Tajikistan SSR. Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. Tajik position in relation to Western NGOs noticeably tightened

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Tajikistan (T.) - the Union Republic, located in the southern part of the USSR, in the south-east of Central Asia. Borders with China, Afghanistan; Domestic borders - from the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSR. Area 143.1 thousand km 2, population of 4119 thousand people. (1981). Capital G. Dushanbe (530 thousand live., 1983). The Tajik SSR includes 4 areas (Leninabad, Kulyabskaya, Kurgan-Tubin and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region) and 8 republican subordination.

The Tajik SSR is formed as an autonomous republic as part of the Uzbek SSR on October 14, 1924; On October 16, 1929, it was transformed into the Tajik SSR and on December 5, 1929, directly entered the USSR as an equal Union Republic.

The relief of the Tajik SSR Mountain: 93% of the area occupy the mountains relating to Tian-Shan systems, Gissaro-Alla and Pamirs, and almost 1/2 territory is located at an altitude of more than 3000 m above the UR. m. Plain spaces - mostly river valleys of the Turanian lowland and intermountain brands.

The climate is continental, characterized by sharp seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature and precipitation.

Subraser T. is rich in various minerals: the lead, zinc, gold, noble spinel, Lazurita, etc. has long been known. More than 70 fields are conducted by industrial development of St. 25 species of mineral raw materials. On their basis, mining, petroleum, gas and chemical are successfully developing. industry. According to the hydroresurs, T. ranks second in the USSR (after the RSFSR).

Having entered the path of socialist development, the Tajik SSR in a short historical period became a republic with developed industry and mechanized agriculture, an advanced culture and science. The manufacturing industry T. is presented by more than 90 industries and types of production. The light and food industry is dominated in its structure. The leading industry of agriculture of the republic is cotton growing. Production of grain, forage, oilseeds, subtropical crops, geraniums, tobacco, vegetables, fringe crops, grapes, as well as forestry, silk farming is developed. An important place in agriculture belongs to animal husbandry.

Socialist transformations in rural host - the creation of large high-step collective farms and state farms, leading the economy on a modern technological basis, contributed to a significant increase in the cash income of the collective farms, which were 17 times more in 1980 compared with 1940. National income in 1980 grew by 3.5 times compared with 1960. Capital investments reached 970 million rubles. The cost of industrial products amounted to 3 billion 506 million rubles (in prices in 1975).

Before the establishment of Soviet power in T. there was a slight number of competent; Currently, it is a republic of continuous literacy. During the years of Soviet power, 10 universities were created in the republic, 38 secondary specialized educational institutions, a number of research institutions.

Geographical, natural and historical conditions have determined greater unevenness in placing the population through the territory of the republic. Valleys and intermountains are densely populated; For example, in the Gissar Valley population density reaches 100 and more people per 1 km2. The population population population is 4-10 people. per 1 km2. The easiest of the East Pamir, where 1 km2 accounts for 0.4 people.

That is a multinational republic. Her indigenous population is Tajiks - one of the most ancient peoples of Central Asia (58.8%, according to the 1979 census), Uzbeks also live (22.9%), Russians (10.4%), Tatars (2.1%) , Kyrgyz (1.3%), Turkmen (0.4%), Ukrainians (0.9%), Jews (0.4%).

The fundamental changes that occurred during the years of Soviet power in the economy and culture of the Tajik SSR have enforced influence on the pace of reproduction of the population, its structure and placement. The population in 1981 compared with 1913 increased almost 4 times; 35% is the urban population and 65% - rural. The growth of the population is mainly due to natural growth. According to the natural increase (30.4 per 1000 live., 1980) T. ranks first in the USSR, which is the result of not only high fertility, but also to improve the welfare of the people, health systems, reduce mortality and increase life expectancy. The high rates of development of the productive forces of the republic contribute to the large influx of the population from other republics of the USSR.

The available statistical data on the incidence of Hodgeny district (1916) show that 70% of stationary and 80% of the abmula patients were facial inf. Diseases.

Thanks to the systematic rise in the economy, the improvement of the socio-domestic living conditions of the people, expanding HEAD.-PROF. Events in the republic have long been eliminated by smallpox, plague, cholera, malaria, returning types, fever of Pap-Patachi, trachoma; Tens of times the incidence of abdominal typhoid, dysentery, brucellosis and Siberian ulcer decreased. Until isolated cases, the incidence of raw tites, diphtheria, polio, tetanus is reduced. The health care system began to form in T. after the October Revolution in fact, in a scratch: in 1913, in the republic there was only 1 BC into 40 beds. By 1929 there were already 22 years.-Prof. Institutions for 990 beds. Intensive development Healthcare received after the formation of the Tajik SSR; The first hospitals and outpatientations appeared in cities and districts, established institutions for the protection of maternity and childhood, as well as sanitary and anti-epidemic institutions, tropstandy, sanitary bacteriological laboratories, etc.

Medical frames. In 1913, in the territory of the current T. worked only 13 doctors and 32 medium health workers, there were not a single number of indigenous nationalities.

After the establishment of Soviet power, doctors and medium health workers from the fraternal republics (RSFSR, Ukraine, etc.) began to arrive in the republic. Along with this, measures have been taken to create a base for training on site. Already at the beginning of the 30s. Honey has opened honey. Honey opened (now Leninabad) Technical school, in the city of Sta-Linabad (now Dushanbe) - honey. In-t and honey. technical College. The first doctors from the number of Tajiks were U. M. Muminov and X. W. Umarov, who graduated from honey. F-T University in 1931 in the mid-30s. honey. The technical schools released the first medium health workers. Educational institutions of the republic, however, could not fully satisfy the rapidly growing need for honey. Frames. Part of the doctors in T. were directed from other republics.

Of the total number of persons who worked in 1982 in the Health System of the Republic, in health facilities there were sv. 10 thousand doctors and more than 25 thousand medium medical workers.

The growth of public security with medical personnel from 1913 to 1980 is reflected in Table. one.

Medical education. Preparation of specialists with higher honey. Education (doctors, provisions, dentists) is carried out in the Tajik State Medical Institute. Abu Ali Ibn-Sina, created in 1939. IN-T annually produces OK. 600 specialists. In addition, every year in the medical departure of the country from T. direct applicants.

Medium health workers (Feldshera, midwives, nurses, dental technicians, pharmacists, San. Feldshera, Feldshera laborants) are preparing 6 medical schools, an annual release of more than 2,000 people.

Specialization and improvement of medical personnel are carried out on the basis of the F-Ta of the Improvement of Doctors in Tajik State Medical In-Te, Tsiu and other in-tons of improving the doctors of the country. In addition, doctors increase the qualifications on annual exit cycles of improvements, republican seminars and by internships in the countries of the country. Improving the qualifications of medium-sized health workers is carried out in the republican school of improving the qualifications of medium health workers organized in 1981, as well as in honey. collections at the bases of republican and regional medical schools.-prof. institutions.

Hospital help. In tab. 2 shows the data characterizing the growth of hospitals network in the Republic and the provision of the population by a kuderal foundation. Data suggests that in 1980, the Koef Foundation in Tajikistan was 990 times more compared to 1913 and almost 9 times - compared with 1940, a decrease in the number of hospital institutions was due to their reorganization and consolidation.

A wide network of hospital institutions has been created in the republic, K-Paradise makes it possible to provide timely stationary medical care to the population not only in cities, but also in the most remote mountainous corners. A wide scale is carried out by specialization of a bedding and equipment to leap. Institutions with modern equipment and equipment.

In the republic there are children's inf. Hospitals, anti-tuberculosis hospitals, etc. In Dushanbe, there is a largest hospital in the republic for 1610 beds. Organized nephrological, burn, cardiological, pulmonological, rheumatological, hematological and other centers. Resuscitation and anesthesiological service develops intensively: resuscitation and anesthesiology departments are created in all major years. institutions.

Oncological assistance to the population is expanding and improved. Further development received specialization of therapeutic care (gastroenterology, endocrinology, etc.).

Commonwealth. In order to approach specialized medical care to the population, a network of dispensaries, outpatient polyclinical institutions, etc. In 1980, extra-hospital specialized assistance was provided in the Polyclinic, and 17 anti-tuberculosis, 3 oncological, 15 anti-venereological, 7 psychoneurological , 3 endocrinological dispensaries. In the republic, 5 medical-physical dispensaries and 70 stations and emergency departments are functioning.

