Beneficial and harmful bacteria table. The types of bacteria are good and bad. What bacteria are harmful

The human intestine is home to microorganisms that make up total mass up to two kilograms. They form the local flora. The ratio is strictly maintained according to the principle of expediency.

The bacterial content is heterogeneous in function and significance for the host organism: some bacteria in all conditions provide support through the proper functioning of the intestines, therefore they are called useful. Others - only expect the slightest breakdown in control and weakening of the body in order to turn into a source of infection. They are called opportunistic.

The introduction of alien bacteria that can cause disease into the intestines is accompanied by a violation of the optimal balance, even if the person is not sick, but is a carrier of the infection.

Treatment of the disease with medicines, especially antibacterial action, has a detrimental effect not only on the causative agents of the disease, but also on beneficial bacteria. The problem arises of how to eliminate the consequences of therapy. Therefore, scientists have created a large group of new drugs that supply live bacteria for the intestines.

What bacteria make up the intestinal flora?

About half a thousand species of microorganisms live in the human digestive tract. They perform the following functions:

• help with their enzymes to break down substances that have fallen with food until normal assimilation, absorption through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream;
• destroy unnecessary residues of food digestion, toxins, toxic substances, gases in order to prevent decay processes;
• produce special enzymes for the body, biologically active substances (biotin), vitamin K and folic acid that are necessary for life;
• participate in the synthesis of components of immunity.

Studies have shown that some bacteria (bifidobacteria) protect the body from cancer.

Probiotics gradually crowd out pathogenic microbes, depriving them of nutrition and directing immune cells to them

The main useful microorganisms include: bifidobacteria (make up 95% of all flora), lactobacilli (by weight almost 5%), Escherichia. Conditionally pathogenic are:

• staphylococci and enterococci;
• mushrooms of the genus Candida;
• clostridia.

They become dangerous when a person's immunity falls, changes in the acid-base balance in the body. An example of harmful or pathogenic microorganisms are shigella, salmonella - the causative agents of typhoid fever, dysentery.

Beneficial live bacteria for the intestines are also called probiotics. So, they began to call specially created substitutes for normal intestinal flora. Another name is eubiotics.
Now they are effectively used to treat digestive pathology and the consequences negative impact medicines.

Types of probiotics

Preparations with live bacteria were gradually improved and updated in terms of properties and composition. In pharmacology, it is customary to subdivide them into generations. The first generation includes medicines containing only one strain of microorganisms: Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin, Colibacterin.

The second generation is formed by antagonist preparations containing unusual flora that can resist pathogenic bacteria and support digestion: Bactistatin, Sporobacterin, Biosporin.

The third generation includes multicomponent drugs. They contain several strains of bacteria with supplements. The group includes: Linex, Atsilakt, Acipol, Bifiliz, Bifiform. The fourth generation consists only of preparations from bifidobacteria: Florin Forte, Bifidumbacterin Forte, Probifor.

According to the bacterial composition, probiotics can be divided into containing as the main component:

• bifidobacteria - Bifidumbacterin (forte or powder), Bifiliz, Bifikol, Bifiform, Probifor, Biovestin, Lifepack Probiotics;
• lactobacilli - Linex, Lactobacterin, Atsilakt, Acipol, Biobacton, Lebenin, Gastrofarm;
• colibacteria - Kolibacterin, Bioflor, Bifikol;
• enterococci - Linex, Bifiform, dietary supplements of domestic production;
• yeast-like fungi - Biosporin, Bactisporin, Enterol, Bactisubtil, Sporobacterin.

What to Consider When Buying Probiotics?

Pharmaceutical companies in Russia and abroad can produce the same analog drugs under different names. Imported, of course, are much more expensive. Studies have shown that people living in Russia are more adapted to local strains of bacteria.

It's better to buy your own drugs.

Another negative - as it turned out, imported probiotics contain only one fifth of the declared volume of live microorganisms and do not settle for a long time in the intestines of patients. Before purchasing, you need to consult a specialist. It is caused by serious complications from drug misuse. The patients registered:

• exacerbation of gallstone and urolithiasis;
• obesity;
• allergic reactions.

