Catakana or Haragan what to teach. Reading rules in Japanese. Group of consonants "x-bd"

Good day! In the previous lesson, we fought with hieroglyphs and found out that there is such a junior reading. (The article can be read) In this lesson, I decided to talk about what you need to learn first. And the very first step in only beginners to learn Japanese is the study of Japanese sludge alphabet. In Japanese, there are two sludge alphabets, and they are called. Now let's talk in detail about each of them!

Hiragana

Hiragana - Japanese syllable alphabet, which is used for:

1) records of Japanese words, if the one who writes does not know how to write this word with the help of hieroglyphs.

2) entries, ligaments, particles.

Here is the symbol of syllables and readings of the Haragan:

Heragana love all, especially beginners or those who find it difficult to study Kanji.

Now let's talk about what nigori. and hannigori.

Nigori. or dakutane - A sign that is used for spil eviscouched.

He looks like ゛. For example, take the syllable は (HA), add our sign to it ゛, then a new syllable will be recorded as ば, and read as bA. (if a p Obviously, it will turn out b.)

Hannigori. or handakuten - a sign that is used for a number ha (those. ha, hee, fu, he, ho). If you substitute this sign, then the syllables of this row will be read as: pA, PI, PU, \u200b\u200bPE, software.It looks like a sign as a circle ゜

Here is the plate, where the syllables options are shown. nigori (゛)and with Hannigori (゜)

By the way, here is the fantastic on which you can download the envelopes of the Haragan and Catakana.

Using will be called "Kana-El-Metodo". Also in this folder there is a program for repeating and memorizing the ABC (file called "Kana Test")

This program is a game. With her, it will be able to repeat the charagana and catakana in a slight game form. The essence of the game is to connect the syllable along with its pronunciation. And each time you are executed. (there is already a spirit of rivalry, though with himself)

Well, now back to the alphabet. We have the second alphabet called Catakana!

Katakana

Katakana - Japanese syllable alphabet, which is used to record borrowed words or foreign names and names. (I.e. foreign words).

Signs nigori. and hannigori. Catakana is used by the same scheme as with Chergan

Hiragana

Fact first. Before the Hiragana was upgraded and folded into the Godzuon system (50 soundsBooks) included sounds ゐ (and, which more often, according to students similar to the "UI" or even "VI") and ゑ ("E", which, according to opinions Many students look like "UE" or "WE"). In some writing systems, you can still meet these sounds, and they often ask questions about StackExchange, in branches dedicated to Japanese. Before the Haragan was reduced, these sounds were included in a row

Fact second. The basics of the Haragan originated during the Nara period. The prototypes of the hiragana were called まん よう が な (万葉仮 名), or しゃくじ (借字). However, these alphabets served as transmitting sound pronunciation, while Chinese hieroglyphs were still fully used for writing. And from まんぎょう が な and there was a modern Haragan.

The fact is the third. The first literary work, in which Haragan appeared (Haragan appeared on the letter) is called 土佐 日記, or Tosa Nikki (travel notes from Tosa), the author of the heyan ki - but Tsurayuki (10th century of our era)

Fort Fourth. Haragan once called the "woman's hand", (Women's handwriting) from 女 手 (おんな て), 女 (Woman) + 手 (て hand). The name is not just like this: women could record messages for secret, sometimes romantic heartfers, and it was considered their privilege.

Fifth fact. Japanese verses of Vaca, 和歌, which obeyed poetic size: 5-7-5-7-7 could also be recorded using Kanji and Haragan (Hayian period)

Fact Sixth. There is a separate type of poems in Japanese, which involves all 48 syllables of old Haragan, it is called Iroha Ut (いろ は 歌).

Here is an example of such a verse taken from Wikipedia

いろはにほへと　ちりぬるを わかよたれそ　つねならむ うゐ のおくやま　けふこえて あさきゆめみし　 ゑ ひもせす

(Translation on Kanji to make it clear about what it is) 色はにほへど　散りぬるを 我が世たれぞ　常ならむ 有為の奥山　　今日越えて 浅き夢見じ　　酔ひもせず

Fact seventh. Or rather, this fact is closer to myth. Many sites write that the names recorded by the Cherganas are considered more feminine (due to the smoothness of the forms of the letter), while the male names are assigned to Catakana due to its angularity. However, even if it was sometime, now, now many names are trying to write either on the Haragan, or in the catakana without a relationship to the floor: see tweets, page on Facebook, page in Wikipedia, both men and women.

