Why do timezones not always match. Economical geography. Different machines require different amounts of metal to make. Most of all it is necessary for heavy engineering. This is the production of mining, metallurgical,
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The division of the map itself is simple, but the topographical distribution of variables is often somewhat arbitrary. For example, where does the farm population of the land register belong when the farm fills two or three squares of the map? Adjustment of municipal boundaries. Thus, subdivisions based on geodata networks, concentric counties, or homogeneous areas can be used to separate municipalities, regions, or entire countries. In national analyzes, sociologists and historians commonly used the municipality as the unit when they compared different regions This is because the municipal level is seen as less random and more pedagogical than other departments, and a large amount of statistics and other information is readily available at the municipal level.
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Target: To study the position of Russia on the map of time zones and types of time in the country.
The problem of constantly changing municipal boundaries must be addressed if we are to use such datasets for comparison over time. When extracting time series, researchers may require municipal boundaries to be standardized up to a certain point in time. Then software will carry out a proportional distribution of the population affected by municipal changes in the study period. This process can be clarified by the example of election research. For simplicity, we will only use two municipalities and two sides.
Tasks:
- educational- to form knowledge about standard, maternity and local time; define the concept of time zones.
- Educational- develop skills self search information - “date line”, to form skills and abilities to determine standard and local time; solve practical problems using a geographical map; develop the ability to apply existing knowledge and skills in everyday life.
- Educational- organization of mental activity of students, creative self-realization; creation of a positive microclimate, sincerity and openness of communication. Education of firmness of character, the ability to express one's point of view.
Planned result:
If the transferred area was an electoral district, one could find numbers for different parties in this constituency, but this possibility was not included in the Municipal Database. Instead, we must be content that the votes out of 100 were distributed in the same way that the votes were distributed throughout the municipality. This is obviously a gross approximation. Often the voices were likely to be different in the area being transferred, e.g. due to a different employment structure than the rest of the Fjord municipality.
However, consideration of professions, age structure, etc. not included in municipal database algorithms. If we want more accuracy, we can use county data for the past decades or, for some variables, base our research on standardized municipalities created allowing each municipality to maintain the same land farms over time.
Subject:
- Ability to explain: the specifics of time calculation in Russia.
- Ability to identify: differences in time on the territory of Russia;
Metasubject:
- Search and selection necessary information, listen and objectively evaluate the other, be able to conduct a dialogue, developing a common solution.
Personal:
Identical division of a province over time - the example of Troms 23. Ideally, one should study phenomena such as the movement of the population in relation to the smallest unit, i.e. to the farm or house. This is however difficult as the census only reports the place of birth at the municipal level. Only occasionally do censuses report on which farm, at which address people are born. Obviously, when studying the composition of the population in individual municipalities, this will cause problems over time. An important condition when studying population movements or migration, for example, is the creation of a general regionalization of the province over time.
- Formation of a responsible attitude to learning, readiness for self-development; orientation in social roles and interpersonal relationships;
- Perform self-assessment of acquired knowledge.
LESSON TYPE: lesson of new knowledge
EQUIPMENT: presentation, fragments of educational films, Internet,
Physical and political-administrative maps of Russia, globe, atlas maps, textbook, reference notes, computer, interactive map.
Metal ores include ores of iron, manganese, chromium, aluminum, lead and zinc, copper, tin, gold, platinum, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, etc. The size of their extraction and composition significantly affect the economy of individual countries, the development and location of industry
This ecclesiastical division of the province, which was made into municipalities in other censuses, has a slightly different division as they used the municipalities as units as the number of municipalities increased due to other boundary changes as well. In Tronden, which included today's Skånland, the neighboring municipality of Bjarköy was incorporated into Ibestad parish, including Gratangen, Lavangen and Salangen. Tranoi also included the municipalities of Sorreys and Diroy, while the municipality of Berg consisted of present-day Berg and Thorsken.
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF WORK:
- Teacher's lecture followed by practical work of schoolchildren to consolidate the studied material (on a computer)
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment. (Slide 1)
Slide 2. Introduction to the course of the lesson. (Introduction to the stages of the lesson, consisting of a prologue, main part and epilogue).
