occur either due to a mismatch of the lining design with the acting loads, or as a result of deliberate destruction. The inconsistency of the design with the acting loads most often leads to gradual damage and an increase in lining deformations. In this case, it is usually possible to prevent destruction and collapses in the tunnel by appropriate measures. However, in the practice of tunnel operation, there are still cases of major destruction, the main reasons for which are: discrepancy between the adopted design solutions and the actual hydrogeological conditions; deviations in the construction process from the adopted design decisions; increase in rock pressure; the formation of voids behind the lining and collapses of the mountain range as a result of the impact of groundwater; chemical and thermal effects of locomotives, which contribute to the intensification of weathering processes and create prerequisites for collapses in unlined tunnels; sudden shifts and landslides due to the instability of the tunnel array; impact on the tunnel seismic forces.

The destruction of the tunnel along its length caused by the listed reasons can be general or local. Usually you have to deal with the destruction of individual sections located at the portals or inside the tunnel. The degree of destruction of the structure, in turn, can be complete or partial.

A heap of collapsed rock, fragments of the lining and equipment and structures buried in them, completely or partially filling the section of the tunnel, is called blockage. Depending on the nature of the collapse and its size blockages are of the following types:

• open blockage(blockage without separation), in which the collapse zone reaches the surface of the earth (Fig. 8.14, a);
• closed blind blockage(deaf blockage with separation), in which a collapse arch is formed above the tunnel, and the rock fills the entire transverse profile of the tunnel (Fig. 8.14, b);
• closed blockage(blockage with separation), in which a collapse arch is formed above the tunnel with partial filling of the transverse profile of the tunnel with rock (Fig. 8.14, c);
• closed blockage of transitional type, when on the one hand it looks like a blind blockage, and on the other hand, the transverse profile of the tunnel is partially filled with rock (Fig. 8.14, d).

Rice. 8.14 - Main types of blockages

The fall arch or the so-called "dome" can have a different shape and degree of stability, depending on the engineering and geological conditions and the reasons that caused the destruction of the tunnel. Sometimes a fall after upholstering individual overhanging pieces of rock does not threaten further collapse. Much more often there is a temporary stabilization of the fall with its subsequent development due to the collapse of the soil in some places in the form of small or large pieces and even blocks up to 1.0-1.5 m 3 in volume. In soft soils, when closed blockages are formed, unstable stabilization of the fall occurs, which threatens with further collapse of large masses of soil and even its transition to an open blockage. All this poses a great danger in the restoration of such tunnels.

Stages of restoration work

Restoration of the destroyed section or the entire tunnel can only be started after an appropriate survey has been carried out. The objective of the technical survey is to collect the necessary data for the correct designation of a rational restoration option, its successful implementation and subsequent operation of the tunnel.

In the case of restoration of the destruction that occurred during the construction process, according to the design estimates and other documents available at the construction site, it is possible to fully establish the hydrogeological characteristics of the massif, analyze the organization and procedure for the production of work, identify the causes of destruction and choose the most rational recovery option. First of all, under all circumstances, measures should be taken to stabilize the collapse that has occurred and. prevent its further spread. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen the support of nearby sections of the tunnel, build jumpers when a quicksand penetrates into the tunnel, etc. to resume work on the further construction of the tunnel. For this purpose, bypass adits, shafts or other auxiliary workings can be additionally passed.

When restoring the destruction that occurred in the operated tunnels, the necessary technical documentation may not be available. Then, along with the collection of general information about the engineering-geological conditions of the time and the method of constructing the tunnel and other data, special attention should be paid to the study of the destroyed section of the tunnel. It is necessary to clarify the physical-mechanical and engineering-geological characteristics of the soil in the blockage, the stability of the new equilibrium state of the rocks and the expected rock pressure, the nature and size of the destruction, the condition of the lining and its dimensions both in the destroyed and in the adjacent section of the tunnel. Based on the surveys, the most rational option for the restoration of the tunnel is chosen, and the sequence and stages of work are determined.

Full restoration of the tunnel with the elimination of all the consequences of destruction and bringing it to a state that would satisfy modern operating conditions requires a significant investment of time and money. At the same time, due to the urgent need to open traffic on this section of the line, the time spent on restoration should be minimal, so the restoration of tunnels can be carried out under certain conditions in two stages.

Temporary restorationtunnels produced according to light specifications. At this first stage of work, the tunnel is cleared in the place of the blockage, the section is fixed with temporary reliable support (Fig. 8.15) according to the established dimension and the superstructure of the track is laid. When restoring single-track tunnels, the inner outline of the temporary lining is usually taken to coincide with the outer outline of the destroyed tunnel lining, which allows the next stage of restoration work to be limited only to the construction of a permanent lining, without resorting to work to expand the tunnel workings. In areas with partial destruction of the lining, metal circles can be used as temporary load-bearing structures. Temporary restoration of double-track tunnels is usually carried out under one track with tunneling in the blockage zone of a limited profile.

