The indefinite form of the verb syntactic role. Syntactic functions are infinitive. Infinitive sentences. The syntactic role of the infinitive

Exercise 1.

Write down, determine which member of the sentence the underlined words are.

1. I am fast began to descend from the hill
2. Gotta respect old age.
3. Run the escalator is prohibited.
4. Sister asked us return By the evening.
5. After leaving school, I I will do in the Institute.
6. He has a desire run away from here.
7. Walk barefoot on the ground is a great pleasure.
8. He went to the sanatorium to heal.
9. Alone able to live not every.

Exercise 2.

Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Determine the type of predicates. Determine the syntactic role of the infinitive.

1. He was afraid to go to doctors.
2. A footman came to call me to the princess.
3. The old woman has gone to bother about leaving.
4. He asked me to plead about leaving.
5. The great national poet knows how to make both the master and the peasant speak in their language.
6. I try to teach them respect for their native land.
7. With no effort will a person be able to convey the charm of this day.
8. In Moscow, I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call.
9. Rare drops of rain began to pound heavily on the ground.
10. Autumn rain will be drizzling for a long time.
11. And as if in response to her words, a rare and warm rain quietly begins to rustle along the river and bushes.
12. Dense, neglected alleys immediately began behind the gate.
13. Ominous rumors began to circulate.
14. They continued to sniff, doze and yawn for decades.
15. The sea at times completely stopped making noise.
16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to appease.
17. Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge.
18. I will not allow myself to speak ill of life in my presence.
19. Tagilov did not go to breakfast with Natalya.
20. She didn't even have time to say hello to him.

Exercise 3.

Determine the syntactic role of the infinitive, taking into account: 1) the semantic meaning of the personal verb and the infinitive, 2) what the action or feature denoted by the verbs in the infinitive refers to.

1. Soon the spring forest will meet its feathered masters.
2. Meeting a father from a long voyage is a great joy for us.
3. In the evening, my sister went to the station to meet her brother, who was returning from the camp.
4. The creative asset of the school got the right to meet the delegation from England.
5. Our class received the right to welcome guests who came to the opening of our school museum.

Exercise 4.

Determine which minor members of the sentence the infinitive is .

1. The thought not to find her in Pyatigorsk with a hammer hit me in my heart.
2. Well, I wish you a lot of fun.
3. Captain Tushin sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor.
4. And now we are going to look for Palitsyno.
5. The cannons are firing from the dock, the ship is ordered to dock.
6. I have an innate passion to contradict.
7. The next year Nevzorov went to study abroad.
8. The habit of finding only a replaceable side in everything is the surest sign of a shallow soul, for the funny always lies on the surface.
9. The doctor recommended that I move more.
10. Logic is the art of making mistakes with the confidence that you are right.

Exercise 5.

Write down sentences, explain punctuation marks, define the role of the infinitive.

1. The lieutenant goes out to find out if there is a connection.
2. Go check, and we'll wait.
3. I also had personal reasons to go on vacation to the Caucasus.
4. Ivan Efimovich, what will you do after the war?
5. The archive helped to clarify the information.
6. The roads began to turn limp literally before our eyes.
7. It is inconvenient to refuse.
8. The commander had the ability to make decisions quickly.
9. The division continued to move forward.
10. Resting our hands on the sides, we helped the car to get out into the meadow.

Exercise 6.

Make a sentence so that the infinitive is part of the compound verb predicate and another part of the sentence.

Tell, hurry, guess, fulfill, learn, remake.
What is the syntactic role of the infinitive in a sentence?

Exercise 7.

Rearrange the sentences so that the infinitive is 1) subject, 2) predicate.

1. Learning to play the violin is my big dream.
2. Rereading works of classical literature is both useful and necessary.
3. Explain the formulation of punctuation marks with a confluence of unions - a task of increased difficulty.
4. The camp where I will rest in the summer is located on the shores of Lake Baikal.
5. For the holiday, our class will have to prepare a concert.

Exercise 8.

Come up with sentences where the infinitive is:

1) subject; 2) predicate; 3) addition; 4) the circumstance of the purpose; 5) definition.

Exercise 9.

Insert the missing letters, justify the spelling of words with spelling, emphasize the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine the type of predicates and the syntactic role of the infinitive. What is the role of the infinitive in a sentence?