Our Motherland is great and beautiful. Its nature is varied. Huge plains, large areas of forests, amazingly beautiful mountains, rivers, lakes, minerals - all this is our country. "To love your country means to know it."
Balsfjord also included, as now, the former municipality of Malangen. We see that the parish and municipalities in some cases cover the same geographical area, and some parishes consist of several municipalities. However, this is not mentioned in connection with the tables. Such municipal changes will lead to two types of errors if we do not take precautions when dealing with sources. First, the same people can be found in different municipalities in different censuses, even if they live in the same place, so we overestimate the number of migratory movements from one census to another.
II. Checking homework. (Slide 3-4)
Thematic geographical dictation "Borders of Russia".
1 task. GEOGRAPHY IN FIGURES; EXTREME POINTS
1. 17.1 million km - the area of Russia
2. 16 - neighboring countries
3. 14 - land neighbors
4. 2 - sea neighbors
5. 12 miles (22.2 km) - territorial waters
6. 200 miles (370 km) - exclusive economic zone
Another problem that can deceive us is the entry for a person's homeland. Often census takers did not write anything in the homeland column. When coding, we interpreted this as the place of birth, and the dwelling was identical. When we transfer people from one municipality to another, in order to compensate for changes in municipalities, we must make sure to change their place of birth accordingly.
Mechanical engineering received the greatest development in the European part of the USSR. there are qualified labor resources, a wide network of design, design, research institutions, well-developed communication routes, there is a great need for engineering products
The same is true for the Navaren farms in Melesnes. This should have been done for full text, and for the coded versions of the censuses. The work was carried out on the basis of information from the Norwegian Social Science Data Service, maps and comparison of lists with farm names and land details for different municipalities in each of the census years. But such a new division with the movement of people and farms for the whole province takes a very long time, as described above. And the main problem is that the place of birth is given at the municipal level that was used in that particular census year.
7. 60.9 thousand km - the total length of the state border
8. 38.8 thousand km - the length of the sea borders
9. 7,200 km - the longest border with Kazakhstan
10. 85 - the number of subjects of the Russian Federation
slide 4. 2 task.(The guys should go out and make a “living” map of Russia. Pupils receive cards with the name of the seas washing the territory of the country.
The degree of immigration can be influenced by the area of the municipality and its population, when we define migration as crossing municipal boundaries. How less space between municipal boundaries, the more likely they are to be transferred due to migration.
The use of administrative boundaries in historical studies has also been criticized on a more principled basis: Bureaucracies first produce definitions to serve their own purpose. Economists come later to rationalize the definitions. 28 How fruitful then are administrative divisions for historians? As we have seen, the answer will depend both on the specific area and on the research questions being investigated. In some cases, like the division between the city of Tromsø and the surrounding municipality of Tromsøsund, the border runs through densely populated areas.
Slide 5. 3 task. Oral dictation of eloquence.
My Russia has boundless expanses,
You won’t take a look, you won’t drive around soon.
Go to the mountains, walk through the plain -
All that you see is all my Russia.
Russia is a Great Power .... (Develop the theme)
slide 6 (Summarize)
Slide 6. III. Learning new material.
Here the importance of short movements between town and country is easily overestimated. Norwegian municipalities were larger, with more natural borders, than in most other regions of Europe. However, Norwegian local historians should consider alternative ways delimitation of your region. Outer Boundaries for a field of study may be defined by the boundaries of his project from the outset, but the historian will be wise to discuss the boundaries, both in the book committee and in the text.
The history of boundaries is, if anything, an important part of the history of any local community, and the changing geographic structure around the area of study is part of the legitimacy of a research project. When an area is divided into close examinations and comparisons of its component parts, the historian will be more free to choose criteria for the placement of boundaries. The significance of boundaries in this regard is clearly seen in their relation to Sievert Langholm's levels of analysis, described in the article "On the field of microhistory". 29.
How big is my country
How wide is its space!
Lakes, rivers and fields
Forests, and steppe, and mountains...Spread my country
From north to south:
When spring is in one side,
In the other - snow and blizzard.In Moscow they go to bed now
The moon looks out the window.
Far East at the same time
Rise to greet the sun.