Live bacteria should not be confused with prebiotics. These are also medicines, but they do not contain microorganisms. The prebiotics contain enzymes and vitamins to improve digestion, stimulate the growth of beneficial microflora. They are often prescribed for constipation in children and adults.

The group includes well-known practitioners: Lactulose, pantothenic acid, Hilak forte, Lysozyme, inulin preparations. Experts believe that it is necessary to combine prebiotics with probiotic drugs to achieve maximum result... For this, combined preparations (synbiotics) have been created.

Characterization of first generation probiotics

Preparations from the group of first generation probiotics are prescribed to young children when first degree dysbiosis is detected, as well as, if necessary, prophylaxis, if the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics.

Primadophilus is an analogue of drugs with two types of lactobacilli, much more expensive than the others, since it is produced in the USA

The pediatrician chooses for infants Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin (include bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). They are bred in warm boiled water and given 30 minutes before breastfeeding. For older children and adults, preparations in capsules and tablets are suitable.

Colibacterin - contains dried colibacillus bacteria, is used for protracted colitis in adults. A more modern monopreparation Biobacton contains an acidophilus bacillus, indicated from the neonatal period.

Narine, Narine Forte, Narine in milk concentrate - contains the acidophilic form of lactobacilli. Comes from Armenia.

Purpose and Description of Second Generation Probiotics

Unlike the first group, the second generation probiotics do not contain beneficial living bacteria, but include other microorganisms that can suppress and destroy pathogenic microflora - yeast-like fungi and bacilli spores.

They are used mainly for the treatment of children with a mild form of dysbiosis and intestinal infections. The duration of the course should be observed no more than seven days, then switch to live bacteria of the first group. Bactisubtil (French drug) and Flonivin BS contain bacillus spores with a broad spectrum of antibacterial action.

Inside the stomach, spores are not destroyed by hydrochloric acid and enzymes; they reach the small intestine intact

Bactisporin and Sporobacterin are made from hay bacillus, antagonistic properties to pathogenic agents, resistance to the antibiotic Rifampicin are preserved.

Enterol contains yeast-like fungi (saccharomycetes). Comes from France. Used in the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Active against clostridia. Biosporin includes two types of saprophytic bacteria.

Features of third generation probiotics

Combined live bacteria or several of their strains are more active. They are used to treat moderate acute intestinal disorders.

Linex - contains bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and enterococci, produced in Slovakia in a special powder for children (Linex Baby), capsules, sachets. Bifiform is a Danish drug, several varieties are known (Baby drops, chewable tablets, complex). Bifilis - contains bifidobacteria and lysozyme. Produced in suspension (lyophilisate), rectal suppositories.

The preparation contains bifidobacteria, enterococci, lactulose, vitamins B 1, B 6

What is the difference between fourth generation probiotics?

In the production of preparations with bifidobacteria of this group, the need to create additional protection for the digestive tract and remove intoxication has been taken into account. The agents are called “sorbed” because the active bacteria are located on the activated carbon particles.

Indicated for respiratory infections, diseases of the stomach and intestines, dysbiosis. The most popular drugs in this group. Bifidumbacterin Forte - contains live bifidobacteria sorbed on activated carbon, available in capsules and powders.

Effectively protects and restores intestinal flora after respiratory infections, acute gastroenterological pathology, dysbiosis. The drug is contraindicated in people with congenital deficiency of the lactase enzyme, with rotavirus infection.

Probifor - differs from Bifidumbacterin Forte in the number of bifidobacteria, it is 10 times higher than the previous drug. Therefore, the treatment is much more effective. It is prescribed in severe forms of intestinal infection, in diseases of the large intestine, dysbiosis.

It has been proven that the effectiveness is equated in diseases caused by Shigella, to antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone series. Able to replace the combination of Enterol and Bifiliz. Florin Forte - includes a lacto- and bifidobacterial composition sorbed on carbon. Available in capsule and powder form.

The use of synbiotics

Synbiotics are a completely new proposal in the treatment of intestinal flora disorders. They provide a double effect: on the one hand, they must contain a probiotic, on the other hand, they include a prebiotic, which creates favorable conditions for the growth of beneficial bacteria.

The fact is that the effect of probiotics is not long-lasting. After the restoration of the intestinal microflora, they can die, which again causes a worsening of the situation. Companion prebiotics nourish beneficial bacteria, provide active growth and protection.