1) Life is good and life is good! (V. Mayakovsky) 2) Oblomov began to read aloud. (I. Goncharov) 3) You cannot catch up with the mad three! (N.Nekrasov) 4) Forests teach a person to understand pr_red. (A. Chekhov) 5) Traveling around the native land is a great pleasure. 6) More than once an irresistible desire arose in her soul to express everything without concealment. (I. Turgenev) 7) We went to defend freedom, to rid the light of darkness. (M. Isakovsky) 8) He went to the forest city_r_dok to be like skiing. (V.Kaverin) 9) It is sad for us to listen to the autumn blizzard. (N.Nekrasov) 10) Preparing for the exam is not so easy. 11) The task of the astronauts upon returning from the flight is to process and summarize the results of the studies. 12) The most ambitious students will study according to a special program. 13) The squad began to advance into the depths of the forest. 14) At the station_ Winter we went to have lunch. (V. Veresaev) 15) Pr_roda teaches us to understand pr_red. (K. Paustovsky) 16) And already several times Judas sat down to breathe ... (L. Andreev) 17) I tied the reins around my hand and fell weakly asleep waiting for the order to go forward. (A. Pushkin)

Exercise 10.

Determine which member of the sentence the infinitive is. Compare the two sentences (see part A). Indicate in each of them the type of predicate. Insert the missing letters, expand the brackets.

A. 1) We decided to talk about the case. - We came to talk about the case. 2) I want to do extra chemistry. - I stayed after school to study chemistry. 3) Tourists decided to relax on the shore of the lake. - The tourists stopped to rest. 4) I have come to ask for your help. - I will ask for your help. 5) My father promised to buy me skis. - My father and I went to the store to buy skis. 6) It is good for everyone to breathe fresh air. - In the evening we went out to get some fresh air. 7) I went to make peace with a friend. - He did not want to put up with injustice.
B. 1) P_satel began to work on the book. 2) He was recommended to live in the village. 3) He made a decision to be silent. 4) I went out to refresh myself. 5) The guys decided to redeem. 6) I went goodbye. 7) I was offered to learn Khlestakov's monologue. 8) She had a habit of being late. 9) My brother asked me to meet him. 10) The travelers stopped to rest. 11) On the way, they made an effort to go forward a little. (N. Gogol) 12) For the palm week in St. Petersburg, the fin_y didn’t want to ride the children in their peasant sledges. (D. Likhachev) went to beg you for one favor. 2) Remember Chaplitsky, whom you helped to win back. 3) I wanted the driver to go. 4) In meek words I explained to him that I had a quarrel with Aleksey Ivanovich, and I ask him, Ivan Ignat_ich, to be my second ... 5) I got scared and began to ask Ivan Ignat_ich to tell the commandant nothing (not) to tell ... 6) Vasilisa Yegorovna left to talk about departure_ daughter_. 7) I went to the house of the saint to see Maria Ivanovna. 8) Go: our father ordered to let the officer in. 9) The people went to escort Pugachev. 10) Pugachev greeted me and told me to sit with him in the wagon. 11) He [Zurin] himself went out into the street apologizing to Maria Ivanovna for (not) free (not) understanding_ and told the sergeant to give her the best apartment in the city. 12) We stayed in Lars to spend the night. He [the Frenchman] advised us to leave the carriage in Kobe and go on horseback. 13) Maria Ivanovna went to say goodbye to the graves of her parents, who were buried for the church. 14) The next day, the troops following the (un) friend were ordered to return to the camp. (A. Pushkin)

Exercise 11.

Insert the missing letters, expand the brackets. Define the members of the sentence, explain the syntactic role of the infinitive. Arrange punctuation marks.

A. 1) Soph_ya ordered not to give the Monomakh crown. 2) In the settlement of the boys they knew well and they let them in. 3) Sof_ya left for the village of Kolomenskoye and sent the priest to the districts to convene the Dv_ryanskoe operation. 4) [Menshikov] often enticed Peter with generals, masters of money and karls to walk and play naughty on Kukui ... 5) It was difficult for the boyars to dare to shed the blood of such an ancient family. 6) Have dinner with me. (A.N. Tolstoy)

B. 1) The lady got angry and burst into tears and ordered to find him. (I. Turgenev) 2) Anyone can hinder, but they would not be able to help and help! (D. Granin) 3) To comprehend the depths of the profession, laziness, needlessness, lack of interest in specialty. (V. Koretsky) 4) What is required from a shepherd? Its main task is to provide animals with a well-fed life without which people will not have milk, butter or meat. 5) He was asked to wait. (A. Kuprin) 6) I ordered to put the suitcase in my body to replace the bulls with horses and for the last time looked down at length ... (M. Lermontov) 7) I tried to please the princess made her several times laughing heartily ... (M. Lermontov) 8) For a long time I resisted the temptation to lie down somewhere in the shadows. (I. Turgenev)