What is the topic of our lesson? (Time difference in Russia)
They are more like Canadian provinces. Therefore, regional studies are a special case of local history, and they are a natural part of the area of responsibility of the Norwegian Institute of Local History. We do not need to distinguish between local and regional history based on the size of the municipality. the history of individual municipalities, the conditions of the city or the history of the parish are satisfactory. With a bibliography of district-historical works. Another example: the Sandefjord Maritime District stretched from Bogen to Ula during the 19th century and therefore included parts of the municipalities of Stokke and Tjölling.
What is the reason for the time difference at the same time in our country? (Great stretch of country from west to east)
Slide 7 - Remember why there is a change of day and night on Earth.
The Earth rotates around its axis from west to east, that is, counterclockwise, if you look at the Earth from the North Star (from the North Pole). The rotation of the Earth is associated with a natural unit of time - a day and a change of day and night. (During the teacher's story, students fill out the reference notes)
These works are also examples showing how both family history and community history can be started. Eriksen: Troms through the ages. In: Ivan Christoffersen: Troms, Oslo. Reprinted as chapter 14 in Kjeldstadli and the World: Oslo is a city of tension. Hansen: "The urbanization of the countryside".
The leading branch of light industry is textile. All types of fabrics are produced in Russia: cotton, woolen, linen and silk. In our country, as well as throughout the world, cotton fabrics are produced most of all. They are of good quality, cheap, in great demand.
University of Tromso. They were originally given the municipality code of Ulsfjord. Often we hear the term "Time Zone" when it is used to describe the current time for different areas of the world. In fact, it refers to one of the specific regions or areas - out of 24 of all regions of the world, which are divided by longitude. Each of these regions maintains a standard version of the time.
A complete revolution (360 `) the Earth makes in a day, that is, in 24 hours. This means that in 1 hour the Earth rotates by 15`, since 360`: 24 = 15`. 1 hour is 60 minutes, 60 minutes: 15` = 4 minutes. Thus, in 4 minutes the Earth rotates by 1`.
Slide 8 types of time
Slide 9 local time
On different meridians at the same moment there is a carved time of day. This means that the day begins simultaneously on the entire meridian, each meridian has its own local time. Local time depends on geographic longitude. (Cities on the 40th meridian) Arkhangelsk-Vologda-Yaroslavl-Voronezh-Rostov-on-Don)
How are time zones determined?
Different time zones are calculated based on their relationship to Coordinated Universal Time or. What you may know as the prime meridian - or more formally the "Greenwich Meridian" - is the starting line of division for all time zones. In fact, the division of the Earth into regions begins.
The first meridian is an imaginary line, invisible to all rights, which moves from north to south along the line of longitude at 0 degrees. It is more commonly associated with Greenwich, England where the line runs. Each of the Earth's 24 zones is an hour earlier than the one to its east, which is equivalent to about 15 degrees of longitude for each. Although this general rule, there is not always a difference in hours between each time zone.
Slide 10 (Determining local time)
slide 11 standard time
It was proposed in 1878 by the Canadian engineer Sandford (Steve) Fleming, which in 1884 was adopted at the International Astronomical Congress in the USA (Washington), where 26 countries were present.
The entire surface of the globe was divided into 24 time zones of 15` each. Standard time is the local time of the middle meridian of each zone. The zero (it is also the twenty-fourth) belt is the one in the middle of which the zero meridian (Greenwich) passes. To the east of any zone, time increases, to the west it decreases. The boundaries of time zones do not always pass strictly along the meridians (Why?). They are carried out taking into account administrative boundaries, so that one or another administrative unit is in the same time zone.
In the middle of the twelfth belt, approximately along the 180` meridian, there is a date change line. This is a conditional line on the surface of the globe, on both sides of which hours and minutes coincide, and calendar dates are wrong by one day. For example, in New Year, at 0000 hours, west of this line on January 1st and eastward on December 31st of the old year. The meridian lies between the islands of Ratmanov (Russia) and Kruzenshtern (USA), but this is the invisible border separating “today” from “yesterday” and “tomorrow” from “today”.
Slide 12 - In our country, on February 8, 1919, standard time was introduced and 11 time zones were established throughout the territory (from II to XII inclusive). The boundaries of the state of emergency have changed several times.
The position of Russia in many time zones has certain advantages and disadvantages.