Many synbiotics are considered dietary supplements, not medicinal substances. Do right choice only a specialist can. It is not recommended to make decisions about treatment on your own. The drugs in this series include the following.

Lb17

Many authors are among the best drugs to date. It combines the beneficial effects of 17 species of live bacteria with extracts of algae, mushrooms, vegetables, medicinal herbs, fruits, cereals (more than 70 components). Recommended for course use, you need to take from 6 to 10 capsules per day.

Production is not associated with freeze-drying and drying, therefore, the viability of all bacteria is preserved. The drug is obtained by natural fermentation for three years. Bacterial strains work in different areas of the digestive system. Suitable for people with lactose intolerance, gluten and gelatin free. Enters the pharmacy chain from Canada.

Multidophilus plus

Includes three strains of lactobacilli, one - bifidobacteria, maltodextrin. Manufactured in the USA. Available in capsules for adults. The Polish remedy Maxilac in its composition contains: as a prebiotic oligofructose, as a probiotic - live cultures of beneficial bacteria (three strains from bifidobacteria, five from lactobacilli, streptococcus). It is indicated for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, impaired immunity.

It is prescribed for children from the age of three and for adults, 1 capsule in the evening with meals.

Which probiotics have targeted indications?

With an abundance of information about bacterial preparations with live microorganisms, some people rush to extremes: either they do not believe in the advisability of using them, or, conversely, spend money on funds of little use. It is necessary to consult a specialist about the use of probiotics in a particular situation.

Children with diarrhea during the period breastfeeding(especially those born prematurely) are prescribed liquid probiotics. They also help with irregular bowel movements, constipation, lag in physical development.

Babies in such situations are shown:

• Bifidumbacterin Forte;
• Linex;
• Acipol;
• Lactobacterin;
• Bifilis;
• Probifor.

If the child's diarrhea is associated with a previous respiratory illness, pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, false croup, then these funds are prescribed in a short course of 5 days. With viral hepatitis, treatment lasts from a week to a month. Allergic dermatitis is treated with courses from 7 days (Probifor) to three weeks. Patient with diabetes mellitus it is recommended to conduct courses of probiotics of different groups for 6 weeks.

For prophylactic use, Bifidumbacterin Forte, Bifiliz are most suitable in the season of increased morbidity.

What is better to take with dysbiosis?

It is necessary for confidence in the violation of the intestinal flora to pass the analysis of feces for dysbiosis. The doctor must establish what specific bacteria the body lacks, how severe the disorders are.

With an established deficiency of lactobacilli, it is not necessary to use only drugs. containing them. Because it is bifidobacteria that are decisive in the imbalance and form the rest of the microflora.

Monopreparations in which there are only bacteria of the same type are recommended by a doctor only for mild disorders.

In severe cases, combined third and fourth generation agents are needed. The most indicated is Probifor (infectious enterocolitis, colitis). For children, you always need to select combinations of drugs with lacto- and bifidobacteria.

Colibacterial agents are prescribed very carefully. When identifying ulcers in the intestines and stomach, acute gastroenteritis, probiotics with lactobacilli are more indicated.

Usually, the doctor determines the duration of treatment by the generation of the probiotic:

• I - a monthly course is required.
• II - from 5 to 10 days.
• III - IV - up to seven days.

In the absence of effectiveness, the specialist changes the treatment regimen, adds antifungal agents, antiseptics. Probiotic use - modern approach to the treatment of many diseases. This is especially important for parents of young children to remember. It is necessary to distinguish medicinal products from biological food additives. Existing dietary supplements with intestinal bacteria can only be used healthy person for the purpose of prevention.

A person often treats his body relatively frivolously. Yes, many people know where the heart, kidneys, intestines, etc. are located. Some have a deeper knowledge of the structure of the human body. But few people dare to look at themselves not only as a person, but as a biological mechanism that works according to certain laws and lives its own complex and multidimensional biological life. So, for example, not everyone clearly understands how valuable our biological cohabitation with protozoa is and how terrible the bacterial threat is.

