Conversion from μg dl to nmol l. Norms of progesterone in a healthy woman. More about mass

Progesterone is often called the pregnancy hormone, since it is most actively synthesized after the fertilization of the egg. During the period of gestation, this hormone maintains the uterus in a relaxed state, preventing its contraction and, accordingly, miscarriage or premature birth.

In non-pregnant women, this steroid is produced in less quantities, but, nevertheless, its role in maintaining women's health is just as important as during pregnancy.

The rate of progesterone in women directly depends on age, period of the menstrual cycle and gestational age. In this topic, we want to invite you to figure out what progesterone is, what its norm and functions in the body are, and what changes in its level may indicate. In addition, we will tell you in detail how to determine the amount of progesterone in the blood of women and how to prepare for such a study.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is synthesized in the female body mainly by the ovaries and the placenta, as well as in a small amount by the adrenal cortex.

In non-pregnant women, progesterone is responsible for reproductive health, namely the regular onset of ovulation and menstruation. In pregnant women, progesterone allows the baby to be carried.

In order to better understand how progesterone is produced and when it is better to determine it in the blood, we suggest that you first understand what the menstrual cycle is.

The menstrual cycle is a sign of puberty in women, which indicates that a woman can reproduce.

The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is from 25 to 33 days. This period is usually divided into four phases, namely:

What is the role of progesterone in the female body?

Progesterone in women performs many tasks, among which are the following:

preparation of the organs of the reproductive system in a woman for pregnancy;
ensuring the normal course of pregnancy and childbirth;
ensuring a consistent implantation of an egg fertilized by a sperm into the endometrium of the uterus.
stopping the rejection of the decidual layer of the uterus, thereby preventing the appearance of menstruation;
adaptation of the nervous system during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding;
maintaining a relaxed state of the uterus while carrying a baby in order to prevent miscarriage or premature birth;
increased secretion of sebum;
conversion of lipids into energy;
participation in the development of the glandular apparatus of the mammary gland;
preparation of the mammary gland for lactation;
reducing the risk of fibrous cysts in the mammary glands;
participation in maintaining normal blood glucose levels;
regulates blood sugar levels;
increased blood pressure;
providing libido;
ensuring the formation of the maternal instinct, etc.

The indicator of progesterone in the results of a blood test is reflected in the form of nanograms per milliliter (ng / ml) or nanograms per liter (nmol / l). To convert ng / ml to nmol / l, multiply this number by 3.18.

As we already mentioned, the rates of progesterone in women directly depend on the age and day of the menstrual cycle, and during pregnancy - on the period. Also, the amount of progesterone in the blood is affected by the intake of oral contraceptives, so this must be taken into account when decoding the results.

Progesterone levels in non-pregnant women

As you can see, the tendency is quite accurately demonstrated, as the level of progesterone depends on the phase of the cycle, and the maximum indicator of the hormone corresponds. Therefore, the most accurate analysis will be carried out from the 19th to the 23rd day of the menstrual cycle.

In postmenopausal women (menopause), the indicator is less than 0.6 nmol / l.

Progesterone levels in pregnant women

The second table also shows us that the level of progesterone increases with the duration of pregnancy. The highest hormone level in the last trimester, since it is necessary to prevent premature birth, as well as prepare the birth canal for delivery and the mammary glands for lactation.

The interpretation of a blood test for progesterone should be carried out exclusively by a specialist obstetrician-gynecologist, who will certainly take into account the peculiarities of the course and duration of pregnancy.

Progesterone test: how to prepare and when to take?

Blood test to determine the level of progesterone assigned to women in the following situations:

The progesterone test does not require any special preparatory measures, you should only not eat food 8 hours before blood sampling.

In cases where the cycle time is slightly longer (32-35 days), the analysis is carried out on the 28th or 29th day of the cycle.

An important role in choosing the time for taking a blood test for progesterone is the regularity of your periods. Therefore, when taking blood, the nurse will definitely specify when the last menstruation began and how long your cycle is.