1. It is positive that night hours in different regions do not coincide in time. This time difference is used in the electric power industry to transfer excess electricity from one region to another, which results in great energy and cost savings.
2. The main inconvenience is that during the flights of residents from the European part to the Far East, the biological rhythm is disturbed.
slide 13 Daylight saving time
In fact, the time difference between Moscow and, for example, Berlin or Paris is not one, but two hours. This is due to the fact that throughout Russia there is maternity time, which differs by one hour from the zone. In 1930, by a decree (decree) of the government, the hands of the clock were moved one hour ahead of standard time. This was done in order to make fuller use of daylight hours, and therefore in order to save electricity. Decree time of the II time zone, where Moscow is located, is called Moscow time. (What time, taking into account the maternity leave, will it be in London when it is 9 hours in Kazan. Answer: 6 hours)
Slide 14 - Summer time in the countries of the world
Daylight saving time was “invented” in the UK in order to save energy and introduced in 1908. The clock for the summer period was moved forward 1 hour. Since then, many countries began to use a similar order of time calculation. In Europe, this time is called summer time, and in America it is called advanced time.
Slide 15 - Summer time in Russia.
Since 1981, summer time has been in effect in Russia from March to September. On the last Sunday in March, the clocks were set one more hour ahead of standard time. Since 2008, the return to daylight savings time has usually taken place on the last Saturday in October by turning the clock back one hour. Since October 2011, translation into winter time was not carried out.
However, studies soon showed that the Russians would like to return the clock to winter time. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on the transition of Russia from October 26, 2014 to winter time and in the future the seasonal switchover will not be carried out.
Slide 16-21 IV. Solution of practical problems.
1. Using the map “Time zones of Russia”, determine what time it will be in Kazan (II time zone) when it is noon in Yakutsk (VIII time zone).
1. Determine the difference in time zones. 8 - 2 = 6
2. If it is 12 hours in Yakutsk, then Kazan is located to the west.
(If the city is located to the west, then we subtract the difference)
12 – 6 = 8 am
2. Using the map “Time zones of Russia”, determine what time it will be in Krasnoyarsk (VI time zone) when it is 14 hours in Kazan (II time zone).
1. Determine the difference in time zones. 6 - 2 = 4
2. If it is 14 hours in Kazan, then Krasnoyarsk is located to the east.
(If the city is located to the east, then we add the difference)
3. 14 +4 = 18 hours
4. The plane took off from Anadyr (11 hour zone) to Moscow (2 hour zone) at 15.00 Moscow time. Estimated flight time 9 hours. Determine the time of arrival of the aircraft in Moscow.
15 - 9 = 6 hours was in Moscow when the plane took off.
6 + 9 = 15 hours
In Moscow - 15.00 hours.
5. The plane took off from Voronezh (II time zone) to Orenburg (IV time zone) at 9:00 Moscow time. Estimated flight time is 2 hours. Use the Time Zones of Russia map to determine what time it will be in Orenburg when the plane lands.
9 + 2 = 11 hours was in Orenburg when the plane took off.
11 + 2 = 13 hours
In Orenburg - 13.00 hours.
6. (OGE - grade 9) Arrange the cities of Russia in the order in which their inhabitants celebrate the New Year.
1) Anadyr 2) Kazan 3) Novosibirsk
132 Anadyr - Novosibirsk - Kazan
7. How much time, taking into account maternity leave, will it be in London when it is 9 o'clock in Kazan.
Slide 25 V. Summing up the lesson
1. Do you believe that at each moment of the day the same time happens only at points located on the same meridian.
2. Do you believe that the boundaries of time zones are strictly along the meridians?
3. Do you believe that it is convenient to use local time?
4. Do you believe that standard time is time within the same time zone?
5. Do you believe that when drawing the boundaries of time zones, the administrative division of the country is taken into account?
6. Do you believe that within the belt we agreed to count time along the meridian that lies in the middle.
7. Do you believe that confusion can arise when using standard time?
Homework: paragraph 9, questions and tasks on page 42. In the basic summary of the task.
A task. If the New Year has come in Moscow (00 hours 00 minutes), is it already possible to celebrate it at the North Pole?
slide 26 VI. Reflection “Ladder of Success in the Lesson”
“The clock measures our work and sleep,
Define meetings and partings.
