Types of security detectors: classification and principle of operation. Car alarms: principles, types, features of choice What types of security alarm systems are there?

In modern conditions, everything more owners city apartments are installed at home security system fire alarm , and owners of suburban real estate consider the presence of such a system an indispensable condition for normal living. The types of security alarms may differ only slightly, since the operation of such systems is organized according to the same principle. The basis of the security system is a device to which, using special lines (loops) connect Various types sensors Each type of sensor responds to a specific event. It could be a breakdown window glass or the appearance of smoke in the room.

Wired and wireless security systems

All security and fire systems are organized according to general principle. Sensors are triggered by a specific event, this causes a transition control device from standby mode to alarm mode. The alarm mode, in turn, is accompanied by a certain action. This could be turning on a siren or transmitting a signal about unauthorized entry into a protected area to a security structure. The device can be programmed to perform actions according to a given algorithm.

Sensors

Types of security alarm systems require the use of different types of sensors. The simplest sensors in design are magnetic contact devices consisting of permanent magnet and sealed contact. These sensors block all doors and windows. The sensor is installed in such a way that when the door is closed, the magnetic field keeps the contact closed. When a door or window is opened, the magnet moves away from the contact and the circuit opens.

In some cases, a security alarm based only on contact sensors is allowed, but the reliability of such a system will, of course, be very low. It is also not recommended to use only infrared passive sensors without locking entrance doors and windows.

To block the internal volume of a room, sensors are used that respond to thermal (infrared) radiation of a physical object. Such sensors have a certain detection zone length, as well as a capture angle. Any movement of a physical object in the sensor’s sensitivity zone will be immediately recorded. Radio wave sensors work on a similar principle, only they record the movement of an object using microwave location. The security alarm can also include sensors that respond to the sound of breaking glass, sensors that detect attempts to break through walls or dig, but they are used much less frequently. All types of security and fire alarms include special sensors that respond to exceeding a certain temperature threshold - thermal sensors and sensors that respond to smoke in the room.

Wires

Installation of security and fire alarm systems is carried out using a special wire, which ensures high reliability of wire lines. Wireless security systems are currently gaining increasing popularity. This is due to the fact that the cost of such devices is affordable for anyone, and installation does not require the involvement of specialists and you can connect and set up such an alarm system yourself.

Each sensor included in the wireless system is equipped with a tiny transmitter with a frequency of approximately 400 MHz with a communication range with the base unit of up to 50 meters. A compact battery or accumulator can be used for power supply.

Of course, this only applies to household systems. The professional type of security alarm system, which includes hundreds of sensors, is organized according to a more complex principle. In such systems, the S2000M control panel can be used, designed for 2048 zones, and the security and fire alarm system itself is organized according to the addressable analogue principle.

Modern universal alarm system, organized using various types of sensors and with connected warning systems, is quite reliable and designed for continuous and long-term operation. You can install a wireless alarm yourself without any problems, but you should not refuse to consult a specialist. This will help avoid possible errors at self-installation and setup.

The purpose of the security alarm system is to detect unauthorized entry into a protected facility and generate an appropriate alert. Notifications about the activation of the security alarm system are:

sound;
light

The first ones are formed by various sirens, bells, etc., having common name sound alarms. The second ones are respectively called light alarms. Signal lamps, individual LEDs and LED assemblies can be used in this capacity.

It is worth noting that nowadays bells and lamps are practically not used. They were replaced by piezoelectric emitters and semiconductor light signaling devices. In addition, the system includes:

sensors (detectors) of various operating principles;
control panels (RCDs) and panels;
Power supplies;
equipment for transmitting information to the security control panel (SRC) or telephone number of the owner of the facility.

If the security alarm operating tactics do not provide for remote notification transmission (to a remote control or mobile phone), then such a system is called autonomous. By the way, this version has the least efficiency. Various methods are used to transmit alarm signals to the monitoring station.

Wired data transmission is carried out over busy or dedicated telephone lines. Modern systems The overwhelming majority of notifications are digital, so their information content is very low high level. In addition, it is possible Feedback security console with equipment installed at the facility.