The number of medical visits has grown 1 live. From 1.8 in 1940 to 7.3 in 1981 (taking into account medical visits to the patients at home).

Protection of motherhood and childhood. High fertility rates, a significant percentage of children in the republic emphasize the exceptional importance of the problem of protecting women and children.

The first institutions of maternity and infancy were organized in 1925 in Dushanbe.

In the future, every year the network of generic and children's medical and preventive, preschool and sanatorium institutions was expanded (in rural areas, they were created according to a typical project and with the involvement of funds of collective farms and state farms); The number of maternity, gynecological and children's beds increased.

In 1980, 12 maternity homes and 66 maternity departments were functioning at 3992 beds; 140 children's B-C and branches at 6503 beds. Much attention is paid to the issues of organizing specialized assistance to children. In 1982, specialized assistance to children in ambulatory and polyclinics turned out to be 18-21 specialty in cities and 6-8 - in rural district.

In the institutions of the objects, the departments (chambers) of the adhesiveness of premature children were created, with all major children's B-Cah - branches (chambers) of resuscitation and intensive therapy, the pathologies of newborns and the impression of premature. Specialized pediatric brigades (including resuscitation) at stations (compartments) ambulance are organized; Their number is constantly increasing.

For the approach of qualified medical assistance to women and children living in remote rural areas, on the basis of central district b-c (CRH), mobile obstetric and gynecological and pediatric brigades are created and operated.

In the health care system, 27 specialized children's sanatoriums (cardiological, pulmonic, tuberculosis, etc.) have been created. A network of children's "dairy kitchens (from 45 in 1975 to 103 in 1980) is developing. In rural areas, handouts are opened. The network of children's preschool institutions is expanding. If in 1965 the number of children in regular children's nursery (gardens) was Equally 55.0 'thousand, then in 1980 in 720 preschool institutions it reached 109.0 thousand; specialized groups (nursery) were created, boarding schools for sick children. The result of this great work is a significant improvement in health indicators. Women and physical development of children.

Dental care. If in 1940 there were 42 dental and dental cabinets, only 6 dentists, 59 dental doctors of the dental technicians worked, in 1980, in 1980, 10 dental clinics were operating in the republic (5 - in Dushanbe, 4 - Leninabade, 1 - in Kurgan-Tube) and a significant number of dental and dental offices in clinics, hospitals, in school institutions. Stomatol. Assistance to the population of remote mountain ranges provide special brigades, which are equipped with the necessary equipment. The department of maxillofacial pathology is available in Dushanbe (at 60 beds) and in the Lenin-Bad Oblast (for 50 beds).

Medical assistance to employees of industrial enterprises, construction and transport is one of the most important tasks of the health authorities of the republic. In 1947, the Tajik SSR was first organized by MSC for servicing the mining industry in the settlement of the Constance and for Shakhtarov - in the city of Shurab. In the 50s. In T. functioned 4 MSH with hospitals with a total capacity of 130 beds, 27 medical and 43 paramedic health health. In 1963, a republican dispensary was organized on professional pathology with a separation of 50 beds. In 1980, the workshop workers rendered 11 MSH with hospitals with a total capacity of 755 beds, 34 medical schools, 321 paramedic and 87 workshops. In addition, industry workers are specialized medical assist in the district, urban, regional and republican leaders.-prof. institutions, as well as in the clinics of the Tajik Medical Institute (see).

Medical assistance to the rural population. In the republic, a significant work was carried out on the improvement of rural health. Central district hospitals became centers for providing qualified and specialized assistance to rural residents; The volume of medical assistance provided to the rural population by specialists from republican, regional and urban clinical Bsc. She received its further development of a network of rural medical "ambulatory. Their number from 78 in 1977 increased to 139 in 1982. In addition, 114 rural areas of the BC are functioning on the village, 1225 paramedic-obstetric items.

In order to improve the organization of ambulance and emergency medical care to the rural population, ambulance stations are created in areas with the population of St. 100 thousand lives.

Work continues on the organization of inter-district highly specialized departments (traumatology, ophthalmology, otorinolaryngology, urology, etc.). Rights network mobile honey. Services (medical ambulatory, female and children's consultations, fluorographic, physiotherapy offices, wedge, laboratories, etc.). Wider started tools of san. Aviation. In April 1983, a All-Union Meeting was held in the city of Dushanbe. The exchange of health care organizations engaged in distant animal husbandry was held.

A plan of measures has been developed for further improvement of medical.-San. ensuring and improving the protection of health of the rural population. Together with other ministries and departments, it is necessary to work on the construction of the village of Feldsher-obstetric items, medical ambulatory and precinct B-C according to typical projects. For these purposes, collective farms and state farms are widely involved.

Sanitary and epidemiological service in the Tajik SSR began to develop since 1928, when a special decree was adopted. The authorities of the republic and organized a sanitary-anti-epidemic department under drug addresses. First San. institutions in the republic were malaria, parser and chemical-bacteriological stations (in Kulyab, Dushanbe and Hodgeny); The first complex San. Institutions - SES, which began to be created in 1932 in 1980. San.-epide. The service was represented by 57 SES, 2 disinfection and 1 anticipated stations. In the composition of the SES, 80 bacteriological and san.-gig are deployed. laboratories, including 13 - Under communal hygiene, 12 - power hygiene, 9 - industrial, as well as radiological, toxicological, physico-chemical and other laboratories.

Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of cities and other settlements, environmental protection. There are 559 water pipelines and 294 sewage systems (1980) in the republic (1980), 95 gas peculiar facilities were commissioned.

Development of the network of San.-epide. institutions, strengthening their material and technical base allowed to strengthen the state-state san. Supervision, increase the number and improve the quality of the lab. control methods, which led to a decrease in inf. morbidity and provided San.-epide. The welfare of the republic.

Sanatorium-resort help. Many people. Sources of mineral waters on the territory of T. were known for a long time, but the development of the resort in the republic began only in the 30s. So, in 1934 at an altitude of 1740-1960 m above the UR. M. Began to function the first climatobalneological resort of Hwa-Obigarm on 25 seasonal beds. In 1947, Obigarm resort was organized on 50 seasonal beds. In 1953, a balneological sanatorium on 25 seasonal places was opened in the village of Shoambara (26 km from Dushanbe); In 1954, near URA-Tube began to function, the seasonal hydropathic "Havatag" began to function, and in 1959, the seasonal hydroelectric "Harmchashma" by a.25 beds (on the Pamir). In 1977, a sanatorium "Uratube" was opened for 350 seats in the summer and 150 seats in winter. In the republic there are salted lakes with medicinal mud (Aksucon and Tanapchi, etc.).

All sanatoriums are specialized. People suffering from diseases of the motion organs, cardiovascular system, hron, pathology of female genital organs and upper respiratory tract are treated at the Khoja-Obiorm resort. The resort of Obigarm successfully treat nervous, gynecological and skin, and in the Sanatorium, Shoambary - -Yo Ni. and liver diseases. The sanatorium "Uratube" and "zoom-rad" is mainly a cardiological profile.

During the years of Soviet power in the Sanatoriums T. Lined new typical buildings, the kainy fund was significantly increased, labor-intensive processes were mechanized, honey provision was improved. Frames. In 1981, 154 353 persons were treated in sanatoriums and recreation institutions of the Tajik SSR., Including 22,689 pension houses.

It was organized by industrial bottling of shoambars, firebad, an-goiter, etc.

Health education. In the years of the formation of the Soviet authorities, San.-Light, work in T. was carried out mainly honey. employees of military-sanitary parts. The measures of health authorities to combat diseases to a certain extent braked existed at that time in most of the population with superstitions and prejudices, a negative attitude towards Soviet medicine. To San.-Light. The teacher and other representatives of the intelligentsia, who owned the local language and the authority of the population, were involved from the very first days of Soviet government. In the 30s. For health issues, various exhibitions began to be organized. Leaflets, memos, posters, methodical collections and other San.-lumen were increasingly published. Materials. The first home of sanitary enlightenment in the republic was organized in Dushanbe in 1938. Honey. and gig. The upbringing of the population in 1980 was carried out by 25 houses and 13 cabinets of suprames, 126 folk un-tami and 25 f-tami.

