What particles are Russian examples. Particles. What is an elementary particle

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It brings additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentencesand can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And shaping.
Shape-forming particles are let's, yes, let's, would, b, it happened, let, let. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same member of the sentence as the verb: I would not know if he had not told.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It introduces additional shades of meaning into the sentence, and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form an imperative form together with the verb, for example: let them run, let's put up, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different semantic shades are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, well, yes)

negative(no, no)

interrogative(really, is it, is it, or what),

comparative(like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if),

amplifying(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index(out, this, here)

clarifying(precisely, exactly, exactly, exactly),

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, only, exclusively)

exclamatory(what for, then, how, well, after all),

expressing doubt(hardly, hardly).

The meaning and negative particles are presented below in the form of a table.

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, uh, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).

It would be difficult for us to have to refuse something if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most used service parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We will talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as about the varieties in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. They also include a negative particle. However, this is not the only species in this group.

There are also the following:

• Forming the form: let, would, come on.
• Interrogative: is it, is it, is it.
• Exclamatory: how, what for.
• Requirement: then, ka, s.
• Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and a special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Ni"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that "not" and "neither" have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write "ni":

• When we want to reinforce an existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

1. There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn't see any fish in the lake.

In the second sentence, the negation is stronger than in the first. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the reservoir the fishermen did not observe any fish at all, absolutely none.

• In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent part.

For example: Wherever I went, everywhere I thought about the sea.

I can't learn the rules no matter how hard I try.

• When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were done by Petya in time.

• The predicate is missing. Very often you can substitute the words “no” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (it is impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is amplification.

"Not"

This official part of speech carries a slightly different meaning. Usually we use "not" when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Consider other cases where "not" is a negative particle:

• The double "not" is pronounced when asserting.

For example: I couldn't help but talk about it. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

• In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise, we also write “not”:

How can you not love this city! What color did the sky shimmer during a thunderstorm!

It is worth distinguishing between the spelling "not" and "neither" in pronouns. In this situation, it all depends on the accent. In a strong position we write "E": nobody, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without stress: No way, NONE, NONE about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to memorize the spelling rules of a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own orthographic features. How is the particle "Not" spelled with gerunds? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. Immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed just from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: do not do - do not do, do not sunbathe - do not sunbathe.

However, there are times when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Consider an example: Resent about the rain - shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is most easily remembered by students, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, im.noun, as well as im.adj. and adverbs have their own scheme of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

• Antonym formations with "not". For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, beautiful - ugly, little - a lot.
• Impossibility of using words without "not": Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

Separately, “not” is written if:

• There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed with the union "a". For example: The man turned out to be not a friend, but an enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
• The denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We did not come in the evening, but at night.
• There is reinforcement. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a snitch.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you keep this important feature in mind, then you don’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when the negative particle “not”, and not “neither”, is written is its use with participles. Many confuse its spelling with gerunds. These parts of speech were formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written in completely different ways.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form turns with the help of dependent words. In the case when it is used precisely as part of a turnover, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a deuce. As you can see, the participle "not fulfilled" is written separately from "not", since it has the dependent word "exercise" with it. In this case, it is included in which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case when there is no turnover, the participle changes its spelling. Consider an example: The exercise remained unfulfilled.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the sacrament does not carry any dependent words. This means that there is no reason to write it separately with the particle.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained unfulfilled by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial turnover (by the students). In such a situation, we will already write it separately from “not”.

Well, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle without this particle is not used, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a turnover or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Output

In this article, we examined the main cases when "not" is a negative particle, but when it performs other roles. Do not confuse it with "neither": they have different spelling features. However, the main function of "not" is still negation. In some interrogative-exclamatory sentences, we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

Particle- this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of the meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change, are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not along with the word to which it refers; especially for verbs). Depending on the transmitted additional values, there are: semantic particles (here is he, approximately two), modal particles(Yes, we have met, well, go) and shaping particles which convey different grammatical meanings: Let be goes. Yes hello meeting participants!

