Stairs to the second floor in a private house, choose a suitable project. Options for compact stairs to the second floor for small areas Stairs in the style of minimalism

You can turn to professionals for help, but keep in mind that they may not pay attention to minor defects during construction, which can later lead to serious damage and subsequent repairs. Stairs to the second floor, made by yourself, will give you several advantages:

• the result will meet expectations;
• help save money and nerves;
• a staircase made by yourself will become your pride.

If you are limited in funds for the purchase of materials, you can buy cheaper analogues: instead of wood, use chipboard, which can be varnished or painted.

In the pursuit of economy, quality can be overlooked. Although a cheap wooden staircase can also last quite a long time, it will start to creak very soon. In order not to encounter this trouble, the stairs must be assembled using silicone sealant, which cannot be done without pre-painting the parts.

In this article, we will talk about how to make a staircase to the second floor with our own hands from wood and metal, and also show photo and video instructions.

For the manufacture of an interfloor staircase, concrete with a tile or marble lining, metal (a welding machine is required), as well as wood can be used. The last option is the most practical and convenient. The wooden structure is lightweight, easy to install and beautiful in appearance.

In the presence of a room with a ceiling height of 2.8 m, preference should be given to direct structures, or with a 25% turn of the stairs. The flight of stairs is made with a length of 80 cm. This option allows you to use the space under the stairs for storage. It is impossible not to note the minus: on the upper and lower floors, the free space will be significantly reduced.

To save precious square meters, the spiral version of the staircase is ideal, but it is also not without drawbacks:

• too steep climb;
• small width stairs.

To install a spiral staircase, you will need 3 m² of free space and a lot of work.

Another variant of the ladder device is possible, in which it is located along the wall surface. In this case, it is worth considering two marches and a turn. Thus, you will make it as compact and comfortable as possible for movement.

1. Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs. Measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors together with the ceiling. Thus, you determine the height of the structure. The step should have a height of 18-20 cm. Further dividing the height of the stairs by the height of the steps, you will get the total number of steps.
2. Projection of dimensions on the floor surface. To design a structure, it is necessary to determine the width of the steps (about 30 cm), after which their number must be multiplied by their width. As a result, you will get the projection size.
3. Production of staircase elements. To make a kosour, you will need a 14 × 16 beam, steps - 4 cm boards, risers - 2.5 cm boards. You will determine the length of the steps yourself, remember that the larger it is, the better.
4. Pre-sampling. If during the preliminary fitting of the parts everything came up, process each element with a grinder and assemble the structure. To fix the parts of the stairs to each other, coat all the places where they come into contact with each other with glue (PVA or carpentry) and additionally fix it with screws.
5. Stain and lacquer finish. First, apply a stain on the surface, and after waiting for it to dry, cover with several layers of varnish.

As a design solution, you can consider mortise steps that are inserted into the grooves cut in the stringer:

1. Make markings on the stringer at the places where the steps are installed. Using a hacksaw and a chisel, cut out the grooves.
2. In the center of the groove, make several holes with a size of 9 mm.
3. Screw the turbo coupling into the holes made.
4. Install the step into the groove and tighten the bolts.

When buying planed wood, the following requirements must be considered:

• there should be no dark spots on the surface;
• the presence of cracks, chips, roughness and other defects is unacceptable.

Knots (diameter up to 1 cm) can only be present if steps or risers are made from the material. Also pay attention to humidity, the large mass of the board suggests that you should refuse to purchase.

When making a structure without experience, you may encounter certain difficulties, but your desire and desire will help you achieve the desired result.

Now we invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of manufacturing stairs made of wood. First of all, it is necessary to make drawings with individual structural details. To do this, take a well-dried wood and transfer the appropriate dimensions to it. In doing so, several factors should be taken into account:

• The strength and reliability of the stairs will depend entirely on the correct cutting of the stringers. Therefore, their production must be approached responsibly. Moreover, for the kosour, it is necessary to choose a solid board that does not have large knots in large quantities. The thickness of the board can be 45–50 mm.
• The board for risers can have a thickness of 15-20 mm more than allotted for them on the stringer, and the thickness of the riser is also taken into account. The treads themselves should have a perfectly flat surface with neatly rounded edges. The thickness of the board can be in the range of 30–35 mm.
• If you want to make a closed staircase with risers, then their manufacture must also be extremely accurate. Its thickness should not be large, 15-20 mm is enough. In this case, the main load will go to the stringers. The risers themselves play the role of support.
• As for balusters and handrails, it is recommended that they be purchased ready-made with stationary mounts.

If you have small children at home, then for safety reasons, install 2 balusters on each step. In all other cases, you can install one at a time.

When all the blanks of the structure are ready, you can proceed to the most important stage of work - the installation of the stairs. All subsequent work looks like this:

• Stringers are mounted at the selected location. To do this, fix the support beam on the floor, it is on it that the kosour will be attached. At the top, the fastening is carried out in a cut groove in the beam. In some cases, a metal support is used for fastening. In this case, an anchor bolt is used for fastening. During the installation of the kosour, be sure to check everything by level or plumb.
• Before laying the tread sheet, the risers must be screwed on.

• After that, treads are fixed on the stringers and on top of the risers with self-tapping screws in the direction from bottom to top.
• After that, the installation of balusters is carried out.

So, on top of the stairs and below you mount support drains. They will serve as the border of the handrails and also support the railing.

In addition, the support posts serve as a decoration. Therefore, they are often made using wood cutting.

Balusters, in turn, can have different shapes, sizes and fastening methods. Some, for example, are simply screwed on with self-tapping screws, others are mounted in pre-drilled holes. But in any case, the attachment point must be closed with a decorative plug. Further work is as follows:

• On top of the installed balusters, fasten the railing to the extreme support posts. Additionally, 1 or 2 additional support posts can be installed in the middle.
• When using two, three or more support posts, instead of balusters between the posts, you can install several boards parallel to the slope of the stairs.
• At the next stage, you can start grinding with an emery or grinder. After that, a paint coating is applied.