A blood test for progesterone with regular menstruation is carried out in the morning hours strictly on an empty stomach on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, if its duration is 28 days. You can also conduct this study on the 22nd day or even the 23rd day, but the most objective results will still be on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, since at this time the level of the hormone reaches its peak.

With an irregular menstrual cycle, progesterone is tested several times. When choosing a date for donating blood, you need to focus on ovulation, which is determined by express tests or by measuring basal temperature. In this case, the study is carried out on the 6-7th day after ovulation.

With menopause or during pregnancy, a blood test for progesterone is taken any day.

At a preliminary consultation with the doctor who directs you for this study, it is imperative to inform about the intake of any medications, as this may affect the objectivity of the results.

Blood test results for progesterone may be lower or higher than normal.

Above normal progesterone: what are the causes?

When progesterone is higher than normal, then experts designate this condition as hyperprogesteronemia.

Causes of increased blood levels of this hormone Non-pregnant women of childbearing age may have the following conditions:

If the progesterone in the blood is too high, then a woman has symptoms such as:

fast fatiguability;
unreasonable weight gain;
excessive sweating;
arterial hypertension;
dysmenorrhea;
acne;
flatulence;
increased sensitivity and soreness of the mammary glands;
emotional lability.

Lack of progesterone: what are the causes?

A decrease in the amount of this hormone in the blood is called hypoprogesteronemia.

The reasons for this hormonal disruption can be the following conditions:

Symptoms of hypoprogesteronemia:

infertility;
frequent miscarriages in the first trimester;
dysfunctional uterine bleeding;
dysmenorrhea;
unauthorized termination of pregnancy or premature birth;
prolongation of pregnancy;
placental insufficiency.

An obstetrician-gynecologist is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of excess or deficiency of progesterone in women.

Regardless of whether the hormone in the blood is increased or decreased, you first need to find out why the hormonal failure occurred. To do this, a woman must undergo a comprehensive examination, the volume of which is prescribed by the attending doctor.

Almost always, an analysis is prescribed that simultaneously determines the level of estrogen and progesterone in the blood, since such a study is more informative.

When the cause of hypo- or hyperprogesteronemia is known, the treating doctor will prescribe treatment. For example, in case of cysts or tumors, surgical treatment is carried out, and in case of renal failure, the work of the kidneys is normalized, etc.

With an excess of progesterone, the basis of treatment is to eliminate the cause, because this is the only way to normalize the level of this hormone.

With progesterone deficiency, including during pregnancy, drugs from the group of progestins are prescribed (Utrozhestan, Ingesta, Duphaston, Progesterone and others), which contain progesterone and are available in the form of injection solutions or tablets. Doses of drugs are selected strictly individually, depending on the results of the analysis.

breast tumors of any quality;
liver pathology;
metrorrhagia.

Also, progestins are used with caution, under the supervision of the attending physician, in patients with diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, epilepsy, bronchial asthma and migraine.

In addition to drug treatment, regardless of the level of the hormone in the blood, all patients need to adhere to some principles, namely:

elimination of stress;
limiting physical activity;
proper and healthy nutrition;
active lifestyle;
rejection of bad habits.

Thus, we can conclude that progesterone is one of the most important female hormones that are responsible for reproductive function, normal pregnancy and preparation for childbirth. But, despite the importance of this hormone, in no case should one take the drugs that contain it on his own, since this threatens with consequences dangerous for women's health.

PROGESTERONE and how to convert ng / ml to NMOLE / ml?

Nowhere can I find how much 39.4 ng / ml will be in nmol. WHO KNOWS, PROMPT, PLIZ.

The value in ng / ml is multiplied by 3.18 and you get nmol.

Here's what I found on BabyPlan:
PROGESTERONE - Measurement units: nmol / l.

Alternative units: ng / ml.
Unit conversion: ng / ml x 3.03 ==> nmol / l.

popular:
the molecular weight of progesterone is 314.47 g / mol.
39.4 ng / ml = 39400ng / l = 39.4 * 10 (1-6) g / l.
we pass from grams to moles of a substance -
39.4 * 10 (-6) g / l / 314.47 g / mol = 0.125 * 10 (-6) mol / l = 12.5 * 10 (-4) mol / l = 1250000nmol / l = 1250nmol / ml
Please!