Wireless notification transmission systems can use a dedicated radio channel or operator channels cellular communications (GSM alarm various designs). In this case, the main thing is to ensure control of the communication channel. Obviously, if it is violated (disappeared), the generated security alarm simply will not arrive at the control point.

The solution to this problem is achieved in two main ways:

transmitting a test signal from the object;
request about the alarm status of the security console and receipt of the corresponding receipt.

The second option requires a bidirectional channel, so the object part of the notification transmission system must contain both a transmitter and a receiver. Naturally, such equipment is more expensive. In addition, the control of any wireless channel is discrete, that is, the request is carried out at certain intervals. The smaller they are, the more reliable the system.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE SECURITY ALARM

For the end user, the part of the alarm system that is installed directly at the facility (shop, house, office, apartment, etc.) is of greatest interest. Therefore, let's look at the operating principle of just such equipment. Its composition is given at the beginning of the article, and here I will tell you how these components work security systems.

Alarm sensors (detectors).

They are designed to detect intrusion or attempted entry into a protected premises. Since there are several ways to get inside the building (via broken window, an open door, a broken wall), then the operating principle of the detectors is also different. Based on the detection method, sensors can be divided into detection devices:

breaking;
opening;
break;
movement.

In each of these cases, sensors convert the corresponding impact into an electrical signal. For example, break sensors can detect the sound of glass breaking and will be referred to as acoustic or sound sensors.

Since a breach is accompanied by impacts on the protected structure, vibration detectors are used in this case.

As you can see, the variety of transformation principles here is quite large. The outputs of security sensors can also be of various types, ranging from dry relay contacts to digital signal generators.

It is quite natural that the information generated by the detector must be received and processed. For this purpose they serve receiving devices and control panels. They are a kind of “intermediary” between the sensor and warning and signal transmission devices.

By the way, a number of devices may have built-in radio and GSM transmitters and receivers.

The method of transmitting the notice from security sensor to the device. There are two options:

wired - via specially laid communication lines;
wireless - via radio channel.

By the way, when they talk about wireless alarm, then, first of all, they mean the radio channel communication between detectors and control panels.

These are the main points regarding the principles of operation and design of the security alarm system. There are, of course, various nuances, but they need to be considered in separate thematic articles.

TYPES OF SECURITY ALARMS

Some types of security systems have already been mentioned in this article, for example, autonomous and alarm systems with output to the central monitoring station. True, the differences between these two types are more organizational than technical. The only thing fundamental difference as part of the equipment - the presence or absence of an object notification transmission device.

Here are the types of systems:

wired;
wireless;
address,

have noticeable differences in the principle of construction, composition and operation of the equipment. Each of them has its own range of advantages, disadvantages and application features, which we will briefly consider.

Wired alarm- an old-timer in a security systems company. At one time there were no alternatives to it. In some cases, even today it is unrivaled due to reliability (of course, provided high-quality installation) and relatively low cost of equipment.

For small objects where it is possible to painlessly lay connecting wires and cables, this type of alarm system may be the most suitable system.

Addressable security alarm system can transmit information about the status of sensors both wired and over a radio channel. In the first case, the connection of all detectors can be done with one communication line, since each detector has its own unique number and can be uniquely identified by the receiving and control device.

Thus, we have a stable connection of all system components with relatively low costs for installation. The equipment, however, will cost slightly more than the traditional non-address version. In general, a system of this type is extremely suitable for medium and large objects of various configurations.

Wireless security alarm is essentially address system, using a radio channel for data transmission. The only advantage is the absence of all types of work associated with laying wires. Disadvantages of this system:

high cost of equipment;
short range (distance from the security sensor to the device);
possible instability in operation with high levels of electromagnetic interference.

In general, choosing the type of system is an individual process that requires taking into account many factors, as well as the main listed advantages and disadvantages of each type of equipment.

AUTOMATIC SECURITY ALARM

By by and large Part of the processes of any security alarm system is automated. This concerns the issues of detecting intrusion attempts, signal processing and generating an alarm notification. However, there are systems with such a degree of automation that they can be called intelligent.

Self-testing of sensors and transmission of information about their condition (operability) is implemented in digital (addressable) versions of the equipment. It must be said that such systems operate at the software and hardware level. The presence of a software component allows you to implement such intelligent functions as:

automatic control of equipment according to a given schedule or event;
differentiation of user access rights to work with the system;
the ability to integrate the alarm with other security systems.

