Fundamentals of activity of special services of foreign states. Director of the Federal Security Service of Russia Nikolai Patrushev: If we “break down” and leave the Caucasus, the collapse of the country will begin

culture

Do you feel like someone is following you, reading your email and listening in on your phone conversations? Do not rush to run to a psychiatrist! It could be THEM! No, not aliens, but very real people - intelligence officers. And do not think that you are too insignificant to be of interest to the knights of the cloak and dagger. Do you have relatives abroad? Why not watch! Who doesn't have them now, you say? Do you know what exactly they do? Not? And the intelligence services know! Speaking seriously, the special services of any country now have a sufficiently wide potential to hunt down almost anyone. Does this mean that someone can periodically follow you? Well, if your activity can be of at least some interest to the special services, then this is quite possible. So, we bring to your attention a list of the ten most influential intelligence agencies in the world.

1. RSI (India)

The intelligence community of India is the most powerful tool in the service of the national interests of the country, which includes all units of domestic and foreign intelligence. This organization has always attracted the close attention of Western intelligence services, in particular, because of the close relationship of the so-called RSI Research and Analysis Department with the intelligence services of the Soviet Union and Israel. Going undercover and gathering all sorts of information is a long way off. not the only goals of the work of the RSI that she pursued in other states. However, some facts indicate that until 1977, Soviet intelligence played the main violin in many aspects of the life of the Indian people, generously funding the government of India. However, the KGB did not work clearly enough, throwing money away, as they failed to maintain the influence of the communist party of this country on the leadership. Be that as it may, many experts are sure that the RSI danced to the tune of the USSR for a long time.

2. ASRA (Australia)

The main mission of the Australian Secret Intelligence Agency is to collect and analyze information in the Western Pacific region, identify sabotaging civilians, and fight terrorism. Probably no one will be surprised by the fact that the ASRA structure is built on the principle of the British intelligence service MI6. It is noteworthy that the powers of Australian intelligence officers are extremely limited. In general, there is little information about the Australian intelligence service. This can mean two things: either it works very well, or it works very poorly. Perhaps the reason for this is the remoteness of the Australian mainland from other continents. Australian intelligence was at one time reproached for intervening too much in the private lives of its citizens. I also recall a very curious case when, during a training operation to free one of the hotels in Melbourne from imaginary terrorists, representatives of the Australian intelligence services dispersed so much that they caused significant damage to the hotel and used physical violence against several hotel employees.

3. PMR (Pakistan)

One of the powerful intelligence services is located in such a South Asian state as Pakistan. In fact, this is not surprising, since Pakistan often found itself in the center of multiple military conflicts in the territories adjacent to its border. That is why many experts consider the PMR one of the most well-organized intelligence services in the world. There is far from an unambiguous attitude towards this organization in the country, since Pakistani intelligence is often called "a state within a state." Very often, the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence attracts the close attention of Western intelligence agencies.(although it seems that this interest never fades!). US officials often accuse Pakistani intelligence agencies of links to terrorist organizations, in particular, support for the Taliban, an Islamic movement officially labeled a terrorist organization by the UN. Against the background of this information, the recent transfer of two reconnaissance aircraft from the US Navy to Pakistan's maritime intelligence cannot but cause bewilderment. Here they are, real spy intrigues!

4. FRS (Germany)

The Federal Intelligence Service of Germany has a trail of high-profile and successful operations carried out in the history of the existence of this organization. The Fed is a real player, influencing the policies of many foreign countries as well. The most complex structure of this organization is due to the numerous issues that have to be resolved daily within the framework of national security by FRS employees. However, despite all the power of this organization, an absurd case is recalled, which occurred in 1997, which exposed the Fed's foreign intelligence agents under attack. The fact is that the leadership of the Fed issued special badges with the inscription "I love the Fed". It was supposed to use the proceeds from the sale of these badges to build kindergartens for the children of intelligence officers. The comical situation lay in the fact that almost all the offspring of scouts who played in the courtyards of Munich, conducting important and secret activities on the territory of other states, were wearing these badges. Finding out in whose families the parents work in intelligence was not difficult ...

5. GDVB (France)

Although many ill-wishers call the French "frogs", the General Directorate of External Security of the country boasts the most widespread spy network not only in Europe, but also in the United States of America. At one time, agents of the French secret services had a very high reputation: their training was so well established that French agents were considered among the most inventive in the conduct of business within the framework of foreign intelligence. However, since France has been flooded with an unceasing stream of emigrants, all the forces of the French special services were forced to throw in the fight against the terrorist threat and to prevent terrorist attacks. Unfortunately, despite the fact that the leadership of France has repeatedly tried to convince its citizens that they are carefully filtering the flow of emigrants, skirmishes occur in this country every now and then, in which visitors are involved. The most recent incident occurred more recently when an Algerian man shot and killed three French soldiers after claiming to be acting on behalf of al-Qaeda. However, according to official authorities, no connection between the killer and the terrorist organization could be identified...

6. MGB (China)

"Knock-knock-knock, I'm your friend!" Probably, this motto would be best suited for the Chinese special services. Agents of many countries note the complete impossibility of functioning on the territory of the People's Republic of China due to the extremely well-functioning system of denunciations built by the Ministry of State Security of the PRC. Even the all-powerful West admits its helplessness in the face of the might of the Chinese intelligence agencies, noting the fact that the Chinese are a people who are used to planning for decades to come. The Chinese themselves have long recognized their lag behind in terms of technical equipment from the same American army, relying on the development of information technology and the corresponding technical equipment of their special services. Every now and then you can hear about how another Chinese hacker hacked another security system of another American server. The question - whether this is the work of home-grown specialists or Chinese special services - remains open. The leadership of the PRC itself stated that the purpose of the activities of their MGB "is to ensure the security of the state by organizing effective measures against the invasion of enemy agents, spies and counter-revolutionaries whose activities are aimed at undermining the development of China's socialist system". How familiar is it to the citizens of the former USSR, isn't it?

7. MI6 (UK)

Even a person who is very far from Hollywood and the film industry knows perfectly well that there is no stronger intelligence service than the British MI6, since the invincible James Bond is in the service of this organization. After all, it is in MI6 that you can find the most modern types of weapons, the fastest cars, the most sophisticated spy devices, the most beautiful women, and also the most difficult tasks! Jokes are jokes, but until 1994 the highest leadership of Foggy Albion denied the existence of the MI6 Secret Intelligence Service, which dealt with foreign intelligence. Why not the best example of secrecy? The activities of MI6 agents have always been shrouded in a veil of secrecy. In fact, for every employee of this intelligence service, any secret mission in case of failure was considered a one-way ticket - none of the highest ranks of Britain would recognize not only the belonging of a failed agent to his secret service, but even the very existence of such a service! It is no wonder that all the stories around MI6 are pure speculation, shrouded in a halo of mystery and obscurity.

