Therapeutic nutrition for diseases of the urinary system. Diet for kidney diseases: basic principles of therapeutic nutrition, recommendations for various diseases Features of nutrition in kidney pathologies

Therapy of diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system is always carried out under the supervision of a urologist or nephrologist. It is directed against the cause and requires the mandatory use of therapeutic nutrition.

Diet for diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract is the main component of complex treatment, which allows not only to reduce the clinical manifestations of the disease, but also to reduce the risk of complications.

The presence in the anamnesis of diseases of the urinary system is always displayed on the quality of life of a person. Both renal tissues and organs of the genitourinary system (ureters, bladder, urethra, urethra) can be involved in the pathological process.

The urinary system reacts sharply to inflammatory processes, so it is very important to recognize them in time.

In the practice of doctors, the most common diseases are:

nephritis;
pyelitis;
pyelonephritis;
kidney failure;
glomerulonephritis;
urolithiasis disease.

A diet for kidney disease enhances the effect of drugs, helps to normalize the functioning of the digestive tract. In women and men, kidney pathologies develop with the same frequency, clinical nutrition does not differ. All toxic and harmful substances are excreted by the kidneys, so you need to maintain their full-fledged work, protect them from negative influences.

The causes of kidney disease are varied, but infections are to blame in 80% of cases. Clinical manifestations of diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system, expressed and accompanied by:

violation of urination;
pain or discomfort in the lumbar region;
increase in blood pressure;
swelling of the limbs, face;
signs of intoxication.

Nutrition for pathologies of the kidneys and urinary tract includes products with a minimum content of animal and vegetable proteins. Without dietary nutrition, there will be no effect from therapy, even when the patient is taking medications.

Benefits of Diet

For diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system, doctors prescribe diet number 7. Depending on the diagnosis, table number 7 is divided into several.

7a (low-protein diet) allows you to remove from the body under-oxidized metabolic products, nitrogenous slags, has a hypotensive effect, reduces signs of uremia.
7b is prescribed for chronic kidney pathologies.
7c allows you to make up for the loss of proteins.
7 g is recommended for renal failure, especially for those patients who are on hemodialysis.
7p, the main indication for which is renal failure, permanent hemodialysis.

In addition to diet No. 7, the doctor may prescribe table No. 6 or No. 14. The choice of diet tables directly depends not only on the diagnosis, but also on the stage of development of the disease.

Basic principles of proper nutrition:

unloading of the urinary system;
purification of blood from harmful and toxic substances;
stabilization of metabolic processes;
reduction of edema;
normalization of water-salt metabolism;
normalization of blood pressure indicators;
elimination of inflammation;
improvement of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diet for kidney disease is one of the main components of therapy, so patients must strictly follow the doctor's recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle, use only approved foods.

wheat bread;
lean meat;
vegetable soups;
low-fat boiled or baked fish;
dairy products;
greens and vegetables;
berries and fruits;
mild cheese;
tea with milk;
rosehip decoction.

Meals included in the diet should contain a minimum amount of salt.

What foods should be avoided

In diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, alcoholic and carbonated drinks.

List of prohibited products:

salty foods;
black bread;
mushrooms;
smoked meats;
sausages;
canned food;
legumes;
coffee.

Proper therapeutic nutrition for diseases of the urinary system will help improve kidney function, relieve swelling, normalize blood pressure, and improve the patient's general well-being. The effect of diet therapy can be seen after 2-3 days.

Features of diet number 7

All meals consumed by the patient should be balanced in composition, contain vitamins and be healthy. In a day, the patient should consume:

3000 kcal;
70 g of proteins;
90 g fat;
400 g of carbohydrates.

To reduce the burden on the organs of the urinary system, limit the intake of proteins and salt, regulate the amount of fluid. For some pathologies, it is recommended to give up salt, include vegetable and fruit juices in the diet. The duration of the observed diet depends on the stage of the disease, the final diagnosis.

In the presence of kidney stones, the diet is prescribed taking into account the composition of the stones. Kidney disease often requires a protein-free diet, since it is the excessive consumption of protein foods that provokes the formation of harmful substances. But protein is an important building material of the body, so it is not completely excluded, but only limited in use.

Therapy for kidney diseases also includes single-product fasting days. This helps to increase the amount of urine, accelerate the excretion of protein metabolism products from the body, and normalize blood pressure.

The diet is prescribed for how many weeks or months. In chronic pathologies with severe disorders in the work of the kidneys, a strict diet will have to be followed for life.

After the diagnosis is established, the patient is individually assigned a treatment regimen, which includes diet therapy.

General rules.

Eat small meals.
Eat only high quality and fresh food.
Products should be steamed, baked or boiled.
It is recommended to make a schedule of five meals a day.
Drink at least 1.5 liters of fluid per day.
Add salt not during cooking, but on a plate.
Increase consumption of vegetables and fruits.
When cooking, do not use salt, spices or spices.
Refuse fatty and "heavy" foods.
Avoid overeating.
Do not neglect the diet and doctor's recommendations.

By following simple rules, you can improve the general condition of the patient. In addition to therapeutic nutrition, the patient is prescribed medications, diuretic herbs, compliance with the regime of work and rest. For some diseases diagnosed at the earliest stages, diet is considered the only way to treat.

Introduction

1. Diet for acute and chronic renal failure

2. Diet treatment for nephrotic syndrome

3. Acute, chronic glomerulonephritis and diet therapy

4. Pyelonephritis and urolithiasis

Conclusion

List of literature sources

Introduction

An important role of therapeutic nutrition in the complex therapy of kidney diseases is determined by pronounced metabolic disorders, possible violations of the digestive organs.

Diet therapy is built taking into account the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease and provides for the need to spare the kidneys, leveling metabolic disorders, potentiating the action of diuretics and other medications. The possibility of concomitant circulatory failure determines the need to spare the organs of the cardiovascular system.