The first layer acts as an antiseptic against rotting and the appearance of mold / fungus. The design should dry out, after which you can proceed to the main painting.

The stairs are covered with water-based varnish, hot wax or paint. You can also cover the wood with stain, which will slightly darken the structure. Everything depends on your desire.

Thus, the wooden staircase is ready for operation.

Ladder made of metal requires a lot of labor, plus not everyone has the skills to work with a welding machine. And yet, if you are ready to complete the work of such a plan, then you need to prepare such a set of tools:

• Welding machine and electrodes for DC Ø3.2 and 1.6 mm.
• Protective mask of the welder.
• Mittens.
• Bulgarian and cutting discs 125 × 1.6 mm.
• Grinding disc 125 mm.
• Drill and a set of drill bits for metal.
• Metal table.
• Clamp that can be adjusted in height from 0 to 800 mm.
• Vice.
• Pencil.
• Square.
• Roulette.
• Metal paint.
• White Spirit.
• Primer.

With all this, as well as suitable material, you can proceed with the installation work. As for the selection of material, this can be done according to the completed drawing. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the principle of manufacturing a metal staircase on two stringers.

It is worth noting right away that the whole process consists of the following phased actions:

1. Production of blanks.
2. Filly making, i.e. step attachment points.
3. Corner welding.
4. Kosour installation.
5. Welding steps and railings.
6. Sanding and priming/painting.

All work should be done slowly, strictly adhering to all dimensions of the drawing. Otherwise, any small distortion will be problematic to fix, moreover, it will spoil the appearance of the finished structure. So, the work is carried out as follows:

• From the corners it is necessary to make fasteners for the steps (filly). In relation to each other, they should be mirrored.
• You can make fillies from a corner. To do this, cut out the samples and dock the corners together. The result should be L-shaped blanks with shelves down and inward. Depending on the number of steps, you make a pair of fillies. One of them will be on the left, the other on the right.
• Between each pair of corners, weld brackets for fastening the steps and crossbars. The crossbar is similarly made from a corner.
• To increase the strength, you can install small scarves from the bottom of the step towards the stringer.
• Now take a square profile pipe and mark it on it, or rather, on its edge. On it you can weld fillies to the kosour. Transfer exactly the same markup to another kosour. As a result, it will be possible to achieve the geometry of the entire structure.

If the metal staircase has a width of more than 1.2 m, then you will need to install an additional stringer.

Next, you need to mount the kosour. At the bottom, it is welded to the support platform, and at the top it is fixed to the floor slab or to the wall with anchors. In each case, the method of fastening may differ. Therefore, be guided by the features of your opening. During this process, it is important to stick to the level. Moreover, two stringers must be strictly on the same level. In conclusion, it remains to weld the steps to the fillies. As an option, you can install wooden steps on the filly. But for this you need to use mounting bolts.

The uppermost step should be installed as close as possible to the wall (if the stringers are anchored to the wall). Next, weld the fence. At the same time, install it on the side so as not to reduce the width of the steps.

When arranging the railing, you can use forging or purchase prepared elements. Here again, it all depends on your personal taste and vision of the final result.

When all welding work is completed, it's time to grind all welding joints. It is also necessary to eliminate all burrs and notches. Using a wire brush, sweep away all particles. After that, the surface of the stairs is primed and painted in the desired color.

If the steps are wooden, then their installation is carried out after the paint has dried.

Finally, you can decorate the stairs. For example, trim the steps from the bottom side with wood. Stainless steel railings are also available. Lay steps with ceramic tiles. Due to this, a seemingly careless and bulky design will acquire beautiful outlines and will be an excellent addition to the interior of the house.

Although this whole process may seem easy, working with metal is very tedious. Unlike working with wood, when it is easy to fix defects in case of shortcomings, it is much more problematic with metal. However, the life of the entire structure significantly exceeds its analogue from wood.

If we talk about attractiveness and a bright element of the interior, then competitors to the spiral staircase can hardly be found. With the right construction, it will last for many years. It can be made both from wood and from metal with forging elements. There are 4 main types of spiral staircases:

1. Design with wedge-shaped steps, which with a narrow side rest on a supporting central column, and with a wide side on a wall or a fabricated frame. In this case, spiral bowstrings are constructed on stringers.
2. A free-standing structure, remote from the walls with cantilevered steps on a monolithic pillar placed in the center.
3. Design without a central support column. The steps are supported by curved bowstrings or stringers, which smoothly pass into the railing. This option is very beautiful and sophisticated. However, it is very difficult to manufacture.
4. Design with a central support rod (an asbestos-cement or steel pipe Ø50 mm can act as a support). This type of ladder is the most common.

As practice shows, the most convenient spiral staircases with a span of 0.8–0.9 m wide. As a result, the diameter of the entire staircase structure will reach up to 2 m, this is taking into account the central support post and railings. If we talk about the shape of the stairs, then it can be round, square, rectangular or oval.

If the traffic intensity in your house is small, then the total diameter of the stairs is enough to make up to 1.5 m. In this case, the treads will have a width of up to 0.6 m.

It is also necessary to consider the ergonomics of the spiral staircase. The principle of the size and height of the steps is the same as on ordinary straight stairs, we have already talked about such measurements above. But there are some features, namely a comfortable lifting height for a person. For example, we suggest you consider the option of a spiral staircase, 3 m high and 0.8 m march wide.

The calculations are presented below:

• The total diameter of the stairs with such dimensions is equal to twice the width of the march, and the thickness of the support post is 20 cm. As a result, we get the following - D = 0.8 × 2 + 0.20 = 1.8 m.
• The lifting radius is equal to half the width of the flight of stairs and support: Rn \u003d 0.4 + 0.1 \u003d 0.5 cm.
• Now dividing the length of the trajectory of movement by the depth of the tread, we can determine the number of steps in one turn: L = 2 π: 200 = 2 × 3.14 × 500: 200 = 17.2. As a result, there can be 17 steps in one turn of the flight of stairs.
• It is also necessary to calculate the ergonomic step height. This must be done from the point of view that a person in full growth can move freely. Take for example a height of 1.8 m, add operational 20 to this value and divide by the number of steps in one turn. As a result, it turns out like this: h \u003d 2000: 17 \u003d 120 mm.