Conversion methods are given on the Invitro website on the "interpretation of results" tab for the analysis, for example:
http: //www.invitro.r. ctors / 508/2334 /

After the transfer - regime, well-being, discharge, etc.
LoveSanna, very, very sorry (I hug you, it's good that the crumbs are waiting, this is a great motivation de.

Ovarian wasting syndrome. IVF with SIA
mirabella79, How many tablets per day? 2 pcs.?

Stimulation of ovulation
Well. I decided to die today BT, 36.2. So there was no O, and the injection was on Sunday morning.

Is it expected or not?
Look please. Who has more experience than mine. Is ovulation imminent or not? I think that.

8-9 dpo
I see stripes on the tests. I repeated 8-9 dpo at 10 dpo in the morning, I was just sure that it would brighten.

Tests
Inkjet test with a sensitivity of 10, presumably 16 DPO, yesterday on tests with a sensitivity of 10 barely.

"I want to warn you"
Many articles have been written for expectant mothers in print media and on the Internet, and thousands of specialists have been created.

Gynecological smears for flora and degree of purity
A visit to a gynecologist is not complete without taking smears from the vagina and urethra for the degree of purity and fl.

Hormone strategy
Not all women know that the hormones that are in the body and associated with the monthly cycle are leading.

Source: www.babyplan.ru

PROGESTERONE, a natural steroid hormone of the corpus luteum, placenta and adrenal cortex... During puberty, with normal ovarian function, progesterone enters the woman's body in the second phase of the menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle), when the corpus luteum forms after ovulation.

As the functional activity of the corpus luteum increases, its production of progesterone increases, and by the end of the menstrual cycle, due to the reverse development of the corpus luteum, it decreases. This promotes periodic rejection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

The onset of pregnancy, accompanied by the preservation of the functional activity of the corpus luteum, is characterized by a gradually increasing production of progesterone. Starting from the 4th month of pregnancy, the placenta becomes the place of progesterone formation, from which it enters the pregnant woman's body in increasing concentrations and only shortly before childbirth its intake decreases. Progesterone transfers the mucous membrane in the uterine cavity from a state of proliferation to a state of secretion, promotes its rejection or transfer to a pre-pregnant state, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone in small doses and inhibition in large doses.

The main physiological effect of progesterone in the female body is manifested only at puberty.

Progesterone maintains pregnancy(disrupts the transition of excitation from one muscle fiber to another and inhibits the contractile activity of the uterus), the necessary conditions for the development of the ovum, stimulates the development of the terminal elements of the mammary glands.

It is used in the treatment of habitual and spontaneous miscarriage (see Abortion) (if their cause is insufficient function of the corpus luteum), with abundant but prolonged dysfunctional uterine bleeding, to suppress lactation in Chiari-Frommel syndrome, reduce proliferative processes and eliminate them in the mucous membrane and the muscular layers of the uterus, for the treatment of endometriosis, amenorrhea, algomenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, uterine fibroids, etc.

Progesterone: symptoms

When this hormone is not produced enough or in excess in the body, symptoms may be as follows:

breast tenderness;
sudden mood swings;
bloating;
menstrual irregularities;

Progesterone: When to get tested?

Any analysis must be submitted at the "right" time. This also applies to this hormone. Since its concentration increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle, the appropriate time for analysis is the period after ovulation.

If you want to know the concentration of progesterone in your blood, when to take it, the ovulation test will tell you. Usually, the analysis is taken on the 22nd-23rd day after the onset of menstruation - with a 28-day cycle. If the cycle is longer (for example, it is 35 days), then it is taken on day 28-29.

In any case, consult your doctor: he will prescribe progesterone test and will tell you on which day of the cycle it is better to pass it.

With a regular cycle, the analysis of the level of this hormone is carried out seven days before the onset of menstruation. When the cycle is irregular, measurements are taken several times. If a woman keeps a chart of basal temperature, then blood is donated on the 6th or 7th day after its rise.