Rice. 8.15 - Temporary lining of metal three-hinged arches: 1 - wooden beams; 2 - anchored bolt; 3 - metal supporting arch

Capital recovery must ensure the conditions for the constant normal operation of the structure and be carried out in accordance with applicable standards and technical conditions. Capital restoration without an intermediate stage of work is advisable only if the terms and scope of work differ little from those required for temporary restoration.

Temporary restoration

The choice of one or another method of eliminating blockages depends mainly on its type, as well as the degree of soil stability.

Liquidation of open blockages, at which the collapse zone reaches the surface of the earth, is carried out by one of the following methods. The use of one or another method is due to the nature of the destruction of the tunnel.

On the blockage only the vault was destroyed, but the walls remained. In this case, the upper adit is first passed in a section up to 6 m long and the calotte is opened. Then metal bearing circles (2) are installed (Fig. 8.16) and the blockage is dismantled by ledges.

Rice. 8.16 - Scheme of installation of lining at the initial stage of restoration of a single-track tunnel: 1 - safety circles; 2 - metal bearing circles; 3 - blockage; 4 - marched (tightening); 5 - runs; 6 - spacer

Location on blockage lining is completely destroyed or has not yet been erected. Work in this case also begins with the sinking of the upper adit and the opening of the calotte, but then they develop a profile for the walls in the trenches. Next, metal bearing circles (3) (Fig. 8.17) are installed along the outer contour of the mine or a permanent lining is erected. The work is completed by developing the core and restoring the upper structure of the track. This type of obstruction can also be eliminated by the method of a support core with the installation of a temporary metal lining of circular arches with plank lining or the erection of a permanent lining.

Rice. 8.17 - Scheme for developing the tunnel profile in the event of the destruction of the entire lining: 1 - longarins; 2 - pavement signs; 3 - metal bearing wheels

Happened in the tunnel breakthrough of a large amount of water-saturated soil. In this case, restoration work is carried out by special methods using compressed air, freezing, or another method of artificially fixing soils. The question may even arise about the advisability of bypassing the breach zone or even changing the route of the entire tunnel.

Liquidation of closed blockages carried out depending on the height of the fall and the degree of its stability. Restoration can be carried out without preliminary laying of the "dome" or with its priority fixing.

Restoration work without preliminary laying of the "dome" are carried out if the fall arch is in a stable state. Work is then carried out using one of the following methods.

Clearing the blockage without protective devices is carried out in hard soils with stable stabilization of the natural fall arch. Before clearing the blockage, a thorough frill of the “dome” is made. During temporary restoration, the lining is not restored, and the surface of the fall is sometimes fixed with sprayed concrete.

Clearing the blockage under the protection of a mobile structure is advisable when individual small bushes of soil can fall. In the tail section, the structure rests on the installed and backfilled frames (1) (Fig. 8.18) of the temporary lining, and in the head section - on the blockage (4). The movement of the protective structure is carried out with the help of a winch.

Rice. 8.18 - Scheme of restoration of the site under the protection of a mobile structure: 1 - temporary fastening frames; 2 - backfill; 3 - protective visor; 4 - blockage

Work with the help of a movable tent can be used when clearing debris of large volume, requiring the use of high-performance machines and equipment. A mobile tent is a frame metal structure moving on special trolleys with shock absorbers (Fig. 8.19). The tent has a head canopy (8), under the protection of which the blockage is dismantled using a rock loading machine (1), and a lifting tail section (7) to protect workers during the construction of the lining and laying the fall. The presence of telescopic racks at the tent allows it to pass in the lowered state within the undamaged sections of the tunnel.

Rice. 8.19 - Scheme of a movable tent in working position: 1 - rock loading machine; 2 - trolley; 3 - temporary wooden support along metal arches; 4 - preserved lining; 5 - bookmark fall; 6 - shaft mounting; 7 - lifting tail of the tent; 8 - head visor

Restoration work with the primary backfilling of the fall or fixing the "dome" are carried out if the roof of the fall is in a state of unstable stabilization.

The laying of the “dome” from the surface is carried out with crushed soil through specially drilled exploratory shafts (Fig. 8.20) or drilled wells. With a deep location of the tunnel, the driving of special shafts for lowering soil from the surface may be impractical. Wells can be drilled to a depth of 100 m or more.