Pharmacy. Until the revolution throughout the territory of the current T. was just one small private pharmacy in Hodgete, K-paradise in 1917 was closed. In 1924, the first pharmacy in Dushanbe was opened; It worked 4 pharmacists. In the same year, the first store of SanGigien was organized. In 1929, under the drug addresses of the Republic, the main pharmacy department was created, 10 pharmacies were already in juro. In 1940, the Tajik SSR functioned 71 pharmacy (12 - in cities and 59 in rural areas).

In 1980, the pharmacy network of the republic consisted of 4 regional and 1 urban pharmacy departments, 4 pharmacy warehouses, 4 control and analytical laboratories, 352 pharmacies (147 - in cities and 205 - in rural areas), 36 central district, 13 hospitals and 8 Intergounded pharmacies, 583 pharmacy points and 18 branches of pharmacies. Farm functions in the republic. Factory, producing, products 67 drug names, with an annual output of goods for 920 thousand rubles.

Along with the quantitative growth of the pharmacy network, its qualitative indicators increased immeasurably and improved. Pharmacies are equipped with advanced equipment and Sovr. pharmacy furniture, a newly planned use of pharmacy manufacturing area; A lot of innovations were introduced to facilitate pharmacists.

New progressive forms of maintenance of the population are being introduced: 11 Pharm Cabinets operates. Information, according to the recipes of doctors, makes a vacation of medicines through the branches of pharmacies with large clinics, etc.

Increased material well-being and cultural level of workers, approaching honey. and medicinal assistance to the population, an increase in budget allocations to Leg.-prof. Institutions for the acquisition of medicines contributed to a sharp increase in drugs and medical products. destination.

Since 1935, scientists with practical workers have begun to study such widespread diseases such as malaria and intestinal infections, mite spirochetosis, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, etc., began to develop issues of water supply of settlements, health improvement, practical measures were carried out to prevent quarantine Diseases.

Significant development of medical science was observed in the postwar years. In 1946, a group of doctors was commissioned from T. To scientific institutions of Moscow.

Created in 1959 in Dushanbe at the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR INT-T Regional Medicine (now - the Institute of Gastroenterology) began its activities with the study of nutritional issues, traditional medicine, the use of local medicinal herbs, resort resources. In 1971, a problematic laboratory of the pathology of women, hereditary and congenital diseases was organized, on the basis of Ki-Roy in 1980, the Research Institute of Motherhood and Childhood was created.

In popularization and introduction of honey achievements. In practice, the Journal of Healthcare Tajikistan, published since 1933 performs an important role in practice.

Every year the number of medical personnel from national personnel is growing. In 1981, in the republic was St. 300 doctors with scientists degrees, including 51 Dr. Honey. science Among them are 16 people. Have a honorable title fell. Science Worker, two are elected to the AMN of the USSR, two are part of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, four were awarded the title of the Abu Ali Ibn-Sinai Prize winner. Not only in the republic, but also beyond the names of M. G. Gulyamov, Yu. B. Ishaqi (see t. 10, add. Materials), XX Mansurov, Yu. N. Nuraiya-Va, A. T. Pulatova, Ya. A. Rakhimova, K. T. Tajiyeva, N. U. Usmanova, K. A. Khasanova, A. I. Sheurenkova, etc.

In 1982, 24 Republican Scientific Honeys operated in the Tajik SSR. about

All research work carried out in the health system coordinates and controls the scientist Medical Council on the M3 of the Republic with 1932.

Health budget. From year to year, appropriations are increasing for health care. In 1981, the health budget was 161.0 million rubles, which is 23 times more than in 1940, when only 6.9 million rubles were allocated for health care.

Table 1

Health of the population that firmware in the territory of the Tajik SSR, medical personnel compared with the pre-revolutionary period (from 1913 to 1980; people)

table 2

The dynamics of the growth of the number of hospital institutions and the security of the population living in the territory of the Tajik SSR, bows compared with the pre-revolutionary period (1913 - 1981)

Bibliography: The national economy of the USSR in 1982, Statistical Yearbook, M., 1983.