Blood for progesterone, like other hormones, must be taken no earlier than 6-8 hours after the last meal. This is best done in the morning on an empty stomach.

Progesterone: the norm in women

The units in which laboratories measure hormone levels are ng / ml or nmol / L. Their full name is nanogram per milliliter or nanomole per liter. To convert ng / ml to nmol / L, multiply the value in ng / ml by 3.18.

If the body of childbearing age produces this hormone in sufficient quantities, the rate in women ranges from:

follicular phase - 0.32-2.23 nmol / l;
ovulatory phase - 0.48-9.41 nmol / l;
luteal phase - 6.99-56.63 nmol / l.

After menopause, the level of the hormone does not rise above 0.64 nmol / l. In a much larger amount, this hormone is produced when carrying a child, its norm is:

I trimester - 8.9-468.4 nmol / l;
II trimester - 71.5-303.1 nmol / l;
III trimester - 88.7-771.5 nmol / l.

If, while carrying a child, you are taking any medications, while taking a progesterone test, be sure to inform the laboratory assistant about this. He will make the necessary notes to correctly decipher the indicators.

Progesterone by week pregnancy is produced at different rates. Accordingly, the concentration of the hormone in the blood fluctuates. In addition, in various medical sources, the hormone rates by weeks of pregnancy differ significantly. If your blood test results differ from those listed, don't worry.

Progesterone: The norm in men

In men, the level of this hormone is normally low, it fluctuates between 0.32-0.64 nmol / l.

Lowered progesterone

If conception has occurred, and there is a lack of this hormone in the body, the body of the expectant mother does not "know" that it is necessary to prepare for pregnancy. A new monthly cycle begins, and the body rejects the fertilized egg in the uterus. So lack of progesterone can cause miscarriage in the first trimester.

Lack of hormone can also be observed with a short luteal phase, when less than 10 days pass from ovulation to the beginning of the next menstruation. The duration of the luteal phase can be calculated using the basal temperature graph.

If, after ovulation, the level of the hormone is lowered, this indicates a hormonal imbalance. Its reasons may be:

insufficient function of the corpus luteum and placenta;
uterine bleeding not associated with menstruation;
miscarriage;
post-term pregnancy;
chronic inflammation of the reproductive system;
intrauterine growth retardation of the baby;
taking certain medications.

In such cases, among other things, appoint progesterone treatment in dosage form.

Increased progesterone

In women, the level of this hormone in the blood begins to rise in the middle of the menstrual cycle. During this period, the body prepares for a possible pregnancy. When the level is increased, the body temperature rises, including the basal temperature.

An increased level can be with:

pregnancy;
kidney failure;
uterine bleeding (not menses);
deviations in the development of the placenta;
corpus luteum cyst;
absence of menstruation for more than 6 months;
the production of insufficient or excessive amounts of hormones in the adrenal glands;
taking certain medications.

When there is a low concentration of this hormone in the blood, drugs are prescribed. Taking progesterone may cause side effects: high blood pressure, nausea, swelling.

Do not prescribe drugs if a woman has:

vaginal bleeding;
impaired liver function;
swelling of the breast.

With caution, appoint a reception in the following cases:

diabetes mellitus;
impaired kidney function;
epilepsy;
heart failure;
migraine attacks;
depression;
bronchial asthma;
breastfeeding;
ectopic pregnancy.

A specialist can prescribe treatment only after an analysis. The dosage form in which the patient will take the drug - injections or pills - is chosen by the doctor.

Types of injection solutions: progesterone 2.5%, progesterone 2% and progesterone 1%. In these preparations, the hormone is in a solution of olive or almond oil. The shelf life of the drug solution is 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Progesterone 1%, 2% and 2.5%, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, has a faster and more effective effect on the body than pills.

The form in which it is most often prescribed progesterone, - injections... The doctor may prescribe a drug when your period is delayed to correct the hormonal balance. If you have a hormonal imbalance, then this hormone, with a delay in menstruation, resumes the normal cycle. If you are pregnant and there is a threat of miscarriage, then it will help preserve the fetus.