Basic semantic particles

Shaping particles

modal particles

TO formative particles include particles that serve to form the forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would(conditional mood indicator), let, let, yes, come on (those)(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, they are underlined along with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .

semantic particles express the semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

In some studies, other groups of particles are distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, supposedly).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifier in the presence of an already expressed negation ( In the room not heard neither sound). When repeating a particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction ( Can't hear in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-camping), -then, either, something and prefixes not And neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling.

semantic particle - then must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - then acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Compare: which- then, where- then (postfix) - I- then know where to go(particle).

The meaning of the particle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Particle - the service part of speech, which introduces various shades into the meanings of individual words, phrases, sentences, and also serves to create word forms. For example: What a parable!.. (M. Lermontov). You can’t fake it, so go on ... (In. Annensky). That's my whole soul ... (S. Solovyov).

Particles differ both from significant parts of speech and from service ones. They differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, and from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relations between words and sentences.

Some particles have a derivative character, that is, they are formed from other parts of speech: adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, verb forms.

Insofar as particles do not have an independent meaning, they are not members of the proposal, but may be part of the members of the proposal. When parsing particle is highlighted along with the word to which it refers, or not highlighted at all, for example: Not, no need. I'm too tired (V. Inber).

Types of particles by origin and structure

Majority particles comes from certain parts of speech: a) from adverbs (only, just, just, just, just and etc.); b) from verb forms (let, let, see, come on, after all, I mean and etc.); c) from pronouns (everything for and etc.); d) from unions (yes, a, and and etc.).

Some particles are not related by origin with other parts of speech (here, whether, -ka and etc.).

Types of particles by value

Depending on the nature of the expressed relations and taking into account the role in the sentence particles can be divided into four groups:

TO particles expressing semantic shades include: a) clarifying particles (precisely, exactly, just, exactly); b) index particles (here, here and, out, out and, this, that); c) excretory-restrictive particles (only, only, almost, exclusively, solely, simply, at least); d) amplifying particles (even, even, and, indeed, after all, everything, nevertheless, after all, after all, after all).

Modal values ​​express: a) incentives particles (well, well, well, -ka); b) interrogative particles (whether, perhaps, really, but what); c) comparative particles (exactly, as if, as if, as if).

TO negative relate particles not, not, far from, not at all, not at all. In addition to the negative, they can express other meanings: a) positive with double negation (not I can not think, I can not help); b) amplifying (there is no soul, no zgi is visible); c) summarizing (whatever I do, everything turns out; whatever I take, everything is not right; wherever I go, people are everywhere).

TO formativeparticles include: a) particle would, forming the form of the subjunctive mood of verbs; b) particles let's, let's, let, let, forming forms of the imperative mood of verbs.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the issue of classification particles. Classifications proposed by other scientists may look different.

Particles are a service (one might say - auxiliary) part of speech.

Having no lexical meaning, they give different kinds of shades to words.

There are many particles in Russian, which are divided into:

• word particles. These include particles: either, or, then, and so on;
• shaping particles. These include the following particles: let, let, let, etc;
• modal or semantic particles.

They (modal particles) are subdivided in turn into:

• negative (not, neither);
• interrogative (is it, is it, etc.);
• affirmative (exactly, yes, so, etc.);
• amplifying (still, simple, even, etc.);
• clarifying (here, out, etc.);
• exclamatory (that - that, well, and so on);
• comparative (as if, as if, like, etc.);
• expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).

• In Russian, under such a concept as particles it is precisely the service and, together with this, auxiliary parts of speech that contribute to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.

  So here's a particle can be negative (it's not and also neither)

  The particle can still be shaping (let, come on, would)

  Also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with limitation (only, exclusively), with amplification (still, after all).

  But about modals in more detail:

  Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional undertones to a sentence.

  Can be written separately or with a hyphen.

  Particles are divided into categories:

  • formative (subjunctive),
  • modal,
  • negative
  • characterizing a sign (action or state).