8. CIA (USA)

America's Central Intelligence Agency needs no introduction. There are so many scandals around this organization that would be enough for a dozen other special services. At one time in our country, the CIA created an aura of not just an enemy, but an evil and insidious machine, whose tireless activity was aimed at undermining the foundations of the Soviet state. During the so-called Cold War, the name of this intelligence service almost frightened children. At this point in time, the CIA has significantly increased its troubles, since one of the main goals of this department is the fight against international terrorism. One can, of course, say that the special services overdid it in this struggle, destroying the "enemy" on its own territory, moreover, when this does not in any way infringe on America's national interests. However, this is probably how an exemplary intelligence organization should work, who knows ... On his 50th birthday, President Clinton said: "... Americans will never know the whole story of their courage (CIA agents)...". Yes, it seems that few people have had a chance to learn not only the whole history of the courage of CIA agents, but also what this organization actually does.

9. KGB (USSR)

Who definitely needs no introduction is the USSR State Security Committee. And although this organization was officially abolished back in 1991, the echoes of the activities of the KGB make half the world shake with fear (moreover, this fear is based, for the most part, only on stories within the framework of anti-Soviet propaganda led by the CIA). It should be noted that the committee members organized a system of denunciations, which worked no worse than in China. It is believed that information about the many secrets that cause the widest stir(the death of Hitler, UFOs, and so on, so on, so on), is kept in the archives of the KGB. In fact, there are much more of these secrets, and the activities of the organization on the territory of other countries during the existence of the Soviet state are shrouded in even greater mystery than information about how they actually did with the remains of Hitler. The KGB no longer exists, but many remember this organization as a tool in the fight against the Russian intelligentsia. However, one should not underestimate the merits of this special service in the fight against the threat to the statehood of the USSR.

10. Mossad (Israel)

What do you think, which intelligence service is considered the most effective, and its employees the most trained professionals? No, it's not the CIA at all. According to the unanimous opinion of most experts, the Israeli Intelligence and Special Tasks Agency (Mossad) is considered the most professional. In principle, there is nothing unusual in the work of this organization - it is engaged, like many of its colleagues in other countries, in the collection and analysis of information, conducts various operations outside the territory of Israel, and, in principle, does everything for the security and integrity of his country. What is the effectiveness of this special service? In fact, it is the Mossad employees who can be considered the real knights of the cloak and dagger, because thanks to their efforts in Israel, bordering on such hotbeds of tension as Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip and Egypt, it is possible to maintain order and a peaceful way of life. And this is despite the fact that representatives of all ethnic groups, religious teachings and confessions are simply mixed in this country! Here's someone really worth learning from!

Over the past five years, 137 career employees of foreign special services and their agents have been convicted in Russia, General of the Army Alexander Bortnikov, director of the FSB of Russia, said in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

“Foreign intelligence services are still striving to penetrate into all spheres of activity of our state. Naturally, this met with a resolute rebuff from counterintelligence officers. In cooperation with other Russian authorities, the work of 120 foreign and international non-governmental organizations, which are an instrument of the foreign intelligence community, has been terminated. As a result of measures to protect information constituting a state secret, 140 people were convicted,” Bortnikov added.

Bortnikov noted that the beginning of the 2000s was remembered for constant reports of spy games against Russia.

“At that time, the results of the work of our counterintelligence caused a great public outcry. In 2000, upon receipt from a professor at Moscow State Technical University. Bauman A. Babkin secret information about the newest ultra-high-speed underwater missile "Shkval" was detained by the US DIA officer E. Pope. His guilt was proved by the court, but, based on the principle of humanity and taking into account the state of his health, he was pardoned by the President of Russia and expelled from the country,” said the director of the FSB.

“In 2003,” Bortnikov continued, “the espionage activities of the US special services were exposed, which placed electronic intelligence equipment in railway containers with cargo for the needs of American units in Central Asia.”

According to him, the permission for the transit of these trains through the territory of the Russian Federation "was an act of goodwill of the Russian leadership in relation to Washington."

“We have identified and seized more than one and a half hundred spy devices. The case ended with an international scandal and a note of protest from the Russian Foreign Ministry,” Bortnikov added.

As a result of a successful operation by the Federal Security Service in 2006, the activities of four representatives of British intelligence who worked as employees of the British Embassy in Moscow were suppressed.

“2 electronic transmitters were found, disguised as a stone and intended for contacts with agents via wireless communication. All four were expelled from the country. The exposure of British spies, after official assurances from London that it has not been conducting intelligence in Russia since the 1990s, has compromised the UK. In addition, thanks to our work, facts of financial support and coordination of the activities of a number of Russian NGOs by MI6 have become public knowledge,” Bortnikov stressed.

In an interview with the publication, the head of the FSB also noted the work related to countering terrorism.

“As a result of the measures taken over the past 6 years, the number of terrorist crimes committed in Russia has decreased by almost 10 times. In 2017, 23 terrorist attacks were prevented. Preventive work is being carried out to prevent the radicalization of various groups of the population, primarily young people, and their involvement in terrorist activities. Measures are being taken to counteract the spread of the ideology of terrorism. The work of over 300 structural subdivisions of terrorist and extremist organizations has been stopped,” the general said.

According to him, over the past 5 years, more than 9.5 thousand people have been convicted in Russia for terrorism and extremism. A significant amount of weapons, ammunition and explosives have been seized from illicit trafficking. In fact, the bandit underground in the North Caucasus has been completely eliminated.

“Work is underway to block the channels for the transfer of militants of international terrorist organizations from the zones of armed conflicts in the Middle East, North Africa and the Afghan-Pakistani zone to Russia, as well as the departure of Russian citizens to these regions. To date, about 4.5 thousand Russians have been identified who went abroad to participate in hostilities on the side of terrorists. Over the past 2 years, more than 200 people have not been allowed to leave. Filtration activities are carried out in migration flows. More than 1,000 people have been convicted for organizing illegal migration channels since 2012. Now among the priorities are the opening of the "sleeping cells" of terrorist and extremist organizations, as well as countering lone militants, whose attacks have recently occurred in many states," Bortnikov said.