OH-progesterone (other names - 17-OH-progesterone, 17-OH, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-opg), contrary to popular belief, is not a hormone. It is a product of the metabolism of steroid hormones, which is secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. This is a kind of "semi-finished product" from which important hormones are formed. If during pregnancy OH-progesterone is elevated or downgraded, this is not a cause for concern. A blood test during this period does not provide any useful information to the doctor. It is important what the baby's progesterone level is after childbirth.

OH-progesterone: normal

An analysis for the concentration of the hormone is taken on the 4-5th day of the cycle. This should be done 8 hours after the last meal or more. If the adrenal glands are healthy and secrete OH-progesterone in sufficient quantities, the norm in women of childbearing age should be within:

1.24-8.24 nmol / l - follicular phase;
0.91-4.24 nmol / l - ovulatory phase;
0.99-11.51 nmol / L - luteal phase.

During menopause, the level of the hormone decreases to 0.39-1.55 nmol / l. It can be increased in women during pregnancy:

I trimester - 3.55-17.03 nmol / l;
II trimester - 3.55-20 nmol / l;
III trimester - 3.75-33.33 nmol / l.

Lack of OH-progesterone

With a low level of the hormone in the body, the following can be observed:

improper development of the external genital organs in boys (pseudohermaphroditism);
chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (Addison's disease).

Increased OH-progesterone

At an elevated level, the following may develop:

adrenal tumors;
ovarian tumors;
congenital disorders in the work of the adrenal cortex.

Disorders in the work of the adrenal cortex can manifest itself:

an increased amount of hair in women on the face, chest;
acne;
menstrual irregularities;
polycystic ovary;
the birth of a still child;
miscarriages;
early infant mortality.

Congenital adrenal cortex dysfunction (ACD) in a woman can also lead to infertility, but sometimes the symptoms do not appear, and the bearing of the child passes without complications. If you have a decrease or increase in hormone levels, see a specialist. With a correct and timely analysis, you will be prescribed treatment that will help to avoid the unpleasant consequences of the disease.

Medical encyclopedia: use knowledge for health

Is a very important female sex hormone. It is produced by the corpus luteum and in the adrenal glands (in small quantities).

The role of progesterone in a woman's body is great - the conception and bearing of a child depends on it. From the moment of ovulation, the production of this hormone begins to grow, thanks to it the walls of the uterus become looser, the number of contractions decreases so that the egg has the opportunity to attach. Further production of the hormone by the corpus luteum is necessary to perform other equally important functions:

the effect on the endometrium, which supports the embryo;
prevents the onset of menstruation;
stimulates the development of breast structures that will produce milk;
affects the psycho-emotional state of a woman, develops the so-called maternal instinct.

In addition to its large role in female reproductive function, progesterone affects the body as a whole:

prevents the formation of fibrous cysts;
reduces blood viscosity;
controls sugar levels;
participates in fat metabolism.

The corpus luteum, which directly produces progesterone, is formed after the maturation of the egg and its release from the follicle. The remaining follicle membrane is called the corpus luteum. Thus, progesterone begins to be produced on days 12-17 of the cycle. This time is called ovulation, which only lasts 24 hours. If the egg is not fertilized, it dies.

After ovulation, the luteal phase begins, progesterone at this time is produced up to 56 ng / ml - this is its maximum level, then if fertilization does not occur, then it decreases.

If conception has occurred, then the production of the hormone continues and rapidly increases - several hundred times.

This scheme works with natural fertilization, if the ECHO method is used, then in this case the woman does not form a corpus luteum, respectively, there is no necessary level of hormones. In this case, hormone therapy is prescribed, until the norm of progesterone is reached and further, throughout pregnancy.