For us, hours are calm, measured ringing -
Either peaceful or combat sounds.
A silent night reigns over the world.
Little by little the pavement is empty.
And only time speaks to us
Beating his clock on the tower ”
What types of forests have been most affected by human activities? What does it have to do with
What pattern exists in the distribution of natural zones on the Earth? Which of them do not form continuous bands
What is the peculiarity of the branch composition of mechanical engineering? On what grounds and into what groups can the industries included in it be divided?
Using a map and statistical material, characterize one of the metallurgical bases according to the plan
What are the main branches of the economy formed in the economic regions that form Central Russia? Why
Literature
meridian geographic zone industry engineering
9. The boundaries of time zones are the meridians. However, on land, these boundaries do not always coincide with the directions of the meridian. How does this explain
reduced volumetric model The globe is a globe. Parallels and meridians are marked on it. Meridians are the boundaries of the hour poles, but on land these boundaries do not always coincide with the directions of the meridians because the globe is smooth, and the Earth is covered with mountains and depressions that violate the regular spherical shape. However, these irregularities are so small compared to the size of the Earth that it is almost impossible to depict them on a globe. So, the highest peak on Earth, Chomolungma, has a height of 8848 m, which on a medium-sized globe (scale: 1 cm 500 km, or 1 mm 50 km) gives less than 0.2 mm. Thus, on the globe, this peak would have a height equal to the thickness of the paper with which the globe is pasted over, and it would be impossible to notice it. In addition, the earth is not perfectly round. It has the shape of an ellipse.
Therefore, the meridians, ideally drawn on the globe, on the earth's surface change their shape in accordance with changes in the shape of the Earth's surface.
What types of forests have been most affected by human activities? What is it connected with?
Natural resources used by man can be divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible. Exhaustible resources include minerals, renewable resources include plants, animals and soils. Inexhaustible riches are solar heat, air and water.
It is necessary to use all the riches of nature wisely and economically.
However, there are many examples of the negative impact of man on nature. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the world's forests have been destroyed on Earth, the area of deserts has expanded by 500 million hectares. In the mountains, for example, in the Alps, the destruction of forests on the southern slopes caused the shallowing of rivers, destructive floods during high waters, and the destruction of the top fertile soil layer.
In almost all countries of the world, the pursuit of maximum profits leads to a predatory attitude towards nature.
Thus, the colonialists in the previously enslaved countries of Africa and South Asia destroyed vast areas of tropical forests that provided valuable timber, exterminated elephants, ostriches and other valuable animals. Diamonds, gold, non-ferrous metal ores were exported from these regions to the capitalist countries.
Thus, the richest forests and animal world Africa. This is due to the fact that crocodile skin, for example, was used to make haberdashery items, and valuable breeds trees for the construction of ships and expensive furniture.
What pattern exists in the distribution of natural zones on the Earth? Which of them does not form continuous bands?
The natural conditions of each continent are determined by its geographical location, the history of its formation, relief, and climate. On the surface of the Earth, zonal patterns are observed in the distribution of these components of nature and large natural complexes. Change from equator to poles climatic zones and natural areas.
The largest natural complexes geographical envelope, many of which encircle the globe almost in rings, are geographical zones.
The ring form of geographical belts is disturbed by the configuration and topography of the continents. In all geographical zones, where there are mountains, areas of altitudinal zonation are distinguished.
There are 13 geographical zones on Earth: one equatorial, two subequatorial, two tropical, two subtropical, two temperate, two subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic), two polar (arctic and antarctic). Geographical zones subdivided into natural areas.
A natural, or geographical, zone is a territory, all natural components (soils, relief, waters, climate, soils, flora and fauna, human economic activity) of which are closely interconnected. The geographical zones of the land do not form continuous bands, they are interrupted in the seas and oceans, but are especially pronounced on the plains. Zoning depends on the amount of heat, precipitation, their ratio, remoteness from the oceans, mountain ranges that stand in the way of air currents, and all this, ultimately, depends on the shape of the Earth.
Natural zones are distributed in a strictly defined order, which is determined by the climate, mainly by the ratio of heat and moisture. First of all, the distribution of vegetation on Earth depends on the climate. It is with the climate that the duration of the growing season and all the features of the development of green plants are associated. Therefore, the basics