An example is the Orion integrated security system produced by NVP Bolid. The ability to create various equipment configurations, flexibility of settings, and a fairly clear and friendly interface appeal to many installers, including me.

It should be noted. that most modern security alarm sensors use algorithms in their work that allow them to analyze a combination of factors affecting the detector. This allows you to significantly reduce the number of false alarms of the system, thereby increasing its reliability and efficiency.

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Protecting your property is one of the main tasks for its owners. For its implementation, many products have been developed and offered on the consumer market. various means and devices that prevent entry into a protected facility, scare away burglars, and notify the owner and the relevant services about the incident. Depending on the chosen protection option, you can opt for mechanical or electronic means protection and security. Mechanical devices allow only to make the penetration task a little more difficult for an attacker, but do not provide more effective protection protected object. For such purposes it would be more effective different kinds security alarm systems, which are distinguished by much greater functionality and capabilities for protecting real estate.

Purpose

The main task of the currently available types of alarm systems is to promptly warn property owners and security services about attempts to enter a protected facility.

This goal can be achieved only with the correct choice of security alarm for a specific object. The types of security alarms offered to the consumer can be autonomous or active. In the first case, security equipment allows you to scare away robbers and notify others of the danger with the help of sound and light-emitting security equipment. The second option is more effective, since it involves transmitting an alarm signal to the central console of security companies or to mobile devices property owner.

Main types and types of security alarms

To ensure the protection of your property, you can use the following types of home alarms.

The use of this security system involves the installation of security sensors at the site (movement, opening/closing, window breaking, etc.), which are connected to the central alarm control panel. Sound sirens and light-emitting elements are connected to the remote control as actuators.

If one of the sensors is triggered, the signal is sent to the electronic unit, which activates executive systems that warn of intrusion into the object. The alarm can be turned off/on using a code panel on the central unit or a remote key fob.

GSM systems

Modern types of security include innovative developments in the field of ensuring property security - this is. These systems provide for the installation at a protected site, in addition to the usual set of devices that an autonomous alarm system has, also a GSM transmitting module, which is built-in or connected to the central alarm unit.

If at least one of the security sensors is triggered, this alarm, in addition to turning on sound sirens and lighting devices, transmits an alarm signal to the telephone numbers of property owners, which are entered into its memory.

Alarms connected via telephone line

These systems are similar in principle to the previous ones. The difference is that they communicate with the owner not through a GSM connection, but through a regular telephone line. If a threat occurs in one of the zones, an alarm signal, in the form of an audio message, is transmitted by dialing to pre-programmed telephone numbers.

The most effective types of security systems are those that have the ability to transmit an alarm signal to central service consoles departmental security. Such systems include a special electronic unit, which, when the sensors are triggered, transmits an alarm signal to the security service console. The channels through which the alarm signal is sent can be regular telephone lines, radio frequency communications or GSM channels. To ensure greater alarm resiliency, several signal transmission channels to the security console can be used in parallel.

What to look for when choosing?

Before installing an alarm, many people wonder how to choose an alarm for their home and what to pay attention to. There are several basic criteria.

You need to decide on the type of security system - autonomous or active.
You should select the type of sensor connection - it can be wired or using a radio frequency channel.
If there are pets in the house, you need to choose sensors that do not react to their presence - this will eliminate cases of false alarms.
It is important to decide on the number and type of security lines that the security system should provide.
The alarm power system must provide for the possibility of its operation in autonomous mode - this will protect the facility even when the electricity is lost.

Note!
If you plan to further expand the configuration of the security system, you need to choose equipment that provides connection additional sensors, actuators, expansion modules.

Conclusion

Due to the fact that they are represented on the consumer market different types security alarms, which differ in their functionality and price category, everyone can choose best option to protect your property. When choosing an alarm, it is important to pay attention to its functionality, not the price. After all, saving in such a matter is unlikely to be appropriate, given that the alarm system will be protected by much more expensive things than its cost. Therefore, you should focus on the quality of protection, and not on the price category.