In addition, over five years, the security agencies have suppressed the activities of 137 regular employees of foreign intelligence services and their agents, who were convicted; economic damage to the state in the amount of 900 billion rubles was prevented - almost 13 thousand people were convicted for economic crimes, including corruption, including federal officials, representatives of the governor's corps, heads of a number of ministries and departments, state corporations, enterprises and institutions. Bortnikov promised that this work would be continued, regardless of rank and rank.

For special forces of security agencies in the Russian Federation, the latest models of weapons and special equipment are being developed, including a promising generation of unmanned aerial vehicles, control systems for ground and air robotic systems.

Employees and veterans of the special services are celebrating the Day of the Security Bodies Worker and the 100th anniversary of the domestic special services today. The professional holiday of the security agencies was established by decree of the President of Russia of December 20, 1995 for the Federal Security Service (FSB), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Federal Security Service (FSO) and the Main Directorate of Special Programs (GUSP).

On December 20, 1917, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (VChK) was formed, which marked the beginning of the formation of domestic special services.

Special services of the White movement. Counterintelligence. 1918-1922 Kirmel Nikolai Sergeevich

2. Suppression of reconnaissance and subversive actions of special services and organizations of Soviet Russia and foreign states

After the October Revolution of 1917, the territory of the split Russian Empire became the scene of a struggle for power, spheres of influence, natural resources, and markets for both internal and external forces seeking to dismember the country. Therefore, not only Soviet Russia and Germany, but also limitrophe countries and even allies - England, the USA, France and Japan - showed increased attention to the White Guard state formations that fought "for the one and the indivisible". Virtually all the powers involved in one form or another in the Russian Civil War engaged in espionage against the White Guard regimes.

When creating their own security agencies, the command of the Volunteer Army was guided by the "Temporary Regulations on the Counterintelligence Service" of 1917. The first paragraph of this document defined the task of counterintelligence, which consisted "... exclusively in the detection and examination of enemy spies ...". Spies were called persons who "secretly or under false pretenses collected or tried to collect information of a military nature with the intention of communicating it to the enemy", and espionage was understood as "collecting all kinds of information."

In November 1918, the head of the special department, based on the experience of the first months of the Civil War, in a report to the chief of the General Staff explained that “under the concept of“ spy ”and“ enemy ”one cannot understand a subject or agent of a foreign power with which we are at war. Anyone who seeks to harm the unity and power of the state by his activity should be considered an adversary. Colonel V.V. Kreiter rightly believed that in order to "successfully fight enemy reconnaissance, it is necessary to monitor his work, go in parallel with him and prevent his attacks."

However, in the initial period of their existence, Denikin's counterintelligence organs, which were not yet strong, were forced to devote their forces and means, first of all, to the fight against the Bolshevik underground organizations. “The scope of duties of counterintelligence, determined by the “Regulations on the Counterintelligence Service”, does not at all meet the requirements of the time, since the fight against enemy military espionage is now a secondary task,” says the report of the Chief Quartermaster of the headquarters of the commander of the troops of the Southwestern Territory. “The civil war, being a political struggle, cannot leave counterintelligence aside from politics.” One can agree with this argument only partially. Documents testify that the Bolshevik underground directed its efforts not only to organizing armed uprisings and propaganda activities, but also infiltrated army headquarters to obtain intelligence data. At the same time, the work of foreign intelligence agents was not limited to “pure” intelligence, but was also aimed at weakening the potential of the Denikin regime: support for opposition forces, propaganda, decomposition of military units, sabotage, etc.

Speaking about the priorities in the activities of Denikin's counterintelligence at the initial stage of the Civil War, it should be borne in mind that the special services of the main enemy - Soviet Russia - were in the process of formation. Only on November 5, 1918, the central body of military intelligence was created - the Registration Directorate of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR). Experiencing a lack of financial resources and qualified personnel, the Register was not immediately able to create agent networks in the White Guard rear and organize the collection of the information needed by the command.

The bodies of the Cheka in 1918 did not have specialized intelligence structures, their main efforts were concentrated on the "fight against counter-revolution" within the country and the suppression of centers of anti-Soviet speeches. The main task of the Special Department of the Cheka, created on December 19, 1918, was to combat espionage and counter-revolution in institutions and units of the Red Army. Only at the end of 1919 did the local special departments take up foreign counterintelligence.

During their formation, the red special services did not actively work in the rear of the White Guard. This circumstance caused some complacency among the officials of Denikin's counterintelligence, which concentrated all its efforts on the fight against the Bolshevik underground organizations. So, the head of the special department of the department of the General Staff of the Military Directorate, Colonel P.G. Arkhangelsky in 1919 wrote about the elimination of counterintelligence "from fulfilling its immediate duty - monitoring the intelligence officers and agents of the enemy."

The peak of the confrontation between Soviet intelligence and the White Guard counterintelligence in the South of Russia fell on 1919, during the period of intensive hostilities.

An analysis of the documents allows us to judge that the Red intelligence services acted in two ways: on the one hand, they sent lone intelligence officers to the White Guard headquarters to collect information of a military nature, and on the other hand, they carried out a massive deployment of agents to carry out reconnaissance and subversive activities behind enemy lines, often in cooperation with underground organizations. Just the latter, for the most part, became the objects of development of Denikin's counterintelligence.

The White Guard security agencies established that in the North Caucasus three Soviet military organizations were conducting reconnaissance against the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation: the Revolutionary Military Council, the headquarters and a special department of the 11th Army. The Soviet command, intending to cut off the oil region from the White Army, launched an attack on Kizlyar. To conduct operational intelligence, commit terrorist acts and agitate among the mountain population and workers, the Bolsheviks sent about 600 inexperienced agents to the North Caucasus. The main mass of intelligence officers, according to the White Guard counterintelligence, went to Kizlyar, Petrovsk, Baku, Grozny, the rest - to Stavropol, Rostov-on-Don, Velikoknyazheskaya, Tsaritsyn, Orenburg, Guryev. The Whites managed to capture some of the agents and find out the plans of the Red Command.

On October 12, 1919, the head of the KRO at the headquarters of the commander-in-chief and commander of the troops of the Terek-Dagestan Territory, captain Novitsky, reported on the disclosure of the entire organization of Soviet intelligence in the rear of the VSYUR.