  Particles are classified by value into antiderivatives and non-primitives.

  They are divided according to composition into composite, simple, inseparable, dissected.

  

  In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service part.

  

  It is customary to extend all particles into three groups, or discharges.

  one). Shape particles. They participate in the formation of forms:

  a) the verb will command. incl. (let it go)

  b) conditional verb forms. incl. (would and b),

  c) forms of degrees of adjectives and adverbs (more, less).

  2). The well-known particles NOT and NI form a group of negative adverbs.

  3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.

  

  Example sentences with modal particles:

  Did you feel bad that you called your mother?

  Look how many toys scattered, is it really too lazy to remove?

  What's the gift?

  Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It introduces additional shades of meaning into the sentence, and can also form word forms.

  Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form an imperative form together with the verb, for example: let them run, let's put up, let there be peace.

  Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

  Particles that introduce different semantic shades are divided into

  affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, well, yes)

  negative(no, no)

  interrogative(really, is it, is it, or what),

  comparative(like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if),

  amplifying(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

  index(out, this, here)

  clarifying(precisely, exactly, exactly, exactly),

  excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, only, exclusively)

  exclamatory(what for, then, how, well, after all),

  expressing doubt(hardly, hardly).

  Particle- this is perhaps the most morphologically insidious service part of speech, which is able to form new words, word forms or bring new semantic shades into the context. The insidiousness of particles lies in the fact that in various sentences other parts of speech can turn into them.

  Word-formers.

  These are particles such as thenquot ;, somequot ;, somequot ;, orquot ;, and others. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. Therein lies the difficulty.

  Form-building.

  Come on, let's, let, let, yes, let. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.

  And all the other particles can be grouped and called meaning-formingquot ;. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:

  1. interrogative: DO (should you tell?), UNDER (doesn’t he understand?), REALLY (do I really have to tell again?), A (didn’t you understand?);
  2. exclamatory words: WHAT FOR (well, what kind of nonsense is this!), WELL AND (well, you’re a scoundrel!), HOW (how cool, huh!), LOOK HOW (look how she jumps!), STILL (well, still he spoke differently!);
  3. affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (so, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning of YES);
  4. amplifying: EVEN (look, he doesn’t even think!), SAME (he’s stupid as a cork), AND (yes, let him), BECAUSE (that’s impudent), NI (in the sense of strengthening denial or affirmation);
  5. negative: not, not at all, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
  6. index: HERE (here is our Yegorushka), OUT (over there behind that pine tree), HERE AND (here the sun came out), THIS;
  7. clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly, exactly;
  8. restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;

  This list is not all, but the most common particles.

  A particle is, first of all, a part of speech, it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words various shades, for example, expressiveness, emotionality or concreteness, the concept of a particle is described below,

  

  It should be noted that the particles are also different.

  

  This is a service part of speech that gives the sentence additional meanings, shades of meanings, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.

  Particles are negative, amplifying, shaping

  Particle is a part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades(expressiveness, concreteness, emotionality)

  Particles do not change. Particles are not part of the proposal(but may be part of other members of the proposal). When syntactic parsing a sentence h astica is highlighted along with the word to which it refers or is not highlighted at all.

  Particles can be one word(such particles are called simple) - for example,

  or two (very rarely more than two) words(such particles are called composite) - for example, Ifquot ;.

  At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, That would be ), and some cannot be (for example, Hardly).

  A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive, more emotional. First of all, the particles are divided into categories:

  • 1st rank: negative particles (not, neither);
  • 2nd category: shaping particles (come on, let's, let, let, would (b), yes);
  • 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come with different shades of meaning:

  indication (out, out, out, here, here);

  question (is it, is it (l), really, really, what (for example: what, is it bad? );

  exclamation (how, what for);

  doubt (hardly, hardly);

  limitation / highlighting (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);

  clarification (just, exactly);

  amplification (after all, the same, and even, really, after all, something);

  and, finally, easing the requirement(s).