I. A. Sazhenin.

(448 thousand live. On January 1, 1976). Large city - Leninabad (121 thousand live.). New cities rose: Nurek, Ordzhonikidze-Abad, Isfara, Regar, Kairakkum, Khorog, etc. As part of the Tajik SSR - the Gorno-Badakhshanskaya AO and 2 administrative regions. In April 1977, the third region was formed - Kurgan-Tubinskaya. The republic is divided into 41 district; It has 18 cities and 47 urban-type settlements. Nature. Over 90% of the territory occupy mountains related to Tien Shan systems, Gissaro-Alaya and Pamirs (with the highest point of the USSR - the peak of communism, 7495 m). On the . - Western outskirts of the Fergana Valley, on Yu.-Z. - Vakhsh and Gissar Valley. Minerals: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, fluorite, coal, natural gas, sainted salt. Continental climate. The average temperature of January from 2, -2 ° C in the valleys and foothores Yu.-Z. And C. up to -20 ° C and below on the Pamir, July, respectively, from 30 to about ° C and below. Precipitation (on the plains and in valleys to a height of 500 m) 150-300 mm per year. Main rivers - Syrdarya, Amudarya (with Waxhev), Zeravshan; Lake - Karakul. Soil is serous, brown, mountain meadows. Pusty, steppe and high-mountain meadow vegetation prevail. Historical reference. The class society on the territory of Tajikistan arose in the 1st half of the 1st thousand to. . (Bactria State). In 6-4 centuries. BC e. The territory was under the rule of Iranian achemenids, Alexander Macedon. C 3. BC e. He entered the Greco-Bactrian and Kushansky kingdom; During this period, the invasions of the chiconites, ephtalites, turks were made; Folk uprisings Mazdak and Abruua. In the 8th century The people had heroic resistance to Arab conquest (the rebellion of Municanguits). In 9-10 centuries. Territory as part of the state of Tahirids and Samanids; Mostly there was Tajik nationality. In the 10th - early 13th centuries. He entered the state: Gaznevids, Karakhanids, Khorezm. At 13th century conquered by Mongol Tatars; People's liberation struggle against Tatar yoke (Malika Sanika Sanika, Taraby, Timur-Melik). In 14-15 centuries. territory as part of the Timurid state; With 16 V.- Bukhara Khanate and a number of small feudal possessions. In 1868, the northern part of the territory is attached to Russia (parts of the Fergana and Samarkand regions), Bukhara Khanate in vassal dependence on Russia; The inclusion in the system of the All-Russian economy has accelerated the origin of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century The first Social Democratic Mugs appeared. The working entities participated in the 1905-07 revolution, the Central Asian Uprising of 1916, the February Revolution of 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. Soviet power in Northern Tajikistan was established in November 1917 - February 1918. By the end of 1918, the Soviet government was proclaimed throughout Tajikistan. In 1918-1923, the workers defeated White Guards and Basmac with the help of the Red Army. In 1921-22, land-water reforms were carried out. According to the national government, October 14, 1924, the Uzbek SSR formed the Tajik ASSR, from December 5, 1929 the Tajik SSR as part of the USSR as an allied republic. As a result of the industrialization of the Communist Party of Industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution in the republic was built mainly by the Socialist Society. During the Great Patriotic War, the Tajik people mobilized all the forces to repel the fascist aggression. On January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Tajikistan numbered 92,842 members and 3,874 candidates for party members; In the ranks of the Lenin Communist Union of Youth of Tajikistan, there were 313,089 members; In the Republic of 786,080 trade union members. The Tajik people together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR in the post-war decades has achieved new success in communist construction. The Tajik SSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1956), the Order of the Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974). Economy. Over the years of socialist construction, Tajikistan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. The Tajik SSR in the complex of national economy of the USSR is allocated as one of the areas of cotton growing, the production of ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, light and food industries. Tajikistan is the main base of the country for the production of thin-fiber cotton. Tajikistan has developed economic ties with all the union republics. In 1975, the volume of industry products surpassed the level of 1940 at 14 times, and the level of 1913 is 121 times. Table. 1. - Production of the most important types of electricity products, billion kWh Ch194019701975 0.06 3.2 4.7 coal, thousand T204 887 868 Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tons 30 181 274 Gas, million m3 2 388 419 Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand T - 252 406 Transformers power, thousand kva -13792162 cement, thousand T- 8721010 Precast concrete structures and parts, thousand m3 products- 628 814 Cotton fiber, thousand tons 60 , 9 235.0 277,6 Cotton fabrics, mln. M 0.2 99.9 113.1 Silk-raw, T254 322 355 Silk fabrics, million m 1,6 43,2 54.0 Carpets and carpets Purest wool and half-walled, thousand m2 ... 3226 3803 linen knitwear, million PC. 0.5 5.7 5.8 Upper knitwear, million pcs. - 3.6 3.7 Leather shoes, mln. Couples 0.5 6.1 6.9 Vegetable oil, thousand tons 3.5 68.8 94.5 canned food, mln. Conditional cans 13.9 172.8 242.4 WINE VINRED, RY. DA27334704405 On the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in the table. 1. The most important power station is Nurek HPP. Created non-ferrous metallurgy. The food industry (mainly oil-fat, wine-making and fruit and vegetable) accounts for about 1/4 gross industry products (1975). Mechanical engineering and light industry are developed, chemistry develops. Gross agricultural products in 1975 increased 4 times compared with 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 147 state farms and 242 collective farms. In 1975, 28.4 thousand tractors operated in agriculture (in physical units; 3.9 thousand in 1940), 2.9 thousand cotton harvesting machines, 1.2 thousand combine harvesters (0.1 thousand in 1940) , 13.9 thousand trucks (1.5 thousand in 1940). Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million hectares (29% of the total territory), including arable land - 0.8 million hectares, 3,03 million hectares and pastures - 3.18 million hectares. Irrigation is important for agriculture. Built: Big Gissar, Dalverzinsky, Big Fergana, Northern Fergana Channels; Farhadskoye, Kairakkum, Nurek reservoir. The area of \u200b\u200birrigated land in 1975 reached 567 thousand hectares. Agriculture gives about 73% of the value of gross agricultural products (1975). For data on sowing and shaft assembly of crops, see Table. 2. Tab. 2. - Sowing Square and Gross Collection of Agricultural Cultures 194019701975 All Sowing Square, thousand GA807765702 Cereals Cultures567321200 Cotton 106254271 Len-Kudryash 36 8 3 Vegetables 5 12 14 Bakhchy Cultures 10 8 8 Feed Cultures 55151192 Gross Collection, thousand T Grain Cultures32422227 Vegetables 44206284 leading agricultural industry - cotton growing. Ether soluble culture is cultivated - geranium. Widespread development received gardening and viticulture. The trench culture of lemons is mastered. The area of \u200b\u200bfruit-berry plantations (including citrus) - 66 thousand hectares in 1975 (21 thousand hectares in 1940), vineyards - 22 thousand hectares (8 thousand hectares in 1940). Gross collection of fruits and berries - 276 thousand tons in 1975 (121 thousand tons in 1940), grapes - 147 thousand tons (49 thousand tons in 1940). Livestock is predominantly distant pasture type (see Table 3). Skinservation has been developed. In 1975, 3.4 thousand tons of cocoons were harvested. For the growth of the production of livestock products, see the data in Table. 4. Tab. 3. - Livestock and poultry (on January 1), thousand 194119711976 Close-aged cattle58010081095 Including cows188 372 403 pigs 21 78 86 Sheep and goats217426342896 Horses124 45 38 Bird, million 0.9 2.7 4.1 Tab. 4. - Production of basic products 194019701975 Meat (in slaughter mass), thousand tons 30 64 84 Milk, thousand T135285383 Eggs, million pcs. 38131236 Wool, thousand tons 1.6 4.9 5.3 Operational length of railways 903 km in 1975, of which 470 km are narrow soles. Built (1977) The Termez-Kurgan-Tube railway line - Javan (264 km), over 200 km in 1974. The length of the road 13.4 thousand km (1975), including the solid coating 9, 7 thousand km. Shipping Riverways 0.2 thousand km. Aviation transport is developed. Pipeline transport is represented by gas pipelines in southwestern Tajikistan (from local gas fields) and branches in the city of Northern Tajikistan from the Mubarec - Bekabad - Fergana. Gas from Afghanistan comes from Afghanistan to Dushanbe gas pipeline. The vital level of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. National income in 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real incomes per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased 1.6 times. Retroice trade turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 100 million rubles. in 1940 to 1675 million rubles. In 1975, in this case, the turnover per capita - 5.8 times. The amount of deposits in savings cash registers in 1975 reached 451 million rubles. (5 million rubles. In 1940), the average deposit size - 750 rubles. (44 rubles. In 1940). At the end of 1975, the city housing foundation amounted to 11.9 million m2 of the total (useful) area. During 1971-75, it was commissioned at the expense of the state, collective farms and the population of 5821 thousand m2 of the total (useful) area. Cultural construction. According to the census 1897, the literacy of the population was 2.3%. At the beginning of the 20th century In Hodgeny (now Leninabad), URA-Tube and other cities numbered 10 tons. Russian-native schools (in 1914/15 uch. G. 369 students were studied), there were no secondary special and higher educational institutions. After the establishment of Soviet power, a national school was created with teaching in his native language. In 1939, literates amounted to 82.8% of the population, according to the 1970 census - 99.6%. In 1975, 82 thousand children were brought up in permanent preschool institutions. In 1975/76 uch. G. in 3.2 thousand secondary schools of all species studied 0.9 million. Pupils, in 59 vocational schools - 23.6 thousand students (including the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, 6.6 thousand scientists worked in scientific institutions of the republic (including scientists of universities). Significant development received Network of cultural institutions. On January 1, 1975, they worked: 11 theaters, including the Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater, the Tajik Drama Theater, the Republican Theater of the Music Comedy; 1.1 thousand inpatient cinema; 1.2 thousand club institutions; the largest republican library - State Library of the Tajik SSR. Firdosi (opened in 1933 on the basis of the city library, arising in 1925, 2.5 million bills, brochures, magazines, etc.); 1.4 thousand mass libraries (9.4 million . bills and magazines); 7 museums. In 1975, 868 books of books and brochures have been released with a total circulation of 6.0 million copies. (372 titles with circulation of 2823 thousand copies. In 1940), including 413 titles in Tajik language circulation 4.3 million copies; Embedded 61 magazine edition about Annual annual circulation of 19.0 million copies. (9 publications, annual circulation of 141 thousand copies. In 1940). Embedded 61 newspapers by an annual circulation of about 226 million copies. Newspapers are published in Tajik, Russian and other languages. Tajik Telegraph Agency (Tajikta) has been working since 1933. The Republican Book Chamber is founded in 1936. The first broadcasts began in 1924. In 1975, the Republican Radio was led by Tajik, Russian and Uzbek. Television programs are conducted since 1959. Telecentre in Dushanbe. In the republic in 1975 there were 278 hospitals for 33.5 thousand beds (121 hospitals by 4.5 thousand beds in 1940); 7.2 thousand doctors worked and 21.2 thousand people of medium medical personnel (0.6 thousand doctors and 2.7 thousand people of secondary medical personnel in 1940). Popular balneological and climatic resorts are popular: Obigarm, Holia-Obigarm. Gorno-Badakhshanskaya Autonomous Region The Gorno-Badakhshan JSC was formed on January 2, 1925. Located within the Pamir. Area 63.7 thousand km2. Population of 116 thousand people. (January 1, 1976). The average population density is 1.8 people. per 1 km2. Center - Khorog. Leading industry economy - agriculture. In 1975 there were 15 state farms and 46 collective farms. Sowing areas of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 17.1 thousand hectares. The farmer agriculture and focuses mainly on the West Pamire. Gardening, silvering. On the Eastern Pamir, livestock predominates (mainly Kurdnyh Sheep and Yaki). Livestock (on January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 63.6, sheep and goats 335.6. In 1975, the volume of industry products exceeded the level of 1940 by 28 times. Local industry is developing. Cooking salt is mined. In 1975/76 uch. G. In 265, secondary schools of all species studied 34.8 thousand students, in a vocational school - 287 students, in a medical school - 68 students. Among scientific institutions - Pamir Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. In 1975, the theater worked, 148 mass libraries, a museum, a house of folk creativity, 165 club institutions, 80 stationary film installations. In 1975, 138 doctors worked; There were 980 hospital beds. The Gorno-Badakhshanskaya AO was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Peoples' Friendship (1972).