Video. Which alarm system to choose for an apartment

Alarm types

Houses, apartments, offices and other premises need protection. To avoid unauthorized entry there, it is necessary to increase the level of security. To solve this problem, owners install alarms in such rooms. Modern alarm systems are good because they are endowed with fairly wide functionality and are endowed with a large number opportunities. Depending on their skills, alarms are divided into types.

Division by type of activity:

security devices. Such alarms are aimed at warning the interested party in the event of unauthorized entry into the protected area;
fire-fighting devices. A warning is issued in case of fires, smoke and similar cases.
These were the main types of alarms, in turn, they are divided into subtypes.

Types of security alarms

autonomous alarm system. Sensing elements and alarm devices, as well as other components, are connected to the control panel. Data from the sensor is sent to warning devices in transit through the panel. Arming and deactivation of this function is carried out using a special remote control.
alarm system with GSM module. This security device capable of notifying by sending SMS messages and voicemail. This kind of action occurs a few seconds after the sensor is triggered. As a rule, the module is built into the control panel. Such a system can be controlled using mobile phone, including remotely.
security devices that can be connected to a telephone line. The composition of the components of this alarm is no different from other types. The module contains information consisting of pre-programmed numbers. This is where messages will be sent in the event of intrusion into a protected facility. This type of security system can be controlled from a keyboard and a special key fob;
security device connected to the security console. The main elements of this system: sensitive elements, control panel, communication module. The signal from the sensor is sent to the control panel, which, in turn, communicates with the security console. For communication, GSM, radio frequency, telephone line. You can use all these methods, such a solution in a positive way will affect the effectiveness of the alarm system as a whole. Arming and disarming requires confirmation from security console- this is another security measure.

Types of Fire Alarms

Fire extinguishing devices differ in:

automatic;
manual.

Option No. 2 is activated by a person by pressing a button or turning a switch. As a rule, the buttons are protected by a glass or plastic cover to prevent accidental pressing.

Automatic fire protection devices are divided into types of fire alarms depending on the type of detector used in a particular model:

thermal;
smoke;
flame sensor.

Sensitive elements, automatic, operate without human intervention, which is a definite plus. Sensors react to factors that accompany any fire: the occurrence of smoke and fire, a sharp increase in temperature.

A wide variety of alarms only benefits users. This allows any one of them to choose optimal device of the proposed types of security systems, which will serve with the greatest efficiency.

Regarding the place of application

The choice of equipment largely depends on the location of its application. According to their purpose, OPS can be characterized by several types:

apartment alarm;
alarm system for the cottage;
alarm for country house;
alarm for personal plot and areas adjacent to the house.

An owner who wants to install an alarm system for security purposes at home or the surrounding area should be well aware that with complication design developments costs increase for the operation of security systems, and the cost of devices also increases.

For apartment

For the protection of apartments in multi-storey buildings residential buildings are mainly used single border notification systems, which control the premises along the entire perimeter, including entrance doors and apartment windows.

The equipment supplied by the manufacturers includes:

system unit;
remote control;
Motion Sensor;
bracket for mounting the sensor;
sensors that respond to the opening of windows and doors;
sensor batteries;
power adapter;
sound detector;
GSM antenna;
instructions.

Security alarms for apartments can be additionally equipped with various types of sensors that respond to broken glass, the presence of smoke or gas in the room, as well as sensors that respond to vibration or flooding.

For a cottage

Private cottage security is provided two-border or multi-border systems alerts. For external security of an object, you will need from 6 to 12 sensors and a four-zone monitoring and signal receiving device.

To protect cottages, door magnetic contact sensors, single-frequency and dual-frequency sensors that respond to broken glass, as well as various types of motion sensors are used. To create additional lines of protection, internal security alarm sensors are used.
To eliminate the possibility of false alarms and timely detect real danger, when choosing equipment for cottage security Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to external sensors that do not respond to weather conditions.

In cottages protected by devices, IR motion sensors are mainly used, which are equipped with a double PIR element and equipped with a built-in filter. This system eliminates any reaction to the presence of pets in the house.

For a country house

Due to the remoteness of the security facility from the city, difficulties may arise with technical maintenance complex engineering systems. Some owners who want to install an alarm system prefer simpler but reliable protection options, supplementing them with the required number of external motion sensors.