On October 18, 1919, the captain reported that after the defeat of the Kizlyar and Grozny organizations, the Bolsheviks held a meeting in Baku, at which they decided to form a new intelligence network, sending agents to Tiflis, Batumi, and from there to Sochi, Tuapse, Maikop, Novorossiysk and further to North Caucasus.

Denikin's special services established the goals, objectives, areas of action of some leaders of the Caucasian Communist Committee (KKK), which was engaged in reconnaissance and subversive activities in the rear of the VSYUR. His connection with the British Labor Party in Moscow and the Transcaucasian Peasants' and Workers' Congress in Tiflis was documented. The security agencies of the Armed Forces of Russia managed to find out about the plan for sinking the ships of the Caspian flotilla, which was developed by the KKK together with the command of the Red Army. In October 1919, counterintelligence arrested the main executor of the upcoming act of sabotage and instead introduced its agent into the organization, thanks to which it had reliable information about the impending explosions. Soon the members of the underground were arrested and handed over to the naval court.

In November 1919, the counterintelligence headquarters of the commander of the troops of the North Caucasus noted that the Bolsheviks were spending huge amounts of money on intelligence and agitation. Moreover, in order to lower the exchange rate of the ruble and the living wage, Soviet emissaries flooded foreign markets with all-Russian banknotes, which caused dissatisfaction among the population with the White Guard authorities. The aforementioned Caucasian Communist Committee did not spare money to attract the ranks of the Volunteer Army to tacit cooperation, organize insurrectionary movements in the rear of the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation, and bribe smugglers and administration. The leaders of Denikin's special services suggested that the authorities withdraw from circulation those banknotes that were distributed in unlimited quantities by Soviet Russia and Germany.

Since the appearance of English transports with equipment and weapons in the Novorossiysk seaport, counterintelligence officers have recorded an increase in the activity of Soviet agents, accompanied by the destruction of military supplies, systematic inhibition of the supply of artillery shells to the front, theft of uniforms, etc.

Port workers, exposed to Bolshevik agitation, according to secret sources, intended to sabotage the work of supplying the army by holding strikes.

The author is far from thinking that the above facts characterize the activities of all red intelligence officers and agents exposed by Denikin's counterintelligence. It seems that there were a few more of them, but gaps in the source base do not allow us to name specific numbers, surnames, nicknames of agents, the reasons and circumstances for their exposure, etc. Much, probably, could be told to researchers by documents that appeared as a result of the quartermaster-general’s approved of the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the All-Union Socialist Republic in August 1919 "Instructions for conducting undercover office work by counterintelligence agencies." The document was intended to ensure secrecy, systematization, regulation and accounting of search work, and also established the procedure for undercover office work, which is mandatory for all KROs.

All correspondence about the suspects was conducted by the assistant head of the department for the search department or the head of the point, with the involvement of the most trusted officials for assignments. Paragraph 6 of the instructions read: “All secret employees working on assignments from counterintelligence agencies can only be recorded in the personal notebook of the head of the counterintelligence agency, which he must always have with him and destroy it at the slightest danger. The entire entry must consist of three words: the name, patronymic and surname of the employee, without mentioning any words relating to the agency, its place of residence and occupation. The record of employees must be encrypted with a cipher personally invented by the head of the counterintelligence agency. The alphabet book of secret agents was kept only with an indication of their nicknames and marks of those violations of service and cases of negative behavior of agents that are unacceptable and led to the refusal to register an agent and his exclusion. They had to be stored together with ciphers and were available only to the heads of counterintelligence agencies and persons in charge of agents.

Denikin's security agencies lacked material and financial means, experienced staff members and agents to consolidate and develop their success in the fight against reconnaissance and subversive activities of the Reds. A serious obstacle was the daily turnover and bureaucratic routine, the lack of interaction between the counterintelligence agencies of various departmental subordination - the headquarters of the All-Russian Union of Youth and the department of the General Staff of the Military Directorate.

If the white secret services achieved certain results in exposing Soviet intelligence organizations, then identifying lone agents who hunted for secrets in headquarters turned out to be a difficult task for counterintelligence. Bolshevik agents who infiltrated institutions often remained undiscovered.

The fight against espionage at that time was carried out according to the following simple scheme: obtaining primary information, observing individuals, exposing them, arresting and bringing them to trial. These tasks were solved through internal (secret agents) and external (filers) surveillance. Receiving information from various sources, counterintelligence officials systematized all the data, developed the material received, kept records and registered persons suspected of espionage. For all its seeming simplicity, identifying intelligence agents or enemy agents was a difficult task. “The greatest difficulty is obtaining information about persons suspected of military espionage, due to the fact that the spy works alone, not together, as was the case in underground political organizations, where you can always find dissatisfied Azevs,” he writes in his book “Secret Military Intelligence and fight against it "general N.S. Batyushin. - Therefore, to discover a spy, who usually does not stand out from the environment, is not an easy task and is possible only with the broad assistance of not only government bodies knowledgeable in this matter, but mainly of all sections of the population, reasonably educated in order to preserve the military secrets of the state, that is, in the final analysis. as a result of their own interests, with the collapse of the state, the private interests of subjects usually suffer as well.

In our opinion, the fight against the agents of the Soviet special services was partly hampered by the fact that the war was fought with their fellow tribesmen, speakers of the same language, culture and mentality. The resulting split in society spread different sections of the population on different sides of the barricades: the intelligentsia, officers, nobility, employees who were secret employees of the Soviet special services and underground Bolshevik organizations. The system for protecting military secrets at the headquarters did not work, moreover, the counterintelligence officers did not have the necessary qualifications to identify lone intelligence officers.

Presumably for this reason, the Whites for a long time failed to uncover the red intelligence officer and underground worker P.V. Makarov, who acted under the cover of the adjutant of the commander of the Volunteer Army, General V.Z. May-Maevsky. Checking the newly arrived officers for loyalty was then simple: they were sent to the front line and only after real active participation in hostilities were they allowed to work in headquarters. Since P.V. Makarov knew the encryption business well, he managed to quickly make a career and gain access to classified information. Taking advantage of his official position, the officer arranged for his brother, the head of an underground organization, to be a telegraph operator at the headquarters of the Volunteer Army, which gave additional opportunities to obtain useful information. It was the connection with the underground that led to the failure of the red intelligence officer. Naval counterintelligence arrested members of the organization that was preparing an uprising in Sevastopol, including V.V. Makarov, and then - and "adjutant of his excellency."