Bacteria without which a person cannot survive

The human body is inhabited by a huge number of bacteria, without which a person cannot survive. Total weight- from 1.5 to 2.5 kg. Such a beneficial stable symbiosis was formed:

• in the gastrointestinal tract;
• on the skin;
• in the nasopharynx and oral cavity.

The basic principle of the work of bacteria in the body is the creation of such an environment on the tissues of organs in which harmful microbes cannot survive. Accordingly, getting on the skin, in the nasopharynx or in the gastrointestinal tract, pathogenic microbes simply die, since the environment already formed by beneficial microbes on the tissues of these organs is fatal for virulent (dangerous) prokaryotes.

This is a general picture of the effect of beneficial bacteria, while the local effect of microbes has features depending on the organ in which such a symbiotic interaction occurs.

Gastrointestinal tract

The bacteria that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract perform several functions at once, thanks to which a person has the ability to survive as a biological organism:

1. Microbes create an antagonistic environment for pathogenic microbes in the intestine. This role of beneficial microorganisms is reduced to the fact that they create an acidic environment in the intestines, and pathogenic microbes do not live well in an acidic environment.
2. The same beneficial bacteria digest plant foods that enter the intestines. The enzymes synthesized by the human body are unable to digest plant cells containing cellulose, and bacteria feed on such cells unhindered, thereby playing another important role.
3. Also, beneficial bacteria synthesize vitamins of groups B and K necessary for a person. The role of vitamins of group K is to ensure metabolism in bones and connective tissue... The role of B vitamins is global. These low molecular weight organic compounds are involved in a wide variety of processes, from the release of energy from carbohydrates to antibody synthesis and regulation. nervous system... Despite the fact that B vitamins are present in many foods, it is thanks to their synthesis by the intestinal microflora that the body receives the amount of these vitamins that is necessary for normal human life.

The main part of the beneficial intestinal microflora is lactic acid bacteria. Despite the fact that these bacteria may have different names, they have the same type of effect on the body. Lactic acid bacteria ferment natural sugars to form a product such as lactic acid.

The most popular today are lactic acid microorganisms - they are advertised as the main probiotic agent in the composition of healthy products.

• Bifidobacteria- filamentous lactic acid microorganisms that cover the surface of the intestine and prevent harmful microbes from gaining a foothold and multiplying on its walls. The total weight of lactic acid bifidobacteria in relation to other symbiont bacteria is about 80%.
• Lactobacillus- gram-positive lactic acid sticks, the main role of which is not only the digestion of plant foods and the creation of an antagonistic environment, but also the stimulation of antibody synthesis. These are microorganisms that have a huge impact on the human immune system.

Data-lazy-type = "image" data-src = "https://probakterii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/bakterii-v-produktah.png" alt = "(! LANG: lactic acid bacteria" width="400" height="250" srcset="" data-srcset="https://probakterii.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/bakterii-v-produktah..png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px">!}

In addition to useful lactic acid prokaryotes, there are conditionally harmful ones in the digestive tract. Despite the fact that they can also have a beneficial effect, for example, bacteria of the Escherichia coli group also synthesize vitamins of the K group, with an increase in their amount in the digestive tract, the effect becomes harmful: Escherichia coli poison the body with toxins.

The total weight of Escherichia coli, which are present in the human body, is very small in comparison with two kilograms of beneficial microorganisms.

Bacteria on the skin, mouth and nasopharynx

Microorganisms that inhabit human skin play the role of a natural biological shield; they also prevent harmful bacteria from developing vigorous activity on the skin and thereby have a toxic effect on the entire body.

The main bacteria that control the safety of the skin, mouth and nasopharynx are:

• micrococci;
• streptococci;
• staphylococci.

Streptococci and staphylococci have in their genus harmful (pathogenic) representatives that can poison the body.

Causes of diseases

A logical question arises: if a person is protected from all sides by a biological shield, then why do people still get sick, why does this shield not work?

The body's resistance to pathogenic agents largely depends on immunity. Therefore, it is important how much work is done to ensure that the immune system is sufficiently active.

The second important factor is the characteristics of the most harmful agent and the ways of its influence on the organism.

So, for a long time typhus was a mortal threat to humans.

Typhus is the collective name for several deadly diseases that claimed a lot of lives until ways were found to treat them.

