Movement in the mechanical picture of the world is considered as. The formation of a modern physical picture of the world. Threads of reports and abstracts

The formation of a mechanistic picture of the world is associated with the name of Galileo Galilee, which established the laws of movement of freely falling bodies and formulated the mechanical principle of relativity. For the first time, he applied an experimental method to study the nature together with the measurements of the values \u200b\u200bunder study and the mathematical processing of measurement results. If the experiments were periodically raised before, then their mathematical analysis for the first time systematically began to apply it.

The Galileo's approach to the study of nature was fundamentally different from the previously existing naturophilosophical method, in which a priori, non-experience and observation and observations, were invented to explain the phenomena of nature, purely speculative schemes.

Natural philosophy, It is an attempt to use common philosophical principles to explain nature. Sometimes in this case, brilliant guesses were expressed, which for many centuries were ahead of the results of specific studies. For example, the atomistic hypothesis of the structure of the substance nominated by an ancient Greek philosopher Levkipp (V BC) and is more detailed by his student with democrites (approx. 460 BC - the year of death is not known), as well as about the idea of \u200b\u200bevolution expressed by EmPedocl (OK. 490 - approx. 430 BC) and its followers. However, after concrete sciences gradually arose and they separated from unrelated knowledge, the natural philosophical explanations were brake for the development of science.

This can be verified by comparing the views on the movement of Aristotle and Galileo. Based on the a priori naturophilosophical idea, Aristotle considered the "perfect" movement in a circle, and Galilee, relying on observations and experiment, introduced the concept inertial movement.

Equivalent is the following formulation, convenient for use in theoretical mechanics: "Inertial is a reference system, with respect to which the space is homogeneous and isotropic, and the time is homogeneous." Newton's laws, as well as all other axioms of dynamics in classical mechanics formulate in relation to inertial reference systems.

The term "inertial system" (it. INERTIALSYSTEM) was proposed in 1885 by Ludwig Lange and meant the coordinate system in which Newton's laws are just. According to Lange, this term should have replaced the concept of absolute space subjected to a criticism during this period. With the advent of the theory of relativity, the concept was summarized to the "inertial reference system."

Inertial reference system (ISO) - The reference system in which all free bodies move straight and evenly or rest (Fig. 2). The use of land as an ISO, despite its approximate nature, is widespread in navigation.

Fig. 2. Inertial reference system.

The inertial coordinate system, as part of the ISO is built according to the following algorithm. As a point O - the beginning of the coordinates, the center of the Earth is selected in accordance with the model adopted. Axis z. Coincides with the axis of rotation of the Earth. Axis x. and y. Are in the equatorial plane. It should be noted that such a system does not participate in the rotation of the Earth.

According to Galilee, the body that is not affected by any external forces will not move in a circle, but evenly in a straight trajectory or stay alone. Such an idea, of course, is abstraction and idealization, since in reality it is not possible to observe such a situation so that any strength does not act on the body. However, this abstraction mentally continues the experiment, which can be approximately carried out in reality, when, isolating from the action of a number of external forces, it can be established that the body will continue its movement as the impact on the extraneous forces on it decreases.

New experimental natural science, unlike the natural philosophical guesses and the aging of the past, began to develop in close cooperation between the theory and experience, when each hypothesis or theoretical assumption is systematically checked by experience and measurements. It was thanks to this Galilean managed to refute the former assumption of Aristotle that the path of the falling body is proportional to its speed. Embeding experiments with a drop of heavy bodies (cannon nuclei), Galiley proved that this path is proportional to their acceleration (9.81 m / s 2). Galilee opened the satellites of Jupiter, stains in the sun, the mountains on the moon, which undermined the faith in the perfection of the cosmos.

A new major step in the development of natural science was marked by the discovery of the laws of the motion of the planets. If Galilee was dealing with the study of the movement of the earth bodies, then the German astronomer Johann Kepler (1571-1630) examined the movements of the celestial bodies, invaded the area that was previously considered for the prohibited for science.