V. 1) Marya Ivanovna came up to the house with papa and mum. (A. Pushkin) 2) Suddenly Marya Ivanovna immediately sat down at work announced that the (in) necessity was making her go to P_terburg and that she was asking for a way to go. 3) Lunch ended, the big ones went to the room to drink coffee and we went into the garden to shuffle our feet along the roads covered with fallen yellow leaves and talk. (L. Tolstoy) 4) Fock was ordered to close all the doors to the rooms. (L. Tolstoy) 5) When we were dressed with ice cream and fruits, there was (not) anything to do on the carpet, and we (not) looking at the slanting rays of the sun got up and went for a walk. (L. Tolstoy) 6) Here Homeless made an attempt to put an end to the hiccups that tortured him ... (M. Bulgakov) 7) (C) the prisoners were asked to talk about yesterday's events on the Patriarch's Ponds, but they (not) were very (not) reported about Ponti_ Pilate. 8) The poet's attempts to compose an application (to) the account of a terrible consultant (did not) lead (n_) to (what). (M. Bulgakov)

Exercise 12.

Write off by placing the missing punctuation marks. Underline all members of the proposal. What syntactic functions does the infinitive perform in these sentences?

1. Shame is the most precious ability of a person to put his actions in accordance with the requirements of the highest conscience bequeathed by the history of mankind. (M. S-Shchedrin.)

2. You can only give to the rich and you can only help the strong. This is the experience of my whole life. (M. Tsvetaeva.)

3. To love to see a person the way God created him and his parents did not fulfill him. Not to love to see the way his parents did it. To stop loving to see a table, a chair instead. (M. Tsvetaeva.)

4. To love your Motherland means to ardently desire to see in it the fulfillment of the ideal of humanity. (V. Belinsky.)

5. Great will is not only the ability to wish and achieve something, but also the ability to force yourself to give up something when you need it. (A. Makarenko.)

6. I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev.)

7. Shubin wanted to start working, but the clay was crumbling. (I. Turgenev.)

8. None of them wanted to start the conversation first. (S. Krutilin.)

9. A person should never lose the ability to wonder. (K. Paustovsky.)

10. In Fedya's view, a real writer was a legendary creature. He had to know everything to see everything to understand everything perfectly to do. (K. Paustovsky.)

11. During this year I learned to understand fire and water. (Ya. Smelyakov.)

12. Oh, I want to live madly:

Everything that exists is to perpetuate
insane - to humanize
Unfulfilled - to realize! (A. Blok.)

13. I came to you with greetings to tell you that the sun has risen ... (A. Fet.)

14. Tatiana on the advice of the nanny
Gathering at night to enchant
Quietly ordered in the bath
Set the table for two devices ... (A. Pushkin.)

15. It was more difficult to climb down the mountain on a black oak tree than to climb. (N. Lyashko.)

16. To name means to know and therefore to know. (V. Bryusov.)

17. There is time to work and there is to have fun. (Proverb.)

18. During the exercise, we were ordered to deploy antennas near Kim's domain. (O. Prikhodko.)

19. Once Paderewski gave a concert in London. It was stuffy in the hall and two ladies asked to open the window. A strong draft has formed. Paderewski addressed the ladies: “I have to ask you to close the window. You can't have two pleasures at once: listening to good music and killing the pianist. "

20. A person should never lose the ability to wonder. If he is a real person and not a briefcase full of papers. (K. Paustovsky.)

Test on the topic "Syntactic properties of the infinitive"

1. In which sentence is the infinitive a subject?

1) It was a pity to look at him.
2) What a great pleasure it is to wander in the forest!
3) Loving others is a heavy cross, and you are beautiful without convolutions.
4) To teach a scientist is just a matter of dragging.

2. In which sentences is the infinitive not a subject?

1) I hate changing the familiar to the unknown.
2) Fedor, don't let him go anywhere!
3) It is easy to give advice, but difficult to follow.
4) It's awkward to ask for a house.

3. In which sentences is the infinitive part of the predicate?

1) Did it happen to you on a rainy winter day, in the late quiet light, to sit alone, without a candle in your office?
2) He is always ready to help with advice and deed.
3) Losing a family is not a shame - it was not your fault.
4) Losing a head off is a shame, but well, that's the war. (A.T.)