Common features common to all types of typhoid:

• a person is losing weight quickly;
• against the background of intoxication and weight loss, a severe fever begins;
• all of these painful manifestations cause a severe nervous breakdown and the person dies.

Despite common symptoms, the causes of typhoid are different each time.

Bacteria-causative agents of diseases

There are a lot of rickettsia in the intestines of lice. However, the likelihood of infection does not depend on how many lice are in close proximity to a person, but on how actively a person begins to fight lice. Combing the lice on yourself is the main cause of typhus infection. It is from the crushed intestines that rickettsia lice get into the wounds on the skin and further into the human bloodstream.

The main symptoms of typhus are:

• fever (body temperature above 40 ° C);
• backache;
• pink rash in the abdomen;
• the patient's consciousness is inhibited almost to the state of coma.

Treatment of typhus, as well as treatment of any bacterial infection, is based on antibiotics. For the treatment of this type of typhoid, antibiotics of the tetracycline group are used.

Another terrible type of typhoid - returnable. It is carried by ticks and lice. But the pathogens are borrelia spirochete bacteria. Infection occurs during a tick bite.

The main symptoms of infection:

• vomit;
• the spleen and liver are enlarged;
• mental disorder and hallucinations begin.

The same symptoms occur if lice have been carriers.

Treatment - antibiotics of the penicillin and chloramphenicol group, as well as arsenic drugs.

Typhoid fever. The causative agent is a pathogenic bacterial bacillus from the genus Salmonella. This type of typhoid is dangerous only for humans, animals do not get typhoid fever. Pathogens enter the stomach with food. The main symptoms are:

• the appearance of bacteria in the urine (bacteremia);
• general symptoms of intoxication (pallor, headache, heart rhythm disturbances);
• bloated belly;
• delusions, hallucinations and other mental disorders.

Treatment is also carried out with antibiotics of chloramphenicol and penicillin groups and is accompanied by general strengthening therapy.

In addition to typhus pathogens, a person is threatened by a mass of other pathogenic microbes, the timely detection of which, as well as the determination of the symptoms of infection, its identification and treatment can cost a person his life.

The same plague is a disease with a high lethality caused by the plague bacillus. Symptoms are weight loss, fever, and dehydration. It is from dehydration that a person dies.

The carriers of the plague bacillus can be rodents, pets, insects.

Plague is treated with antibiotics of the streptomycin group. An important role is played by prevention and general strengthening of the body.

Masters of life on Earth. The territory of bacteria - the whole world

When you suddenly crave sweet or salty, when you decide where and when to go on vacation, when tears come to your eyes from watching melodrama, when you are planning to have a dog or aquarium fish - you should know that these are not your decisions!

You are not in control of your own body, you are not in control of your own thoughts. You do not determine what to eat, what to drink, whom to love and hate, what music to listen to, and what site to open. It’s not you who make the decision whether to read this post further or turn your finger at your temple to close the page. The bacteria will do it for you. Exactly! This is not an invention of the author, but a professional opinion of scientists. Strange and even scary, but the world in which we live is not our world, it is the territory of bacteria.

On planet Earth, there are more than 90% of all living things that live here. They are the real masters of the Earth.

Interesting facts about bacteria

Life on our planet began with bacteria, and everything will end with them, as scientists believe. There is an anecdote that when the aliens discovered the Earth, they could not figure out who its real master is - people or bacteria

What role do bacteria play in human life?

The bacteria appeared and live on almost from the very moment of its existence.

If the duration of the existence of bacteria is taken as a day, then the fraction of the existence of mankind will have a meager segment, less than a second.

But these tiny living organisms are not only adjacent to us, they are organically integrated into our body. We would not have been able to exist without their help.

For example, there are tens of thousands of microorganisms in the intestines. different types, and without this friendly team, a person would not be able to digest food.

When the balance of the number and ratio of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, this leads to serious diseases.

Interesting facts about bacteria

Our planet is home to 5 nonillion microorganisms. A fantastic number that many times exceeds the number of all people and animals on earth

Reluctant assassins

Unconscious killers

The same microorganisms make sure that our body is regularly cleansed of unnecessary and unnecessary trash.

When too much rubbish accumulates, bacteria arrange general cleaning of the body in the form of dysentery, flu and others.