Devices placed on the walls along the perimeter of the building make it possible to create protected area up to 5 meters wide, which provides early detection of an intrusion attempt and helps to take necessary measures protection.

Equipment with light external alarms, as well as sound external signals, has a deterrent effect on intruders and requires virtually no maintenance. A cable running along the walls of a building is usually hidden from prying eyes by embedding it into the wall using a construction method.

When protecting a country house, the use of internal sensors is possible at the request of the owner, as an additional protective line.

For the site

When choosing technical equipment, which will ensure the protection of the territory, must be taken into account characteristics terrain, relief, and possible restrictions visibility.

To protect the site it is mainly used:

Vibration protection system. Reacts to ground vibration from a person walking on it. This method of protection allows you to control an area up to 200 meters long. Response of devices to the movement of animals, passage road transport, precipitation and wind gusts at speeds up to 20 m/sec are excluded.
Capacitive system. It is used mainly in conditions of complex perimeters or terrain. Reacts to an attacker's touch top edge fences.
Radio wave system. Reacts and issues an alarm signal when a person crosses the terrain. The system is resistant to atmospheric influences, the creation of electromagnetic interference, and is not distracted by movement Vehicle and animals crossing the site.
Radio beam system. There are two types:
- single-position, emits radio waves into space, giving an alarm signal to inform about the appearance of an intruder;
- two-position, helps create an electromagnetic barrier above the soil surface. It is impossible to cross such a protected area unnoticed.

Almost all security devices are equipped with an automatic alarm mode, which, in a prescribed sequence, informs users by auto-dialing to their phone numbers.

What types of security and fire alarms are there?

Fire alarm system combines two types of systems: security and fire. Automatic fire alarms are divided into three types:

Non-addressable alarm system

Non-addressed OPS. Uncomplicated threshold system, which uses detectors with two positions - “normal” and “fire”. The system is triggered when a certain parameter is exceeded above a specified threshold. This could be excess temperature or smoke levels. The monitoring panel records the number of the security detector loop; the address of the room and the number of sensors are not transmitted to the panel. It is used to protect objects and territories with a small area.

Addressable alarm system

. Used to protect objects with medium and large sizes. The system has the ability to determine points of entry into the protected area, as well as fire points, thanks to the address schemes and information exchange protocols built into the detectors. This type of fire alarm is usually installed in schools, kindergartens and other important social institutions.

Addressable analog signaling

Addressable analog OPS. This type of fire alarm system is characterized by high efficiency, quality and reliability. The controller constantly analyzes the information that is continuously supplied from the installed sensors to the main panel. Monitors fires, sudden increases in temperature, the appearance of smoke, intrusion into the territory, etc.

Based on intrusion and fire detection technology

The alarm system is completely dependent on monitoring sensors that promptly respond to the detection of fires and intrusions into the protected area. Sensors are divided into several types, which allows you to use the most various solutions when installing OPS.

Fire and security alarm systems are divided according to the types of sensors:

ultrasonic;
acoustic;
vibration;
infrared;
magnetic contact;
light;
radio wave;
combined and other systems.

The alarm system can be equipped with other sensors, the types of which are difficult to list. Among the control devices used in the system there are gas and smoke sensors, water leakage control sensors, multi-sensor devices that analyze a fire based on four signs, etc.

Characteristic features of wired and wireless fire alarm systems

Wired alarm involves installing a cable on the walls of a building and, as a rule, provides in advance, even before finishing begins. This method of security is considered more reliable than its wireless counterpart due to the absence of incoming radio signals that can be interrupted.

In a wired security system, you can achieve the maximum possible range of protected zones, control not only the house and territory, but also the gates, as well as the fencing of the site along the entire perimeter.

The wireless system is easy to install. Structural elements devices communicate using radio waves (signals), which are tuned to the required frequency. The wireless alarm system is mainly equipped autonomous sensors, allowing you to control the windows and doors of the house, approaches to the building on distance not exceeding 100 meters, and fire safety in the territory.

At the time of buying security equipment not only the features of the object are taken into account, intuition and personal experience person. In order to select the equipment correctly, it is necessary to make an accurate calculation of all the characteristics of the purchased devices, and this work can only be done by professionals.