Rice. 8.20 - Exploration mine

The fallout is fixed and the “dome” is laid out of the tunnel at a low fallout height using a system of longitudinal and transverse beams, racks and struts (Fig. 8.21). The support system is determined by the outline of the "dome". To give it greater stability, the space between the uprights and struts can be filled with soil. After fixing the fall and laying the “dome”, the tunnel is restored in the same way as it was done in the case of open blockages.

Major restoration of tunnels

The capital restoration of tunnels provides for the complete elimination of the consequences of destruction and the provision of normal conditions for its operation.

Rice. 8.21 - Scheme of fixing the fall and laying the dome

When erecting linings, it should be taken into account that the soil in the blockage cannot fully resist the movements of the lining. In such cases, it is necessary to build reinforced linings, where the reverse vault device is of particular importance.

If there is free space for the construction of the lining, provided for by temporary restoration, the work is simple. The lining is then constructed using a metal movable collapsible formwork or a circle (Fig. 8.22).

Rice. 8.22 - Scheme of the construction of the lining during the overhaul of the tunnel: on the left - the installation of the formwork; on the right - concreting of the lining; 1 - carrier circled temporary recovery; 2 - tightening the temporary recovery; 3 - metal supporting wheels; 4 - formwork boards; 5 - backfill

In high-altitude fallouts, in which, during temporary restoration, the backfill was not completely completed and the temporary lining was erected along a limited profile or in double-track tunnels temporarily restored for single-track traffic, the task of capital restoration is much more difficult due to the large number of reinforcing that must be performed during installation formwork (1) (Fig. 8.23).

Rice. 8.23 - Scheme of the overhaul of a double-track tunnel, temporarily restored to a single-track tunnel: on the left - formwork; on the right - concreting of the lining; 1 - formwork; 2 - support for the roof of the fall; 3 - temporary restoration arches

It is advisable to fix the roof of the fall with the help of over-facing capital structures based on the lining (Fig. 8.24).

Rice. 8.24 - Types of over-fabricated capital structures to support the roof of the fall: a - ribbed ceiling on the transverse walls; b - ribbed ceiling on racks; c - the same on the longitudinal walls; g - separate arch; 1 - reinforced concrete transverse wall; 2 - layer of sprayed concrete; 3 - passage; 4 - lining; 5 - racks; 6 - reinforced concrete longitudinal walls; 7 - concrete vault

The elimination of open and closed blockages during major restoration is carried out in almost the same way as during temporary, but in the process of work, a permanent lining is immediately erected.

Blockages are formed as a result of the collapse of buildings and structures caused by earthquakes, explosions, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, mudflows, landslides and other natural and man-made phenomena. The nature of the blockage depends on the source (reason) of its formation, on the type and duration of the damaging factor, on the type and number of storeys of buildings, on the features of development and other factors. The degree of destruction of buildings is divided into four categories (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1. Characteristics of the degree of destruction of buildings.

The rubble is a chaotic heap of large and small fragments of building structures, technological equipment, utility and energy devices, furniture, etc.

In the thickness of the rubble, large gaps can remain through which smells and sounds from a person who is there freely pass. This makes it easier to search for people trapped in the rubble.

The most typical for blockages is the heap of collapsed building structures, their individual fragments, including fragments of concrete, reinforced concrete structures and brickwork up to 0.8 m 3 and construction debris.

The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial buildings - 15-20% of the construction volume. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%. The greatest height of blockages of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, and industrial buildings - 1/4-1/10 of their height. The average slope angle of blockages is 30°.

Table 1.2. The structure of the rubble.

The destruction of buildings during an emergency is accompanied by the blocking of people and their defeat.

The number of irretrievable losses at the time of destruction of buildings and structures on average can be equal to 10-20% of the total number of victims.

The defeat in disasters is accompanied, as a rule, by mechanical injuries:

40% of those affected - mild degree of damage;

20% of those affected - the average degree;

20% of those affected - severe;

20% of those affected are extremely severe.

During the liquidation of the consequences of the earthquake in Spitak (Armenia) in 1988, due to the peculiarities of the process of destruction of buildings and structures, a relatively large number of deaths at the time of the earthquake and within two days from the moment of the earthquake (out of the total number of deaths during this time) were found in the upper layers of the dam, and in absolute terms, for the upper layers of the dam, the number of dead exceeded the number of living people who were in this layer of the dam.

Starting from 3-4 days after the earthquake, people who were alive under the rubble begin to die from hypothermia, thirst and other causes. As a result, after 7-10 days, the chances of finding a living person in the rubble are practically zero.

As the rubble is cleared, the number of people recovered alive is growing.

As a rule, about half of the victims (40-50%) are not able to declare their existence due to their injuries. In the first day after the defeat, in the absence of medical care, the lethality among the victims can reach 40%.