Sometimes they get down to business too zealously, and as a result of such "haymaking" a person may die.

But deliberately killing a person is not such a task for bacteria. Foolish creatures act instinctively, fighting other microbes for survival. Everything is like people. Only the battlefield is the human body.

And if the battlefield falls into disrepair, that is, a person dies, this means that another army, consisting of warrior-bacteria, who participate in the processing and decomposition of our nails, muscles, bones and other body parts, won the next battle.

Interesting facts about bacteria

More bacteria live on a cell phone than a toilet rim

The enemy is cunning and cunning

Scientists often wonder if bacteria can finally and irrevocably kill humanity? No one is happy with the answer.

They can. Moreover, small creatures are able to destroy humanity quickly, silently and without emotion. And not only humanity, but all other living beings.

It is likely that someday this will happen, and microorganisms will once again become the sole masters of the planet.

But while we exist with him in symbiosis, we will figure out which of the bacteria are most useful for the body and vice versa.

Interesting facts about bacteria

It turns out that a huge number of beneficial bacteria live in appendicitis. Organ, which was recently considered a useless throwback, helps the body to develop immunity

There are a lot of them. Let's name only the most productive ones.

Bifidobacteria. These crumbs know their stuff. They prevent the development of pathogenic microbes, make STOP toxins from the intestines, help iron, calcium and vitamin D ions to be absorbed through the intestinal walls. In addition, they supply the body with a bunch of vitamins and other useful substances.

Lactic acid bacteria. They successfully fight against putrefactive and pathogenic microbes, protecting the intestines from them.

Interesting facts about bacteria

The human body contains 2 to 3 kilograms of bacteria, most of which live in the intestines

Harmfulbacteria

There are also plenty of these creatures in nature. The nastiest of them:

Staphylococcus aureus. The causative agent of many dangerous diseases.

Salmonella. Lodges in meat, raw water, dairy products. It causes severe intoxication and affects the gastrointestinal tract.

Tetanus stick. Have you all heard about "tetanus"? Her work. It spits a very strong toxic poison that causes paralysis of the nervous system.

Koch's wand. You've probably read about this bastard too. Causes tuberculosis of the lungs, lymph nodes, kidneys, bones and skin.

VIDEO: Facts About Bacteria

The most ancient living organism on our planet. Its representatives not only survived for billions of years, but also possess sufficient strength to destroy all other species on Earth. In this article, we will look at what bacteria are.

Let's talk about their structure, functions, and also name some useful and harmful species.

Discovery of bacteria

Let's start our tour of the microbial kingdom with a definition. What does bacteria mean?

The term comes from the ancient Greek word for "stick". It was introduced into the academic lexicon by Christian Ehrenberg. These are non-nuclear microorganisms, and do not have a nucleus. Previously, they were also called "prokaryotes" (non-nuclear). But in 1970 there was a division into archaea and eubacteria. However, until now, this concept is often understood to mean all prokaryotes.

The science of bacteriology studies what bacteria are. Scientists say that at this time about ten thousand different types of these living creatures have been discovered. However, it is believed that there are more than a million varieties.

Anton Leeuwenhoek, Dutch naturalist, microbiologist and Fellow of the Royal Society of London, in 1676, in a letter to Great Britain, describes a number of the simplest microorganisms that he discovered. His message shocked the public, a commission was sent from London in order to double-check this data.

After Nehemiah Gru confirmed the information, Leeuwenhoek became a world-renowned scientist, the discoverer. But in his notes, he called them "animalculi".

His work was continued by Ehrenberg. It was this researcher who introduced modern term"Bacteria" in 1828.

Also, microorganisms are used for military purposes. With the help of various types, a deadly is created For this, not only the bacteria themselves are used, but also the toxins released by them.

In a peaceful manner, science uses single-celled organisms for research in genetics, biochemistry, genetic engineering, and molecular biology. With the help of successful experiments, algorithms were created for the synthesis of vitamins, proteins and other substances necessary for a person.

Bacteria are used in other areas as well. With the help of microorganisms, ores are enriched and water bodies and soils are cleaned.

Scientists also say that the bacteria that make up the microflora in the human intestine can be called a separate organ with its own tasks and independent functions. Researchers estimate that there are about one kilogram of these microorganisms inside the body!