The main differences during dietary therapy relate to the amounts of protein, salt and water, which is determined by the clinical form, the period of the disease and the functional ability of the kidneys. The presence or absence of edema, high blood pressure, azotemia, albuminuria, hypoproteinemia and their severity matters. So, the presence of azotemia determines the need for protein restriction, with edema and high blood pressure, salt is limited. Noteworthy is the fact that there is no fluid retention in the body against the background of a salt-free diet, and therefore the allowable amount of fluid consumed is determined by diuresis plus 500 ml(extrarenal losses).

Since edema may be associated with proteinuria, the presence of ionoproteinemia in the absence of azotemia dictates the need for protein enrichment in the diet.

It should be borne in mind the need to enrich the diet with potassium when prescribing a number of diuretics that contribute to its excretion in the urine and can lead to hypokalemia (dichlothiazide, furosemide, etc.).

Therapeutic nutrition for kidney diseases involves the use of renal diets No. 7a, 76, 7, such as Giordano-Giovanetti and special unloading diets (sugar, apple, potato, rice-compote, watermelon, pumpkin, etc.), which contribute to the removal of fluid and underoxidized products exchange from the body, lowering blood pressure and reducing azotemia.

Among the main pathological conditions of the kidneys, in which dietary therapy deserves special attention, are acute and chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, acute chronic glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic pyelonephritis, kidney amyloidosis (however, with amyloidosis of the kidneys, therapeutic nutrition is similar to that in nephrotic syndrome).

1. Diet for acute and chronic renal failure

Acute renal failure is characterized by a sudden and rapidly progressive impairment of all functions of the nephron with the development of azotemia, profound disturbances in water and electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance, arterial hypertension and anemia of the patient.

Depending on the mechanism of action, the etiological factors of acute renal failure are usually divided into prerenal(acute blood loss, traumatic and operational shock, transfusion of incompatible blood, crushing of tissues, toxic-coinfections, indomitable vomiting, mowing, etc.), renal(poisoning with metal salts, organic compounds, poisons of plant and animal origin, drugs, etc.) and postrenal(compression and blockage of the urinary tract in urolithiasis, prostate adenoma, tumors of the pelvic organs).

Therapeutic nutrition in acute renal failure is aimed at preventing the breakdown of tissue proteins, sparing the kidneys to the maximum and correcting metabolic disorders. It is built differentially in accordance with the stage of the disease.

In the initial (shock) period, diet therapy is in many cases impossible (unconsciousness due to shock, trauma, condition after abdominal surgery, etc.); therefore, in this period, treatment is usually reduced to parenteral administration.

In the stage of oliguria, fluid intake should be limited to 400-500 ml per day plus the amount of fluid lost during vomiting and diarrhea. It is also necessary to sharply limit the introduction of potassium, since its concentration in the blood plasma increases, which is associated with tissue destruction and impaired excretion of potassium by the kidneys. The content of sodium in the body, despite possible losses during vomiting and diarrhea, usually increases as a result of a violation of its excretion by the kidneys; in this regard, the content of sodium in the diet is also subject to drastic restriction.

Increased protein breakdown and impaired excretion of nitrogenous waste products by the kidneys contribute to a sharp increase in their content in the body, which dictates the need for a strict restriction of protein in the daily diet (up to 20-25 G) subject to its sufficient calorie content (at least 1500 kcal). A lower caloric content of the daily diet can increase the breakdown of own (tissue) proteins, which in turn leads to an increase in hyperkalemia. It is advisable to provide the missing calorie content mainly due to easily digestible carbohydrates, which help to improve the functional state of the myocardium, liver, and kidneys. In this regard, levulose is especially indicated, which, under conditions of acidosis, can be transformed by the damaged liver into glycogen. The introduction of fats should be limited, because in the process of impaired metabolism, ketone bodies accumulate, which can increase the already existing acidosis.

With the onset of the polyuric stage, protein restriction in the diet should be continued until residual nitrogen in the blood returns to normal. Increased diuresis determines the need to drink plenty of fluids. With the onset of diuresis over 1500 ml the content of potassium in the diet can not be limited; moreover, with a further increase in urine volume, it is necessary to enrich the diet with potassium, since its content in the blood tends to decrease. The introduction of sodium should be carried out under the control of its content in the blood and excretion in the urine.

Chronic renal failure (uremia) can develop with chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis, bilateral pyelonephritis, polycystic and amyloidosis of the kidneys, hypertension and atherosclerotic kidney damage (nephroangiosclerosis), diabetic glomerulosclerosis, kidney damage with systemic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, chronic circulatory failure and less than other diseases.

In connection with the violation of the filtration capacity of the kidneys, nitrogenous wastes are retained in the body and the specific gravity of urine decreases. As a result of the compensatory reaction of the body, reabsorption in the tubules changes, contributing to the excretion of accumulated nitrogenous wastes with a large volume of low-concentrated urine; moreover, the observed polyuria often contributes to the convergence of edema. Large amounts of sodium and potassium are lost in the urine; acidosis develops. In the future, when the filtration capacity of the kidneys falls even more, oliguria develops, which leads to a further increase in residual blood nitrogen.

Diet therapy for chronic renal failure is aimed at reducing the effects of azotemia, combating acidosis and other metabolic disorders with maximum sparing of the kidneys.

The amount of protein in the diet is subject to restriction depending on the degree of renal insufficiency. According to most nephrologists (E.M. Tareev, M.Ya-Ratner, M.S. Vovsi), the amount of protein should be reduced to 0.4-0.6 g per 1 kg of body weight per day, which approximately corresponds to the nitrogenous minimum of the body. It is recommended to use mainly vegetable proteins, the metabolic products of which are more easily excreted from the body. In addition, plant products rich in alkaline valences contribute to the alkalization of the body, which has a positive effect, since acidosis develops in chronic renal failure.

To ensure sufficient caloric content of the daily diet, it is necessary to increase the content of carbohydrates and fats in it.

Salt should not be severely limited. In the absence of edema, the introduction of 4-5 G salt. Moreover, with compensatory polyuria, when a lot of sodium is lost in the urine, the amount of salt in the diet must be increased (up to 5-6 G per 1000 ml liquid) 1 otherwise, dehydration may occur with a further decrease in glomerular filtration. When metabolic acidosis occurs, it is recommended to replace 1/5 of the injected sodium chloride (salt) with sodium bicarbonate (soda) - 2-3 G.

Fluid intake is not limited, and with compensatory polyuria it even increases to a volume corresponding to daily diuresis plus 500 ml(extrarenal losses). The introduction of a sufficient amount of fluid is necessary to flush nitrogenous toxins from the body.

The development of anemia dictates the need to consume foods rich in cyanocobalamin, folic acid, iron (lettuce, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, oatmeal and pearl barley, etc.).

With mild renal failure (urea clearance 30-40 ml/min) the diet approaches the treatment table No. 76 with the issuance of 4-5 g of salt to the hands and the introduction of a sufficient amount of liquid. Periodic (once a week) fasting days are shown by prescribing diet No. 7a or taking into account the individual tastes and wishes of the patient, special fasting rations (sugar, pumpkin, rice compote, watermelon, potato, apple, etc.). Due to the low calorie content, fasting days are necessary in the conditions of patient compliance with bed rest; fasting days contribute to the removal of nitrogenous toxins from the body.

Indications: gout and urolithiasis.

Purpose: to promote the normalization of purine metabolism, reduce the formation of uric acid and its salts in the body, and alkalinize urine.

General characteristics: exclusion of products containing a lot of purines, oxalic acid; moderate restriction of sodium chloride, an increase in the amount of alkalizing products (dairy, vegetables and fruits) and free fluid (in the absence of contraindications from the cardiovascular system). A slight decrease in the diet of proteins and fats (mainly refractory), and with concomitant obesity - and carbohydrates. Culinary processing is usual, excluding the obligatory boiling of meat, poultry and fish. Food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 70-80 g (50% animals), fats - 80-90 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400 g (80 g sugar), sodium chloride - 10 g, liquid - 1.5-2 l and more.

Calorie content: 2700-2800 kcal.

Excluded foods and dishes:

meat, fish and mushroom broths, from sorrel, spinach, legumes;
liver, kidneys, tongue, brains, meat of young animals and birds, sausages, smoked meats, salted fish, canned meat and fish, caviar;
salted cheeses;
legumes;
mushrooms, fresh bean pods, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, cauliflower, purslane; limit - salted and pickled;
salty snacks, smoked meats, canned food, fish caviar;
chocolate, figs, raspberries, cranberries;
sauces on meat, fish, mushroom broths, pepper, mustard, horseradish;
cocoa, strong tea and coffee;
beef, lamb, cooking fats. Limit pork fat.

bread and flour products: wheat and rye bread, from flour of the 1st and 2nd grade, various baked goods, including those with the inclusion of ground bran. Limit products from pastry;
vegetarian soups: borsch, cabbage soup, vegetable, potato, with the addition of cereals, cold (okroshka, beetroot), milk, fruit;
meat, poultry, fish: low-fat species and varieties. Up to 3 times a week, 150 g of boiled meat or 170 g of boiled fish. After boiling, they are used for various dishes - stewed, baked, fried, cutlet mass products. You can combine meat and fish in approximately equal amounts;
dairy products: milk, sour-milk drinks, cottage cheese and dishes from it, sour cream, cheese;
eggs: 1 per day in any cooking;
cereals in moderation, any dishes;
vegetables: in increased quantity, raw and in any culinary processing. Potato dishes;
snacks: salads from fresh and pickled vegetables, fruits, vinaigrettes, vegetable caviar, squash, eggplant;
a lot of fruits and berries, fresh and any culinary processing, dried fruits, creams and milk jelly;
marmalade, marshmallow, non-chocolate sweets, jam, honey, meringues;
sauces and spices on vegetable broth, tomato, sour cream, milk. Citric acid, vanillin, cinnamon, bay leaf. Dill, parsley;
drinks: tea with lemon, milk, weak coffee with milk. Juices of fruits, berries and vegetables, fruit drinks, water with juices, kvass, decoctions of wild rose, wheat bran, dried fruits;
fats: butter, ghee and vegetable oils.

Sample diet menu number 6:
1st breakfast: vegetable salad with vegetable oil, soft-boiled egg, carrot pudding with apples and millet, tea.
2nd breakfast: rosehip decoction.
Dinner: milk noodle soup, fried potato cutlets, kissel.
Afternoon snack: fresh apples.
Dinner: baked cheesecakes, cabbage rolls stuffed with vegetables, with rice, tea.
For the night: decoction of wheat bran.

Diet number 7

Indications: acute and chronic nephritis without exacerbation and without kidney failure.

Purpose: to reduce hypertension and edema, improve the excretion of nitrogenous and other metabolic products from the body.

General characteristics: the content of proteins is somewhat limited, fats and carbohydrates - within physiological norms. Food is prepared without salt, salt is given to the patient in the amount indicated by the doctor (3-6 g or more). The amount of free fluid is reduced to an average of 1 liter. Exclude extractive substances of meat, fish, mushrooms, sources of oxalic acid and essential oils. Meat and fish (100-150 g per day) are boiled. Food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 80 g (50-60% animals), fats - 90-100 g (25% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400-450 g (80-90 g sugar), liquid - 0.9-1.1 l .

Calories: 2700-2900 kcal.