The rate of progesterone by day of the cycle

In women, the rate of progesterone is determined depending on the day of the menstrual cycle. Each phase has its own value. Progesterone in the luteal phase reaches its maximum values - this indicates the onset of ovulation and the preparation of the uterus for egg implantation. If during this period the level of the hormone is low, and fertilization has occurred, then a spontaneous miscarriage will occur. That is why women planning pregnancy should control the amount of progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

A blood test is prescribed on day 22, but for a more detailed picture, doctors recommend taking it several times in a row in order to track the dynamics. What is the normal level of progesterone? It should be noted that in women who take hormonal contraceptives, the rates will differ significantly. The table shows the standard indicators for each stage of the cycle:

If a woman is postmenopausal, then her hormone level should be from 0.32 to 2.51 nmol / l.

If conception occurs, then a rapid increase in the hormone occurs, and the pregnant woman's indicators will be as follows:

Two days before giving birth, the level of the hormone drops sharply - to 2.3 nmol / l. This is necessary so that the uterus can contract and thus stimulate labor. However, the amount of progesterone remains high - it is involved in stimulating milk production.

What affects the decreased and increased levels of progesterone in women

A lack of hormone levels primarily affects a woman's reproductive system.

If the rate of progesterone in the luteal phase is reduced, then the fertilized egg cannot attach to the walls of the uterus, dies and comes out naturally along with the endometrium - this is menstruation.

If the amount of the hormone is reduced in the first trimester of pregnancy, then a miscarriage occurs, since the uterus contracts intensively, and the endometrium is not sufficiently prepared to hold the amniotic sac. But if the problem is only in progesterone, then it is solved with special drugs that are prescribed by a gynecologist.

The level of the hormone decreases due to the presence of the following problems in the body:

chronic stage of ovarian inflammation;
lack of ovulation;
irregular monthly cycle;
dysfunction of the corpus luteum;
diseases of the adrenal glands.

If the amount of progesterone decreases, then this affects the level of estrogen - it rises and as a result, the woman has:

sweating;
sleep disturbance;
weight gain;
swelling;
convulsions.

The estrogen rate should be between 11 and 191 pg / ml. In women during menopause - from 5 to 90 pg / ml.

An increase in the level of progesterone in the body can be caused by the following reasons:

pregnancy;
uterine bleeding;
deviations in the development of the placenta;
due to the formation of a cyst in the corpus luteum;
pathology of the adrenal glands.

The effect of a woman's age on progesterone levels

With age, women completely change hormonal levels - the production of some hormones, including progesterone, decreases, while others increase. With the onset of menopause, the ratio of estrogen to progesterone changes. Estrogen stimulates the activity of various body systems, and progesterone, as it were, inhibits it. If an imbalance occurs, women experience so-called hot flashes. In this case, the condition is characterized by:

increased excitability;
frequent mood swings;
disruption of the sweat glands;
pain in the mammary glands;
weight gain.

The production of hormones decreases during menopause due to the attenuation of ovarian function. Fewer and fewer eggs mature, ovulation is absent, and progesterone is not produced. But this does not mean that its level in the blood decreases to zero - the adrenal glands produce the required amount, if their function is not impaired.

How to get tested for progesterone

To determine the level of progesterone, you need to take a blood test. But before passing, you need to consult a gynecologist - he will tell you how to choose the right day. Many prescribe an analysis on the 20th day of the cycle, but this is not entirely true, because the following points must be taken into account:

the onset of the ovulation phase. If the menstrual cycle is normal, then it occurs on the 15th day, counting from the first day of the onset of menstruation, and with a non-constant cycle, it is necessary to measure the basal temperature. Every day, the temperature in the rectum is recorded, and when a sharp decline is noted, and the next day - an increase, this indicates the onset of ovulation;
you can take the analysis 4 days after the onset of ovulation;
it is better to fix the dynamics of changes in indicators - to take several days in a row, starting from 15 to 23. This is the only way to fix the phase growth of hormone production and compare the results with the normative ones;
donate in the morning, on an empty stomach, and it is better not to eat at all within 12 hours before the expected time of blood sampling.

It must be remembered that if during the period of the tests, malaise is observed and treatment with various drugs is carried out, then the results may be unreliable. In this case, they should be retaken one month later or after the end of treatment.