In everyday life, we are faced with disease-causing bacteria everywhere. According to statistics, the largest number of colonies is on the handles of supermarket trolleys, followed by computer mouse in Internet cafes and only in third place are the handles of public latrines.

Beneficial bacteria

Even at school, they teach what bacteria are. Grade 3 knows all sorts of cyanobacteria and other unicellular organisms, their structure and reproduction. Now we will talk about the practical side of the issue.

Half a century ago, no one thought about such a question as the state of the microflora in the intestine. Everything was OK. Eating more natural and healthy, less hormones and antibiotics, less chemical emissions into the environment.

Today, in conditions of poor nutrition, stress, an overabundance of antibiotics, dysbiosis and the problems associated with it are taking the leading positions. How do doctors propose to deal with this?

One of the main answers is the use of probiotics. This is a special complex that repopulates the human intestines with beneficial bacteria.

Such an intervention can help with such unpleasant moments as food allergies, lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal disorders and other ailments.

Let's now touch on what beneficial bacteria are, and also learn about their effect on health.

Three types of microorganisms - acidophilus, Bulgarian bacillus and bifidobacteria - have been studied in most detail and are widely used for a positive effect on the human body.

The first two are designed to stimulate the immune system, as well as reduce the growth of certain harmful microorganisms such as yeast, E. coli, and so on. Bifidobacteria are responsible for digesting lactose, producing certain vitamins, and lowering cholesterol.

Harmful bacteria

Earlier we talked about what bacteria are. The types and names of the most common beneficial microorganisms have been announced above. Further we will focus on the "single-celled enemies" of man.

There are those that are harmful only to humans, there are those that are deadly to animals or plants. People have learned to use the latter, in particular, for the destruction of weeds and annoying insects.

Before delving into which ones are, it is worth deciding on the ways of their distribution. And there are a lot of them. There are microorganisms that are transmitted through contaminated and unwashed products, airborne droplets and contact, through water, soil, or through insect bites.

The worst thing is that just one cell, once in the favorable environment of the human body, is capable of multiplying up to several million bacteria within just a few hours.

If we talk about what bacteria are, the names of pathogenic and beneficial ones are difficult to distinguish for a layman. In science, Latin terms are used to designate microorganisms. In common parlance, abstruse words are replaced by the concepts - "Escherichia coli", "causative agents" of cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis and others.

Preventive measures to prevent disease are of three types. These are vaccinations and vaccines, interruption of transmission routes (gauze dressings, gloves) and quarantine.

Where do bacteria in urine come from?

Some people try to monitor their health and get tested at the clinic. Very often the cause of poor results is the presence of microorganisms in the samples.

We will talk about what bacteria are in the urine a little later. Now it is worth dwelling separately on where, in fact, single-celled creatures appear there.

Ideally, human urine is sterile. There cannot be any foreign organisms. The only way bacteria can enter your excreta is where the waste is excreted from the body. In particular, in this case it will be the urethra.

If the analysis shows a small number of inclusions of microorganisms in the urine, then everything is normal for now. But with an increase in the indicator above the permitted limits, such data indicate the development of inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system. This may include pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis and other unpleasant ailments.

Thus, the question of what bacteria are in the bladder is completely incorrect. Microorganisms do not enter the excreta from this organ. Scientists today identify several reasons leading to the presence of single-celled creatures in the urine.

• First, it is promiscuous sex life.
• Secondly, diseases of the genitourinary system.
• Thirdly, disregard for the rules of personal hygiene.
• Fourth, decreased immunity, diabetes and a number of other disorders.

Types of bacteria in urine

Earlier in the article, it was said that microorganisms in waste products are found only in the case of diseases. We promised to tell you what bacteria are. The names will be given only of those species that are most often found in the test results.

So, let's begin. Lactobacillus is a representative of anaerobic organisms, a gram-positive bacterium. It must be in the human digestive system. Its presence in the urine indicates some failures. Such an event is uncritical, however, it is an unpleasant call to the fact that you should seriously take care of yourself.

Proteus is also a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. But its presence in the urine indicates a failure in the removal of feces. This microorganism gets into the urine from food only in this way. Signs of the presence of a large amount of proteus in the waste is a burning sensation in the lower abdomen and painful urination with dark color liquids.