If the spiral staircase has a height of 3 m, then to determine the number of steps, perform the following steps n = 3000: 120 = 25. The result is 25 steps, 12 cm high.

In order for the spiral staircase to be durable and easy to use, it is important to observe the following rules:

1. On a spiral staircase, it is better not to install risers. This will increase the safety of the structure, and the foot will rest well on the step and not slip off the step in a narrow place.
2. If the height of the passage is 2 m, then even a tall person can comfortably move up the stairs.
3. To install the support stand, choose a place that will support the weight of the entire structure and 2-3 people.

For steps, it is best to choose a durable wood, such as oak or beech. Although it is much easier to buy ready-made steps. For example, you get a rectangular step and cut out the required configuration from it. The thickness of the product can be 40mm or 30mm. If one step is divided diagonally, then the result will be two steps at once. The edges of the workpiece must be rounded and sanded with a grinder. Then you can cover them with varnish or paint. A special sleeve should be fixed on the step, which will hold it on the support post.

The ascent to the second floor in a private house can be done without problems with your own hands, having minimal skills in construction. The main thing is that it is reliable, safe and beautiful. Next, it will be considered in detail what the stairs to the second floor in a wooden house can be, options for their construction and design.

Requirements

First, it is worth describing in more detail the requirements that stairs in a wooden house should have. Since most of these projects are individual, there are no specific regulated technical standards. Some parameters are recommended for any wooden building.

The width of the stairs must be at least 90 cm, this will ensure not only ease of climbing, but also safety, including fire fighting - for quick evacuation. The slope usually does not exceed 40 degrees, a steeper one will become uncomfortable and dangerous, and with a less steep slope, the whole structure becomes more cumbersome and takes up more free space. Railings are best done 80-90 cm high.

The height of the steps in such a staircase should be 15–18 cm, so if you slip, there will be no chance of your foot falling into the opening between the balusters, even if the steps are solid, then a large value will give an uncomfortable lift. And if there are children in the house, then it is better to make a vertical distance of 7–10 cm. The number of steps per march is usually 8–15, the entire staircase will have 20–30 steps.

Structural strength is the main requirement, the ladder must withstand at least 200 kg. To do this, you need to use reliable fastenings of the frame, steps and railings, strong supports, high-quality material. If it is made of wood, then polished beams with a thickness of at least 20 mm should be taken - for steps, for the frame and supports - at least 60 mm, metal stairs must be securely welded at the joints.

All steps of a wooden staircase must be the same in length, width and height. The material must be polished and treated with varnish, so that it is smooth, does not have splinters and cracks. Beautiful appearance and original design can also be attributed to the desired requirements of such a design. Usually stairs to the second floor in a wooden house are installed in the hallway or hall.

Types of structures

By design, such stairs can be divided into the following types.

• screw- are the most compact and often the cheapest, as they require a minimum of material and simpler installation work. You can install them even in a tiny country house, and they always look very original. But the disadvantage is the inconvenience of lifting, and if there are children and the elderly in the house, spiral staircases can also lead to injuries.

• Marching straight lines- the most traditional version of the stairs to the second floor. When properly installed, they are comfortable, safe, and look great. The main drawback is the large space that stairways occupy in the room.

• Turning stairs at the same time convenient and take up less useful space in a wooden house. The marches in them are usually located at an angle of 90 degrees and are adjacent to the adjacent walls of the room. Such designs also add originality to the interior of the building.

Execution materials

Materials for stairs to the second floor differ in cost and complexity of installation work. But in order to decide what to build a future structure from, it is necessary to consider in more detail the properties of each. Wood is the traditional and most popular material for the manufacture of stairs in a private house, which it confidently remains today.

This is due to a number of its advantages:

• it is cheap and easy to process;
• wood parts are easy to attach to each other;
• it is a natural and environmentally friendly material without harmful impurities;
• a wooden staircase always has an attractive and cozy look;
• if necessary, wooden structures are easy to dismantle.

From wood, you can build a staircase to the second floor in almost any style: rural, classic, high-tech or modern, the main thing is to choose the right shape and color. Most often, marching straight and turning stairs for 2 spans are made of wood. Steps and railings are attached to nails or wood screws; to save money, often one of the load-bearing supports of the structure is the wall of a wooden house.

For the most elite and beautiful stairs, such types of wood as oak, beech, ash, cedar are chosen. They have noble shades with pronounced textures and excellent durability. More budget wood materials are pine and birch. When properly processed, seasoned and dry wood has excellent physical properties and durability.

Metal stairs are more durable and can last a long time. Aluminum alloys are most commonly used, copper and cast iron are also popular. The disadvantage is the complexity of installation, for strength, welding of the frame, steps and railings is usually required. An excellent option for a wooden house are all-metal stairs. The screw type of various metals is the most popular.

You can build in a wooden house and stairs made of natural or artificial stone. The cost will be high, but the view of such lifts to the second floor is very impressive. The advantage is their environmental friendliness, long service life.

How to do?

Before you build a lift to the second floor with your own hands, you need to decide on the choice of location, type of construction and materials of manufacture. In this case, it is worth considering where the hatch or door to the upper room will be located in order to connect the upper span with it. In order to correctly determine the amount of raw materials and fasteners in advance, it is worth creating a sketch that indicates the width and height of steps and spans, supporting elements, attachment points to the wall and floor, and the dimensions of the railing.

For the construction, it is necessary to prepare in advance the site where the structure will be mounted, as well as the adjacent walls. To prepare the material, installation and finishing, you will need: a hacksaw, a pencil, a ruler and a tape measure, a drill, a screwdriver, a square, a building level, a hammer and a brush.

To build a turning staircase with two flights of wood, you will need 8 steps with a width of 250 mm, a step height of 200 mm, a span of 900 mm and a platform of 900x900 mm. The railing can be of the simplest design, the main thing is that the distance between adjacent vertical posts is at least 400 mm. The installation begins with sawing the polished beams, for the frame it is good to choose them with a section size of 60 by 120 mm. The installation of the platform on vertical supports takes place in the corner of the room, then the bowstring of the lower march is made - inclined boards on which steps and railings will be attached. Fastening to the ceiling, that is, the existing wall of a wooden house, is carried out on metal screws, wood screws, at least 60 cm long.

When the platform on vertical racks and the bowstring are fixed, then the finished steps are placed and attached to the cutouts of the latter. After that, a railing is mounted to the lower span. Then, in the same way, proceed to the installation of the second march. His bowstring is already attached to the ceiling and the second adjacent wall. The second span turns out to be longer; for reliability, somewhere in the middle of it, it is worth installing an additional support beam.

Such a ladder is easy to install and convenient, but on a smoothly polished and varnished surface, the steps often slip. To avoid this, you can fix rough notches made of metal or other material on the stairs. After the design with the railing is ready, it is worth taking care of building a damper or an opening hatch to the second floor.

It is also easy to make a spiral staircase, which, with a floor height of 2.4–2.7 m, will require 12–15 steps. Its main forming element is the central vertical support, around which steps will rise in a spiral, they, unlike straight stairs, have the shape of a trapezoid. There are a huge number of design options and materials, including natural wood.

Making marches

Painting stairs made of wood can be made from any transparent quick-drying varnish. It is best to choose odorless varieties for indoor use. These can be alkyd varnishes, which have a relatively low cost, alcohol varnishes with good strength and moisture protection, environmentally friendly acrylic or polyurethane varnishes with high wear resistance.

Wooden stairs can be painted in any opaque color. At the same time, the pleasant texture and shade of natural wood are lost, but this way you can achieve, for example, the maximum combination with the rest of the interior or create a certain style. So that after painting there is no pungent smell in the room, you should choose resistant and high-quality acrylic, alkyd, emulsion paints.

Whatever the varnish, it should be carefully applied with a new brush with soft bristles. It cleans up after use. Even if the finishing material is odorless, it is better not to be inside the work area for a couple of hours and check the house.

Style and design may vary depending on the preferences of the owners. The most popular rural or country style for small wooden houses. It is based on maximum naturalness and simplicity. Therefore, it is worth choosing simple straight forms of steps and railings, using natural wood bars covered with transparent varnish. You can not treat the surface of the boards with decorative coloring agents at all, but only polish them as much as possible.

The classic style is typical for spacious rooms with a chic interior. It is best to choose noble dark woods for it. The railings of stairs in this style can have curved shapes, complex vertical racks of many elements, equipped with stucco molding. The main thing is not to overdo it in the number of decorative details and harmoniously fit the stairs into the interior of a country house.

The construction of a two-story private house, cottage or summer house is a profitable solution that allows you to expand your living space. To save usable space in such buildings, small-sized stairs are installed. Such designs differ in the number of steps and the forms of marches. At the same time, a compact staircase to the second floor must meet the requirements of practicality and safety.

Stylish and compact staircase configurations

Small stairs are installed to save usable space. In their manufacture, they make it so that the steps are located as close to each other as possible, but it is convenient to move along them. It is necessary to carefully approach the choice of model in order to install the safest design in your home.

Even such a compact staircase can look very organic.

Of particular importance is the shape of the opening and its width. The choice of the type of construction of small dimensions depends precisely on these indicators. The dimensions of the steps and are the main data that should be considered. It is important to figure out which types of structures are best suited for small spaces.

Single-march

Single-march models are the simplest. However, when installing such stairs to the second floor, you can save space. The minimum required space for a 3-meter floor height is 80x180 cm.

For the sake of this, designers decide on various non-standard solutions. For example, these include models in which the treads are narrowed on each side.

Stair structures with one march can also be folding and retractable.

Swivel

Models with turns of marches are installed in a corner or against a wall. The platforms in them play the role of an element necessary for a turn. Turns are performed by 90° or 180°. Double-flight stairs do not take up much space, but climbing and descending them is quite convenient. Winder steps in such cases are simply irreplaceable. The minimum occupied space at a 3-meter floor height is 160x180 cm.

Thanks to the installation of such a structure, the narrow passage to the second floor is more elegant. In comparison with direct marches, when moving, you have to change the direction of movement. There are other differences as well:

1. Compactness. They do not take up much space, while the parameters remain optimal.
2. Convenience - it is convenient to move along them even with a large object in your hands.
3. Aesthetics. Corner products look interesting and neat.
4. Security. According to this indicator, rotary products are safer than screw ones.

screw

Small-sized screw models are popular today. These structures are installed both in multi-level apartments and in country houses. The ease of use of such structures lies in the observance of the rules of ergonomics - the movement up and down is comfortable, and no dead zones are created under the steps. It is more profitable to place such a staircase to the second floor of the house in a small area. The minimum plan dimensions for a floor height of 3 m are 130x130 cm.

Steps are attached to a vertical rack in a spiral. One of the main advantages of screw products is the elegance of forms. They are made of metal or wood - in any case, they are able to fit into a modern interior.

However, screw products have their drawbacks. For example, if a person carries a large object in his hands, it will be uncomfortable to go down. Wooden models give the house an atmosphere of comfort.

folding

If you have to go upstairs infrequently, it is better to install a folding type structure in a country house. It is perfect for the attic. Its advantage is the ability to fold if necessary. Small-sized retractable models are attached to the hatch on the ceiling. You can easily tilt the structure, and then push it back. For maintenance of the attic, a folding design is ideal.

It is allowed to install such a model in any area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house. Its choice depends only on the location of large-sized furniture. In addition, the installation of a folding model does not affect the interior.

There are several varieties of such products:

• telescopic;
• retractable;
• folding;
• sectional.

The width is usually close to that of conventional side structures. As a rule, it is 60-65 cm. With a large slope, it will be possible to go down it only with your back forward.

When choosing a suitable type of construction of small dimensions, they look at the overall design of the room. The main thing is that it is durable, ergonomic and safe. Such a small staircase for giving is mounted where the attic is rarely used. It is effective to install such structures in houses with a ceiling height of up to 3 m.

Small Solutions

If it is necessary to install a ladder that would not “hide” the space and be as convenient as possible, pay attention to small-sized structures. There are several types of such products that can meet the requirements of practicality and reliability.

Modular designs

When installing modular lifts on the second floor, you can experiment with the interior and choose different assembly options. They can be made by hand, which is the main advantage. Modular designs are screw, spiral, L- and U-shaped. They may also be rounded. The modular system allows you to give the stairs any shape in terms of, and adding the right number of elements allows you to gain an arbitrary height.

Install them in openings of different widths and lengths. It is important to install the modular staircase correctly - the safety of the residents depends on it. At the same time, attention is paid to living in the house of persons with disabilities - children and the elderly.

Choose a modular staircase with a small opening to the second floor in accordance with the following recommendations:

1. Before choosing, measure the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room and find out the dimensions of the opening.
2. It is better if the structure is equipped with a railing that will ensure the safety of movement.
3. For ease of ascent and descent, stairs without risers are chosen - this ensures comfort when setting the foot.
4. The design of the structure is created taking into account the general style of the room.

With small platforms and compact turns, it is easy to save living space. First, pay attention to the safety of the product, and only then - to its appearance. Modular structures are installed in a house where you need to move quickly between floors. Often this design is chosen for installation in a bath.

Staircase "goose step"

Among the single-march structures, it is worth highlighting the goose step staircase. It does not take up space, but also does not restrict movement when ascending and descending. When resizing a run, it is important to maintain the optimal step width and slope range. If even when choosing extreme values, it is not possible to create an ascent to the second floor, it is not worth saving space for arranging stairs.

The design difference is the alternate narrowing of the tread on each side. This allows you to create comfort when moving, while leaving the length of the march relatively small.

The goose step ladder is designed for comfortable movement in confined spaces. For such models, the optimal slope is 50 ° - 60 °. Their width is reduced to 60-80 cm. At the same time, the ratio of the height of the riser and the width of the tread in such designs is rather unusual. If you transfer it to an ordinary single-flight staircase, moving along it would be unsafe.

Important Convenience and Safety Issues

When installing stairs to the second floor of a small house, it is important to combine the design with the background style of the interior. There are also some requirements to take into account:

• compact dimensions;
• security;
• travel comfort.

The design should not be too steep - no more than 60 °. The slope is calculated based on the possibility of its use by children and the elderly. It is better to equip the structure with railings. The coating is chosen so as not to slip on it when moving. If the staircase is made of polished stone, you can lay a carpet on it.

Often, structures have to be made with a large slope - up to 75 ° degrees. At the same time, a rather large depth of steps is set. To increase the convenience and safety of the stairs, you can use the installation of handles that you can hold on to when going up and down.

Safety regulations:

• starting from the first meter, the stairs are equipped with a fence 90 cm high;
• gaps between railing posts should not exceed 10 cm;
• the width of the tread should be sufficient for comfortable setting of the foot - 25-30 cm;
• for the convenience of grabbing a hand, handrails are created with an optimal diameter - 32-60 mm;
• all steps must be the same height.

When designing a staircase to the second floor, it is important to take care not only of its ergonomics, but also of its functionality. Therefore, such structures are created according to individual drawings. You can do the calculations yourself with the help of free

A properly designed turning staircase will perfectly complement the interior.

Any private house with more than one floor forces its owner to build an interfloor staircase. It is quite possible for an experienced owner in construction matters to make it with his own hands. But it should be borne in mind that it is better to think about building in advance - even before building a house, at the design stage.

Complicated staircase structures are obtained due to an elementary lack of space. The owners in such cases make a choice in favor of a spiral staircase or a marching staircase with a turn. It is possible to achieve success in the construction of an interfloor staircase with your own hands if you correctly calculate the entire staircase structure and plan the process of its construction. But to consult a specialist, for example, about the permissible load on the stairs, of course, is worth it.

What type of construction to choose

First of all, you need to decide on the purpose and frequency of its use. In some cases, the preferred option is a lightweight folding design that does not have rotations and is not designed for heavy loads. For example, when the 2nd floor is an attic (or even an attic), then it is unlikely that there will be a need to move large and heavy objects there. The number of people regularly going up to such a floor will also be small.

The most common and easiest to manufacture design that connects the second floor to the first is a marching staircase. It is not only convenient, but also safe, and this is important if children and the elderly will use the stairs. In addition, a well-made mid-flight staircase can easily be lifted to the top floor and lowered back large items - furniture, for example, or building materials. It is easier to build a marching staircase with your own hands. It is usually built from wood or metal.

The stairs to the second floor are often made in several marches. The reason for this decision is the need to fit the structure into a limited space, while maintaining the correct angle of inclination.

Important!

If the ladder is made too steep, it will be uncomfortable to use.

What is the use of drawing

The homeowner has every right to do everything at his own discretion - to choose the height and width of the structure, build it from wood or metal parts, do all the work with his own hands or hire specialists, make a choice in favor of one configuration or another. But still, you should carefully consider the observance of certain parameters of the stairs. To make it safe and comfortable, you should, first of all, maintain the correct ratio of the height and depth of the steps, because it is these dimensions that determine the slope of the entire structure.

In any case, drawing up a drawing of the future staircase will allow you to take into account all the subtleties of the structure connecting the first floor to the second, which will significantly reduce the likelihood of errors. Even the fitting of parts is most likely not needed if the drawing is done properly (which, by the way, is not so difficult). Another positive point is the ability to accurately calculate the amount of material required for the manufacture of a ladder structure.

main parameters

The drawing should begin with a floor plan. It includes doors, windows, furniture and other possible obstacles. It is advisable to take further design steps only after familiarizing yourself with the existing building codes regarding staircases. Here is a list of the most basic ones:

• The slope of the stairs must not exceed 45°.
• The minimum march width is 0.9 m.
• The maximum riser height is 20 cm.
• The depth of the step is not less than 25 cm.
• Fencing (railing height) - 0.9 m.

In addition, all steps must be the same height, otherwise it will be uncomfortable to walk up the stairs. The only exceptions are the first and last steps. Sometimes calculations require this, and sometimes the first step is made in the form of a platform in front of the stairs.

average human step

The convenience of the stairs will also depend on what the value of the step of a person is taken in the calculations. The average human height is in the range of 160-180 cm, the step corresponding to this growth is 60-64 cm.

The length of the foot is also taken into account. It is assumed here that the walker feels safe when 70% of his foot is on the supporting surface. Again, based on average values, the step depth is chosen from the range of 25–30 cm. There is a formula that relates three parameters: 2h + d ≈ 60–64 cm, where 2h is twice the height of the riser, d is the depth of the tread, and the sum of these numbers should give the value of the average human step. It is worth noting that this formula is not a "panacea", the poet should not take it as a prerequisite.

An alternative way to calculate stairs Part 1

An alternative way to calculate stairs Part 2

How difficult is drawing

To draw a diagram of a direct march, it will be enough school knowledge from the geometry course. You can do it yourself. But before applying the drawing of the future staircase to the floor plan, it is necessary to calculate all its parameters. To do this, you can use the following instructions:

1. The number of steps is calculated - the height of the room is divided by the height of one step. In this case, the overlap should be taken into account, that is, the distance from the floor of the 1st floor to the floor of the 2nd is taken.
2. Then you need to determine the length of the structure, for this the depth of the tread is multiplied by the number of steps. If the length is known or there are serious restrictions on its value, then they do the opposite - calculate the depth of the tread based on the length of the march: divide the estimated length by the number of steps.
3. Make the necessary adjustments to make the design comfortable and fit into the interior of the room.
4. The area of ​​the staircase structure is calculated: the width of the march is multiplied by its length.
5. The lengths of the support beams (bowstrings or stringers) are also required. For the calculation, they use the Pythagorean theorem - the height of the ladder structure and its projection onto the horizontal axis act as legs. The square root of the sum of the squares of these dimensions will give the hypotenuse - the desired length.
6. The obtained values ​​are entered into the drawing.

Stair turn

Now the most important thing is that first the parameters of the turning part are calculated, and only then they take up the marches. Here you need more knowledge than in the case of simple stairs and without a well-constructed drawing it will be difficult to figure it out. Drawings made by professionals can serve as a good example for beginners. It should also be borne in mind that calculations are often a process of successive approximation, that is, it is far from always possible to immediately get into those same dimensions, you have to refine individual parameters step by step.

How is a turn made? There are two options - inter-span platform or winder steps. The first option is easier, you can do it yourself. In addition, it is more convenient to use the site, but space is needed.

The second option is used when there is not enough space. The calculations in this case are more complicated - you will have to try to make the stairs comfortable and safe. The following methods are used to calculate winder steps:

• proportional;
• Danish;
• line rotation method;
• sweep method.

Important!

When using winder steps, it is necessary to control their depth on the line of motion - it should not be less than 20 cm.

The depth of the tread of winder steps, as a rule, is increased by creating an overlap of 3-4 cm. It is undesirable to exceed this value, since the descent can become uncomfortable and even dangerous. When there is not enough room to fully place the foot, a person may slip, which will lead to injury. Climbing such steps is also inconvenient - the toe will constantly cling to an overly large overlap.

The 180° swivel design requires a certain distance between flights. A value of 75 mm is the minimum allowed for this gap.

Creating Winder Steps for a Revolving Stair

Ready options

Not all owners of private houses have the desire and time to make drawings and do construction work with their own hands. Especially when there are very good options for finished ladder structures assembled from modules. A variety of modifications are available - straight, screw, curvilinear. Some are assembled from wooden elements, others from metal. And all this is no more difficult than a children's designer - a few hours are spent on it. The height and width of the parts are easily adjustable, making it possible to fit the staircase into the interior and provide access to the upper floor in the shortest possible time. The variety of style solutions will allow you to find the right option for any situation.

It is also worth paying attention to specialized software designed to calculate various parameters - SolidWorks, StairDesigner and others. With such tools, building a complex structure with your own hands will become possible even for someone who has not dealt with drawings. In addition, there are free online services for designing simple structures, that is, anyone can try their hand at designing without installing additional software on their computer.

Designing a staircase in the Compass program (simple version)

Stair design in AutoCAD (complex)

Building a staircase to the second floor is a rather complicated procedure, but with experience and a good step-by-step guide, it is quite possible to handle it yourself. The main difficulty in this case is that the dimensions of the span and the angle of inclination of the structure must be calculated with the utmost accuracy, since both the durability of the structure and the convenience of its operation largely depend on this. A reliable and aesthetically pleasing staircase is a great chance to test yourself and gain valuable experience for subsequent work in your private home.

First, you should decide what role your staircase should play in the overall interior. Such a design can serve as a decorative element or be invisible; moreover, the staircase can become the central element of the whole design, according to which the whole room will be designed. But before choosing a specific option and starting directly manufacturing, it is necessary to find out how this kind of staircase is arranged in general, and determine its required dimensions.

Construction - what are interfloor stairs made of

And they consist of a large number of structural elements. You definitely cannot do without some, while the rest, on the contrary, may be absent in some variations of the described design.

To begin with, steps must be present in the structure, as well as supports supporting them - these are the main elements of any interfloor structure of this type. The step itself is an element consisting of two parts perpendicular to each other. In professional terms, from the riser and the riser. The latter, by the way, serves as a kind of support under the approach, but you can often do without it.

As for the supports, they can be of two types:

• kosour (this is a special beam that supports the steps from below);
• bowstring (a similar beam for steps, only it supports them at the ends).

The next structural element is the railing. They are extremely important, although they are not available on all types of construction. And if elderly relatives or children live in your house, there is certainly no way without a railing.

Finally, balusters are special vertical supports for railings, often necessary not only for practicality, but also for decoration. Different materials can be used for balusters, and the shape of the elements is also different.

Note! Due to the wide variety of stairs, they may have such details that are required exclusively for this design. Let's get acquainted with them.

• Boltsy. By them are meant special bolts intended to support the steps. They can be attached both to them and to the walls themselves. They are not often used, but only for some versions of the stairs.
• Racks. Such elements are used in the construction of spiral staircases. Steps are attached to one such rack with an appropriate step, having a special shape and forming a spiral, which rises to the second floor from the first.

Which version of the stairs to the second floor to choose for the house?

So, first we determine which ladder we need, and make the appropriate calculations. As a rule, in private houses there are metal, concrete and wooden stairs.

According to their design, they can all be:

1. screw;
2. rotary;
3. straight.

There are, by the way, combined options with varying degrees of complexity, but we will not dwell on them.

Concrete stairs require a very strong foundation, and the construction itself takes a lot of time, but the finished structures are very durable and strong. Installing a metal ladder is nothing complicated, but on condition that you know how to work with a welding machine. But everyone can build a wooden structure if you familiarize yourself with the algorithm of such a process.

The simplest in construction is considered to be a direct mid-flight structure - a not very complicated staircase to the second floor with your own hands. It is quite compact, does not include too many details, and complex calculations are not required in this case. If free space is limited, then the best option is a spiral staircase, which, although it looks elegant, is not always convenient to use. For example, it will be difficult for you to lift something heavy or bulky on it. More difficult to install structures that consist of several spans, however, they are the most suitable option for buildings with a large distance between floors.

Stairs to the second floor with their own hands made of wood single-flight

This design consists of the following elements:

• stringers;
• risers;
• tread;
• railing.

With what each of these elements represents, we have already figured out, so we immediately move on to the main thing.

So, the height of a single-flight staircase to the second floor should be the same as the distance between floors + floors. To simplify the calculation, it is first necessary to determine the dimensions of the steps themselves. If children or elderly relatives live with you, then it is desirable that the steps be 15 centimeters high, in other cases this height can be 20 centimeters. It is undesirable to exceed the latter value, since the ascent will turn out to be steeper, and it will not be so convenient to climb.

As for the width of the steps, it should vary from 20 to 30 centimeters - the specific value depends on how much free space is allocated for the staircase. After all, the wider the steps, the more space will be required. Select the required dimensions, proceed to the calculation of the length of the base and the number of steps. Take the total height of the entire structure and divide by the height of one riser, and round the number you get to the nearest integer and multiply by the tread depth value. For example, the entire staircase to the second floor with your own hands will have a height of 300 centimeters, and the height of each riser will be 20 centimeters.

This will require 15 steps, because:

300:20=15

And if the width of each step is 25 centimeters, then the base should be 37.5 centimeters long (15x25 \u003d 37.5).

Step-by-step instructions for making stairs to the second floor

Having finished with the calculations, start making all the necessary structural elements. Stringers must be made of hard and dense wood, since they will bear both the weight of people and the weight of the entire staircase. Cut out a template from thick cardboard, making cutouts corresponding to the dimensions of the steps, while the slope should be the same as the angle of inclination of the stairs itself. Cut out grooves on the ends of the stringers, through which they will be attached to the ceiling and base, and then mark up in accordance with a pre-made template.

To cope with the subsequent work, you must prepare:

1. electric jigsaw;
2. hammer;
3. grinder;
4. drill;
5. level;
6. and finally anchor bolts.

Take a jigsaw and use it to make protrusions on the stringers in accordance with the markings, then carefully sand both sides. Next, cut out mounting holes in the floor beams or, alternatively, install metal supports. In the place where the first step will be located on the first floor, install the support beam, fixing it with anchor bolts. Then install the stringers, without fail checking the slope through the level. Secure the stringers at the top/bottom with the same anchor bolts.

Now you can make the stairs yourself. Take dry boards whose thickness is at least 3.6 centimeters; the width at this time should be similar to the width of future steps or even slightly larger.

Note! When making risers, you can take boards 2 centimeters thick.

As for the length of the blanks, it should be the same as the width of the entire structure (that is, within 80-120 centimeters).

When finished cutting, carefully sand each piece to remove roughness and sharp cuts. The installation process itself is nothing complicated: coat the lower cutouts on the stringers with wood glue, attach the risers and align everything around the edges. Next, fix them using self-tapping screws, and lay the steps themselves on top. If you do not use glue, then wooden parts will create squeaks when loaded.

Lay all the steps in the same way, and then start attaching the railing. Balusters for railings are made from square bars or, alternatively, figured wooden blanks. You can mount on each step or through one (it all depends on what the characteristics of the span are). Fasten with screws, do not forget to close the hats with decorative caps. If the stairs to the second floor with your own hands will be located approximately in the middle of the room, you can equip the railing immediately on each side.

At the end, sand the finished staircase well and treat with an antiseptic. Then paint the wood or open it with varnish. It is important that the final surface is not too smooth - the roughness of the steps will significantly increase the safety of the inhabitants of the house. Apply the top coat in two or three layers, and before each new layer, the previous one must dry completely.

Straight concrete stairs

If your house is spacious enough, and the interfloor ceiling in it is made of concrete, then you may well build a concrete staircase. As a rule, people often build one of two design options:

1. monolithic;
2. combined type (here only the stringer is made of concrete).

Note that option #2 looks much more attractive. However, a concrete staircase requires formwork in any case, as well as a sufficiently strong base that can withstand such a weight.

To get started, prepare everything you need, in particular:

• moisture resistant plywood (can be replaced with an edged board upholstered in PET film);
• concrete;
• strong bars 10x10 centimeters in cross section;
• self-tapping screws;
• fittings or special knitting wire.

Note! The thickness of the board for the construction of formwork should be 3 centimeters, and plywood - at least 1.8 centimeters. Calculate all the necessary dimensions in the same way as for the design from the previous paragraph of the article, however, the strength characteristics of the base are required to be maximum.

Start work with the construction of formwork: take plywood or boards, knock them down in accordance with a pre-drawn drawing, avoiding cracks and observing the required slope.

When the formwork is ready, install it between floors and fix it with the same bars. Then lay out the reinforcement bars inside the formwork, tie them with steel wire. Where the railing will be installed, fix the wooden plugs, and only after that fill the entire box with the prepared concrete solution. It is important that the formwork be filled immediately, in one go, otherwise the solidity of the future structure will be broken.

After the concrete has set, dismantle the box, and moisten the formed steps with water from time to time, otherwise their surface may crack. Start finishing only when the concrete gains strength and dries completely. During the construction of stairs of the combined type, stringers are poured in the same way, and the formwork should be narrower (which is typical, the installation of steps should be taken into account here).

You can finish the finished monolithic structure with stone, wood, decorative tiles and other finishing materials. Before proceeding directly to the cladding, consider the weight - for example, the same tile will put a much greater load on the foundation than wood. You can attach any steps to concrete stringers, but they will look especially attractive with a tree.

Video - Self-made stairs

How to build a metal staircase

It is not so difficult to assemble such a structure, but this will require skills in working with a welding machine and metal elements in general.

So, to get started, prepare the following materials and equipment:

1. grinder with a grinding nozzle;
2. channel number 10;
3. file;
4. iron corners;
5. metal in sheets;
6. actually welding.

First, take a channel, cut it into segments and assemble a frame from them of such dimensions as the stairs to the second floor will be with your own hands. Next, take the corners and weld them to the ends of the resulting frame with the same step equal to the height of the steps. It is important that all corners are exactly perpendicular to each other. To facilitate the installation of the structure, you can weld the steps after the frame has been mounted and fixed.

Attach the upper elements of the frame to the upper ceiling with high quality, using anchor bolts for this purpose. Attach the lower ends to the floor of the lower floor. After that, weld the steps made of sheet metal and install the railing. When finished with the assembly, carefully grind the joints with a special nozzle or, alternatively, with ordinary files. At the end, treat the entire structure with an anti-corrosion primer.

How to make a spiral staircase

The main advantages of a spiral staircase are excellent decorative properties, as well as the fact that such a design does not take up much space. For example, a staircase 2.5 meters high will consist of 16-17 steps, while the base will be approximately 2 meters in diameter. One of the most popular ways to build spiral staircases to the second floor is to “string” triangular / trapezoidal steps onto a central axis. In this case, the width of the wide part will be from 30 to 35 centimeters, and the narrow one - only 15 centimeters.

For self-manufacturing stairs to the second floor you will need:

• two steel pipes 5 and 5.5 centimeters;
• primer mixture;
• wooden slats with which the template will be made;
• file;
• corners;
• welding machine.

A pipe with a smaller diameter will serve us as the main rack, therefore, its length should be the same as the interfloor distance. It is also recommended to concrete the staircase near the base to make it more stable (do not forget to set the structure vertically in advance). A large pipe must be cut into cylinders, the length of which is approximately 15 centimeters. Make sure all cuts are at a 90 degree angle, otherwise you won't be able to align all the steps horizontally.

Note! Cylinders should be put on the main pipe as tightly as possible, and there should not be any backlash. If the docking turns out to be loose, you will have to use sealing rings.

To make steps, you will need a template made from wooden slats. Glue the latter in such a way that the corners placed in the frame form steps of the required dimensions.

Weld each rung to the corresponding cylinder, then sand thoroughly. When all the necessary elements are ready, begin to assemble the entire structure. Put the steps on the axle, set the corners and weld securely.

The last step is the installation of railings and the final finishing of the entire structure. For the manufacture of railings, you can use:

• fittings;
• thin profile;
• chrome-plated pipes of small diameter.

Forged railings will also look very impressive. At the same time, do not forget that all metal surfaces must be carefully sanded, treated with a primer mixture and painted.

The spiral staircase to the second floor is assembled in a similar way, for which wooden steps are used. Wood blanks should be made in the form of trapezoids, after which a hole with a diameter of 5 centimeters is made in the narrow part. Further, using special seals, the steps must be strung on the axis and fixed there. At the end, railings are attached, the wood is primed, painted and decorated with decor.

Features of assembling stairs to the second floor on the rails with your own hands

As a result, one more interesting option should be considered on how a staircase to the second floor is built with one's own hands. In this case, we will talk about the design on the bolts, which got its name from him. Bolzen, which translates as "bolt". In other words, we are talking about a structure that is fixed on special bolts. Although in reality these are not even bolts, but fasteners made in the form of pins, at the ends of which there is a thread. Thanks to the bolts, the railings and steps are interconnected and also attached to the wall. As a result, we get an airy and light staircase that can decorate any private house. Moreover, in this case there are no risers at all.

Among other things, stairs of this type are both quite compact and stretched on a specific section of the wall. Despite the fact that these structures seem light, in fact they are strong and durable, they can easily withstand several hundred kilograms, which is why, in fact, they have become increasingly popular in recent years.

Note! It is quite obvious that it is impossible to install such a staircase in the center of the room, because, as we have already found out, the fastening is carried out to the wall. But most importantly, for the construction you need to use only high-quality and durable materials.

It is extremely difficult to calculate such a staircase with your own hands, but it can be purchased ready-made or ordered by specialists on an individual project. For more details on the installation of this design, see the video below.

That's all, good luck and warm winters!

Video - How to install a wooden ladder on the rails