Tajik SSR, the development of physical culture and sports. Until the Great October Socialist Revolution, Tajiks did not have their own national state. In the XIII century. The territory of Tajikistan was captured by Mongols, and in the XVI century. She entered the Bukhara Khanate. In the 80s. XIX century Tajikistan's accession to Russia was completed. For a long time, Tajiks lived in the conditions of the national and feudal oppression.

In 1920, the power of Emir was overthrown in Bukhara and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was formed. In 1924, the Tajik ASSR as part of the Uzbek SSR was formed, and at the end of 1929 Tajikistan was transformed into the Union Republic. Until the October Revolution, the Tajik people did not have favorable conditions for the development of national culture, including physical. Culture. National types of physical are weakly developed. Exercises and games.

After the establishment of Soviet authorities, the classic sports were gradually received: light athletics, gymnastics, sports games, etc. Despite the heavy oppression, the Tajik people retained, passing from generation to generation, their favorite types of physical from generation. Exercises: horse riding, fighting Gushtingiri, mobile and sports games, which began to develop quickly in the Soviet period. Caring for party, Komsomol and Soviet organizations about physical. The upbringing of the wide masses caused a rapid growth of physical culture. In 1925, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture was created in the republic. In 1927, the first mugs of physical education arose in the Sushamba, in Penjikent, URA-Tube and Kulyab. In the same year, 8 Tajiks were sent to Samarkand for courses of physical workers, 40 Komsomol members were trained in 4-month courses. On the Nhisbek festival of physical culture in 1927, the Tajik team in the pushing of the nucleus, in the height jumps and the length took 1st place, in the pomegranate throwing - the 2nd, and in the disk throwing - 3rd place. The growth of physical culture movement intensified after the formation of the Tajik SSR.

In 1929, in honor of the All-All Adjik Congress of Soviets, a large physical consumer celebration was held. Its program were included along with national species - horse racing and struggle of Gushtengiri - Athletics, basketball, football, townships, shooting and mass gymnastic exercises. In the same year, the "Dynamo" was organized. In 1930, the Tajik SSR was created, as well as regional, urban and district advice. Culture. In Dushanbe, "Dynamo" equipped the playground, later turned into a stadium, Dr. Stadion built builders trade union (now the Spartak Stadium).

The introduction of a GTO complex in 1931 contributed to the further development of physical culture in the republic. Sports platforms were built in Leninabad, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tube. In 1932, large complex competitions took place. For athletics, volleyball, football and Gushtinggiri. In the same year the I chess championship of the republic took place. In 1934, the All-Archikovskaya Garlovikov was held; In 1935, the bike ride of 9 athletes from Dushanbe across the Karakum desert in Moscow. From 1935, Spartakiads of pioneers and schoolchildren are held; In 1938, a high-mountain motor race was held on the route Dushanbe - Khorog - Dushanbe and the II Republican Supreme Collective farmers. Annually organized drawings of the Tajik SSR Cup on various sports. Tens of thousands of people participate in tourist campaigns, crossheads and relay. In 1938, sports schools on gymnastics, weightlifting and boxing were created. A lot of work in the republic was carried out on the preparation of community instructors.

In 1939, I. Abramov translated the collection of rolling games to Tajik language, the edition of the F-Rogo promoted Russian games among the Tajik guys. In the same year, the rules of the struggle of Gushtengiri were published in Tajik. From 1940, the struggle of Gushtengiri entered the Calendar of the competition. republic, which helped the improvement of skill of Tajik athletes in this sport, and also contributed to the growth of skill and in other types. In the Tajik SSR, on the Pamir, the ancient game of Chabagosy, close to herbal hockey, has been preserved. Chavgonists easily mastered hockey on the grass and in 1955 successfully participated in the match of 8 cities in this game.

In the days of the Great Patriotic War, the physical education institutions of the Tajik SSR courageously defended the socialist homeland at the front and led the work on military physique. preparation of reserves of the Soviet army in the rear. After the war, the physical culture movement in the republic was expanding rapidly. Much attention was paid to the training of physical professionals. culture. In 1947, the Tajik technical school of physical culture was opened, in 1953 - Faculty of Physics. Education at the Dushanbe State Pedagogical Institute. T. G. Shevchenko, in 1957 the correspondence department of the Faculty of Faculty of Physics was opened. Education.

The expansion of the university network in the republic has created favorable conditions for the development of sports among students. Of their numbers, many good athletes were prepared. On Jan. 1960 in student teams physical. Cultures were 2789 disposses, including 13 masters of sports and 175 athletes I discharge.

DSO "Tajikistan", "Dynamo", Lokomotiv, "Labor Reserves", "Spartak", "Hosholow" work in the republic. The athletes of the Tajik SSR take part in various mass communities. educational institutions, enterprises, collective farms and state farms. Sports are developing among children, students, youth.

The Olympics of the Peoples of the USSR largely contributed to the expansion of physical education in the republic. The I Games of the Peoples of the USSR 1956 gave impetus to development in the republic of new, previously not cultivated, sports: rowing, water polo, fencing, freestyle struggle, etc. At the I Games of the Peoples of the USSR, 389 people participated in the republic. Tajikistan athletes installed 32 republican, 1 All-Union and 1 World Record. In the II Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR, 379 athletes performed for the team of Tajikistan, 57 of the masters of sports. On rowing, water polo, jumping into water and bullery shooting Tajik athletes went out on the 9th place. Ibrahim Khasanov became the champion of the USSR on rowing, Vitaly Dvigun took the 2nd place in weightlifting, Alexey Garbuz and Grigory Panickin took the 3rd seats in the commander. For athletics.

On Jan. 1960 In the republic there were 1362 teams of physical. Cultures that united 133,438 people, including 56 masters of sports, 4 candidates for chess masters, 386 athletes I discharge. From sports facilities by Jan. 1960 There were 12 small stadiums in the republic, 16 summer pools, 1179 volleyball playgrounds, 353 basketball courts, 9 tennis courts and 25 dr. Sports grounds.

Sources:

1. Encyclopedic dictionary on physical culture and sport. Volume 3. Ch. Red .- G. I. Kukushkin. M., "Physical Education and Sport", 1963. 423 p.