Katakana

Fact first. Unlike Giragana, (where the own "UI" / "V" -like signs were abolished) in Katakan there are signs to transmit "in-sounds": VA (ヴァ), VI (ヴィ), ve (ヴェ), ve ( ヴォ) .. The famous VAIO brand in the catakane is written as ヴァイオ.

Fact second. Katakana also originated from Kanji. It happened during the period of about 7th century of our era. Also, as in Haragan there are signs that "deleted as unnecessary." These are signs ヰ (and, which is closer to the "UI", "vi" and is recorded now ウィ), as well as the sound ヱ, which was uttered as "E" / "UE" / "WE", and replaced now on ウェ. So, one of the gods of happiness (7 of the gods of happiness) was recorded as ヱビス

The fact is the third. Initially, Katakana was created to read the ancient Chinese manuscript-canbun 漢文 (かんぶん), in principle, and now Chinese texts also have the name. However, at that time, Chinese texts existed, which were published with Japanese marks for reading, and the mark, as you understand, used notation using cataakans.

In modern Japanese, there are two sludge alphabets: Haragan and Catakana.

Japanese alphabet of Hiragana

Haragan is usually used in combination with hieroglyphs, where prefixes, suffixes and other grammatical elements, all sorts of particles, etc. are denoted. You can simply write a Japanese word on this alphabet in various situations. For example, some words are taken to write on this alphabet, and not by hieroglyphs, or as a transcription of hieroglyphs, etc.

For example, the expression of a "pleasant appetite" on the Japanese alphabet of Haragan is written as follows: and pronounced ITADakimas

And this means on Japanese "Sorry" And read as "Sumimasan".

Japanese alphabet Katakana

Katakana is used to record foreign words, names, names and other things. Also, this alphabet is sometimes used to record Japanese words as italics to highlight the word.

As you might notice in Japanese, there are no some letters. Therefore, to record words with missing letters, the closest to sound are used. For example, C \u003d w \u003d u, B \u003d b, s \u003d dz, l \u003d p, f \u003d x, etc. Also, except the letter N in the Japanese alphabet there are no consonants not included in the syllables. They are replaced with a syllable with the letter y, and since the syllables of that and do not, then they are applied to.

As an example, we will analyze how to write a name Maxim on Japanese: マクシーム
Ma \u003d マ, k \u003d ku \u003d ク, si \u003d シ, ー - sign of accepted, m \u003d mu \u003d ム and it turns out "Makusima"

The following example will write the name Victoria on Japanese: ビクトーリヤ
vi \u003d bi \u003d ビ, k \u003d ク, then \u003d ト, ー - the sign of the accent, Ri \u003d リ, I \u003d ヤ \u003d bikuoy

However, in the 20th century, foreign words became increasingly and more used and the Japanese alphabet of Katakana was supplemented.

Now you can write the name Victoria not as a bikoute, but with new signs of Vicutory - ヴィクトーリヤ
And the name of Zina on Japanese is so ズィーナ, and not Dzin, as it was recorded earlier. ジーナ

You can write a name using any option, but the second more modern and better transmits a foreign name / word recording. By the way, it is used when transferring names on this site.

If you want to learn the Japanese alphabet, then the most effective is to read the texts on Japanese alphabets. It is still very good to learn Japanese alvafit on songs:

Song for memorizing Japanese ABC Haragan

Song for memorizing the Japanese ABC Catakana

The Japanese writing system consists of hieroglyphs (kanji) and syllable alphabet (Kana). In Japanese, two sludge alphabets. This is Haragan and Catakana. Visually to easily distinguish them. The surveillances sylons are more rounded and soft, and the cataquans are angular and sharp.

Haragan is used to record individual words, casements, mistakes, endings of verbs and adjectives, as well as to record the reading of the hieroglyphs themselves. Catakan is used to record foreign, borrowed words, which are called Japanese, as well as the allocation of certain words on the letter, by type of bold font in Russian.

Visual distinction of the Haragan and Catakany

Example of 1 lesson.

わ Wa た Ta し SHI は WA デ DE ザ ZA イ I ナ Na ー A で DE す SU. - I (there is) designer.

わ WA た TA し SHI, は WA, で DE す SU - Hiragana

デ DE ザ ZA イ I ナ Na ー A - Catakana

In Japanese, you can often find a Latin letter - Romaji. It is usually used to designate abbreviations of various foreign names.

銀 Gin 行 Kou に Ni ATM が GA あり ます Arimasu. - There is an ATM in the bank (ATM, or Automatic Teller Machine is an ATM in English. This abbreviation is also very often used in Japanese, along with other borrowings).

In Japanese, there are hieroglyphs and two alphabets. It is incorrect to call the signs of the Haragan and Catakana by hieroglyphs.

父 Chichi は Wa エ E ン N ジ Ji ニ Ni ア A で DE す SU - My father engineer.

父 Chichi - Hieroglyph

は WA - Haragan

エ E ン N ジ Ji ニ Ni ア A - Catakana

で DE す SU - Hiragana

Written on top of the hieroglyph reading 父 chichi is called furigan. Usually, hieroglyphs are signed by the signs of the Alphabet of the Haragan, but in our course for beginners we use Latin.

And Haragan and Catakana consist of 46 characters united in the Trojun table. In both alphabet, there are only 10 major rows. And Haragan and Katakana are read and are pronounced equally. The difference is only in their writing and use.

Alphabet Hiragana

Note: The consonant ん N, facing firm and soft consonants, with Nigori or Hannigori, as well as next to the consonants, will be read as M. as in the word がんばり Gambarimasu and 一生 懸命 Isshoukemmei from:

どうし て DOUUSHITE 今 週 KONSHUU, 一生 懸命 Isshoukemmei に Ni がんばり ます か Gambarimasuka. - Why do you study so hard this week?

ABC Katakana

By the same principle, the catakana alphabet is also built. The pronunciation of Catakana's alphabet, is no different from the hiragana. They are different only in writing.

Table of syllables for borrowed words

Longitude

In addition, in Japanese, there is a concept as long and short syllables.

On a letter, a long syllable can be recognized as follows: these are the syllables in which after a syllable with a vowel at the end there is another letter from the series A.

The syllable on あ A is lengthened by the letter あ A, for example:

おばさん Obasan (Aunt) - おばあさん Obaasan (grandmother)

The syllable on い i is extended by the letter い i, for example:

おじさん Ojisan (Uncle) - おじい さん Ojiisan (grandfather)

The syllable on う U is lengthened by the letter う U, for example:

くき Kuki (stem) - くうき Kuuki (air)

The syllable on え E is extended by え e or い i, two options are possible. For example:

え E (Picture) - ええ EE (yes), or へ や Heya (Room) - へいや Heeya (Plain)

The syllable on お o is lengthened by う U, but sometimes elongation occurs and with お o. For example:

とる Toru (Take) - と おる tooru (pass).

However, most often お O is lengthened by う U

学校 Gakkou (がっこう Gakkou) であり ます Dearimasu. - Pass at school.

田中 Tanaka さん に Sanni 東京 Toukyou (とうきょう Toukyou) で DE 会 A いまし た imashita. - I met with Mr. Tanaka in Tokyo.

Note: All soft syllables, such as きゃ KYA, き ゅ KYU, きょ KYO, にゃ NYA, に ゅ NYU, に ょ NYO, じゃ JA, じゅ JU, じょ JO, etc. Extend using the letter う U. It turns out: きゃう KYAU, きゅう KYUU, きょう KYOU, にゃう NYAU, にゅう NYUU, にょう NYOU, じゃう JAU, じゅう JUU, じょう JOU, etc.

大学 Daigaku に Ni 同級生 Doukyuusei (どうきゅうせい Doukyuusei) の No 友達 Tomodachi が い ます か Gaimasuka. - Do you have friends among classmates at the university?

お O 誕生日 tanjoubi (おたんじょうび otanjoubi) に Ni モスクワ Mosukuwa へ E 行 I きたい です Kitaidesu. - I want to go to Moscow for my birthday.

In Katakan there is a special longitude icon "ー", and it is put after any syllables that need to be extended.

コ Ko ー O ヒ Hi ー i は Wa いくら ikura で de す SU か Ka. - How much is coffee?

わ WA た TA し SHI は WA デ DE ザ ZA イ I ナ Na ー A で DE す SU. - I designer

こ KO れ RE は WA 家 IE じゃ JYA あ A り Ri ま Ma せ SE ん N. ア A パ PA ー A ト TO で DE す SU. - This is not a house. This is an apartment.

マリア Maria さん San は WA 今晩 Komban, パ PA ー A ティ Ti ー I に Ni 来 Ki ます か Masuka. - Maria will come to a party tonight?

Doubted consonants

Also in Japanese there is a concept as a doubling. It is recorded with a small letter っ / ッ, which is set before The syllable that doubles the consonant sound.

この Kono 喫 茶 店 Kissaten (きっさて ん Kissaten) に Ni 冷 Tsume たい Tai 飲 NO み Mi 物 Mono が Ga あり ます か Arimasuka. - Is there a refreshment in this cafe?

It is also the case with a catakana.

マリア Maria さん は Sanwa 「緑 Midori の No 窓口 Madoguchi」 で DE チケット Chiketto を O 買 Ka いたかっ た のです か iTakattanodeSuka. - Maria wanted to buy a ticket to Midori-but Madoguti? "Midori-but Madoguti" (literally translates as a "green window") - so in Japan is called Sinkansen highways.

Glow reduction

Public reduction is a weakening or complete loss of vowel sounds during speech depending on adjacent sounds or stress points.

In Japanese, vowels い i and う u are reduced:

• between the deaf consonants. For example, as in the word lid - ふた Futa (F (y) ta)
• and at the end of the word, after deaf consonants, when the tone decreases, for example, as in the verbs, ending with ます (MA), which are often found in our lessons: たべ - to eat, のみ ます - drink.

In Japanese, there is a mandatory reduction, as in the word つき Tsuki (CKI) - "Moon", and optional, as in the word きく Kiku - "Chrysanthemum". How to understand what option is we dealing with? Everything is simple. If the syllables in the word from one row, as in the word きく Kiku - Chrysanthemum, then they are not reduced, if from different rows, as in the word つき Tsuki - Moon, then before a deaf consonant, the syllable is reduced.

あ A し Shi た Ta は Wa 休 Yasu み Mi で DE す SU か KA. - Tomorrow is a day off?

テ TE ー E ブル BURU の NO 上 UE に Ni りん ご Ringo は Wa いくつ Ikutsu あ A り Ri ま MA す SU か KA. - How many apples lies on the table?

地下鉄 Chikatetsu (ちかて つ Chikatetsu) に Ni 乗 No っ て TTE 仕事 Shigoto へ E 行 I き ます Kimasu. - I drive a job on the subway.

This is one of the most amazing states on our planet. It is enough to read at least a couple of dozen facts about this country and you will understand why it is considered so unusual. Differences from the usual world appear literally in everything, for example, local children make snowmen of two circles, and not three, as we used. It is not surprising that the language here is also very unusual and is considered one of the most difficult to explore.

Its main feature is hidden in the alphabet. The thing is that the Japanese alphabet exists not in a single copy. Yes, yes, there are two alphabets. Two varieties of the Alphabet of Catakana and Haragan are similar to each other, as they have a common structure, however, there are significant differences between them.

The Japanese language is notable for the fact that the letter here uses not only letters, but also hieroglyphs, which sometimes indicate individual words or even whole phrases. All this confuses an unprepared person even more. As you can see, the local language is really complicated to study, but it becomes only more interesting and extraordinary.

Alphabet Hiragana

Above the two alphabets of the Japanese language were already indicated, and now I want to talk about them somewhat in more detail and with certain explanations.

This is an alphabet, which includes a variety of particles, suffixes and prefixes. Usually in language courses begin with from this Japanese alphabet, since it is relatively simple for perception, it is divided into vowels and consonants, as well as easy to record. Children in the country of the rising sun, too, first of affairs are studying it, since at a young age, they still do not know how to write complex hieroglyphs and put them in full proposals.

Song that will help you remember Haragan:

a, I, U, E, O, KA, KI, KU, KE, KO

sA, SHI, SU, SE, SO, TA, CHI, TSU, TE, TO

nA, NI, NU, NE, NO, HA, HI, FU, HE, HO

ma, Mi, Mu, Me, Mo, Ya, Yu, Yo

rA, RI, RU, RE, RO, WA, O, N / M

Alphabet Katakana

Japanese alphabet designed to record foreign words. Do not be surprised that it was decided to separate, because Western culture had penetrated Japan over long centuries and left an indelible mark in the form of a variety of borrowed words. You can find borrowings from Chinese, English, French and many other languages.

Song that will help you remember Cataakan:

Other features of the Japanese alphabet

You have already thought that Japanese and local alphabet are complex systems built on certain traditions and norms. They really have many features, and some look very interesting and even strange. For example, the Japanese does not have the letter "L", it is never used in words or individual syllables.

Many foreign words have been reduced for the convenience of writing and pronunciation, and in the reduction sometimes it is impossible to understand what the word the Japanese wants to pronounce. It is necessary to study at least the most popular cuts in order not to lose the thread of the conversation and understand the person in the framework of business negotiations, in the store, restaurant, or just on the street.

How to learn Japanese letters and alphabet

How long have you dreamed of talking on Japanese? Then deal with the study of the alphabet, then you can move to more complex aspects of the language.