How to decipher the analysis results

The level of the hormone progesterone is measured in nanograms (0.000001 milligrams) in one milliliter of blood. According to another system, in nmol - nanomole (10 -9 mol) per liter. Normative indicators are most often given in nmol / l. Therefore, the question often arises of how to convert ng / ml to nmol / l. It's not difficult at all, you just need to use the formula:

1 ng / ml * 3.18 = 1 nmol / L.

For example, in a patient, the test result showed a hormone level in the blood of 22.4 ng / ml. Substituting the result into the formula, you can get:

22.4 ng / ml * 3.18 = 71.23 nmol / L.

Considering that blood sampling is carried out during the luteal phase, and the rate of progesterone on the 21st day of the cycle is 16.2–85.9, this result may indicate the normal function of the corpus luteum and ovaries - there are no deviations.

Bibliography

Obstetrics. Clinical lectures: textbook with CD / Ed. prof. OV Makarova. - M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2007. - 640 p.: Ill.
Anatomically and clinically narrow pelvis. Chernukha E.A., Puchko T.K., Volobuev A.I. 2005 Publisher: Triada-X.
Non-developing pregnancy. Radzinsky V.E., Dimitrova V.I., Maiskova I.Yu. 2009 Publisher: Geotar-Media.
Miscarriage. Textbook for students, residents, post-graduate students, FUWL listeners. Ozolinya, T.N. Savchenko, T.N., Sumedi.-Moscow. -21 p. - 2010.
Intrauterine infection: Management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. UMO stamp for medical education. Sidorova I.S., Makarov I.O., Matvienko N.A. 2008 Publisher: MEDpress.
Gestosis: theory and practice. Ailamazyan E.K., Mozgovaya E.V. 2008 Publisher: MEDpress-inform.
Obstetric tactics for breech presentation, Strizhakov A.N., Ignatko I.V., M .: Dynasty, 2009.

Testosterone - a hormone that plays a critical role in male sexual development and regulating their ability to produce viable offspring. Violation of its quantitative indication usually indicates the development of all kinds of pathologies, especially of an endocrine nature, in the testes (for example, with a tumor of these glands).

The meaning of the term

Initially, it should be noted that this indicator is calculated. It is obtained from the percentage comparison of data on total testosterone and globulin, which binds sex hormones, in the blood (SHBG).

Total testosterone is characterized by a combination of three conditions... One fraction of it is associated with albumin (23-63%), the second - with globulin (33-73%) and the third, the smallest (1-2%), so called free testosterone or active androgen, which is produced in male testes and not reacts with proteins.

Free androgen, although it is in a small amount, but his role in the body of a man is very important, he:

affects the maturation and production of reproductive parts;
regulates spermatogenesis;
affects sex drive;
promotes muscle building;
prevents the accumulation of fatty deposits;
normalizes the exchange of phosphorus and nitrogen.

Free testosterone alone cannot be isolated. It is defined as the difference between the total androgen and the protein-bound hormone. It is this residue that is called the "free testosterone index".

It is calculated as a percentage. But for this, first, a study is carried out for the presence of the amount of the above hormones. As a result of their comparison, this index is determined.

IMPORTANT! The transformation of testosterone into the corresponding form occurs under the influence of certain chemical influences, in which various enzymes are involved. In the absence of at least one of them, incomplete maturation of the reproductive organs occurs.

Index calculation method

So, from the above it is already known that the free testosterone index is determined in percentage terms. A similar calculation is shown in connection with the obvious clinical signs of a violation of the degree of glucocorticoids produced by the glands of sexual secretion, in one direction or another. Moreover, the amount of the hormone in this case can remain in a normal state.

The index is calculated as follows: the total androgen index is divided by the amount of SHBG, and the result is multiplied by 100. The active hormone calculator is widely used in medical institutions, and it is easy to find it on the corresponding Internet sites.

How is the analysis going?

Diagnostics is carried out under certain indications:

The analysis is done in special centers or laboratories. First, blood serum is obtained using centrifuges, which is then studied.