The progress of the cultural construction achieved over 50 years of Soviet power in the former national outskirts of Tsarist Russia.
According to the census of 1897, competent among Tajiks was only 3%. "Competent and educated people in pre-revolutionary Tajikistan were as rare as fruit trees in the Solonchakoy Desert," the founder of Tajik Soviet literature S. Ayney.
Muslim religious schools - Maktab and Madras - in their class essence were alien to workers, and their influence on the development of the culture of the people was very weak.
The religious and scholasticity was training and the so-called new meter and Russian-native schools that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. He studied in these schools mainly children of merchants, Baev, officials. Schools were very small. From 1894 to 1917, for example, a Russian-native school in Hodgeny (now Leninabad) graduated from only 19 people.
During the years of Soviet power, the Tajik people with the help of the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union ended with the difficult heritage of the past - cultural retardation and illiteracy.
The Great October Socialist Revolution in Tajikistan (according to the 1911 census) there were only 10 primary schools in which 369 children were studied. In the 1965/66 school year in 2509 secondary schools of the Tajik SSR, there were 551,687 students.
Already in the first decade of the existence of the Soviet Socialist state, enormous efforts were made to develop education in the republic. In 1925-1926 "Two-week enlightenment" and "month of education", the result of which was the construction of 75 school buildings and repair 38 schools. During these years, schools and contingents of students grew rapidly. In the 1925/2012 academic year, 121 initial, 2 seven-year and 2 secondary schools were already in Tajikistan, in which 265 teachers worked and 6054 student studied.
The first founding of the All-Arch Republic of Soviets (December 1926) recognized the first task of cultural construction to eliminate illiteracy among the population.
An emergency commission on educational institution was created, and then the numerous voluntary society "Down with illiteracy!". In a short time, the army of the Cultarmese enthusiasts was organized. The word "coalchers" entered the history of popular education as a symbol of disinterested struggle with darkness, illiteracy, ignorance.
Despite the sharp lack of pedagogical personnel and the difficulty of the recovery period, the number of schools on the liquidation of illiteracy increased from 63 in the 1925/26 academic year until 314 in the 1928/29 academic year, and the number of students in them - from 1450 to 8,400 people. In 1932, 135,976 people studied in schools and at the courses of Likbez. By the end of this year, almost 30% of the population of the Republic learned to read and write.
Very difficult was the problem of liquidation of illiteracy among women. Here women themselves showed great activity. Overcoming age-old prejudices, they were engaged in both of them for them created by women's schools, and in general (mixed) schools and courses.
Typed in this regard is the life path of the Avezova Masteur. In 1926, M. Avezova began to study at the School of Likbez and dropped the Barraja, then she graduated from the technical school of silkground and was one of the organizers of the Leninabad silk processing plant. In 1934, the Mastyr was led by the trade union organization of this plant, and since 1936 he became a member of the Government of the Republic. Also, the fate and one of the first organizers of the collective farms in Tajikistan Gavhar Sharipova, who worked for many years in the state office of the republic.
A lot of deprivation and adversity experienced in childhood and adolescence is one of the first Tajik teachers Bakhry Tairov. Under Paranjoy, she ran into the courses of lycabes, learned to read and write, listened to the conversations about the rights of women, about Soviet laws. In 1927, B. Z. Tairova dropped the Barraja and graduated from the pedagogical technician. Tens of women of Tajikistan, who now became engineers, doctors, teachers, actors, studied from Bahri Zairovna.
Women Tajiks did not just learn a diploma. They were involved in the fight for a new life.
Personal pensioner Gillura Yusupova, remembering the distant twenties, about the time when she learned the first letters of the alphabet in the liberty school and heard about the first laws of Soviet power, says: "Of course, a gram is a big deal, but not only for it so heat memory About the kibitke, where the likbez circle worked in the evenings. There, for the first time I, and 27 more people, as I, realized that in the Soviet power we became equal people that now our power is the power of the people. We dropped a barge, openly and proudly began to look at people. That is why I am the road memory about the liberation. "
The history of the struggle for the elimination of illiteracy among the population, including women, has retained the names of the genuine heroes of the cultural front.
98 Women Tajichek taught the literacy of Zeby Makabilov - a 14-year-old girl who led by two groups of lycabes.
The best of the best was in Tajikistan Cultarmets Kishlak Sary-Asia Camilov, teacher-Komsomolskaya MAVASHEV, teachers of the Tajik Superior School in Dushanbe Karimov and Kameeva.
By 1939, the problem of liquidation of illiteracy in the republic was mainly solved - 82.8% of the total population, including 77.5% of women of Tajikistan, learned to read and write. Work on the completion of the elimination of illiteracy actively continued in subsequent years.
By the end of the fifties, this heavy heritage of the past was completely overcome. According to the 1959 census, 96.2% of the population of Tajikistan aged from 9 to 49 years was competent. Literacy among women reached 94.6%. Of particular importance was the organization of pre-school children's institutions in the republic. Kindergartens, nursery, platforms should have created a mother-to-mother condition for active participation in production, in public and political life.
The first kindergartens and nursery began to be created in Tajikistan in 1929. In 1932, there were 32 kindergartens in the republic, where 1662 children were brought up. During the Great Patriotic War, despite the difficulties, the network of pre-school institutions grew. If in 1940, 3117 children were brought up in 103 kindergartens and nursery, by the end of the war, the number of kindergartens and nursery increased to 183, and the number of pupils in them - up to 9252.
In the 1965/66 school year, 1 thousand pre-school institutions worked in the Tajik SSR, the pupils in them were 47,460. At the same time, seasonal playgrounds organized mainly by collective farms with the help of public education areas were widely distributed in the number of stationary kindergartens and nursery.
One of the most important steps of the cultural revolution was the implementation of universal compulsory education of children.
The state of the Constituent All-Arms Congress of Soviets adopted a declaration of universal learning children of workers. The implementation of the Community in the republic was associated with serious difficulties. The aggravated class struggle, the fierce resistance of the clergy, the wide distribution of the people of religious remnants slowed down the development of the school. The systematic work on the implementation of universal primary learning has developed in the republic after decisions of the XVI Congress and the Special Decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) dated August 14, 1930 "On Universal Mandatory Initial Learning".
The republican committee of promoting universal learning was created to lead the work on the implementation of the universal training, which includes representatives of the drug addicts, the Kolkhozenter Center, trade unions, the Komsomol. Commissions of the universities were also created under local councils.
Every year, school training was conducted as the most important socio-political campaign. Mass sussunds were organized on the repair of schools, ensuring their fuel, manufacturing training equipment. Each area had an Operational Universal Plan. In each village, collective farm, state farm, district, a thorough account of children and adolescents to be trained.
Special attention was paid to the involvement of girls Tajichek. In the 1933/34 school year, 42,220 girls of indigenous nationality studied in schools, while in the 1928/29 school year - only 110.
Completion of universal primary training, the expansion of seven-year and secondary education required the preparation of a large number of teachers, the construction of new schools, publishing textbooks and visual benefits. From year to year, allocations for the needs of popular education were grew. If in 1929 they amounted to 12.3 million rubles, then in 1932 this amount increased to 19.9 million rubles, and in 1941 - up to 326.3 million rubles (in the old scale price).
From the first days of the establishment of Soviet authorities, children were given the opportunity to study in their native language. At the same time, the principle of voluntariness in choosing a learning language was strictly observed. Already in 1927, 165 schools with Tajik language learning were worked in Tajikistan, 59 with Uzbek. There were also schools with teaching in Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Kazakh languages.
In May 1940, the session of the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR adopted, after a great preparatory work, the law on the transfer of Tajik writing from the Latinized alphabet to the alphabet, built on the basis of Russian graphics. The draft of the new alphabet was approved by the government decree on May 21, 1940. This created more favorable opportunities for the introduction of the Tajik people to the richest culture of the Russian people.
The war imposed by our country with fascist Germany caused enormous damage to the country's economy, reduced the pace of cultural construction. But in difficult military time conditions, the question of universal learning was not shot from the agenda. The public education authorities and school leaders in the active participation of the public were struggled for visiting school sessions by all students.
In order to prevent the discraining of students from schools, the Community Funds were created. The needy received free hot breakfasts. In specially organized workshops, the repair of children's clothing and footwear was produced. Under secondary schools of the republic, boarding schools were created. In 1945, 1368 students were held in 21 boarding schools.
Mass character acquired in these years the attraction of young people's student to productive work in collective farms, state farms, to participate in the repair of school buildings and school equipment, in the billet of fuel for schools. In order to prepare for work in collective farms and state farms in schools, special agricultural courses were organized in schools, where only in the 1941/42 school year were trained over 30 thousand students of senior grades of secondary schools.
At the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union has planned a grandiose program of recovery and development of the national economy of the country. A significant place in this program was occupied by the issues of cultural construction, the development of public education. By completing this program to life, employees of the Republic of People's Education of the Republic, with active assistance to the entire public, have achieved considerable success, which gave the opportunity in the 1949/50 school year to begin the implementation of universal seven years of learning children.