Very similar to the previous bacterium is enterococcus fecalis. It enters the urine in the same way, multiplies rapidly and is difficult to treat. In addition, enterococcus microorganisms are resistant to the bulk of antibiotics.

Thus, in this article, we figured out what bacteria are. We talked about their structure, reproduction. You have learned the names of some harmful and beneficial species.

Good luck, dear readers! Remember that following the rules of personal hygiene is the best prevention.

BACTERIA
an extensive group of unicellular microorganisms characterized by the absence of a cell nucleus surrounded by a membrane. At the same time, the bacterial genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA) occupies a quite definite place in the cell - a zone called the nucleoid. Organisms with such a cell structure are called prokaryotes ("prenuclear"), in contrast to all the others - eukaryotes ("truly nuclear"), whose DNA is located in the nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Bacteria, formerly considered microscopic plants, are now separated into an independent kingdom of Monera - one of five in the current classification system, along with plants, animals, fungi and protists.

Fossil evidence. Bacteria are probably the oldest known group of organisms. Layered stone structures - stromatolites - dated in some cases to the beginning of the Archeozoic (Archean), i.e. emerged 3.5 billion years ago - the result of the vital activity of bacteria, usually photosynthesizing, the so-called. blue-green algae. Such structures (bacterial films saturated with carbonates) are still formed today, mainly off the coast of Australia, the Bahamas, in the California and Persian Gulfs, but they are relatively rare and do not reach large sizes, because they feed on herbivorous organisms, for example, gastropods. Nowadays, stromatolites grow mainly where these animals are absent due to high salinity of water or for other reasons, but before the appearance of herbivorous forms in the course of evolution, they could reach enormous sizes, making up an essential element of oceanic shallow water, comparable to modern coral reefs. In some ancient rocks, tiny charred spheres have been found, which are also believed to be the remains of bacteria. The first nuclear, i.e. eukaryotic, cells evolved from bacteria about 1.4 billion years ago.
Ecology. There are many bacteria in the soil, at the bottom of lakes and oceans - wherever they accumulate organic matter... They live in cold weather, when the thermometer is slightly above zero, and in hot acidic springs with temperatures above 90 ° C. Some bacteria tolerate very high salinity; in particular, they are the only organisms found in the Dead Sea. In the atmosphere, they are present in water droplets, and their abundance there usually correlates with the dustiness of the air. So, in the cities rainwater contains much more bacteria than in rural areas. There are few of them in the cold air of the highlands and polar regions; nevertheless, they are found even in the lower layer of the stratosphere at an altitude of 8 km. The digestive tract of animals is densely populated with bacteria (usually harmless). Experiments have shown that they are not necessary for the vital activity of most species, although they can synthesize some vitamins. However, in ruminants (cows, antelopes, sheep) and many termites, they are involved in the digestion of plant foods. In addition, the immune system of an animal raised under sterile conditions does not develop normally due to the lack of stimulation by bacteria. The normal bacterial "flora" of the intestine is also important for the suppression of harmful microorganisms that enter it.

STRUCTURE AND LIFE OF BACTERIA

"TYPICAL" BACTERIAL CELL and its main structures.

METABOLISM

CLASSIFICATION

Type Gracilicutes (thin-walled gram-negative bacteria)

Class Scotobacteria (non-photosynthetic forms, such as myxobacteria) Class Anoxyphotobacteria (non-oxygen-producing photosynthetic forms, such as purple sulfur bacteria) Class Oxyphotobacteria (oxygen-producing photosynthetic forms, such as cyanobacteria)

Firmicutes type (thick-walled gram-positive bacteria)

Firmibacteria class (rigid-caged forms such as clostridia)
Thallobacteria class (branched forms such as actinomycetes)

Type Tenericutes (gram-negative bacteria without cell wall)

Class Mollicutes (soft-cell forms such as mycoplasma)

Type Mendosicutes (bacteria with a defective cell wall)

Archaebacteria class (ancient forms such as methane-producing)

ECOLOGY

BACTERIA AND INDUSTRY

COMBATING BACTERIA IN INDUSTRY

BACTERIA AND DISEASES

STUDYING BACTERIA

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .