Topic: Public Speech. How to choose a topic for performing

Lecture 8.

Questions:

1. Behavior during the performance.
2. Composite construction of speech.
3. Preparation for program performance.
4. Express performance.
5. How to answer questions.

A business person often has to deal with the need for a public speech. Many people from nature have a gift of oral speeches. Some can speech with expression, without visible effort, easily spoke at any time, delivering pleasure to yourself and listeners.

Another extreme. This is neglecting the preparation for the performance of unnecessary self-confident people who rely on their experience or refer to excessive employment by other issues.

It should be remembered that a well-prepared public speech is, on the one hand, a sign of respect for the audience, and, on the other, the opportunity to declare itself as a good specialist and an interesting person.

Tune in to the audience. Install whether the content of your speech is responsible for its interests.

Hold on while speaking confidently, demonstrating a firm conviction in my words.

Start talking only after silence is established.

Start speech with a brief access to the audience, after which a short pause should follow.

Introductory words should not be loud. Follow the clarity of speech. It should not be pronounced quickly and monotonously.

During the performance, I look at the listeners (do not look at one point!). Watch the audience reaction.

Go to the presentation of the main issue after it is possible to achieve a positive reaction of the listeners.

Save self-control all over the performance. Do not apply the form that we are tidying with difficulty that you are tired or calmly feel yourself.

Do not enter into a discussion, even if provoking crumbs are distributed from the spot. They should not withdraw from equilibrium.

At the critical moments of the speech, it is necessary to speak especially convinced, confidently. It is useful to smooth out the sharpness by several compliments to the listeners.

If the audience is tired, start talking quieter, then raise your voice.

Finishing the speech, thank those present for attention.

2. Composite Speech Construction

1. Entry.

2. The main part.

3. Conclusion.

Main goals Each part:

1. Introduction

Make an interest in the topic

Install contact with audience

Prepare listeners to perceive speech.

Attracts to attract attention:

Appeal

Statement of the goal of the speech, the review of the main points that have to say

Acceptance of compacious

Appeal to events unknown audience

Appeal to the speech of the previous speaker

Appeal to the well-known audience sources of information

Humorous remark

Questions to the audience, etc.

2. Main part

Summarize what

Increase interest in the subject of speech

Emphasize the meaning of what is said

Set tasks

Call for direct actions.

Methods

Brief repetition of the main problems

Summarizing said

Note perspective

Illustrative ending

3. Preparation for program performance

Write as you say, not as written.

In braces, enter into phrases that, if necessary, you can omit.

Include 3-5 sentences in each paragraph.

Use mostly verbs in the active, not passive form.

For example, avoid: "We opened five new branches."

Better: "We opened 5 new branches."

Limit the number of words in the sentence.

Speech should be printed in two intervals by readable font. Between paragraphs - 3 intervals.

Underline the words or phrases that you give a special meaning.

Number names (all digits) Write words.

The presence of an abstract is necessarily, but we must try not only in the abstract.

Exactly fix time (regulations).

Reading without preparation, you can lose contact with the listeners;

2. Preparation for reading from

This is important when moving to a new item, paragraph.

Paragraph is not transferred to another page as well as the offer. Do not turn the page not the middle of thought.

Use only one side of the sheet: the thick stack of paper does not mean long speech.

Page numbers (better in the right corner of the sheet).

Before the performance, remove the clips, do not fasten the pages.

Do not use slang words and terms.

Exclude unclear and meaningless definitions and adverbs:

noticeably justified

excessive about

completely significant

approximately partly

minor substantial

better sufficient

Get rid of verbal stamps and unnecessary words:

currently better:

currently "Now."

Remove the type of expression type:

in essence,

honestly

i have to add

it is interesting to note

it is necessary to pay attention to it.

this should be remembered

it is worth saying

can I get your attention

let me say, etc.

Simplify the times of verbs: "We go, we walked, we will go" instead: "We would go, we're going to go."

Using a quote from the book, consume present: Lion Tolstoy reminds us. Chekhov speaks about it, etc.

4. Express performance (immediately, without preparation)

Summary the topic before you can talk about. Take into account the audience.

Think about the main idea or items that you would like to say.

Decide how conclusion will be.

The danger of performances is impromptu it is that you do not know when you finish. "A few words" can turn into incoherent rhetoric if you have no clear conclusion in your head. Before you start talking.

Start with the main statement that will allow the listeners to find out what you are going to talk about.

Preparation and introductory approval should occupy no more than 15 seconds (after appropriate practice, it can be reduced to 5 seconds).

When analyzing the speech, answer questions:

Did you adhere to themes?

Did you cover those items that planned?

Was there a strong conclusion?

5. How to answer questions

Types of questions:

- neutral usually requiring information or explanations;

- friendlychanging attitudes to what was said (for example, "I agree with what you said, but what can we do?");

- antagonistic (hostile). Usually there are a prologue to a dispute or disagreement with what you said (for example, "you mean that ...).

When answering questions, consider the following:

Do not make an arrogant. Answer questions calmly and accurately.

Show the hostile issues that you understand why they are so related to everything, let them understand that you don't have anything against them personally and would like to find a common language with them.

Listen carefully to the question. Repeat or paraphrase it to make sure that you understand it and that every listener heard him.

If necessary, divide the question into several parts and respond to each separately.

Answer briefly and essentially.

If the asking you interrupts, take a pause and let it finish, then continue your answer, but do not let him distract you from the very answer. If a person continues to interrupt, do not tie a dispute.

Bind answers with your speech ("As I said ...").

Do not allow one or two listeners to monopolize the time allotted for questions.

It is very important that every person creatively approaches the preparation and utter speech, fully and wider used its natural data, individual capabilities, skillfully applied acquired skills and skills.

What is the main reason for fear with a public speech before a large audience? How to learn to pronounce fiery speeches and stop afraid to perform publicly?

Hello, friends! In touch, Alexander Berezhov and I am glad to see you on the pages of our blog!

I know that already intrigued you with such a heading and it will really be in the article.

And how to relate to public speeches? - you ask.

I assure you, all these chips are directly related to overcoming fear of public speeches! Checked by my 7 years old practice.

Public performance - The most interesting topic! Note that the article is not called "How to learn to perform publicly in an hour (day, week)?", Since it is in reality it is impossible, all this is a painstaking and gradual process. Who in the subject - will confirm my words.

If you read previous articles, then probably noticed that they all have a practical orientation. Here I and my friends share your experience and summarize accumulated knowledge. They were obtained as a result of a stubborn and regular work. And it is not just words.

1. My experience of public speeches

In 2010, in the city of Stavropol, we created a club with like-minded "Charismatic speaker"In which regularly conducted classes, invited interesting guests (politicians, businessmen, actors, TV presenters), went out into the "fields" and trained to speak publicly, overcoming their fears and complexes.

Today, our club has moved to a new format and with colleagues we also conduct trainings on public speeches in the youth institutions of the city of Stavropol and Stavropol Territory. All this is done free of charge. Thus, every wishes can improve their speakers skills.

The topic of public speeches is very close to me. From the second class, I began to perform on the stage, engaged in vocals and choral singing, operated solo in the city of Stavropol and beyond as a performer of classic and patriotic songs.

Therefore, today I am not only not afraid to perform, but I love to do it very much, I teach these skills of others. Himself repeated before a few thousands People at urban and regional events, conducted mass actions as a lead, was a speaker on round tables of various levels, conducted presentations of projects in different cities, gave an interview on television and radio.

Many of my friends and friends say:

"His" bread does not eat "" Give only to speak! "

Indeed, public speeches are my passion! I do this consciously and regularly for 7 years.

Experiment

Before writing an article, I spent a great survey among my friends and acquaintances (I interviewed about 50 people). Among the respondents were people of both public and non-public professions.

I asked them only two questions:

1. "Do you love to speak publicly? (yes / no) and why? "
2. "What are you afraid, speaking publicly?"

It turned out that most people really be afraid to perform. Among the main fears, my acquaintances allocated:

• fear seem ridiculous to the audience;
• fear of loss of narration logic;
• fear to bring your team (in case you are a trusted representative of such a team);
• fear of "talking superfluous" from excitement.

As a result of the survey, I found out that there is a direct relationship between the size of the audience, the level of the event and the status of the students present.

That is, the more the audience, solid the event and the above status of guests, the more difficult to perform in front of such an audience.

Public speeches are the same art as writing music, writing poems, cutting out of wood, etc. I would even say that this is a harder example of examples, since psychology, internal mood and identity of the speaker itself play a huge role in public speeches.

The topic of public speeches is very extensive, it includes a huge theoretical database dedicated to the speaker's position, appearance, style of filing the material, the art of owning speech, facial expressions, gestures, the ability to keep the attention of the audience and so on.

I am convinced that everything you can learn only in the process of regular practice.

And the article will discuss exactly the psychology of public speeches, but in particular the fear that many people arise at this moment and how to overcome it.

2. Why most people experience an insurmountable fear with a public speech? main reason

So, friends before doing any matter, you need to turn to the theory of this case.

In order to overcome the fear of public speeches, you need to know why it arises.

Fear - This is a protective response of the body that helps us avoid fatal errors and threats to life. Moderate fear, or rather, easy excitement is a useful and necessary emotion at the time of our speech. It helps us better concentrate and not lose the course of thought. But excessive fear of trembling in the knees is the main opponent of any speaker!

2.1. So what is the main reason for fear with a public speech?

It's all about our ancient instincts.

Since ancient times, people did everything together, that was it it was easier to survive. Together I was hunted and saved from wild animals. Together they were protected from raids of other tribes. That is, separated from the team was not accepted and even dangerous.

And any public speech is primarily the expression of its individuality, most often its own point of view. Here you just need to stand out from the crowd and be "not like everyone else."

Most people are very difficult to do.

3. Public installation "Be how everything! Do not stand out! "

From early childhood, we were taught to be obedient and humble, fulfilling the will of adults: parents, educators, teachers.

Remember yourself in kindergarten ... This is the same regime institution as a school, institute, army, and even prison. Here we ranked for a walk, for lunch, visited other collective events. Still, because a person is a herd animal and alone feels uncomfortable. And most importantly, it can develop only in society.

Surely you remember the famous fairy tale about the boy "Mowgli", grown among the beasts. But few know that modern humanity knows dozens of such examples. This is especially characteristic of India. There, children were lost in the jungle and brought up in the animal stars. Wolves and other animals replaced their parents.

Even after the civilized people found them, such children could never become people in a modern sense. They did not speak, at the same time they rushed to the moon and ran on four limbs. Therefore, many of us are psychologically very difficult to adopt the very essence of public speeches, especially if we brought up in an environment of "non-public" people.

Another interesting fact.

Scientists have proven that at the time of public speeches, many people stand out the same amount of adrenaline as when with parachute jumps.

It was found that the fear of public speeches is second Fear after the main thing - fear of death, and some even stands in the first place!

3.1. How do we overcome this ancient instinct?

Friends, the easiest thing to do is, just realizing that the modern world has changed, new "Rules of the game" appeared. Public performances and leadership itself as such, has become a very important element of modern people. Especially brightly, these qualities are manifested with those who have big ambitions and wants a lot to achieve in life.

Friends, remember!

People be afraid to speak publicly because of fear of criticism, i.e. If you are afraid to publicly act - this is a signal, a kind of little bell to the fact that you strongly depend on someone else's opinion and you have insecurity.

It is very important to know. Since if we want to solve the problem, we clearly need to understand the reason for its occurrence. As a doctor, before treating the patient, sends it to tests or conducts relevant surveys to make a diagnosis of accurately.

So, we found that the fear of public speeches is peculiar to many people. It is a fact!

And did you think that acting is very helpful? It trains your sociability, erudition, allows you to develop the ability to correctly formulate thoughts and make them more consistent.

You noticed that many professional speakers are far from poor people and this is also not by chance. Remember, we spent the parallel between the fear of public speeches and insecurity. I think everyone understands, in order to make money you need to be confident by a person. Otherwise, your success will be very unstable.

So, dear readers, we approached the most important thing!

4. Practical techniques and exercises to overcome fear of public speeches. "Fast" and "Slow" ways

There is only two ways to solve this problem by and large:

1. Slow;
2. Relatively fast (stress).

Example

You can learn to swim slowly, that is, go to the pool, engage in the instructor, putting a special swimming vest. Then you gradually, in a few weeks learn to swim, and it will not affect your emotional state.

The second method is fast, but rather "stressful". I think you have already guessed that he suggests.

Not able to swim a person are exported in a boat to the middle of the lake and thrown out of it. In this situation, the "teachers" suggest that the instinct of self-preservation will immediately force the poor to act, and he will learn to swim in a couple of minutes.

Of course, the extremes are not always good, but their dosage of their use clearly helps in life.

How can such an example be promoted to overcome fear of public speeches? - you ask. But it is already interesting.

So, go to the practical part:

4.1. "Slow Method"

I will draw it in three basic principles:

Principle No. 1. A familiar audience and an interesting topic

I suggest starting with small. That is how the great one begins. Collect at home a few of your friends - like-minded people. Surely you are keen on together. Whether sport, computer games or work.

Make them with them that on the day of the meeting you present them very interesting information. Prepare and do it as if you are in front of a large hall and hundreds of people look at you. Lay out completely, do not let yourself be overlooking!

I am also practicing periodically. This allows you not to lose form. When your friends, acquaintances or relatives are watching you, there is nothing to be afraid, especially if you are on an interesting topic for yourself. In this case, your speech will certainly be very worthy.

Principle number 2. Do not compare yourself with others, work out your individuality.

I am sure you noticed that every good speaker has its own manner performance. Remember at least our Russian comedian artists: Evgeny Petrosyan, Vladimir Vinokur, Maxim Galkin, Victor Koklyushkin, Elena Sparrow. Politicians: Vladimir Putin, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. TV presenters and actors: Vladimir Solovyov, Tina Kandelaki, Vladimir Pozner.

All of them are loved by the audience, but everyone has their own unique image that is inherent only by him, thanks to their charisma.

Find yourself your unique image. This will help you with a look of your friends from. Ask them, in what style do you get better? How do they perceive you? And on the basis of this analysis and one's own sensation, work out your public speech style.

Principle number 3. Practice!

Participate in performances, discussions, show the initiative wherever it is possible to speak publicly. If there is time and desire - find like-minded people and create a discussion club. At first, it can be accommodated at home, and later to transfer to the database of your work, study or public organization.

And now we will get rid of fear with stressful methods ...

4.2. "Quick way"

As I wrote, there are certain technologies that allow you to quickly get rid of the main problem - critical perception of others. To do this, you need to raise your stress resistance through certain exercises.

The logic here is very simple: if you can withstand a strong critical assessment of people (necessarily strangers!), It is publicly advocating and not to worry about this.

Go!

Exercise number 1. "Purity - a guarantee of health"

You dress up in a cleaner suit (cleaner), take a bucket with water, a rag and mop, go to the nearest public transport stop, preferably in the weekend so that the buses have fewer people.

Then go to the bus, and saying: "Purity - a guarantee of health", start to wash it with your accessories. \u003d) At the same time, you call with puzzled passengers and the driver. Driving 5-6 stops, you go out by paying for the passage, and repeat this exercise for another 5 times. I advise you to start such an exercise is not alone, as you will be pretty awkward to do it alone.

Exercise number 2.

Surely in the summer on the streets of your city you can find points for the sale of ice cream. Usually this is a refrigerator, there is an umbrella near the sun and a girl (rare a guy) sells ice cream. Your task is to approach the girl and offer your help on selling her ice cream. Tell us a little about yourself, tell me that we pass the training and this is part of your task.

Soch the quatrains about the company that owns a trading point, after that, start calling the people passing by him.

Your main task is to raise sales at the time of your active actions! Do it for 20 minutes. Exercise repeat the day 3 times at different points.

Exercise number 3. "With a nipple in the shopping center"

Buy an ordinary pacifier for children, take her in your mouth and go on a tour to the nearest shopping center. It can also be a market or a similar ledge place. Come to different shopping points overlooking the buyer. Best of all, if at the same time there will be several more passers-by. Wait with a nipple in the mouth in line for products. When the time comes to buy, look at the seller, without removing the nipple from the mouth, make an order.

Fold the products in the bag and however it happened next. Just over the reaction of others ...

Exercise number 4.

Take a box from under the washing powder and pour it into another container. Clean the box thoroughly. After that, pour sugar powder into the box (crushed sugar sand), take a spoon and go to the cafe. It is best if there will be many visitors. Right with them, get the box from the washing powder with sugar powder and start it with a spoon right in front of people and cafe personnel.

Come on the institution with a demonstrative look. If you are asked questions, answer them, and at the end of the answer suggest to try your delicious powder.

The first two exercises, I myself personally passed, passed and tougher, which I will not write about. I think that you caught the meaning.

Based on these exercises, you can come up with a lot more. It all depends on your imagination and moral readiness.

I will say that it is best to alternate these ways.

That is, you first arrange yourself a shakes, and then several times in a row come publicly, but already possessing greater stress resistance. Your level is growing and both in computer games, starting from the first level, in the process of obtaining experience it increases.

I know that many will say, but where to take courage for such exercises. Friends, but you wanted quickly, and for all the rapid need to pay something, in this case stress. But I assure you that at the same time nothing bad will happen to you, and panic fear with a public speech will only turn into a slight excitement that only helps you.

Please take part in the survey:

5. Video of the most faithful public speech ...

Finally, I present to your attention a video with the most faithful public performance in front of the camera. I'm sure you like :)

Meet! Peter Polyuchan - Orator of 21 centuries! (4:34)

Many of you are asked: how to choose a topic for performing in an oratorical club?

There are at least 2 ways:

The speric club knows successful examples of performances prepared and in other ways. In any case, the theme of your speech must take you, inspire you and of course it should be associated with the art of public speeches, rhetoric, eloquence, communication to interest other club members.

In addition, remember that people come to the spectrian club to learn to speak publicly, to maintain themselves in shape, train and improve, therefore, with special gratitude they meet those leaders that provide the opportunity to speak to everyone.

The world of oratory art is beautiful and multifaceted, and you can formulate the countless many topics for speaking, study, discussion, controversy.

We prepared a hint that would help you navigate.

5 main sections, in each of which kaleidoscope of important subsections and fascinating topics:

1. Control of the state of the speaker
- How not to worry during public speeches?
- Energy speaker

2. Sound (as we say?)
- Speech sound (breathing, voice, speech pace, articulation, diction, intonation, etc.)

3. Video series (what do we show and what do you look?)
- Stage traffic, gestures, manner to keep yourself, image
- How to use visual materials (projector, board, etc)

4. What do we say?
- Culture of speech + style (this we understand Pts. Wide: cleanliness and literacy, beauty, expressiveness, creative)
- improvisation (both verbal and simply reaction to unforeseen circumstances. Here humor and the ability to joke)
- Structure of performances (laws of composition)
- The content of the presentation (invention of ideas, topos, logic laws)
- expressiveness of speech (lexical, syntactic, phonetic).
- Laconicity
- Logic

5. Interaction with the audience
- attraction and control of attention to the audience
- Answers to questions, management of a complex audience, neutralization of public terrorists
- dispute theory (argument, etc.)
- Effective speech (how to make his speech effective, achieve the desired goal - to convince, induce to action)

Now the list of the most relevant topics for speeches in the oratorical club is as follows:
1. Public speaking energy
2. Speed \u200b\u200bspeech
3. The role of pause in a public speech
4. Specifier speaker - the key to success
5. Methods of the invention of ideas for public speeches (topos)
6. How to answer questions (including "complex")?
7. Storitoring
8. How to make compliments

A public speech is a performance before the audience, the presentation of any information, possibly a show of a visual material, with a certain goal.

The goals of the public speech can be the most different: inform, explain, interest, convince convincing, induce to action or inspire.

Depending on the purpose, the types of speeches are divided: information (narratives, descriptive, explanatory), agitation (inspiring, convincing, encouraging) and entertaining.

In modern practice, depending on the specific scope of application, public speeches are divided into the following types:

1) Academic (lecture, scientific report, scientific communication). Distinctive features are scientific terminology, argument, logical culture, information of scientific information;

2) judicial (indictment or protective speech). Distinctive features - analysis of the actual material, the use of data of expertise, references to witness readings, logicality, persuasiveness;

3) socio-political (performance at the meeting, agitator, rally speech). Such speeches can be called or explanatory. Distinctive features are a variety of visual and emotional means, official-style features, the use of political and economic terms;

4) Socio-domestic (welcome, feast, memorial speech). Distinctive features - a call for feelings; free outlining plan; Using comparison, metaphors, solemn style.

The first stage of any type of public speech is the preparation - definition of the topic, selection of material and the collection of additional information. A good performance is determined by the depth of the content (essence) and the form of presentation (style). Both take time and hard work. In order for your performance to achieve a goal, collect as much information about the alleged audience as possible: to whom you treat how many people will be, find out their age, the range of questions of interest, the level of education, the profession of your future listeners. Find out how aware they are in matters relating to your speech. The more material you have collected, the easier it will be for information to the audience, as well as answer questions, consider and refute objections, including and knowingly provocative and dishonest. But do not strive in one speech to argue immense. What you say the options that you offer should be understood and acceptable for the interlocutor. Do not be fond of the terminological vocabulary, excessive amount of statistical calculations, proving how smart and eloquent you are. Your goal is to be understood.

It is drawn up in accordance with the laws of logical thinking. It should contain a message unusual, exciting interest, or a vital circumstance. Abstract arguments alternate in speech with concrete facts illustrating these arguments. Bright, convincing argument, fresh, exciting information, material compiled in the form of a truth, causes the audience to perceive the performance, hopping his breath. Facts that are given in public speech must be checked, all conclusions are thought out, recovered.

The second stage is the representation of the prepared material. Here you need to observe the three conditions: to adapt to the audience, take possession of her attention and monitor how information is perceived, whether the reaction coincides with the one you expected.

At the beginning of the speech, it is important to concentrate the attention of the audience, to establish contact and relative ease in communicating with those present.

It is necessary to start their speech with a strong and persistent desire to achieve its goal. It has a response from the listener only when in the mind of the speaker himself, the audience and the word will merge together. To do this, you need to know what the speaker will speak. If we are not considered in advance and is not planned, the speaker cannot feel confident in front of the listeners, and confidence is one of the most important components of success.

Each public speech must comply with a number of basic requirements.

The first of them is a certainty, clarity. Listeners should clearly understand all the words and expressions used by the speakers. When the speaker uses strangers to the audience, uncertainty and misunderstanding arises. You must set out the proposed information in an affordable, clear form. You should strive for your information to be heard and correctly understood.

The modern audience wishes the speaker to speak as simple as in a personal conversation. Have a good speaker, students do not notice the manners to speak, they perceive only the subject in question.

For convincing impact, it is necessary that the level of speaking corresponds to the level of understanding. Arguments must be taken from the scope of listeners, the information must be acceptable for age-age features and, if possible, is clearly represented.

The following mandatory requirement for a public speech is a sequence. It is achieved when the presentation comes from the known to unknown, from a simple to complex, from the description of a familiar and close to distant. The composition of the performance should be thought out. Limit your performance for 20 minutes, since most people are not capable of listening to long and carefully. The most often used three-component structure: entry (5-10% of the performance time), the main part, conclusion (5% of the performance time).

At the beginning of your speech, the thesis lists the main thoughts that you are going to reveal. During the presentation, they stop in more detail on certain provisions that are in your opinion are interesting for the audience. In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize, repeat the main conclusions and provisions, call for action. The beginning and end of the speech must be connected with each other. What is said at the end is better remembered by listeners.

It is very important to observe the composite proportionality of the material, it is reasonable to combine old and new, theoretical and practical material, positive and negative information, rational and emotional in the speech.

The most important condition for oratory art is the ability to use images and pictures. Without this, it is always pale and boring, and most importantly - it is not able to influence feelings and through them to the mind. This public speech should worry and initiate not only thoughts, but also feelings. Only paints and images can create a living speech, which is capable of impressing the listeners. A speech consisting of some reasoning cannot be kept in the head of people, it quickly disappears from memory. The task of the speaker is to affect the senses of listeners. A strong feeling, the experiences of a person always affect the mind, leaving an indelible impression.

To activate attention, forming in the human mental thread, emotional tonality, experienced speakers use fine rhetorical techniques, quotes, examples.

Oratoric art necessarily includes the culture of speech and knowledge of the norms of the literary language. There are a number of typical errors in oral speech: incorrect selection of words, use of unnecessary words, using loved ones for words, misunderstanding the meaning of words. An errors in the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations are also invalid, in stress.

Speech literacy of the speaker is manifested in the ability to adapt the speech to a certain situation and the art of intonation. With the help of intonation, increase, reduce speech speed, its volume is involved in thinking and emotional perception. Important words and thoughts are distinguished by intonation, with special energy, pauses are made before their expression.

In order for the impact to be as efficient as possible, you need to learn how to own your voice. The voice is able to transmit, simply and beautifully express our thoughts and feelings. Speech must be sufficient, and it depends on the well-posed voice and the ability to use it in various conditions. The ability to own the voice is associated with the development of speech breathing. Change the volume of voice and speech speed, show your excitement and interest in the question under discussion.

The sound quality of speech depends on the brightness, disconnection of pronunciation - dictations and on the conformity of the speech of the norms of Russian literary pronunciation.

In the process of preparation for the speech, you must strengthen faith in your ability to manage the audience, train in mastering specific rhetorical techniques.

There is a rule: if you want to master some kind of art, exercise constantly, persistently, tirelessly. In oratoritarian art, it is necessary to learn the technique, mechanisms, a culture of speech using a system of training, exercises in combination with the practice of performances. Training to speaking art and presentation of their thoughts is to eliminate stiffness, in helping a person feel free, at ease, confidently, inspired and behave correctly before the audience.

Ask someone who is not a specialist in your field, listen to you and express your opinion. Was it interesting to listen to you? Does your speech mean? Do you understand?

Did you meet in the allotted time, which was successful in the speech, what flaws and why did they arise?

Most likely, the first time you will be not satisfied with the result, since spend a lot of extra words, and you will have the feeling that you did not say something very important. Then you need to think about your ideas again, pick up the right words, remove extra and explain something with schemes or patterns. Reheat until you feel confident and do not learn your speech almost by heart. The speaker must thoroughly know the material of his speech. It will not be bad to have a reference material for those who want to get a more detailed justification. This also instills confidence, calm, hardness in the argumentation of the information message.

It is very important to learn to overcome the so-called "oratorical fever" or excessive excitement. Symptoms are experiencing many: it is nervousness, fussiness in the movements of the hands, pallor, or, on the contrary, excessive blush, red spots on the face, a rapid pulse, etc. All this does not only roll the movement, but also leads to a "mental clip", inability to effectively think effectively . It is necessary to master the ability to create friendly and at the same time a business atmosphere.

In no case should your speech should take a form of simply literal transfer of the material or reading the text on one note, not paying attention to the punctuation marks, since in such a speech there is almost no contact with the audience.

To maintain contact with the audience or to restore it, you can use the following techniques:

2) to focus on those who interfere with the speech;

3) introduce an elongated pause by creating a climax in the text;

4) suddenly ask a question to the audience;

5) use visual agents, diagrams, charts, pictures illustrating reasoning;

6) Change the tempo speech by emphasizing important thoughts by rephrase them.

There are also several ways to influence the perception by a person's information. To do this, it is important to determine in which modality (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) information can be presented in the best possible way. Spectative modality is in most cases the most successful option. You can visually imagine a large amount of information at the same time, which means that all complex objects (with many details), systems with complex processes and relationships can be perceived entirely.

Create a "rod" of the visual image, i.e., first say only the most basic, making an emphasis on it. After that, gradually go to detail, complementing and expanding this image. Complete verbal description of drawings, diagrams, diagrams. This is especially useful in cases where your interlocutor is experiencing difficulties with building a visual image.

To help a person create a visual image of what you are talking about, trying to very accurately describe how you yourself imagine the subject or event that you speak, use as a detailed description as possible, do not be afraid to repeat what is most essential. Add emotional color, i.e. speak with enthusiasm, interested, especially allocate the most important points. The most memorable and convincing are those speakers that speak from the heart. Enter the gesticulation: when a person tells about what he sees a "mental eye", he begins to "draw" it in the air with the help of hands, and, oddly enough, it often helps the interlocutor.

Sign, emphasizing the most important moments with the help of hands, face and top of the body, to give your thoughts a large brightness and liveliness. In combination with the words, gestures also say, reinforcing their emotional sound. Geastication can be classified according to the purpose: Expressive, descriptive, indicating, imitative. Gestures are used in descriptions, if desired, specify the place and movement, they help to put the desired clarity.

But it is properly used by gestures - a difficult task. Use gestures as the need for the need for them. Gestalkulation should not be continuous. Do not gesticulate with your hands throughout the speech, since not every phrase needs to underline the gesture. Make a variety of gestures, do not use the same gesture without parsing in all cases when you need to give expressiveness. Gestures must respond to their destination. Their amount and intensity must comply with the nature of speech and audience (for example, adults in contrast to children prefer moderate gesticulation).

For more efficient impact on listeners, use the following ways:

1) The effect of the first phrases. Immediately attract attention to yourself as a person. For example: "I am glad (a) a meeting with you";

2) The effect of quantum emissions of information. To prevent loss of attention to the audience, "place of" novelty is necessary;

3) the effect of argument. Use convincing and accessible to the assimilation of the evidence students, especially if the arguments are associated with the sphere of professional interests of those present;

4) Relaxation effect. Psychologically combine different people in the hall, adjust them to empathy. Humor, joke, sharp word will help to rally people in intellectual activity, keep and strengthen their attention;

5) The effect of analog. If two phenomena are similar in one or more respects, they are probably similar in other respects;

6) Imagination effect. The thinking efforts of the listener in the absence of due completeness of information stimulate assumptions, guesses, dreams, fantasies;

7) Discussion effect. The discussion is one of the species of the dispute as verbal contest. Her goal is to achieve truth by comparing different opinions. The prerequisite for the discussion is the presence of a problem entertaining for those present to involve them in exchange of views. From the most interesting judgments to build a general summary;

8) Ellipse effect. This is a pass of a structurally necessary element of statements, which in this context is easily restored. Arkady Raykin used him during the speeches, talking to the audience, made a pause, so that they themselves speculate the ending of the phrase or the words missed in it and their choir were shot. The audience willingly turn on in coactivity with the speakers. When answering questions asked you:

1) Never say: "I agree, but ...", or even: "Yes, but ..." Such expressions cause disputes, since the word "but" carries an aggressive meaning and implies resistance. Tell me instead: "I agree, and ..." Or "I understand why you think so, and ..." or even "I respect your opinion, and ..." The word "and" looks at a much lesser degree controversy and shows your desire to come to consent. Such expressions can stop the dispute from the very beginning. They will help you go to your topic, and not just answer questions;

2) When answering a false assumption, give it a definition. Do not try to defend yourself, just tell me: "This is the wrong output. In fact, I said that ... "and repeat your thought;

3) If the question is not logical, do not say that he is "bad" or "stupid", effective weapon against him will be humor, in addition, it will help you conquer support to the audience. However, using humor, link it with the logic of the question or your theme, but not with a person. Answer the question, not the assignment of the one who asked him;

4) When answering tricks, determine what the main idea is laid on the question. Ask the question of his name to win a few seconds. Start your answer, calling this person by name and briefly expressing my sympathy to him, then continue: "If I correctly understood the question, you are mainly worried about ..." If you are extremely brief, then you will not give the time to confuse the time to kill you. In the first 45, the response of the speaker is interrupted very rarely. Therefore, in the first minute of your response, you need to answer the bulk of the question. Tell me something positive and bring an interesting example.

In the communication of the speaker with the audience, not only the form of the speech is played, but all its appearance. A good overall impression of the appearance of the speaker, his manner, poses and gestures is extremely necessary for speech success. But there may be a negative side, since external data may divert the attention of listeners from speech content.

You must be sure that your appearance meets the requirements of listeners and settings. Carefully go to the selection of clothes.

Since you need to manage the attention of people, it is very important not to remain imperceptible. If you appear in a pale blue suit, a pale-blue shirt and a pale blue tie, then you will simply do not pay attention to you and, most likely, will not listen. It is also important and not to merge with the background. Of course, it is better to know in advance that you will have behind your back during the performance. If suddenly it turned out that you merge with the background, then remove the jacket, since there is no other way out. It is better to look somewhat extravagant than letting the listeners ignore you. From a certain distance, small parts merge: a suit in a fine cell can cause dizziness, and strips - ripples in the eyes. For speeches, wear a dark blue or dark gray suit, necessarily a monophonic, white or very pale monophonic shirt and a tie, combined with the color of the costume.

Dress up modernly, but not throwing the audience to listen to your performance without being distracted by your outfit.

Nothing at you or with you should not bind freedom of movements. Do not wear tightly tight costumes, shrug and hand movement.

The face must be serious, but not gloomy. To do this, practicing the mirror. Learn your face. What happens to the eyebrows, with her forehead? Smoothing the incoming folds, straighten the frowny eyebrows. If it "frozen" expression on it, exercise in the weakening and tension of the face muscles. Pronounce phrases saturated with various emotions - sadness, joy, and so on, watching the Mimica also participated in this.

Do not worry and do not forget about internal confidence. Quietly head to the podium. Do not go through your notes on the go, do not fasten your jacket or jacket, do not put the hairstyle, do not straighten the tie. All of this must be thought in advance. Do not start speech until you take a convenient and stable position. As soon as you occupy your place, refer to the Presidium and then to the listeners. Choose any specific form of circulation like: "Mr. Presiding, Ladies and Lord ...", - and start.

The main component of oratory is a public speech. It is a speech element that appears during communication between the speaker and the public.

Public speech is necessary for an informational impact on the audience, suggestion and beliefs. Public speeches include the pronunciation of text or dialogue passively affecting the listeners. These features are present: individual text structure and logical completion.

The monologue and dialogue is equally necessary for building a concise speech. The elements of the dialogue help to dilute the monotorous text, put the listener into the conversation, which is considered a necessary condition for oratory activities.

For successful interaction with people, the speaker will need the following skills:

• to be self-confident;
• be able to continuously talk to one topic;
• briefly, concisely express thoughts, correctly and competently build words in the sentence;
• be able to engage in an audience;
• artistry and charisma;
• dar of conviction.

The speaker's text must comply with the three rules: clearer, informativeness and expressiveness. Public speech is characteristic of a changeable character, its success depends on mutual understanding with the audience and establishing psychological contact with it.

Speakers perform in stadiums, scene, television. A public speech refers to the pronunciation of text before the management of the company, a potential employer, friends. Public speaking helps to express themselves in a professional field or other activities. The art of public speaking is subject to every person, but it is easy for him to learn, visiting the training of public speaking and performing special speech exercises.

Distinguish the following types of public speech:

• Social public speech helps to express related or public relations. This includes greetings on holidays, wedding toasts, remembered speeches.
• Church eloquence is to serve, communicating with the church by servants. This species does not contain logic, arguments, professional terminology, listeners are not looking for concrete facts.
• Judicial eloquence is present in judicial practice. Unlike church, contains a clear style of presentation and argumentation. The judicial oral public speech consists only of facts, it is divided into indictment and protective. Such types of public speeches differ from their own degree of responsibility, as the content of the speech affects the fate of the person.
• The academic art of public activity is concrete concrete-filled with professional terminology or scientific expressions. This includes the following genres of public speeches: scientific reports, reviews, lectures.
• Political genres of public speech are speech to speech on the topics of economics, politics, social sphere. Political eloquence manifests itself at rallies, agitator and patriotic events.

In addition to species, the eloquence methods are distinguished, which help to make a clear and understandable text, as close as possible to the target. Methods of eloquence developed many centuries ago, include individual rules of public speaking:

• The eloquence is to use short, understandable to the audience of texts.
• The main function of the speaker lies in the report to the audience of useful, reliable information. Methods or techniques of influence on listeners should not violate their rights. But far from always the psychological features of a public speech comply with the requirements of ethics.
• It is not recommended to "stretching" speech to a large audience, because people's attention briefly, easily dissipates
• Before talking before the public it should learn to distinguish its emotional mood.
• The psychology of a public speech is arranged in such a way that the final result of the event depends on the structure of the cooked text, the use of phrases. Important information has only at the beginning and end of speech. Such specific construction is necessary for a successful and effective reporting of the material, since the attention of the public in these periods is maximum.
• Speech speaker must comply with ethics standards. Public speech culture is complied with any condition, it is considered a necessary element of speech pronunciation.

These rules are not a prerequisite for the speech of the speaker. The construction of public speech depends on the type, composition of the audience, its activities and the speaker itself. Receptions and rules of speeches are determined during the preparation of speech. Only constant training of diction, daily exercises will help achieve success and recognition of the public.

Features of public speech

There are some psychological features of a public speech. They are communicating between the speaker and the audience, follow from the dialogue between them. The ratio of the two sides of the communication is objectively - subjective in nature, acts as collaboration or cooperation.

Speech of the speaker has a number of features:

• Reverse audience reaction. During the pronunciation of speech, the speaker can see the reaction of people on his words, observe the mood of the public. Separate words, questions, facial expressions help to understand their mood and desire. Thanks to the presence of feedback, it is possible to correct your speech. It converts a monologue to a dialogue, establishes communication with the public.
• Oral speech. Features of oral public speech are to establish a live dialogue between participants. The oral form of communication has a goal in the form of a specific interlocutor and completely depends on it. An important point of the speeches is to organize speech for the easiest understanding and perception. Oral public speech is very effective, since, unlike written, absorbs up to 90% of the information.
• Communication of literature and oral speech. Before the speech, the speaker prepares and ponders his speech using scientific, artistic or journalistic literature. Already before the public, he converts harvested text to an interesting and vivid speech, which any person can understand. Only during the live speech of the speaker builds sentences, taking into account the reaction of others, thereby moving from the book text to a conversational style.
• Means of communication. In oratory, various techniques and means of communication between participants are used. These are verbal and non-verbal funds: Mimic, gestures, intonation. An important role is played by the culture of public speech and the observance of ethics.

Requirements and technology of public speech

In order to be able to perform in different speech genres, you must first learn how to prepare texts in various styles. Various genres of performances in the public suggest the use of various kinds of receptions and rules for the impact on the audience.

General techniques and requirements for a public speech:

• The beginning of speech thoroughly thought out and prepare. The unsuccessful dialogue is able to spoil the image of the speaker.
• Drama. The presence of drama is important in any speech genre. It helps to interest the audience by dispute or conflict, is used in life stories, the description of the incidents, tragedies.
• Emotionality in public speech is considered a prerequisite for the performance. The audience should feel not indifferent to the speaker to the topic of speaking, his attitude and experience. Monotonous dialogue without expressing emotions will not cause proper audience response.
• Summary of thoughts. A brief clear speech is perceived by the listeners better, causes more confidence. To fit in the time allotted for speaking, it is necessary to learn to talk briefly. Not in vain say: "The brevity is a sister of talent."
• Spoken style speech. Requirements for a public speech include the speech style. He must be conversational, look like a conversation between people. The conversational style of speech helps it easier to assimilate information, attract attention to the topic. It is impossible to use many foreign, scientific terms, incomprehensible words are replaced by understandable.
• By graduation, the speech is also prepared thoroughly as to the beginning. The final stage of speech is obliged to attract attention to bright and understandable phrases. The final words should be rehearsed to formulate the correct intonation of the voice and tone.

The technique of a public speech includes 12 consecutive steps necessary to achieve the best result in oratory. It will be needed to write the right speech and successful interpretation.

Public speaking technology:

• Determine the purpose of speech.
• We study the composition of the audience.
• Create an image for a performance.
• We determine the role for the speech (idol, owner, patron, good, evil).
• We write speech.
• Check it according to the rules of writing public text, compliant by moral requirements.
• We are spending speech according to the rules of visual, kinetic, audible perception.
• If necessary, prepare the place of performance.
• Configure on a successful outcome of the performance.
• Same speech.
• Listen to criticism.
• Watch the reaction of the public, carry out an analysis of the impression.

Adopting to the public, do not stop at the result, we carry out an analysis of the speech. The technique of public speech includes the following necessary analysis of speech: text structure, pronunciation tone, intonation, speech structure, the interest of the public to the speaker.

The analysis is necessary for further correction of speech or behavioral errors, as well as for extinguishing skills.

10 main errors of the novice speaker

The skill of a public speech is to study frequent mistakes of other masters of eloquence. For the centuries-old history of eloquence, experts studied common mistakes of public speaking experienced and beginner speakers. Learn professional spectacle activities using techniques and tips in communication experienced people much so much, than to independently go through a long path of trial and errors.

Mix 10 novice orator errors:

• The difference in intonation and tone speech with its content.
• Unacceptable use of excuses it looks unprofessional.
• Do not apologize to the public.
• Inappropriate facial expressions.
• Wrong selection of words and particles "not".
• Boring monologue without the presence of humor.
• The omniscient view of the speaker, arrogance.
• Many unnecessary fussy movements on the scene.
• Monotonous not emotional speech.
• Incorrect pauses in the proposal.

In order to better explore the art of public speech for a beginner speaker, the work of the following authors will be useful:

• Dale Carnegie "How to develop confidence and influence people, speaking public."

Dale Carnegie released a book in 1956. She became an addition to the work of public speaking issued to the work. The book contains techniques, rules, exercises for successful professional spectacle activities. Dale Carnegie American writer, an expert of eloquence, his book will be useful for both the beginner and experienced speaker.

• Igor Rodchenko "Master of the Word."

Igor Rodchenko Specialist in speech communications, director of a well-known training speech company, conducts a public speech training, is the head of the stage of the stage speech and rhetoric of the University of St. Petersburg. The book "The owner of the word. The mastery of a public speech "Igor Rodchenko contains the main questions on the psychology of public speech, as well as the interaction of participants in communication and influence on the audience.

• Ivanova Svetlana "Specificity of public speech".

In his book, Ivanova S. F. reveals questions in communication between the public and the speaker, describes the strategy, speech techniques, its language funds. The book will help learn how to speak, speak, to behave in front of the audience, reveals the peculiarities of the presentation in public.

The art of public speeches can be useful at any time, even if it is not related to your professional activities. Every day we tell each other some stories or try to convince someone in something. The ability to competently and clearly express their thoughts and desires says that you are a developed and sociable person who is interesting to listen.