As world and domestic experience shows, the most frequent failures of intelligence officers were associated with the leakage of information to the enemy as a result of betrayal or penetration of his agents into the intelligence agency. In other words, in order to expose lone red scouts in the white headquarters, Denikin's counterintelligence had to introduce its agents, for example, into the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Southern Front or the intelligence departments of army headquarters. But, apparently, there were none in 1919, at least the author does not know about them. But something is known about the work of Soviet agents in the White Guard headquarters.

Thus, counterintelligence was unable to hide from enemy intelligence the concentration of Denikin's armies in the area of ​​the Donets Basin in February 1919, which allowed the command of the Southern Front to transfer the main forces to the Donbas direction.

In July 1919, the intelligence agencies of the Southern Front learned about Denikin's impending attack on Kursk-Orel-Tula.

During the siege of Kharkov by the Volunteer Army, the Bolshevik headquarters had absolutely accurate information about the number and location of the White Guard units. During the investigation, it turned out that the agents under the guise of nurses, representatives of the Red Cross or defectors conducted reconnaissance among officers and soldiers, eliciting the necessary information.

It was not a secret for the commander of the South-Eastern Front V.I. Shorin's plan of the White Guard command to break through to Balashov in November 1919. The Whites were then able to break into the defenses on the right flank of the 9th Army, capture Novokhopersk and Art. Povorino. But then they could not consolidate their success - during the battles, the Reds launched a general counteroffensive.

Some Red scouts managed to work for quite a long time (up to six months) in the White Guard rear and remain unexposed, performing an important task. In particular, B.I. Pavlikovsky and A.I. Kholodov established the number of ships and submarines in Sevastopol, the strength of the teams and their mood.

When the Caucasian Front stood on the Manych River, preparing to strike at the troops of A.I. Denikin, red intelligence learned about the disagreements between the Kuban Cossacks and the White Guards, which greatly contributed to the success of the Soviet troops.

Undisclosed was a group of scouts of the Kyiv underground revolutionary committee headed by D.A. Teacher (Kramov), who penetrated the headquarters of Lieutenant General N.E. Bredov and supplied the most important information about the plans of the White Guards to the command of the Red Army and the partisan-insurgent detachments.

In Sevastopol, in the Naval Directorate, the reconnaissance department of the 13th Army of the Southern Front of the Red Army also successfully operated, which transmitted qualified intelligence data on the composition and movement of the White Fleet, artillery, fuel reserves on ships, and the composition of teams. According to the Crimean researcher V.V. Krestyannikov, white "counterintelligence failed to reveal this residency, which worked successfully before the arrival of the Red Army in Sevastopol."

But the intelligence officer-Chekist G.G. Lafar, better known in historical and fiction under the name of Georges de Lafar, was not destined to return from Odessa to Moscow after completing the assignment. At the end of 1918, on the instructions of the Cheka, he was sent to Odessa, occupied by the British and French, with the task of infiltrating the headquarters of the French troops and obtaining information about the plans of the allies, as well as their numbers. Having settled down as a translator at the headquarters of the French expeditionary force under the operational pseudonym "Charles", G.G. Lafar managed to send four written intelligence reports to the Lubyanka (only two of them reached the addressee). Denikin's counterintelligence attacked his trail. Hunt for G.G. Lafar began after the interception by Azbuka of his second report to Moscow on February 12–14. In a message from the Odessa residency of "Azbuka" to the head of the political office under the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, Colonel D.L. On March 4, 1919, Tchaikovsky was told: “This elusive “Charles” from Odessa again sent a (third) letter to Moscow yesterday by a well-known channel, we believe (in) its node on the Lubyanka. When his first letter followed, "Izhe-P" (representative) of the Moscow residency visited the address indicated on the envelope; such Leger Henrietta, who lives at the indicated address, has not been established. Kiselny Lane is located in the immediate vicinity of the Lubyanka ... ". Red scout G.G. Lafar was arrested by the White Guard counterintelligence at the end of March 1919.

The identification of red walker agents was sometimes random. So, on December 4, 1919, the head of the KRO department of the Quartermaster General of the Caucasian Army, Colonel Churpalev, reported to the head of the KRC that a certain N. Chistyakov was detained while crossing to the right bank of the Volga, during a search he was found to have a Bolshevik intelligence officer identity card.

By the end of the war, the intensity of the work of the front-line military intelligence units of the Red Army was growing, as evidenced by intelligence reports regularly received by the Red Command.

In May 1920, the White Guard agents working in the Soviet headquarters drew the attention of the leaders of counterintelligence to the knowledge of the Reds about the operational plans of the command of the Russian army. In particular, the agents reported that the Bolsheviks had become aware of the planned transfer of the corps of General Ya.A. Slashchev to the Kerch Peninsula. But identifying Red agents in their own headquarters for counterintelligence turned out to be difficult. Only after the departure of the assistant of the 2nd Quartermaster General Colonel Siminsky to Georgia, the disappearance of the cipher and a number of secret documents was discovered. The investigation carried out on this fact showed that the colonel was an agent of the Bolsheviks.

In the fall of 1920, counterintelligence officers identified and arrested two red intelligence agents - Colonel Skvortsov and Captain Demonsky, who were in touch with the military representative of Soviet Russia in Georgia and transmitted information about the Russian army and the plans of its command to him. After this incident, staff officers justifiably attributed the failure of the Kuban landing operation mainly to the activities of these individuals.

Wrangel's counterintelligence was more successful in neutralizing walker agents. “Throwing all their free forces to the south, the red command simultaneously took measures to strengthen its work in our rear,” wrote General P.N. Wrangell. - Recently, work on military espionage has again intensified, led by the registration department (“Register”) of the Caucasian Front ... This “Register” through its registration points Nos. 5 and 13 located in Temryuk (Kuban Region) and through special points ( "Ortchk") sent a number of scouts to the coast of the Taman Peninsula, sending them to Temryuk-Taman, and then through the narrow Kerch Strait to the coast of the Kerch Peninsula and further to the Crimea, and taking them back in the same way. Within a month, six Soviet spies were arrested in the city of Kerch and in the area adjacent to it, and the “communication service” organized by the Bolsheviks on our territory with the Taman coast, which had secret stations equipped with signal rockets, was discovered in Kerch and in the village of Yurgaki (on the Sea of ​​Azov). , spherical mirrors for optical signaling and materials for chemical writing ladies. Among other documents, one of these spies also found an order to “contact Mokrousov” and “appearance”, that is, an indication of how to find this latter. Guided by the experienced hand of General Klimovich, the work of our counterintelligence nipped in the bud the enemy's attempts. Enemy agents invariably fell into our hands, were handed over to the court-martial and were resolutely punished.