In the 1954/55 school year, 2530 schools were in the Tajik SSR, including 1076 seven-year and 236 medium. In the same school year, 320,447 students were studied in the primary, seven-year and secondary schools of the republic (without schools of workers and rural youth and schools of adults), of which 142 428 in the V-X classes.
Since the 1959/60 school year on the basis of the law "On strengthening school communications with life and further development of a national education system in the USSR" and a similar law adopted by the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR, the republic began to transition to mandatory eight-year training, the introduction of production training in senior Classes of secondary schools and improving labor education in eight-year schools.
All these measures contributed to strengthening school communications with life, the development of students' activity involving them into socially useful work. But attempts to introduce mandatory vocational training of students in high school schools through the appropriate organization of industrial training and lengthening the duration of training in high school to eleven years old are not allowed.
In the 1965/66 school year, in accordance with the amendments to the School Act, training is preserved only in schools that have the necessary conditions for this, a ten-year term of study has been restored.
Recent years are characterized by significant achievements of schools and teachers in improving educational work, improving the quality of students' knowledge. As a result, the performance increased and was decreased. In the 1965/66 academic year, the number of Tsensers amounted to 6% against 10.6% in the 1958/59 academic year.
An objective necessity due to the development and development of socialist nations, the expansion of multinational relations, strengthening the friendship of the Peoples of the USSR, was the study of the Russian language in the Tajik school. This is paid to this in the republic. A serious organizational and methodological work is carried out, the publication of methodological literature is expanding, because there is a special methodical collection "To help the teachers of the Russian language in the Tajik school".
Completely summarizes the experience of learning students of Tajik schools in the Russian language and on its basis, curricula and textbooks are being improved. Of great importance in improving the teaching of the Russian language in the Tajik school, republican meetings of Russian teachers in non-Russian schools and inter-republican scientific and practical conferences conducted in 1955, 1956 and 1962 were held. In Tashkent.
In the 1962/63 school year, work was completed on the introduction of an eight-year-old universality. Created conditions for moving to medium education. These types of educational institutions as boarding schools, schools and groups of an extended day have been developed and strengthened.
In 1943-1944 In the republic, despite the difficulties of wartime, schools of workers and rural youth were created. Thanks to them, thousands of young workers and collective farmers received the initial, incomplete secondary and secondary education. Already in 1945, 9 schools of working youth worked in the republic, where 543 people were studied, and 80 schools of rural youth with a contingent of 3302 people.
A large role in the upbringing of students belongs to the Pioneer and Komsomol organizations.
2517 Pioneer Drugs, uniting 286386 young Leninists Tajikistan, are actively involved in the All-Union Pioneer Watch "Shine, Lenin Stars!". Active work in the "Pioneer Action Zones", a large cultural work, serious socially useful work, military-patriotic work and patronage over October - this is not a complete list of diverse activities of the Republic of Pioneer.
54 thousand members of the VLKSM are united by school Komsomol organizations. Komsomol organizations of schools have accumulated interesting experience in social and political education of young people.
An important place in the general system of communist education of young people is occupied by extracurricular children's institutions.
The first in the Tajik SSR outdoor institution - the house of children's artistic creativity was opened in Dushanbe in 1933, and in 1966 there were already 57 houses of pioneers, 7 stations of young technicians, 4 stations of young naturalists, 5 children's parks, 37 children's sports schools, 1 Children's stadium, 4 excursion and tourist stations.
In schools and out-of-school institutions there are a large number of circles, courses, studios. District, urban, republican olympiad of children's artistic self-identity, reviews of children's technical creativity are held annually. In the Olympiads of young chemists, physicists, mathematicians conducted by the Tajik central station of young technicians in 1966, 38,810 schoolchildren participated.
Party, Soviet and public organizations of the republic about the rest of children and the strengthening of their health are expressing greater concern. A wide network of pioneer camps, children's health sites, tourist bases, children's sanatoriums have been created. Only in 1965, 196,829 children rested in pioneering camps and at wellness sites.
Directives of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU in the new five-year plan provide for the further development of public education.
In a new five-year plan, only in day secondary schools of the republic, the number of students will reach 712 thousand, i.e. it will increase by 29% compared with the 1965/66 school year. Admission to the ninth school classes will be especially sharply. If in 1965/66 by the school year 500 in the ninth classes, 59.6% of students who graduated from an eight-year school were adopted, 75% will be taken in the 1970/71 academic year. More than 3 times the number of students in schools and groups with extended day will increase.
In the evening (replaceable) schools of workers and rural youth in 1970, 47.6 thousand people will be trained.
The children's preschool institutions of the republic in 1970 will be covered by 110 thousand children, or 2.2 times more than in 1965.
The transition to universal secondary education requires a fundamental improvement in school leadership and formulation of educational work. The solutions to these tasks were determined by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures of further improvement of the work of secondary school" (1966). Based on this ruling in the republic, a large organizational and explanatory work is carried out.
The training and education of a new person is unthinkable without the inspirational creative work of the teacher, without the improvement of his pedagogical skills.
In the most difficult conditions of the formation of Soviet power in Tajikistan, teachers not only taught literacy, but also were conductors of the ideas of socialism, clarified the policies of the party, politics of the young Soviet state.
It is not by chance that the enemies of Soviet power are particularly mercilessly dealt with teachers. In the struggle to strengthen the Soviet power in Tajikistan, many teachers died. Only a gang of Basmacha Ibrahim-Beck was destroyed by 80 best teachers of the republic.
Tragic events occurred in the spring of 1929 in Kararate. After graduating, the pedagogical courses organized in Garma, three girls - Sairra Abdullayev, Maoualimabby Kasimov and Alambibi Gadeva - came to learn to the native Kislak Hatch. In Kararate at this time, the Basmar gangs of Fusyl Maxuma were played. Capturing Hit, Basmachi brutally cried with activists: they killed young teachers.
The Tajik people keep a grateful memory about Abdusaloma Ismailov, Burkhan Ishhanbabaev, Karimjone Hussein-Zade, Saifulo Aliyev, Aligbar Husseynov, Ghania Hikmatov, Yakhyo Ishakov and other teachers who selflessly fought for the enlightement and happiness of the people who died in battles with Basmachi.
A large role in the development of national education in Tajikistan belonged to Russian teachers who actively struggling to eliminate the cultural retardation and mass illiteracy of the population of the republic.
In the first years of the Soviet government, the School of the Republic was experiencing a sharp lack of teachers. The party and the government of the republic took emergency measures to organize the mass preparation of teachers. Teachers from many cities of Central Asia, from the RSFSR and Ukraine came to the Republic. In the 1930/31 academic year, 1924 teachers worked in schools.
In October 1926, pedagogical technical school was opened in Dushanbe, and in the 1935/36 school year, 16 pedagogical technical schools were already, where 3063 people were studied. The discovery of the Khogogovsky Pedaruship was very important. This made it possible in a short time to ensure the schools of the Pamirs by qualified personnel of teachers from local youth.
Pedagogical institutions were organized to prepare teachers of seven-year and secondary schools in Dushanbe and Leninabad in the 1931/32 school year.
However, stationary educational institutions could not provide all schools with pedagogical personnel in a short time. Therefore, teacher training was also carried out at specially organized courses, after the end of which the teachers continued to study at the correspondence branches of pedagogical technical schools and institutions.
Especially wide scope has reached the preparation of teachers with higher education in the post-war years. If in the 1940/41 school year, only 353 teachers with higher education and 853 teachers with unfinished education worked in Tajikistan's general education schools, then in the 1964/65 school year, the number of teachers with higher education increased to 10,307 and unfinished up to 4,352 people.
Much work is underway to improve the qualifications of teachers. These most important cases are engaged in pedagogical institutions, Republican regional and inter-district institutions of improving teachers.
During the year there are permanent courses and seminars. This makes it possible to teachers to improve their qualifications without separation from production. The work of seminars and courses is carried out towards the development of the most difficult sections and the topics of school programs.
Great assistance to rural schools are provided by the Mobile Polytechnic Laboratories created at the Institutes of Improvement. Methodists of institutes, leaving these laboratories to schools, teach teachers to conduct practical work at the rate of physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, provide them with help in the preparation of demonstration work, in the use of visual benefits, modern technical training.
Only in 1965, about 12 thousand teachers, school principals, employees 502 of the national education departments of Tajikistan increased their own qualifications in various ways.
A large role in improving the methodological work with teachers of the republic is owned by the Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences (NIIPN) established in 1933.
In addition to the development and improvement of programs in all subjects of training, the Institute has created a number of educational and methodological benefits for the Tajik language and literary reading, in Russian language and literature in Tajik schools, on common-leading issues, for polytechnic training, published collections of articles on the best experience of teachers, created A number of visual aids, etc.
For teachers of Tajikistan, Maorif Va Ma Daniyat and Maktabi Council magazine is published.
Vocational education is successfully developing in the republic. 50 vocational schools are working with a common contingent about 15 thousand students, in addition, evening (replaceable, seasonal) schools and courses on the preparation of drivers of cotton harvesting machines, chauffeur and other highly skilled workers.
In the period from 1940 to 1966, the educational institutions of professional education were given to the national economy of the republic more than 65 thousand young masters.
One of the wonderful conquests of the cultural revolution in the USSR is the rapid development of higher and secondary special education in the republics of Central Asia.
On the territory occupied by the modern Tajik SSR, there was not a single technical school and university before the revolution. But the development of the economy and culture of the Young Soviet Republic was impossible without the preparation of national personnel of secondary and higher qualifications.
At the same time, there would seem insurmountable difficulties on the way to create medium-sided and higher educational institutions. It was necessary first of all to develop school education, prepare young people to enter technical schools and universities. And for this we needed pedagogical frames. Therefore, the first middle and higher educational institutions in Tajikistan were pedagogical schools and institutions.
But for industry, agriculture and culture, personnel were required immediately. In this regard, the technical schools and universities were created preparatory offices, where young people received knowledge in the volume of seven-year and high school.
Preparatory offices, of course, played a positive role in the preparation of national cadres of secondary and higher qualifications. In the future, with the development of seven-year and secondary education, the preparatory offices gradually closed.
Especially great difficulties were found in the preparation of specialists from among women Tajichek. To engage in the possibility of a larger number of Tajichek in pedagogical educational institutions, special female schools were created. In the 1929/30 school year, female pedeshes were opened in Dushanbe and Hodgeny, and in 1953 - the Women's Pedagogical Institute in Dushanbe. In 1957, he was united with the Dushanbe Pedagogical Institute named after T. Shevchenko.
A significant event in the scientific and cultural life of the Tajik people was the foundation in 1948 by the State University named after V. I. Lenin in Dushanbe. In the early years of its existence, the Young Tajik University in the first years of its existence had great help and research institutions of many cities of the Soviet Union, including Moscow University of M. V. Lomonosov, Kazan University named after V. I. Lenin, Uzbek University named after A. Navoi and others.
Currently, Tajik University has 11 faculties (physical, mechanical and mathematical, legal, chemical, economic, historical, Russian language and literature, biological and soil, faculty of Tajik and Eastern philology, evening economic, geological), 56 departments and 3 problematic laboratories .
Over the years of its existence, the university has prepared about 7 thousand specialists for various sectors of Tajikistan national economy. At the same time, he is a major scientific center of the republic. More than 380 teachers work here, of which more than 150 have academic degrees of doctors and candidate of science.
University's scientists are serious scientific research. For 10 years (1953 - 1963), they trained a large number of monographs, collections with a total volume of about 700 printed sheets.
Another major higher education institution is the Tajik Polytechnic Institute, organized in 1956 in Dushanbe. He prepares engineering staffs for the national economy of Tajikistan and other Central Asian republics in the specialties: electrical networks, power supply of industrial enterprises and cities, automation of industrial installations, industrial and civil engineering, architecture, water supply and sewage, road transport, main processes of chemical industries and chemical cybernetics, Mechanical engineering technology, metal cutting machines and tools. In the equipment of the Institute's laboratories, the Moscow Higher Technical School named after N. E. Bauman, Moscow Energy, Machine-Planting and Physics and Technology, Tbilisi, Azerbaijani and Tashkent Polytechnic Institutions was provided.
In the 1959/60 school year, the institute organized the evening office, and in 1960/61 - the correspondence department for the main specialties.
In 1961, the republic received the first squad of engineers - graduates of the institute (130 people). Today, graduates of the institute are successfully operating in various sectors of Tajikistan national economy.
Honored fame enjoys the Tajik State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sina. Being the main center providing the Republic of Doctors, the Institute at the same time provides great practical assistance to the health authorities of Tajikistan. In the Medical Institute 3 of the faculty - therapeutic, pediatric and dental. Learn 2,250 students and employs more than 250 teachers, of which 26 doctors of sciences, 104 candidates of science. Only in 1963, 146 scientific papers were issued by scientists of the institute, among which a number of major research.
The faculty of improvements to doctors conducts great and useful work, which annually holds specialization and improvement of doctors in many sectors of medicine, including surgery, orthopedics and traumatology, therapy, obstetrics and gynecology, eye diseases, psychiatry, children's tuberculosis and tuberculosis of adults.
For more than 30 years, the State Agricultural Institute has exists in Tajikistan. In the walls of this university, thousands of agronomists of a wide profile, agrochemists, soils, veterinarians, zootechnics, mechanical engineers, hydroelectric engineers, agricultural engineers were obtained. In the republic it is difficult to find a collective farm or state farm, wherever graduates of the institute work.
In the 1966/67 academic year, in 5 faculties - agronomic, veterinarine, mechanization of agricultural production, hydroelective and economy of agricultural production - more than 4,100 students learn. The institute has 25 departments, 187 teachers work. The faculty of the Institute conducts greater research work. In 1965, research was conducted on 16 issues that have a considerable practical and theoretical value. The results of completed work are widely implemented into practice.
Pedagogical institutions in Dushanbe and Kulyab, in which 12,294 student were studied in 1965, prepare for V-X classes of teachers of mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, geography, foreign languages, Tajik language and literature, history, physical education. They annually produce teachers in more than 20 specialties.
In pedagogical universities and at the University, the pedagogical practice of students is held not only in Dushanbe schools, but also in rural schools of various districts of the republic. Students passing practices provide assistance to schools, especially on extracurricular and educational work. The top teachers and class teachers are attracted to the leadership of students' pedpractic.
Student scientific societies play a significant role in the lives of universities. The number of students participating in their work is increasing every year. HGO members under the leadership of the Department are studying on various sectors of sciences. Each year dozens of reports are discussed at scientific student conferences.
Currently, more than 30 thousand people are studying in higher educational institutions of the republic.
The network of secondary special educational institutions and the number of students in them continuously increases. If in 1926, one single special educational institution worked in Tajikistan - Dushanbinsky pedagogical technical school, currently in the republic 30 different secondary special educational institutions. They prepare frames in more than 60 specialties.
The network of secondary special educational institutions continues to expand. So, only in 1964-1966. Kurgan-Tubinsky, Kanibadam and Gissar pedagogical schools, URA-Tuby Construction and Dushanbe industrial technical schools are open. Every year the release of young specialists with higher and secondary special education increases every year. Over the past 10 years, the national economy of Tajikistan received 56.4 thousand highly qualified specialists from the highest and secondary specialized educational institutions, including 25 thousand with higher education.
The essential source of replenishment of the national economy of the republic is highly qualified personnel is the training of specialists in various educational institutions of the country. In Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Voronezh, Tashkent received the formation of thousands of Tajiks, which are now working in different sectors of national economy and culture.
In recent years, the highest and secondary special educational institutions of the republic conducted a serious work on rationalizing the educational process, as a result of which the forms and methods of academic work were noticeably improved, laboratory and practical classes began to be built in a new way. The theoretical and practical level of preparation of young professionals has increased.
Increased reception in higher and secondary special educational institutions of young people with practical experience in various sectors of national economy and culture; The preparation of young professionals in universities and technical schools from among those aimed at studying by enterprises, construction sites, collective farms, state farms, was expanded. Significant development received evening and absentee education. In 1963, the release of absentee and evening branches amounted to 37% of the total release.
The new five-year plan is scheduled for further growth in training specialists with higher and secondary education. In 1970, reception to institutions will be 8,650 people, and in secondary special educational institutions - 11,600 people.
Universities of Tajikistan will prepare frames in more than 50 specialties, including such new as planning industry, labor economics, technology of organic and petrochemical synthesis, etc. Medium educational institutions will produce specialists from almost 90 specialties, including such new for the republic, As exploration of oil and gas fields, underground development of ore and non-metallic deposits, welding technology, water supply. During the years of Soviet power in Tajikistan, a genuine cultural revolution was committed.
Universal literacy of the population. In the 1966/67 academic year, 613 thousand people studied in general education schools and 61.2 thousand in universities and secondary special educational institutions.
The most important tasks of the development of national education for the next five years are determined by the decisions of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU and the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to further improve the work of secondary school".
Teachers and all employees of the Enlightenment of Tajikistan are preparing to meet the great feast of the Soviet people - the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution - new successes in improving the cultural level of the population of the republic, in the development of public education.

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