Diet: 4-5 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

bread of ordinary baking, flour products with the addition of salt;
meat, fish, mushroom broths, from legumes;
fatty meats, fried and stewed dishes without boiling, sausages, sausages, smoked meats, canned food;
fatty fish, salted and smoked fish, caviar, canned food;
cheeses;
legumes, onions, garlic, radishes, radishes, sorrel, spinach, salted, pickled and pickled vegetables, mushrooms;
meat, fish and mushroom sauces, pepper, mustard, horseradish;
chocolate;
strong coffee, cocoa, mineral water rich in sodium.

bread and flour products: salt-free bread, pancakes, pancakes with yeast and without salt;
soups: vegetarian with vegetables, cereals, potatoes; fruit, limited - dairy. Seasoned with butter, sour cream, dill, parsley, citric acid, vinegar; onions after boiling and sautéing;
lean beef, veal, meat and cut pork, lamb, rabbit, chicken, turkey, boiled or baked, lightly fried after boiling, in pieces or chopped. Boiled tongue;
fish: low-fat, boiled, followed by light frying or baking, a piece and chopped, stuffed, aspic after boiling;
dairy products: milk, cream, sour-milk drinks, cottage cheese and cottage cheese dishes with carrots, apples, rice; sour cream;
eggs: yolks added to dishes. Whole eggs - up to two per day (soft-boiled, scrambled eggs) with a decrease in meat, fish or cottage cheese;
cereals: sago, rice, corn, barley and pasta in any preparation;
vegetables: potatoes and vegetables are widely used in any cooking;
snacks: vinaigrettes without pickles, salads from fresh vegetables and fruits;
various fruits and berries: raw, boiled, compotes, jelly, jelly, honey, jam, sweets, fruit ice cream;
sauces: tomato, milk, sour cream, fruit and vegetable sweet and sour sauces, boiled and fried onions. Vanillin, cinnamon, citric acid, vinegar;
drinks: tea, weak coffee, fruit and vegetable juices, rosehip broth;
fats: unsalted butter, ghee and refined vegetable oils; limited - lard.

Sample diet menu number 7:
1st breakfast: soft-boiled egg, crumbly buckwheat porridge, tea.
2nd breakfast: baked apples.
Dinner: Vegetarian borscht with sour cream (1/2 portion), boiled meat with fried potatoes, dried fruit compote.
Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction.
Dinner: baked carrot-apple meatballs, noodles with cottage cheese, tea.

Diet number 7A

Indications: acute nephritis and chronic nephritis with renal insufficiency.

Purpose: improving the excretion of metabolic products from the body, reducing hypertension and edema.

General characteristics: predominantly plant-based diet with a sharp restriction of proteins, with the exception of sodium chloride. The amount of fats and carbohydrates is moderately reduced. Exclude products rich in extractives, essential oils, oxalic acid. Culinary processing: boiling, baking, light frying. Food is cooked without salt, bread is salt-free. The amount of liquid should correspond to or not more than 300-400 ml exceed the amount of urine of the patient for the previous day.

Composition: proteins - 20 g (50-60% animals, and with chronic kidney failure - 70-75%), fats - 80 g (15% vegetable), carbohydrates - 350 g (80 g sugar), liquid - 0.9 -1.1 l.

Calorie content: 2100-2200 kcal.

Excluded foods and dishes:

ordinary bread, flour products with the addition of salt;
soups meat, fish, mushroom broths, dairy, cereals (except sago) and legumes;
all meat and fish products (sausages, canned food, etc.);
other cereals and pasta, legumes;
salted, pickled and pickled vegetables, legumes, spinach, sorrel, cauliflower, mushrooms, radish, garlic;
chocolate, milk jelly, ice cream;
sauces meat, fish, mushroom sauces; mustard, pepper, horseradish;
cocoa, natural coffee, mineral water rich in sodium.

bread and flour products: protein-free salt-free bread on corn starch - 100 g, in its absence 50 g of salt-free wheat bread or other flour products baked with yeast without salt;
soups, taking into account the permitted liquid - with sago, vegetable, potato, fruit. Seasoned with boiled browned onions, sour cream, herbs;
meat, poultry, fish up to 50-60 g of lean beef, veal, meat and cut pork, rabbit, chicken, turkey, fish. After boiling, you can bake or lightly fry, in pieces or chopped;
dairy products: 60 g (or more due to meat and fish) milk, cream, sour cream. Cottage cheese - with the exception of meat and fish;
eggs: in meals - 1/4-1/2 eggs per day or 2-3 per week (soft-boiled, scrambled eggs);
cereals: sago, limited - rice, protein-free pasta. On water and milk in the form of cereals, puddings, casseroles, pilaf, cutlets;
vegetables: potatoes and fresh vegetables (respectively 200-250 g and 400-450 g) in the form of various dishes. Boiled and fried onions - in dishes. Dill, parsley;
snacks: vegetable salads and vinaigrettes with vegetable oil;
different fruits and berries: raw, dried, baked, kissels, compotes and jelly. Sugar, honey, jam, non-chocolate candy;
sauces and spices for "masking" salt-free diets: sweet and sour sauces, tomato, sour cream, vegetable and fruit sauces, vanillin, cinnamon, citric acid. boiled, fried onions;
drinks: weakly brewed tea with lemon, juices of fruits and berries, tomato, rosehip broth;

Sample diet menu No. 7A:
1st breakfast: carrot-apple cutlets baked in vegetable oil, sago milk porridge, tea.
2nd breakfast: fresh fruits.
Dinner: vegetarian vegetable soup (1/2 portion), boiled meat with tomato sauce, boiled potatoes, jelly.
Afternoon snack: decoction of wheat bran with sugar.
Dinner: sago pilaf with fruit, vegetable salad with vegetable oil, tea.
For the night: fruit juice. If necessary, reduce the amount of free liquid (tea, jelly).

Diet number 7B

Indications: nephrotic syndrome.

Purpose: to replenish proteins lost in the urine, to help normalize the metabolism of proteins, fats, cholesterol, to reduce swelling.

General characteristics: a normal calorie diet with an increase in protein, a moderate decrease in fat (at the expense of animals), a normal carbohydrate content. Sharp restriction of sodium chloride, liquid, extractives, cholesterol, oxalic acid, sugar restriction, increase in the amount of lipotropic substances. Meat and fish are boiled. Food is prepared without salt. The food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 120-125 g (60-65% animals), fats - 80 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400 g (50 g sugar), liquid - 0.8 l.

Calories: 2800 kcal.

Diet: 5-6 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

regular bread, rich and puff pastry;
fatty types and varieties, liver, kidneys, brains, sausages, smoked meats, canned food;
fatty species, salted, smoked fish, canned food, caviar;
salty, spicy cheeses;
radish, garlic, sorrel, spinach, canned vegetables, salted vegetables;
sausages, smoked meats, cheese, all canned food, caviar;
meat, fish, mushroom sauces, mustard, horseradish, pepper;
chocolate, cream products;
cocoa, sodium-rich mineral waters.

bread and flour products: salt-free bread, baked goods without salt and soda, with the addition of wheat bran;
soups: vegetarian with cereals, vegetables, dairy, fruit;
meat and poultry: low-fat varieties of beef, veal, pork, lamb, rabbit, chicken, turkey boiled or followed by baking, frying, chunk and chopped;
fish: low-fat types, in pieces and chopped, boiled or followed by baking, frying. Seafood;
milk and sour-milk drinks, especially low-fat, low-fat cottage cheese and dishes from it (puddings, lazy dumplings, etc.). Limit sour cream and cream;
1 egg for cooking, protein omelettes. Limit yolks;
various cereals and pasta (cereals with water and milk, puddings, cereals, pilaf, etc.);
vegetables and dishes from potatoes, carrots, white and cauliflower, pumpkins, zucchini, beets, green peas. Tomatoes, cucumbers, green onions, lettuce, dill, parsley, radish;
snacks: vinaigrettes, vegetable salads with vegetable oil, salads with boiled meat, fish, seafood. Boiled jellied fish;
any fruits and berries - raw and in the form of various dishes. Milk kissels, jelly, meringues, snowballs. Sugar and confectionery limit. Honey instead of sugar;
sauces and spices: milk, sour cream, tomato, marinade sauce, vegetable, sweet and sour vegetable and fruit sauces. Citric acid, vanillin. Dill, parsley;
drinks: tea with lemon, milk, weak coffee with milk. Fresh juices from vegetables, fruits, berries, rosehip broth and wheat bran;
fats: unsalted butter, ghee, vegetable oils.

Approximate diet menu No. 7B:
1st breakfast: vegetable salad in vegetable oil, protein scrambled eggs, tea with milk.
2nd breakfast: soaked dried fruits.
Dinner: Vegetarian borscht (1/2 portion), meatballs baked in sour cream, stewed carrots, fresh apples.
Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction.
Dinner: boiled fish, low-fat cottage cheese steam pudding, tea.
For the night: kefir.

Diet number 7G

Indications: end-stage renal failure on the background of hemodialysis.

Purpose: to provide a balanced diet, taking into account the peculiarities of metabolism in severe kidney failure and side effects of hemodialysis.

General characteristics: moderate restriction of proteins (mainly vegetable) and potassium, a sharp restriction of sodium chloride and a significant decrease in free fluid. Diet of normal calorie content due to fats and carbohydrates. Food is cooked without salt, bread is salt-free. In the absence of hypertension and edema, the patient is given 2-3 g of sodium chloride. Limit potassium-rich foods. Sufficient intake of essential amino acids is provided by meat, fish, eggs and, to a limited extent, dairy products. Meat and fish are boiled. The taste of dishes is improved with sauces, spices, citric acid. The food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 60 g (75% animals), fats - 100-110 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400-450 g (100 g sugar and honey), potassium - up to 2.5 g, liquid - 0, 7-0.8 l.

Calorie content: 2800-2900 kcal.

Diet: 6 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

flour products;
meat, fish, mushroom broths;
sausages, salted fish, smoked meats, canned food, caviar;
legumes;
salted, pickled, pickled vegetables, mushrooms, rhubarb, spinach, sorrel;
salty and spicy snacks;
meat, fish, mushroom sauces;
cocoa, chocolate, dried fruits, confectionery;
refractory fats.

bread: wheat and rye salt-free - 150-200 g;
soups: up to 250 g vegetarian with various vegetables, borscht, beetroot soup, fresh cabbage soup, fruit soups. Limit - from cereals, except for sago, and dairy;
meat, poultry, fish up to 100 g. Low-fat varieties of beef, veal, rabbit, chicken, turkey, fish. Boiled, followed by baking or roasting, in pieces and chopped;
dairy products: limited, on average 140 g of milk, 140 g of sour cream, 25 g of cottage cheese per day;
eggs: 2-3 soft-boiled eggs per day, omelettes and for cooking other dishes;
cereals: limited, sago and rice are preferred (pilaf with fruit, casseroles, less often side dishes);
vegetables: an average of 300 g of potatoes and 400 g of vegetables (white cabbage, carrots, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, green onions, dill, parsley) in the form of various dishes and side dishes;
snacks: vegetable and fruit salads, vinaigrettes;
fruits and berries in raw, baked and boiled form. Mousses, jelly, jelly. Sugar, honey, jam. Limit: apricots, grapes, peaches, cherries, black currants, figs, bananas;
sauces: milk, sour cream, tomato sauces. Sweet and sour vegetable and fruit sauces. Citric acid, vanillin. In limited quantities: horseradish, mustard, pepper, cinnamon;
drinks: tea, weak coffee, decoctions of wild rose and wheat bran, juices from the recommended vegetables and fruits;
fats: butter - 40 g, vegetable - 35 g per day.

Approximate diet menu No. 7G:
1st breakfast: 2 soft-boiled eggs, vegetable salad with vegetable oil, jelly.
2nd breakfast: baked apple with sugar.
Dinner: Vegetarian borscht with sour cream (1/2 portion), boiled meat, fruit jelly.
Afternoon snack: fruit mousse.
Dinner: potato zrazy with egg white in vegetable oil, sour cream, jelly.
For the night: decoction of wild rose or wheat bran.

Diet number 14

Indications: urolithiasis with alkaline urine reaction and precipitation of phosphorus-calcium salts (phosphaturia).

Purpose: restoration of the acidic reaction of urine.

General characteristics: in terms of calories, content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, the diet corresponds to physiological norms; alkalizing and calcium-rich foods are limited in the diet (dairy products, most vegetables and fruits), foods that change the reaction of urine to the acid side predominate (bread and flour products, cereals, meat, fish). Cooking and food temperatures are normal. In the absence of contraindications - drink plenty of water.

Chemical composition and calorie content: .

Composition: proteins - 90 g, fats - 100 g, carbohydrates - 380-400 g, sodium chloride - 10-12 g, liquid - 1.5-2.5 liters.

Calories: 2800 kcal.

Diet: 4 times a day, in between and on an empty stomach - drink.

Excluded foods and dishes:

dairy, vegetable and fruit;
smoked meats;
salted and smoked fish;
milk, sour milk drinks, cottage cheese, cheese;
vegetables and potatoes;
vegetable salads, vinaigrettes, canned vegetables;
sweet dishes with milk;
fruit, berry and vegetable juices.

bread and flour products: various types, flour products - with a restriction of milk and yolks;
soups: on weak meat, fish, mushroom broths with cereals, noodles, legumes;
meat and poultry: various types in any preparation;
fish: various types in any preparation, a small amount of canned fish;
dairy products: only a little sour cream in dishes;
eggs: in various preparations and dishes 1 egg per day. Limit yolks;
cereals: any, in a variety of preparations, but without milk;
vegetables: green peas, pumpkin, mushrooms;
snacks: various meat, fish, seafood, soaked herring, caviar;
fruits: sour varieties of apples, cranberries, lingonberries, compotes, jelly and jelly from them. Meringues, snowballs. Sugar, honey, confectionery, popsicles;
sauces: mild on meat, fish, mushroom broths. Spices in very limited quantities;
drinks: weak tea and coffee without milk. Rosehip broth, fruit drinks from cranberries or lingonberries;
fats: butter, ghee and vegetable oils in their natural form and for cooking. Limit meat and cooking fats.

Sample diet menu number 14:
Breakfast: soaked herring, loose buckwheat porridge, tea.
Dinner: noodle soup in chicken broth, fried chicken with boiled rice, cranberry jelly.
Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction.
Dinner: meat cutlets fried with vegetable oil, green peas, tea.
For the night: rosehip decoction.

Genitourinary diseases - an indication for a special diet, the purpose of which is to normalize the amount of purines in the body, as well as reduce the concentration of salts and uric acid.

Types of diseases of the genitourinary system

The following organs are affected by pathology:

kidneys,
Bladder,
ureters,
The organs of the small pelvis.

An infectious process can develop due to the introduction of fungi, viruses or bacteria into the body.

There are the following diseases of the urinary system:

Urethritis. Accompanied by discomfort and burning during urination. Mucopurulent formations with an unpleasant odor stand out from the urethra.
Balanoposthitis. A disease common in men. It is accompanied by itching and soreness of the genital organs. The main cause of the pathology is non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
Prostatitis. Damage to the prostate. It occurs against the background of weakness, discomfort in the perineum, pain in the lower abdomen and weakened erection.
Vesiculitis. Inflammation of the seminal vesicles in men. The main symptoms of the disease: weakness, discomfort during urination, pain in the perineum and inguinal zone.
Vaginitis. The defeat of the mucous membrane of the vagina in women. The problem is accompanied by purulent discharge, itching and a feeling of irritation of the genital organs (literally burning).
Orchiepidimitis. Inflammation of the testicles and their appendages. The affected areas swell and increase in size, which is accompanied by an increase in body temperature.
Cystitis. Pathology extending to the bladder. When urinating, patients feel burning and pain in the pubic area.
Pyelonephritis. Kidney damage. Most often, it develops as a secondary disease when bacteria enter the kidneys from the bladder or urethra. The disease is accompanied by fever, symptoms of intoxication, loss of appetite.

The basic rules of the diet for genitourinary diseases

In order for the treatment of genitourinary pathology to be effective, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules of nutrition and drinking regimen.

The basic principles of the diet for genitourinary diseases:

It is important to drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. The liquid activates the entire urinary system and helps to cleanse the organs of toxins that are excreted in the urine.
You need to limit the amount of milk you drink as much as possible. The calcium contained in it can cause the formation of kidney stones, which will aggravate the course of the underlying ailment.
It is necessary to reduce the consumption of meat.
Eliminate all foods containing oxalic acid from the diet - citrus fruits, strawberries, sorrel. This substance irritates the mucous membranes of the urinary organs.
Avoid fatty and fried foods.
Avoid salt completely. The product adversely affects the metabolic processes in the body and slows down the withdrawal of fluid. In this case, the kidneys experience a great load, and the inflamed mucous membranes experience severe irritation.
To stabilize the functioning of organs urinary excretion, it is necessary to enrich the diet with vitamins B6 and A.
In the treatment of pathology with diuretics drugs in the diet introduce products with a high content potassium- raisins, dried apricots, prunes, baked potatoes.
When dealing with urinary tract infections it is recommended to arrange unloading days, during which only vegetables and fruits are consumed.

What can you eat and drink with diseases of the genitourinary system?

Diet does not mean that you have to literally starve. The list of acceptable products for people with diseases of the genitourinary system is quite diverse.

For genitourinary diseases, foods and drinks are allowed:

In addition to these products, doctors and nutritionists are arguing about the possibility of using honey, because in some cases it can cause problems with defecation and urination, but at the same time, honey has an anti-inflammatory and sedative effect.

What foods and drinks are strictly prohibited and harmful?

The main objective of therapy is to prevent irritation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs and the urinary system, so nutrition should be appropriate.

Exclude from the diet:

smoked meats, pickles and spicy dishes.
fried, pickled and canned food.
Fatty meats: pork, lamb.
Spicy vegetables: chili pepper, radish, radish.
Some types of fruits: bananas, peaches, exotic foods (such as passion fruit), sour apples.
Some types of greens: sorrel, parsley.
Spices.
Oils plant and animal origin.
milk products, containing a large amount of fat: cheeses and sour cream.
Pasta.
Tomatoes.
Sauce dressings and mayonnaise.
Products containing GMOs.
Sugar.
Confectionery (with the exception of those allowed from the previous list).
Chocolate and chocolate drinks.
Citrus and their juice.
Strong tea and grain coffee, carbonated drinks.
Alcoholic drinks.

Diet in the stage of exacerbation and remission

Some foods that should not be consumed in the acute stage of genitourinary diseases are allowed in small quantities at the stage of remission.

The acute stage of the pathology is characterized by significant inflammation of the walls of the bladder or genital organs, so the main goal at this stage is to remove as many waste products of bacteria and viruses as possible. During this period, the diet implies an increased amount of fluid consumed - from 2 liters per day. With an increase in temperature, this figure can be increased to 2.5 liters.

In the acute stage, fruits and vegetables with a diuretic effect are useful - melons, watermelons, cucumbers, spinach, zucchini. For a while, you should stop eating dairy products, especially cheeses. In case of genitourinary diseases, it is recommended to drink cranberry juice or compote - these berries contain substances that suppress the vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

During the remission of the disease, there are no strict dietary restrictions - the main thing is to exclude smoked meats, pickles, fried foods and conservation. In small quantities, it is allowed to consume sour-milk products and cheeses with a low salt content. Drinking regimen during remission is up to 2 liters per day. Preference should be given to herbal teas, natural fruit drinks, fruit juices, compotes.

Experts attach great importance to the method of cooking. After all, the same dishes prepared in different ways differ significantly in the content of minerals, vitamins, salts and insoluble substances. In addition, the foods consumed should have the correct ratio of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. For this reason, doctors recommend that patients with genitourinary diseases introduce fresh berries, fruits and vegetables, wholemeal or bran bread, and eggs into the diet.

All food must be fresh and natural.

Cooking is carried out taking into account the following rules:

Vegetables subjected to a minimum thermal processing.
Kashi well boil down to a slimy consistency.
Fruits are baked to reduce the level of acid in them.

Menu for the week

When compiling the menu, use the lists of allowed products and the recommendations of your doctor.

Monday:

Breakfast. Buckwheat porridge on the water, low-fat cottage cheese, apple juice.
2nd breakfast. Lingonberry or cranberry jelly, rye bread.
Dinner. Soup with vegetables, boiled chicken breast, rosehip broth.
afternoon tea. Ryazhenka or kefir.
Dinner. Fruits (apples or pears), kefir.

Tuesday:

Breakfast. Green apple, oatmeal, herbal tea.
2nd breakfast. Fruit juice, crackers or bread.
Dinner. Vegetable okroshka, baked potatoes, cranberry jelly.
afternoon tea. Kefir or ryazhenka.
Dinner. Omelet with dill, rye bread, beetroot or carrot juice.

Wednesday:

Breakfast. Muesli with skim milk, berry juice.
2nd breakfast. Herbal tea, apple or pear.
Dinner. Soup with croutons, boiled veal, dried fruit compote.
afternoon tea. Cranberry jelly, bread.
Dinner. Baked potatoes, boiled low-fat fish, fresh vegetable salad, kefir.

Thursday:

Breakfast. Berry puree, herbal tea.
2nd breakfast. Cottage cheese with dried fruits, apple juice.
Dinner. Soup with vegetables, boiled rice with fish, fresh vegetable salad.
afternoon tea. Vegetable salad, apple juice, baked pear.
Dinner. Steam cutlets with stewed vegetables, kefir.

Friday:

Breakfast. Millet porridge with the addition of 1 tsp. sunflower oil, unsalted cheese, chamomile tea.
2nd breakfast. Berries, rosehip decoction.
Dinner. Soup with cereals and chicken breast, casserole, cranberry juice.
afternoon tea. Baked apple, crispbread, cranberry jelly.
Dinner. Vegetable okroshka, steamed diet meatballs, herbal tea.

Saturday:

Breakfast. Oatmeal, herbal tea with 1 tsp. honey.
2nd breakfast. Cottage cheese with fruit, pomegranate juice.
Dinner. Low-fat fish soup, whole grain bread, carrot juice.
afternoon tea. Apple compote, cottage cheese or casserole.
Dinner. Milk soup with rice, kefir.

Sunday:

Breakfast. Cottage cheese casserole with dried apricots, green tea.
2nd breakfast. Apple-carrot salad, cranberry jelly.
Dinner. Potato soup, stewed pumpkin, crispbread, vitamin tea.
afternoon tea. Pear or kiwi, berry juice.
Dinner. Steamed fish, boiled rice, ryazhenka.

Every week, one or another product can be replaced with another permitted one, so that the diet is as diverse as possible. At the same time, it is important to monitor the reaction of the body - if the condition worsens, you should consult a doctor to adjust the diet.

Therapy of genitourinary pathologies cannot occur without observing the rules of nutrition. Against the background of drug treatment, the diet will avoid complications and smooth out the clinical picture of the disease.

Diet for kidney diseases, if not crucial, it largely helps the treatment of the underlying disease. Patients who methodically take medications, drink the recommended herbal decoctions, but do not monitor their diet, are doomed to a chronic process. For any kidney disease, it is important to adhere to the principles of proper nutrition, and in some cases, strict time limits are necessary.

Let us first analyze the basic principles that all people suffering from kidney disease must observe.

The attitude to food proteins in kidney disease should be careful. Once in the body, the protein breaks down into many components, including nitrogenous substances. With impaired kidney function, they accumulate in the blood and begin their harmful, poisonous activity. With exacerbation of nephritis and other renal pathologies, you are shown a low-protein diet, limited to 50 grams per day. Reception, only half of the required protein can be taken from animal products.

Protein-free diet for kidney disease is prescribed for acute renal failure and exacerbation of chronic. Such a diet does not last long, as the patient loses not only harmful nitrogenous elements, but also useful amino acids. A protein-free menu is prescribed for a period of 2 weeks, after which they switch to a low-protein diet.

Life-giving moisture

Another important aspect of nutrition for people suffering from chronic kidney disease is water. It is difficult for a diseased organ to cope with a large amount of fluid, and the retained fluid begins to form edema. It is by them that one can sometimes recognize a kidney patient on the street - renal edema is located under the eyes, making the face puffy and stale.

In chronic pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, the amount of fluid should be limited. At least up to 1.5 liters.

The daily volume of liquid is not only drinks, but also first courses and fruits.

If, in a chronic illness, water should be removed as much as possible, then in some acute conditions, its volume is increased. These are diseases caused by infection. For example, frequent cystitis in women requires plenty of fluids. The more liquid enters the body, the more often a person will urinate, which means that infectious agents will have to leave the body naturally.

With urolithiasis in women and men, you should also drink a lot. Stones prone to dissolution will not withstand the massive water load, turn into sand and leave you safely.

Salt

A product that threatens great trouble for all renal patients. Requires a hard limit. Salt will have to be abandoned. Sometimes partially, sometimes completely. Even if you suffer from inflammation of the urinary tract or bladder, and try to drink more, table salt will try to retain excess water, and with it the infection.

Therefore, recipes for people with kidney disease do not contain salt. In fact, any kidney diet is salt-free. It can be used in tiny amounts, adding a little salt to already cooked food.

The approximate allowable amount of salt is 2-3 grams. per day.

We'll have to try to break the habit of salty, but there is no other way. Such a restriction is especially difficult to implement for men, because it is they who are more often adherents of harmful, but tasty food.

Nutrition for pyelonephritis in pregnant women

During pregnancy, especially in the second half, pyelonephritis often develops. The reason is - a double burden on the kidneys. Therefore, during pregnancy, women should strictly monitor their diet - limit liquid, salt, in the second half do not consume too much protein. If you think that pyelonephritis that occurs during pregnancy will leave you after childbirth, we hasten to disappoint. This will only happen if your menu is appropriate. If dietary principles are not followed, the disease can develop into other complications of pregnancy - hypertension, nephropathy.

Women who already have chronic kidney disease should be especially careful during pregnancy. In this case, your nutrition recipes must be correct from the very beginning. This will help keep you and your unborn baby healthy.

We impose a ban

It is quite difficult to calculate the amount of protein, salt and calorie intake on your own. Therefore, it is necessary to start a diet with the exclusion of products that are frankly harmful to the kidneys. This list is quite extensive.

Products prohibited for use in diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract:

All animal fats.
Fatty varieties of meat and fish products.
Canned products.
Marinades.
Smoked products.
Strong broths.
Pickles.
Mushrooms.
Chocolate.
Coffee, cocoa.
Carbonated drinks.

Nutrition for children

A sample menu for children with kidney disease should be carefully calibrated. The calorie content of nutrition for children should be high enough, since metabolic processes in a growing body proceed quickly, and significant restrictions will lead to additional pathologies - anemia, metabolic disorders, and others. Therefore, the protein component of the menu must be supplemented with vegetable products, sometimes with soy protein. It is better if recipes for children with chronic kidney and urinary tract diseases are prepared by a professional nutritionist. Having an approximate menu for two weeks in front of them, it is much easier for parents to monitor the diet of their children. There are also special product interchangeability tables with which you can diversify the sample menu for children. By the way, recipes for children's dishes can be used during pregnancy. A diet intended for children is quite appropriate here.

Diet for urolithiasis

The optimal diet for urolithiasis depends on what types of stones have settled in your body.

Urate stones do not like an alkaline environment, which means that recipes should help change the reaction of urine to the alkaline side. In addition to general restrictions, exclude all acidic foods from your diet, give preference to a dairy-vegetable non-acidic diet, and eat sweet fruits. Stones of urate composition will not tolerate such mockery of themselves. If you eat right, they will simply dissolve and treatment will not be needed.

For uraturia in children or during pregnancy, proceed in a similar way.

Alkaline and urates are incompatible.

Urate antagonists are phosphate stones. Phosphaturia often occurs in children if parents fill the children's menu recipes with sweet and dairy products. If phosphates have taken root in the body, the diet should be urgently “acidified”. During pregnancy, with the help of proper nutrition, phosphaturia can also be eliminated. No special treatment is needed.

It is difficult to defeat oxalate stones only with a diet. Too bad they are alive. Your food recipes should not contain oxalic acid. It is she who contributes to the violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, and helps to form oxalate stones. If oxaluria occurs during pregnancy, a woman is prescribed a strict diet, they can be hospitalized in the pathology department. Treatment for oxaluria will be carried out after childbirth.

If the bubble hurts

Bladder infections lead to cystitis. Anyone who has encountered him at least once remembers how unpleasant it is. Bladder diseases are especially painful for men. Due to the peculiarities of the urinary tract and excretory canal, they suffer from inflammation of the bladder much more.

Acute inflammation of the bladder requires the exclusion of all fatty and sugary foods. Coffee, tea, alcohol are completely prohibited.

But you need to drink a lot with pathologies of the bladder. Choose fruit drinks, herbal decoctions, unsweetened compotes. After the inflammation subsides, go back to your normal diet gradually.

Treatment of cystitis is required. In the chronic course of cystitis, dietary violations can cause exacerbations.

Renal colic

Pathology causing acute pain. Occurs when kidney stones enter the space of the urinary tract and move out. If sand moves, damage to the urinary tract may not occur. When advancing calculi of a larger size, urinary tract injuries are possible. Against the background of traumatic injuries, inflammation occurs, cystitis develops.

During renal colic, a person should not be fed, but a lot of drinking is needed. This will speed up the process of removing stones.

What remains?

After reading our material, did you feel that life with a chronic kidney disease gives a solid crack? And you don't want to go into the kitchen? Bland recipes without salt, lack of fried steaks will dishearten anyone! Do not despair. Go to a nutritionist, make an approximate menu for your disease. You will see there a much smaller list of restrictions than we have described. Systematically carry out treatment and get well soon, and then it will be possible to implement the most sophisticated, even if slightly harmful, recipes. But this is after.

In the meantime, we give you recipes for one day so that you know what to build on.

Breakfast

Beet salad dressed with sour cream;
Cottage cheese.
Salt-free bread and butter sandwich.

Breakfast number 2

Buckwheat porridge boiled in milk.
Steam omelet.
Herbal tea.

Dinner

Vegetable soup.
Baked meat with potatoes.
Fruits.

Dinner

Pasta with apples baked or vegetable stew.
Kefir, bun.

At night, drink a glass of milk with honey.

We think the example we gave is not boring. Just do not make a mistake in the choice of meat and the method of preparation. Then the treatment will go faster, and with it the mood will improve!