Let us note that P.N. Wrangel somewhat exaggerated the role of the special department of his headquarters in ensuring the security of the army and its rear. Soviet sources refute the words of the commander-in-chief. In particular, in September 1920, Red intelligence accurately reported the number of White Guard ground forces in Northern Tavria and naval forces interacting with British, American, French and Italian warships.

At the final stage of the war, counterintelligence personnel and their agents from among local residents were tasked with infiltrating Soviet authorities. Military revolutionary committees, commissariats, headquarters of the Red Army, tribunals and the Cheka were a special target for penetration into the Bolshevik structures. The development of such work and its plan in detail were reported by the chief of staff of the commander in chief, Lieutenant General P.S. Makhrov to General P.N. Wrangel and were approved by him.

Thus, in addition to solving the tasks of providing assistance to their military units directly in the front line, counterintelligence agencies began to solve strategic tasks of creating a base for a long-term struggle designed for many years.

So, during the Civil War, the struggle between Soviet intelligence and the White Guard counterintelligence in the South of Russia was carried out with varying success and was episodic, since both special services, by and large, were still at the initial stage of their development. But at the same time, the following trend is still visible: with the strengthening of the power of the state, its special services are strengthened, and vice versa. The victories won by the Red Army expanded the potential of Soviet intelligence, and the defeats of the Russian Army, the reduction of territories, human and material resources narrowed the possibilities of Wrangel's counterintelligence. For this reason, the struggle of the White émigré organizations against Soviet Russia was doomed to failure. Further developments convincingly confirm this conclusion.

After the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty Germany occupied Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States. It was important for the Germans to control the Bolshevik government so that the Eastern Front would not rebound against them, to support the separatist-minded national outskirts in order to prevent the unification of Russia and pump out material resources. The head of the German Foreign Ministry, R. von Kühlmann, instructed the ambassador in Moscow: “Please use large sums, since we are extremely interested in the survival of the Bolsheviks ... We are not interested in supporting the monarchist idea that will reunite Russia. On the contrary, we should try to prevent the consolidation of Russia as far as possible, and from this point of view, we should support the far left parties.”

Germany staked on separatism even before the First World War. The notorious Count F. Schullenburg, who arrived in Tiflis in 1911 as a vice-consul, having studied the Transcaucasus well and having established extensive contacts in high society Georgian-Armenian circles, concentrated his efforts on working among Georgian nationalists in order to proclaim the independence of Georgia under the protectorate of Germany.

The war for some time interrupted the active intelligence activities of F. Schullenburg in the territory of Transcaucasia. Two months before it began, he unexpectedly went on vacation to his homeland and soon took an active part in the formation of the Georgian national legion, which later fought on the side of Germany on the Turkish front.

At the end of 1918, F. Schullenburg reappeared in Transcaucasia as the head of a diplomatic mission under the commander of the German occupation forces, General K. von Kress, and carried out a number of political combinations to conclude agreements between the highlanders and Musavatists in order to unite Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus into a single state system. Again under the protectorate of Germany.

This period also includes the organization by F. Schullenburg of a new residency under the legal name of the "German-Georgian Verein" headed by the German military doctor Merzweller. There is also an attempt to organize a "German-Armenian Verein", but it ended in failure.

According to the German researcher X. Revere, during the First World War, Germany made considerable efforts to develop separatism in Ukraine in order to tear it away from Russia. Conspiratorial activities were carried out by diplomatic missions in Bucharest and Constantinople. However, the efforts of the German agents for several years of the war did not bring the desired results. Ukrainian separatism began to manifest itself noticeably only after February 1917.

Even after the revolution of November 1918, having withdrawn its troops from Ukraine and the Crimea, Germany continued to solve its political tasks in a secret way, maintaining operational communications and an agent network.

The head of German military intelligence, V. Nicolai, believed that the cessation of hostilities in Europe did not lead to the end of the secret war. He preserved the archives of the Kaiser's intelligence, thereby contributing to the creation of a new secret service, hidden from the victorious states. So, in September 1919, a body of military intelligence and counterintelligence (Abwehr) was created as part of the Military Directorate. As an official field of activity, he was entrusted with the tasks of counterintelligence support of the armed forces. However, in practice, the Abwehr conducted reconnaissance against European countries.

The most far-sighted leaders of the White Guard secret services expressed a reasonable assumption that Germany would not be able to come to terms with the loss of its former economic power, therefore, it needed a weak Russia for its revival and development. On February 13, 1919, the quartermaster of the headquarters of the troops of the Southwestern Territory reported to the head of the special department of the department of the General Staff: “German capital and banks, led by Jewish agents, remained in Russia and, in particular, concentrated in Odessa, there is reason to believe that the direction towards the destruction of the Russian state continues. Therefore, the fight against banks dependent on German capital, the penetration into their secrets - is one of the types of struggle.

The task of dismembering Russia and strengthening influence on the outskirts was carried out through German banks and a Jewish organization of large local financiers headed by A.R. Hari, Getter and Babushkin. As was established by secret surveillance, they set out to support Ukraine through various political directions, sought to impede the implementation of the ideas of the Volunteer Army to recreate a united Russia.

At the same time, Germany tried, through diplomatic combinations, to appoint its proteges to leading positions, which were a guarantee of the safety and inviolability of German agents. In particular, attorney at law Furman, who had worked for German intelligence before the war, was appointed to the post of Bulgarian consul in Kyiv. The post of Danish consul in Odessa was held by A.R. Hari, director of the local branch of the Russian-Asiatic Bank, through him were money transfers and directives to German spy organizations. Hari, along with other people during the stay of the French in Odessa, bought French currency, which contributed to the depreciation of the ruble. Local counterintelligence knew about this, but did not take any measures. But when the population began to resent, she arrested the entire group. However, the attackers were soon released under the guarantee of a certain Botkin, an adventurer who played a prominent role in the Odessa counterintelligence.

In the South of Russia, the Germans were guided by political forces that did not share allied relations with the Entente countries and stood for an alliance with Germany. In hidden opposition to the command of the Volunteer Army and the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation, there was a monarchist party, which was a significant, although in no way really manifested itself, force. In addition to the aristocracy, it included a significant number of officers and even soldiers. With the help of the monarchists, the Germans hoped to organize a conspiracy to remove the senior command staff of the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation and replace it with persons of German orientation, in order to then conclude an alliance with Russia.

In addition, German intelligence pinned its hopes on Russian officers returning from Germany to their homeland, supplied them with appearances to their agents in Russia and Constantinople to provide money and conduct briefings.

Despite the unsystematic nature of counteracting German espionage, the White Guard counterintelligence revealed German intelligence centers in Constantinople, Novorossiysk, Rostov, Kharkov, Nikolaev, Simferopol and Sevastopol, as well as their agents. According to verified data, there were about 100 German officers in Rostov, Taganrog and Novocherkassk, left by intelligence after the occupation as residents. However, due to the lack of loans for the maintenance of agents and payment for the services of random informants, the counterintelligence unit lost any opportunity to pay attention to the German spy organization. Further observation in this direction was episodic.

Some German-oriented organizations were nevertheless liquidated by the Whites. But for the above reasons, counterintelligence failed to bring the matter to its logical conclusion - to bring the perpetrators to justice. Head of the KRC special department of the department of the General Staff Captain L.S. Dmitriev wrote in August 1919 that, having observed the counterintelligence of the All-Union Socialist Revolutionary Federation for six months, he had not heard of a single spy liquidation, not a single completed process, except for lynching.

Nevertheless, German intelligence was never able to realize the political goals of its government - to bring pro-German politicians to power in Russia and conclude an agreement beneficial for Germany with them. However, this can hardly be credited to the White Guard special services. Germany's further policy was influenced by its defeat in the First World War, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, as a result of which the country was deprived of the right to have a General Staff and intelligence, received an economic crisis and domestic political turmoil.

The intention of the leaders of the White movement to preserve the integrity of Russia was considered by the ruling circles of the states formed on the territory of the former empire as great-power Russian chauvinism. Therefore, already in 1918, the newly formed special services of the "independent" Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR)- intelligence and foreign (supervised the work of the military attache) departments of the 1st quartermaster general of the General Staff - began active reconnaissance and subversive activities against the White movement in the South of Russia. The Hetman's special services collected intelligence information about the military potential of the Volunteer Army and the "aggressive" plans of its command regarding the UNR, as well as about political organizations that carried out subversive work in Ukraine in the interests of the White Guards. The work of Ukrainian intelligence was not limited to obtaining important secret information. She began to carry out special operations, in particular, to secretly support the Regional Government of the Kuban in its struggle for independence and maintain the status of a close ally of Ukraine, worked to deepen the antagonism between local politicians and the command of the Volunteer Army, since Hetman P. Skoropadsky planned to annex the Kuban to Ukraine as a separate administrative unit.

In order to “attach” the Kuban, a landing operation was being prepared on Taman by the forces of the Separate Zaporozhye Division, stationed on the southeastern borders of Ukraine. With the close participation of intelligence, heavy and small arms (21 thousand rifles, 8 guns and machine guns), as well as ammunition, were secretly transported from Kyiv to the Kuban.

“The political situation in the Kuban,” noted the first secretary of the UNR embassy in Yekaterinodar, K. Polivan, “requires the Ukrainian embassy to immediately begin the widest and most energetic work possible in spreading the political influence of the Ukrainian state.”

Taking advantage of the favorable counterintelligence regime, the intelligence officers of the UNR, acting under the guise of diplomatic institutions, in the second half of 1918 did a great job of bringing Ukraine closer to the Kuban with a view to the subsequent possible entry of the region into its composition "on the terms of the federation." In December 1918, the intelligence officers presented proposals regarding the expansion of the presence of Ukrainian special services and the preparation of an armed uprising against the Volunteer Army in the Kuban, but the leaders did not always listen to their arguments, and after the fall of the hetmanate, the case was “lost”.

Ukrainian historian D.V. Vedeneev found documents on the activities of the hetman's intelligence service in the Kuban in the central state historical archive in Lvov. K. Polivan, already mentioned above, acted under the guise of the position of the first secretary of the UNR embassy in Yekaterinodar. According to the report submitted in December 1918, the residency he led collected material on the situation in the region, the alignment of political forces. Good knowledge of the situation allowed her to carry out political and propaganda actions aimed at deepening the contradictions between the Volunteer Army and the Kuban Cossacks. Denikin's counterintelligence uncovered and arrested K. Polivan. However, according to the report, he managed to return home. Less fortunate was Ambassador Colonel F. Borzhinsky, who was arrested by the Whites and then shot "for treason against Russia."

In Odessa, counterintelligence discovered a center in which officers who kept in touch with the Petliurists and carried out their reconnaissance missions were grouped. The White Guard secret services had information about the whereabouts and activities of other intelligence posts of the Directory.

Despite the failures, Ukraine continued to maintain covert contacts with the ruling circles of the Kuban Cossacks through its emissaries. So, on the instructions of the supreme authority of the UNR, Yu. Skugar-Skvarsky repeatedly crossed the front line with false documents, collected information about the forces and action plans of the Volunteer Army, and also tried to persuade the authorities of the Kuban to an open armed uprising against A.I. Denikin. In Yekaterinodar, a Ukrainian intelligence officer received information from I. Makarenko, a member of the Special Meeting, about the redeployment of White military units. On September 15, 1919, he took part in a secret meeting of the Kuban Council, where he called for a common struggle for independence against the forces of Russian reaction. At the end of the month, the emissary provided S.V. Petliura detailed report on his journey. However, this case did not receive further development. Let us note that the illegal contacts of the top of the Kuban Cossacks with Ukraine were not a secret for the command of the All-Union Socialist League.

The author has no other information about the vigorous activity of the UNR intelligence in the territory of the White South. Perhaps she was not. Otherwise, historians of the special services of the current "independent" Ukraine, who consider the White Guards to be Russian chauvinists, would have tried to fill this gap.

Very actively acted against the AFSR Makhnovist counterintelligence, combining the functions of counterintelligence and military intelligence. The management of the military department of counterintelligence behind enemy lines was carried out by the operational department of the headquarters of the insurgent army.

The so-called counterintelligence information nodes were located in all cities, towns and large villages of the south and east of Ukraine. The main appearances of counterintelligence were located in Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, Poltava, Yuzovka, Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don, Yeysk, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Cherkassy, ​​Kyiv. As a rule, they were placed in hotels, restaurants, canteens, shoemakers or tailors, as well as in factories, factories, mines. From there, information about the state of the rear and the mood of the workers flocked to the headquarters of the Makhnovists. According to some reports, Makhnovist agents worked in all White Guard headquarters and military units.

In all likelihood, Denikin's counterintelligence never managed to get to them. At least, the author did not come across documentary evidence of the identification and arrests of the agents of the “father Makhno” by the White Guard special service.

Researcher V. Azarov provides data on the effective work of agents in the rear of the White troops in September 1919. So, before the decisive battle near Peregonovka, the Makhnovist agents reported to the headquarters of the insurgent army that "there were no regular Denikin units as far as Nikopol."

In the field of view of the counterintelligence unit of the special branch of the department of the General Staff came Polish intelligence ("Military Polish Organization" (VPO), created by Yu.K. Pilsudski back in 1916 with the aim of conducting military-political intelligence. According to counterintelligence data, on the territory of Russia, the VPO recruited agents from among newspaper employees, therefore, in their opinion, Polish newspapers on the territory of Russia could be unmistakably considered as intelligence cells. Such in Kyiv was the newspaper "Kyiv Diary". Here was the center of the Polish organization in Ukraine, headed by Benevsky. Between Kyiv and Warsaw, communication was maintained by couriers (mostly women), reports were transmitted on photographic film. Information from the VPO was received by the information department of the Polish General Staff.

During the stay of the Bolsheviks in Kyiv, the VPO was in close contact with the Kyiv center of the Volunteer Army. Employees of Denikin's special services did not rule out the presence of Polish agents in the All-Union Socialist League, since "the Poles are aware of what is being done with us." However, the KRC of the special department of the General Staff department, apparently, failed to identify Polish agents in the headquarters and institutions, since in the report to the leadership dated November 30, 1919, the head of the counterintelligence unit did not report anything about this.

Worked against the White Guards in the South of Russia and Georgian intelligence service. For example, she managed to obtain secret information from the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Union Socialist Republic, signed by the head of the intelligence department, Colonel S.N. Ryasnyansky and Colonel Melnitsky; secret reports of the Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Union Socialist Youth League, General Romanovsky, then published in the Tiflis newspaper Borba; a telegram from the head of the Military Directorate, Lieutenant General V.E. Vyazmitinov regarding Georgia. The White Guard command became aware of this only in the summer of 1919. And in September, information was received from the agents about the recruitment by the Georgian special services of officers dismissed from the army and sending them as agents to the rear of the White Guard. Quartermaster General of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia, Major General Yu.N. Plyushchevsky-Plyushchik asked the head of the department of the General Staff of the Military Directorate to order the checkpoints of the Black Sea coast to report the passage of such persons from Georgia to the head of the PKK, indicating their surnames, names, patronymics.

Between allies and the command of the All-Russian Union of Socialist Relations were not easy, since each of the parties in the Civil War pursued its own interests. The leaders of the White movement advocated a "united and indivisible" Russia. The British adhered to the principle of "divide and conquer". Based on world practice, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the interventionists carried out reconnaissance and subversive activities on the territory of the All-Union Socialist Republic. Judging by the White Guard funds of the central state archives, it is very difficult to judge the scale of the intelligence work of the Western special services, since there are only a few documents on this problem. In particular, it is known that Denikin's security agencies managed to identify the French counterintelligence center in Constantinople, as well as the British intelligence organization operating under the flag of the Red Cross. On July 1, 1920, the representative of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Switzerland, Efremov, did not rule out the possibility of transferring to the Bolsheviks information of a military nature obtained by this mission for reporting to London. Recall that it was at that time that the British demanded that the white governments capitulate to Lenin's "amnesty".

A naval agent in Turkey learned that a junior officer of the British intelligence branch in Constantinople had submitted a report to the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, outlining the reasons for the decay of the army of the Odessa region and its rapid abandonment of Odessa. The Naval Agent informed the Marine Department of the incident.

In November 1919, foreign counterintelligence reported that the governments of the Great Powers, not content with the activities of their diplomatic, military and other representatives, were forced to use private organizations, such as the International Red Cross, trading societies, etc., for propaganda and intelligence purposes. Christian Union of Young People. From Polyn and Constantinople, counterintelligence received information that representatives of the KhSML intend to arrive at the location of the All-Union Socialist League. Taking into account their sabotage activities, Colonel S.N. Ryasnyansky considered undesirable the admission of these persons to the territory controlled by the VSYUR. In the event of their appearance, he offered to establish control over their activities.

Assuming the growth of intelligence and subversive activities of foreign states against the White South and knowing the level of professional qualifications of the special services, the chief of the General Staff department decided to prepare a practical guide for the ranks of the counterintelligence service. To this end, in December 1919, he asked the military representative of the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Russian Union of Youth in Paris to send the following materials: the legal regulation of foreign states on the fight against espionage; description of well-known espionage processes, practical methods of combating espionage and organizing the struggle on the territory of foreign states; printed works on intelligence and counterintelligence; instructions and guidelines for conducting espionage, counter-espionage and political investigation; ciphers, systems of secret writing and transportation of secret correspondence abroad; publications on this topic in periodicals. The telegram emphasized that supplying the department of the General Staff with the indicated information was a permanent task of the military representative. Whether this manual was prepared - there is no evidence. Even if it was possible to publish it, it is unlikely that this work could already be useful to the Wrangel counterintelligence officers, who found themselves in exile after the defeat of the Russian army. They themselves could teach their Western "partners" the experience of fighting Bolshevik intelligence and counterintelligence.

White Guard regimes in Siberia The main threat to their security was not without reason seen in Soviet Russia and Germany, so the efforts of their counterintelligence agencies were aimed at countering the intelligence activities of these countries.

A document entitled “The General Concept of Espionage and Related Phenomena” gave the following definition of military espionage or military intelligence: “... collecting all kinds of information about the armed forces and fortified points of the state, as well as collecting geographic, topographical and statistical data of military importance on country. This information may be collected for the purpose of transmitting it to a foreign power.” It also defined other types of espionage - economic, diplomatic, political, maritime. An important clarification is made in the appendix that the work of secret agents is not limited to collecting information, but is sometimes aimed at creating "conditions that weaken the enemy's defensive strength" behind enemy lines.

Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich

RED PROPAGANDA FROM SOVIET RUSSIA On October 28, the new German government breaks off diplomatic relations with the RSFSR: a very terrible ally. The Bolsheviks have already done their job, withdrew the Russian Empire from the war. Now an ally is getting bigger every day