Preliminary preparation for such a study is necessary.:

you cannot eat before the analysis (the last meal is allowed 8 hours before taking it), you are only allowed to drink water;
since it is impossible to take medications before taking blood, and this procedure should be carried out 1-2 weeks after they are canceled, this issue involves agreement with the attending doctor;
the day before the study, you need to give up fatty, fried, alcohol, give up excessive physical activity;
the reason for refusal to analyze may be the conduct of the day before, x-ray, fluorographic studies, ultrasound, physiotherapeutic effects.

IMPORTANT! In order for the test results to be accurate and reflect the true picture, you should responsibly prepare for their delivery. You should not rely on your own interpretation of the results, only an endocrinologist can accurately decipher them and determine an accurate diagnosis.

The blood from the patient's vein is taken by a knowledgeable healthcare professional. This procedure is usually well tolerated., because the amount of material required is insignificant.

The time of delivery of the analysis is also important. Usually it should be in the morning, before 11 o'clock. Violation of all of these recommendations can affect the results of the study. Naturally, the indicators may be wrong.

Delivery of the analysis involves the mandatory registration of the patient. Therefore, you should take your passport with you.

In a day, when the result is usually ready, the laboratory employee will make a description of it, where he will clarify the identified deviations from the standard indicators.

Representatives of the stronger sex need to control the level of free testosterone at each period of its sexual development. For young men who have not reached full puberty, this is important for determining true and false hermaphroditism. For men, this type of study is indicated when symptoms of a certain ailment are manifested.

Normal values in nmol / l, ng / ml, pg / ml

Recognition of research results always involves comparing the results obtained with established indicators. It should be noted right away that research units in medical institutions and laboratories may be different: nmol / l, ng / ml, pg / ml. This is not scary, because the forms with the final indices also indicate the standard indicators in the units that were used. Based on this, it is not difficult for yourself to determine the results of the check.

but in case of deviations from normal indicators, the patient should not make sudden conclusions... After all, such numbers may not always indicate pathological changes in the body. For example, the maximum amount of testosterone is usually observed in the morning. Then its level gradually begins to decrease and in the evening reaches a minimum.

If the androgen deviates from acceptable values, then it can be adjusted. At the same time, the doctor does not eliminate this imbalance, but treats the causes of its occurrence. For this, medication is mainly used.

This hormone is also synthesized depending on the season. So, in the spring it is the largest, and in the winter it is the smallest. Androgen jumps, which are of a short-term nature, also depend on depression, stress conditions, etc.

Serum testosterone in accordance with age-related development is determined in the following fractions (nmol / l):

boys and men under 18 years old - 0.2-37.67;
men from 18 to 50 years old - 5.76-30.43;
men over 50 years old - 5.41-19.54.

The rate of free androgen in the stronger sex is 4.5-42 pg / ml. It depends on age, and, as mentioned above, the time of day. Its highest level is observed before the age of 30.

But if this indicator deviates upward, one can judge about liver damage, prostate cancer, excessive and rapid increase in adrenal cell tissue, pituitary tumors and other ailments.

Decreased testosterone levels may indicate aging., this is justified. With a decrease in this indicator for a certain secular group, it may suggest the presence of such ailments as;

cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes;
hormonal disorders;
malfunctions of the functional development of the male gonads, etc.

Usually, androgen deficiency is characteristic of patients:

with Down syndrome;
with obesity;
dysfunctions of the thyroid gland.

This indicator is also lowered by bad habits.

Exactly a blood test for testosterone levels is an accurate diagnostic method that allows the doctor to identify the problem and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

You can find out about the norms of free testosterone in this video:

Conclusion

In the human body, as in nature as a whole, everything is balanced. Therefore, changing this balance is the main symptom of a health problem. In addition, a lack or excess of such an important hormone as testosterone can seriously spoil it too.

If this condition is not diagnosed, the diseases will become active., which will entail many other complications. Therefore, at the first signs listed in this material, hurry up to see an endocrinologist. Self-medication for hormonal ailments is unacceptable, because it is fraught with serious consequences.