Kepler for his research could not appeal to the experiment and therefore was forced to take advantage of the many years of systematic observations of the Mars of Planet Mars, made by Danish astronomer Tijo Brage (1546-1601). Having tried the many options, Kepler stopped on a hypothesis that the trajectory of Mars, like other planets, is not a circle, but an ellipse. The results of Brage's observations corresponded to the hypothesis and confirmed it.

The trajectory of Mars Move is not a circle, but an ellipse, in one of the focus of which the sun is located - the position known today as first law of Kepler. Further analysis was brought to second law: The radius vector connecting the planet and the sun, equal to equal areas. This meant that the farther the planet from the Sun, the slower it moves. The third law of Kepler: The ratio of the Cuba of Middle Removal of the Planet from the Sun to the square of the period of appealing it around the sun is the value constant for all planets: A³ / T² \u003d Const.

The opening of the laws of movement of the planets by Kepler testified: between the movements of earthly and celestial bodies there is no difference, they all obey natural laws; The way to open the laws of the movement of heavenly bodies in principle does not differ from the opening of the laws of earthly bodies. True, due to the impossibility of the implementation of experiments with celestial bodies, to study the laws of their movement, we had to turn to observations, i.e. In the close interaction of the theory and observation, thoroughly checking the hypotheses of the movements of the celestial bodies.

The formation of classical mechanics and a mechanistic-based mechanistic picture of the world took place in two directions: the generalization of the results obtained earlier (the laws of movement of freely falling bodies opened by Galileem) and the laws of the movement of the planets formulated by Kepler; Creating methods for a quantitative analysis of the mechanical movement as a whole.

Newton has created its own differential and integral option directly to solve the basic problems of mechanics: definitions of instantaneous speed as a derivative from the time of movement and acceleration as a derivative of time from time or the second derivative from time to time. Due to this, he managed to accurately formulate the basic laws of the speakers and the law of the world. In the XVIII century It was the largest conquest of scientific thought.

Newton, like his predecessors, attached great importance to observations and experiment, seeing in them the most important criterion for separating false hypotheses from the true. Therefore, he sharply opposed the assumption of the so-called "hidden qualities", with which the followers of Aristotle tried to explain many phenomena and processes of nature. To say that every kind of things is endowed with special hidden qualities, with the help of which he acts and produces effects, - said Newton, "it means nothing.

In this regard, he puts forward a completely new principle of the study of nature, according to which to bring two or three generals, the start of movement from phenomena and after that, to state how the properties and actions of all bodily belongs arise from these obvious began - it would be a very important step in Philosophy, although the reasons for these began and were not still open.

These starts of movement and are the main laws of mechanics that Newton accurately formulates in their main work "Mathematical starts of natural philosophy", published in 1687

First law which is often called the law of inertia, claims: Any body continues to be held in its condition of peace or uniform rectilinear movement, as long as it does not agree with the forces attached to change this condition. This law was still open to Galileem, he managed to show that as the impact of external forces decreases, the body will continue its movement, so that in the absence of all external strength it should remain either alone or in uniform and rectilinear movement.

Of course, in real movements, it will never be completely free from the effects of friction forces, air resistance and other external forces, and therefore the law of inertia is an idealization in which you are distracted from a truly complex pattern of movement and imagine the picture of the ideal one, which can be obtained by the limit transition, those. Through a continuous decrease in action on the body of external forces and transition to such a state, when this effect becomes zero.

Second basic law It takes a central place in the mechanics: a change in the amount of movement in proportion to the applied valid and occurs in the direction of that straight on which this force is valid.

The third Newton law:the action is always equal and the oppositely directed opposition, otherwise the interaction of the two bodies each other is equal to each other and are directed to the opposite sides.

Newton believed that the principles of mechanics are installed using two opposite, but at the same time interconnected methods - analysis and synthesis. Genuine hypothesis that allow experimental checks make up the basis and source item of all studies in natural science. Due to this, the study of mechanical processes was reduced to the exact mathematical description. For such a description, it is necessary and it is enough to set the coordinates of the body and its speed (or momentum MV), and the equation of its movement. All subsequent states of the moving body are accurately and unambiguously determined by its initial state.

Thus, by specifying this condition, it was possible to determine any other state of both in the future and in the past. It turns out that time does not have any influence on the change in moving bodies, so that in the equations of motion the sign of time could be changed to the opposite. Consequently, for the classical mechanics and the mechanistic picture of the world as a whole, the symmetry of the processes in time, which is expressed in reversibility of time.

From here it easists the impression that no real changes are occurring in mechanical movement. Setting the equation of body movement, its coordinates and speed at some point in time, which is often called the initial state, we can accurately and unequivocally determine its condition at any time of time in the future or past. We formulate the characteristic features of the mechanistic picture of the world.

1. All states of the mechanical movement of bodies in relation to time turn out to be in principle the same, since the time is considered reversible.

2. All mechanical processes are subject to the principle of rigid determinism, the essence is the recognition of the possibility of accurate and unambiguous determination of the state of the mechanical system by its previous state.

According to this principle, the accident is excluded from nature. All in the world is strictly determined (or defined) preceding states, events and phenomena. When distributing the specified principle, the actions and behavior of people inevitably come to fatalyism.

The world around us in the mechanistic picture itself turns into a grand car, all the subsequent states of which are accurate and uniquely determined by its preceding states. This point of view on nature most clearly and figuratively expressed a French scientist. XVIII century Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827):

3. Space and time are not connected with the movements of the bodies, they are absolute.

In this regard, Newton and introduces the concept of absolute, or mathematical, space and time.

Absolute space - in classical mechanics - three-dimensional Euclidean space in which the principle of relativity and transforming Galileo is carried out. The term was introduced by Newton (together with the concept of absolute time) in the "mathematical principles of philosophy". Space and time he acts as a universal coax that has a relationship of order and existing independently from both each other and material tel.

Such a picture resembles the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world of ancient atomists who believed that atoms move in an empty space. Likewise, in the Newtonian mechanics, the space turns out to be a simple container bodies moving in it that do not have any influence on it.

4. The tendency to reduce the patterns of higher forms of motion of matter to the laws of its simplest form - mechanical movement.

Mechanism, tried to approach everyone without exception to processes in terms of the principles and scales of mechanics, was one of the prerequisites for the emergence of the metaphysical method of thinking.

5. The connection of mechanism with a long-range principle, according to which the actions and signals can be transmitted in an empty space with any speed. In particular, it was assumed that the gravitational forces, or the forces of attraction, act without any intermediate medium, but their strength decreases with the square of the distance between the bodies. Newton, the question of the nature of these forces left to solve future generations. All listed and some other features predetermined the limitations of the mechanistic picture of the world, which were overcome during the subsequent development of natural science.

The formation of a mechanical picture of the world happened under the influence of metaphysical materialistic ideas about matter and the forms of its existence. The basis of this painting was the ideas and laws of mechanics, which in the XVII century. Formed the most developed section of physics. In fact, it was the mechanics that was the first fundamental physical theory. Ideas, principles and theory of mechanics were a combination of the most significant knowledge of physical laws, the most fully reflected physical processes in nature.

In the broad sense of the mechanic studies the mechanical movement of matter, bodies and the interaction between them. Under the mechanical movement understand the change over the time of the mutual position of bodies or particles in space. Examples of mechanical movement in nature are the movement of the celestial bodies, the oscillations of the earth's crust, air and sea currents, etc. The interaction occurring in the process of mechanical movement is such actions of bodies each other, the result of which the velocities of the movement of these bodies in space or their deformation are becoming a change.

The basis of the mechanical picture of the world was the theory of atoms, according to which the matter has a discrete (intermittent) structure. The whole world, including a person, the mechanical picture considered as a set of a huge number of indivisible material particles - atoms. They move in space and time in accordance with the few laws of mechanics. Matter has a substance consisting of the smallest, indivisible, absolutely solid moving corpuscles (atoms); This is the essence of corpuscular ideas about matter.

The laws of mechanics that regulate the movement of atoms and any material bodies were considered the fundamental laws of the universe. Therefore, the key concept of the mechanical picture of the world was the concept of movement, which was understood as mechanical movement in space. The bodies have an internal "congenital" property of moving evenly and straightly, and deviations from this movement are associated with the action on the body of the external force (inertia). The only form of movement is a mechanical movement, i.e. changing body position in space over time; Any movement can be represented as a sum of spatial movements. The movement was explained on the basis of the three laws of Newton. All states of the mechanical movement of bodies in relation to time turn out in principle the same, since the time is considered reversible. The patterns of higher forms of motion of matter should be reduced to the laws of the simplest form - mechanical movement.

All variety of interactions In nature, the mechanical picture of the world has reduced only a gravitational, which meant the presence of attraction forces between any bodies; The magnitude of these forces was determined by the law of global gravity. Therefore, knowing the mass of one body and the force of gravity, one can determine the mass of another body. Gravitational forces are universal, i.e. They always act between any bodies, they communicate with any bodies of the same acceleration.

Thus, the mechanical picture represented the world like a giant clockworking toy. All bodies interact only mechanically through a collision or instantaneous effect of gravitational force. Since each body is determined by the parameters of the position and state, and the forces acting on them develop, it is possible to accurately predict events based on the calculation of the characteristics of motion and interaction.

In accordance with the mechanical picture of the world, the universe was a well-established mechanism operating under the laws of a strict need, in which all objects and phenomena are connected with a rigid causal relationship. In such a world there are no accidents, they are completely excluded. There was only a random, the reasons for which remained unknown. But since the world is rational, and man is endowed with the mind, in the end he will be able to get full and exhaustive knowledge of being. Such tough determinism found its expression in the form of dynamic laws.

Life and mind in the mechanical picture of the world did not have any qualitative specificity. A person in this picture of the world was considered as a natural body in a number of other bodies and therefore remained inexplicable in his "lovely" qualities. Thus, the presence of a person in the world did not change anything. If a person once disappeared from the face of the earth, the world would continue to exist as if nothing had happened. In fact, classical natural science did not seek a person to comprehend. It was understood that the natural world in which there is nothing "human", one can describe objectively, and such a description will be an accurate copy of reality. Consideration of a person as one of the screws of a well-established car automatically eliminated it from this picture of the world.

Based on the mechanical picture of the world in the XVIII - early XIX century. Earth, celestial and molecular mechanics were developed. The development of technology was going rapidly. This led to the absolutization of the mechanical picture of the world, and it began to be considered as universal.

The development of the mechanical picture of the world was mainly due to the development of mechanics. The success of Newton's mechanics to a large extent contributed to the absolutization of Newtonian ideas, which was expressed in attempts to reduce all the diversity of nature phenomena to the mechanical form of motion of the matter. Such a point of view was called "mechanistic materialism" (mechanism). However, the development of physics showed the inconsistency of such a methodology. It became clear with vain attempts to describe with the help of the laws of mechanics thermal, electrical and magnetic phenomena (atoms and molecules). As a result, in the XIX century. The physics came a crisis, which testified that physics needs to be a significant change in their views on the world.

Assessing the mechanical picture of the world as one of the stages of development of the physical picture of the world, it is necessary to keep in mind that with the development of science the main provisions of the mechanical picture of the world were not simply discarded. Science development only revealed the relative nature of the mechanical picture of the world. An insolvent was not the mechanical picture of the world, but its initial philosophical idea - mechanism. In the depths of the mechanical picture of the world, elements of the new - continual (electromagnetic) painting of the world began to be folded.

Scientific Creativity I. Newton belongs to the XVII and XVIII centuries.

The era of enlightenment is the time when capitalism has qualitatively transformed the nature of the activity and the type of people's communication.

The replacement of the individual value of the personnel of the manufacturer comes the value of the things produced by him. Among the achievements of the bourgeois epoch - the creation of a single global market, universal public relations. The story becomes worldwide, individual experience of personality is enriched with social and historical experience not only of his country, but also of all mankind; A person becomes a carrier of world-historical experience.

The needs of industrial production and technical progress associated with it form the need for the accumulation of objective knowledge of the world. Thus, the formation is completed objective prerequisites new scientific revolution. The case remained only for geniuswhich would be able to form a fundamentally new physical picture of the world on the basis of these prerequisites. This task was performed by one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind - Isaac Newton

His scientific heritage is multifaceted: the creation of a differential and integral calculation; Astronomical discoveries (thanks to the telescopes built by himself); Numerous research in the field of optics.

However, the creation of classical mechanics and the formation of a holistic and systemic mechanistic picture of the world. As a result, the majority of characteristics of the Aristotelian painting of the world lost importance, and the scientific substantiation received fundamentally different qualities of natural objects.

Information for thinking

Epoch of Enlightenment The domination of the "century of mind" proclaims and forms the belief that natural phenomena, which are entirely subject to mechanical laws, due to causal relations, are the subject of natural science knowledge. It is at this time the ideals of rationalism are formed.

The objective of natural science is the determination of quantitatively measurable parameters of natural phenomena and the establishment between them functional dependencies expressed by means of a strict mathematical language. Under these conditions, the mechanic comes out in the first place among the natural sciences.

Newtonian knowledge of knowledge about nature called classic physical picture of the world. Here is its main provisions.

1. In contrast to Aristotelian speculation, it is - experimental picture of the world. Newton's scientific program directly called "experimental philosophy", emphasizing the decisive importance of the scientific experiment in the study of nature. His main reproach to the Decartian hypothesis "Vortex" was reduced to the fact that Decartes did not apply to the experience, but designed "deceptive assumptions" to explain nature. "There is no hypotheses", "Newton stated, but not in the sense that hypothesis for science is not needed. Hypotheses should not be "fiction" (invent), but to carefully justify.

Opinion expert

In 1687, the chief labor of I. Newton was published "Mathematical starts of natural philosophy"Who laid the foundations of modern theoretical physics. Evaluating this event prominent physicist XX century. S. I. Vavilov wrote:

"In the history of natural science there was no events of a larger than the appearance "Started" Newton. The reason was that this book was summed up to the whole preceding millennium in the teaching about the simplest forms of motion of matter. Complex peripetics of the development of mechanics, physics and astronomy, expressed in the names of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galilee, Kepler, Decartes, were absorbed and replaced by brilliant clarity and harmony "Beginning" "

In the Great Labor "Mathematical Beginning of Natural Philosophy"

he substantiated the "started" method, or the "principles": "It would be desirable to withdraw the mechanics and other phenomena of nature, arguing in a similar way, for much makes me assume that all these phenomena are determined by some forces with which particles of bodies, due to The reasons, as long as unknown, or strive to each other and are connected to the correct figures, or they are repeatedly repelled and removed from each other. Since these forces are unknown, so far the attempts of philosophers explain the phenomena of nature remained fruitless. I hope, however, that or this method of reasoning, or another, more correct, the foundations set out here will deliver some lighting. "

• 2. Monistic The picture of the world, which described the movement of the celestial bodies, and the movement of earth objects among the same laws.
• 3. Corpuscular The painting of the world, since matter was considered as a real substance consisting of separate corpuscles - "solid, weighty, impenetrable, moving particles."
• 4. Mechanistic The picture of the world based on the laws of movement formulated by Newton. Initially, there were five of them, then the number of laws decreased to three. Nature was viewed as a complex mechanical system.

First Law of Newton Mechanics - Outdoor Galileem principle of inertia: any body is in a state of rest or uniform and straightforward movement until, while the forces attached to it are not forced to change this condition. However, this law cannot be considered a "new wording" of the Galilean principle, because Galilev developed the Earthly mechanics, and Newton elevated its laws into the rank of universal laws of space.

The second law is the central law of mechanics - fixes the fact that acceleration, acquired by the body under the action of some power, it turns out to be directly proportional to this acting force and inversely proportional to the mass of a moving body.

The first Newton law can be obtained from the second, since in the absence of impact on the body from other bodies, its acceleration is zero.

According to the third law there is always an equal action and the opposite opposite, in other words, the interactions of two bodies each other are equal to each other and are directed opposite to each other.

These forces are applied to different material points (bodies), always act with pairs and are forces of one nature.

With the creation of a Newtonian "method of fluxes" (the basics of differential and integral calculus), the laws of mechanics allowed us to mathematically describe any types of movements - both uniform and uneven, both straight and indirectarous.

5. Gravitational System of the world. Outdoor Newton The law of global gravity argued that all the bodies, since they possess the mass, they experience mutual attraction. The force of such attraction is directly proportional to their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

This universal law of nature served as the basis for the formation of heavenly mechanics studying the movement of the television of the solar system. Natural science first reached such a generalization. Thus, the stage of transformation of the Aristotelian painting of the world was completed, which was started by Copernicus. Prior to that, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe universe was dominated, as a totality of spheres managed by the original motor or angels, but the orders of God. Now the concept of Newton on the mechanism of the relationship of the interrelations of the masses acting on the basis of a simple natural law has been established.

However, currently emphasized that the law of global gravity establishes only the quantitative dependence of the force from the values \u200b\u200bof the masses and distances between them; Establishment the reasonshe considered the case of further research.

6. Picture absolute space and time. The Newtonian world dominates the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry (absolute, permanent, always staying alone), in which all material bodies are located. Time - the magnitude of the absolute, independent of any of the space or from matter. It flows monotonous and synchronously throughout the universe, speaking duration process Regardless of events.

The movement was considered as a movement in space on continuous trajectories during the time in accordance with the laws of mechanics. It was believed that all physical processes can be reduced to movement Material points under the action of the force that is long-righteous.

7. Absolutely deterministic picture of the world. Her result is the image of the universe as a giant and fully deterministic mechanism (similar to the complex hourly mechanism), in which events and processes are a chain of the necessary interdependent reasons and consequences, excluding any randomness. Since any hour mechanism requires the plant, Newton was forced to decide the question of the "world watchmaker". This is the only function in his mechanics, which was entrusted to God: It is the divine "primer" made a source of mechanical movement - God started the "World Watch".

From such ideas, faith flowed into what theoretically, it is possible to accurately reconstruct any last situation in the universe or predict the future with absolute certainty. The most vividly such an idea was expressed by the French scientist P. S. Laplas (1749-1827). Laplasian determinism Expresses the idea of \u200b\u200babsolute determinism - the confidence that everything that happens has a strictly defined cause (see Task 6 in the Workshop).

Not immediately and far from all scientists were adopted by Newton. This is talking about the correspondence of two great physicists - Leibnitsa and Guigens. "Leibniz". I do not understand how Newton imagines heaviness or attraction. Apparently, in his opinion, it is nothing but some inexplicable intangible quality.

Guygens: With regard to the cause of the tide, which Newton gives, then she does not satisfy me, like all the other its theories, built on the principle of attraction, which seems to me ridiculous and ridiculous. "

Newton's classical mechanics explains many physical phenomena and processes in the earth and extraterrestrial conditions, forms the basis for many technical achievements. On its foundation, many methods of scientific research were formed in various industries. Up until the beginning of the XX century. in science dominated mechanistic worldview According to which all the phenomena of nature can be explained by the movements of particles and tel.

Newton's authority was so strong that scientists who worked in other areas - astronomy, chemistry, etc., were trying to explain, based on the start of mechanics, the most different phenomena of nature. So, P. S. Laplas believed that any phenomena known by that time could be explained by the world of global. He sought to create molecular mechanics

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Mechanical picture of the world

The mechanical picture of the world has developed as a result of the scientific revolution of the XVI-XVII centuries. Galilee, I. Kepler, R. Descarte, P. Laplas, I. Newton and many other scientists were contributed to its formation.

The ideas and laws of mechanics, which has become the most developed section of physics, was based on new ideas of science. In fact, it is the mechanics that is the first fundamental physical theory. The basis of the mechanical picture of the world was atomism, which the whole world, including a person, understood as a set of a huge number of indivisible particles - atoms moving in space and time in accordance with the few laws of mechanics. This is a corpuscular idea of \u200b\u200bmatter.

The laws of mechanics that were regulated both the movement of atoms and the movement of any material bodies were considered the fundamental laws of the universe. Therefore, the concept of movement was the key concept of the mechanical picture of the world. The bodies have an internal innate property of moving evenly and straightforwardly, and deviations from this movement are associated with the action on the body of the external force (inertia). The measure of inertia is mass. The universal property of the bodies is.

Solving the problem of interaction of bodies, Newton offered the principle of long-range effect. According to this principle, the interaction between the bodies occurs instantly at any distance, without any material intermediaries.

The concept of long-range effects is based on the understanding of space and time as special environments accompanying interacting bodies. Newton offered the concept of absolute space and absolute time. The absolute space seemed to be a large "black box", universal console of all material bodies in nature. But even if all these bodies suddenly disappeared, the absolute space would still remain. Similarly, in the image of the current river, an absolute time has also appeared. It became a universal duration of all processes in the universe. Both absolute space and absolute time exist completely independently of matter.

In the mechanical picture of the world, any events were strictly predetermined by the laws of mechanics. Accident in principle was excluded from the picture of the world.

Life and mind in the mechanical picture of the world did not have any qualitative specificity. Therefore, the presence or absence of a person in the world did not change anything. If a person once disappeared from the face of the earth, the world would continue to exist, as if nothing had happened.

Based on the mechanical picture of the world in the XVIII - early XIX century. Earth, celestial and molecular mechanics were developed. The development of technology was going rapidly. This led to the absolutization of the mechanical picture of the world, and it began to be considered as universal.

At the same time, empirical data began to accumulate in physics contrary to the mechanical picture of the world. So, along with the consideration of nature as a system of material points, which fully corresponded to the corpuscular ideas about matter, it was necessary to introduce the concept of a solid medium. It took to explain the light phenomena. So the concept of ether appeared in physics - especially fine and absolutely continuous luminous matter. These were not corporated, but the continual ideas about matter.

In the XVIII century, the doctrine of weightless substances appeared. In its framework, the concepts of electrical and magnetic fluids, a heatort, phlogiston were introduced. They were also special varieties of solid matter. This was required by the mechanistic of classical science, distributing the principles and approaches of mechanics to other sections of science.

Thus, although the mechanical approach to these phenomena justified itself not to fully, experienced facts were artificially seen under the mechanical picture of the world.

In the XIX century, the physics came a crisis that was caused by research and discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism. Then it became clear that the contradictions between the experienced data and the mechanical picture of the world became too sharp. Physics needed a significant change in their views on the world.

The formation of a mechanical picture of the world (ICM) occurred over several centuries until the middle of the nineteenth century, under the strong influence of the views of the outstanding thinkers of antiquity: Democritus, Epicura, Aristotle, Lucretia, etc. It was a necessary and very important step towards the knowledge of nature.

The names of scientists who have made the main contribution to the creation of the ICM: N. Kopery, Galilee, R. Dekart, I.Nuton, P. Laplas, etc.

Fig. 2. Heliocentric system

Nikolai Copernicus was the first person who managed to put a crushing blow to the geocentric systems of the world. In May 1543, his book "On the rotations of the heavenly spheres" saw the light. Copernicus's teachings contradicted church views on the device of the world and played a huge role in the history of world science.

The founder of the mechanical picture of the world is considered to be Galileo Galilei (Galilei) (1564-1642), Italian scientist, one of the founders of precise natural science. With all his own forces, he fought against scholasticism, considering the only correct basis for knowledge of experience. Galilee's activities did not like the Church, he was subjected to the court of the Inquisition (1633), who forced him to renounce his teachings. Until the end of the life of Galilee was forced to live under house arrest at her Ville Archetri near Florence. And only in 1992, Pope John Paul II rehabilitates Galilee and announced the decision of the court of the Inquisition erroneous. During the years of childhood and youth, Galilean in science dominated the ideas about the world surviving over the time of antiquity. And Galilee was one of the first to venture himself against them. The mechanical picture of the world originated when the main criterion of truth was recognized as experience, and to describe the phenomena of nature began to actively apply mathematics. Many Aristotle's approval dogma did not endure verification experience. Aristotle, for example, argued that the rate of falling bodies is proportional to their weight. Galiley in the presence of numerous witnesses carried out a fall of the fall from the Pisa tower of the bodies of various masses (for example, a muscutty bullet and a cannonal nucleus). It turned out that the rate of falling bodies does not depend on their mass. The most important achievement of Galilee was the opening of the principle of relativity. Galilee constructed the world's first thermoscope, which was the prototype of the thermometer. By sending a pickup pipe into the sky, he made several outstanding astronomical discoveries: Jupiter satellites, Venus phases, the structure of the Milky Way, solar spots, crater and mountains on the moon. The observations of the movement of heavenly bodies made it a convinced supporter of the heliocentric system (Fig. 5.28.1). Galilee's discovery undermined confidence in official views on the structure of the world impregnated with religious dogmas.

Rene Descartes (Descartes, or Cartesius, 1596-1650), French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist who laid the foundations of analytic geometry, which determined the concepts of variable values \u200b\u200band functions, suggested the existence of the law of conservation of the amount of movement, laid the principle of indispanness and non-profitable Movement. At the same time, all forms of movement, he reduced the mechanical movement of tel.

Isaac Newton (NEWTON) (1643-1727), English mathematician, mechanic, astronomer and physicist, developed (regardless of the city of Leibnitsa) Differential and integral calculus. He built the world's first mirror telescope, clearly formulated the basic laws of classical mechanics, discovered the law of world community, formulated the theory of the movement of heavenly bodies, creating the foundations of heavenly mechanics. The space and time in Newton Mechanics are absolute. It should be said that the work of Newton in mechanics, optics and mathematics was much ahead of his time, and many of his work are relevant and now. In Newton, all modern science says.

Laplace (Laplace) Pierre Simon (1749-1827), French astronomer, mathematician, physicist was the author of classical works on probability theory and heavenly mechanics. Laplas and Kant were offered a hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from a gas-pepped cloud, developed by modern astronomers.

Briefly listed the main features of the mechanical picture of the world.

All material bodies consist of molecules in continuous and chaotic mechanical movement. Matter is a substance consisting of indivisible particles.

The interaction of bodies is carried out according to the principle of long-range effect, instantly at any distance (the law of global gravity, the law of the coulon), or with direct contact (the strength of the elasticity, friction force).

The space is an empty container tel. All space fills the invisible weightless "liquid" - ether. Time is a simple duration of processes. Time is absolutely.

All movement occurs on the basis of Newton's laws, all observed phenomena and transformations are reduced to mechanical displacements and collisions of atoms and molecules. The world looks like a colossal machine with a lot of details, levers, wheels.

Similarly, the processes flowing in wildlife are also presented.

Mechanics describes all the processes occurring in the micrometer and macromir. Laplasovsky determinism is dominated in the mechanical picture of the world - the doctrine of the general natural communication and the causal conditionality of all phenomena in nature.

Mechanics and optics constituted the main content of physics until the beginning of the XIX century. The picture of the world was built on sufficiently obvious and simple mechanical analogies. And in the daily practical activities of people, the main findings of classical mechanics did not lead to contradictions with experienced data.

However, later, with the development of measuring instruments, it became known that when studying many phenomena, for example, celestial mechanics, it is necessary to take into account complex effects associated with the movement of particles with speeds close to light.

The equations of the special theory of relativity appeared, with difficulty fitted in the framework of mechanical representations. Studying the properties of microparticles, scientists found out that in the phenomena of the micromyr particles can have the properties of the wave.

There were difficulties in describing electromagnetic phenomena (emission, the propagation and absorption of light, electromagnetic wave), which could not be resolved by classical Newtonian mechanics.

However, with the development of science, the mechanical picture of the world was not thrown away, but only its relative character was opened. The mechanical picture of the world is used and now in many cases, when, for example, in the phenomena under consideration, material objects move with low speeds, and we are dealing with small interaction energies. A mechanical view of the world is still relevant when we build buildings, we build roads and bridges, design dams and deposit channels, we calculate the airplane wing or solve other numerous tasks arising in our daily human life. (Heliocentric system is an idea that the sun is a central celestial body, around which land and other planets are drawn.)