4. In what sentences is the infinitive not part of the predicate?

1) Ivan Ivanovich was a respectable man, of the most subtle treatment, he could not stand rude or obscene words.
2) Nozdryov continued to laugh at the top of his lungs.
3) Auntie invited both families to stay with her for two weeks.
4) It was easy to talk to her.

5. Establish the relationship between the highlighted word and its role in the sentence.

1) What a great pleasure it is to wander in the forest.
2) The sacred ability to speak is given to us.
3) It freezes beautifully at the parade, and goes to the guard to warm up.
4) I'm not afraid of death, oh no! I'm afraid to disappear completely.

a) addition
b) circumstance
c) definition
d) predicate

6. In which sentences is the infinitive complement?

1) An attempt to solve the problem by the shortest route failed.
2) I told both of them to drink two glasses a day of mineral water and bathe twice a week in an adjustable bath.
3) It is very helpful to hone and polish your mind about the minds of others.
4) Everyone asked her to sing something.

7. In which sentences is the infinitive not a definition?

1) Pierre got into the carriage with the intention of going home.
2) Troekurov told the guests to get out.
3) Under the sound of wheels, the writer quickly sketched line by line, fearing to miss the emerging idea.
4) I am now embarking on a new path from my past life to rest.

8. In which sentences is the infinitive a circumstance?

1) Since we had a vacation, every day we went to the Novodevichy Convent to paint landscapes.
2) Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash.
3) She said it quite loudly and probably with the intention of stabbing me.
4) Petrushka was ordered to stay at home, look after the room and the suitcase.

9. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the infinitive is not part of the predicate.

1. We arrived at the place, to the birch current, only in the evening and, as usual, immediately began to prepare for the night. 2. Even before the arrival of the birds (wood grouses flock to the current at sunset), you need to chop wood, prepare the bed from the branches. 3. Here, by the hunting fire, I intended to spend more than one night. 4. In the evening, having prepared an overnight stay, we separated. 5. The satellite went to look for the neighboring currents, and I was left alone. 6. After seeing off my friend, I stamped out the fire, took my gun and slowly headed into the current. 7. Under an old birch tree, I chose a high hummock and, lighting a pipe, prepared to listen and observe. 8. Never before have I seen such an extraordinary number of wood grouses on the currents. 9. I sat spellbound, not moving, afraid to move. (after I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

10. Indicate the numbers of sentences containing an infinitive that serves as a definition.

1. The Belaya River began to protrude from the banks and flood the meadow side. 2. My father argued that it was difficult to drive through those places that were flooded with spring water. 3. But to me all such obstacles seemed absolutely not worthy of attention. 4. The desire to move to Sergeevka as soon as possible has become for me a painful aspiration of all my thoughts and feelings towards one subject; 5. I could no longer do anything, I was bored and picky. 6. It was possible to foresee and should have taken measures to tame in me this passion, this ability to be carried away to self-forgetfulness and go to extremes. (according to S. Aksakov)

The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for the inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.

The infinitive - the initial form of the verb - is very flexible syntactically: it is able to occupy the syntactic positions of both major and minor members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive exhibits a variety of functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, the subjective infinitive, predicate infinitive, object infinitive, adverbial (target) infinitive, and attributive infinitive are distinguished.

The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.

The traditional idea of ​​the infinitive independent and the infinitive dependent (here we single out the subjective), apparently, turns out to be insufficiently adequate and correct. The future teacher of language and literature needs to navigate the functional and semantic properties of the infinitive, in its syntactic role in the sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.

Subjective infinitive

The subjective infinitive denotes a grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (utterance) is subject to a two-part sentence, since its actual sign is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually comes before the predicate, grammatically does not depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and does not adjoin any member of the sentence, it reveals syntactic synonymy with a verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.

For example:

Smoking is harmful to health. (Proverb); ... chasing lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very exhausting ... (S. Aksakov); It was becoming dangerous to stay in Bogucharovo. (L. Tolstoy); To invent is to dream. (Kozhevnikov); It is forbidden to eat here. (Announcement).

Wed: Smoking is harmful to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Ski hunting is exhausting. Etc.

In the given examples, the infinitive acts as a subject, although not morphologized, atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: "The infinitive here is not a real subject, that is, the designation of an" object "to which the attribute expressed in the predicate is attributed." Such an infinitive subject is a "substitute" for the subject, "substitution is a grammatical fact ..." of all verb forms, the only infinitive, by its very nature, is capable of some (minimal) approximation to a noun. "

The subjective infinitive takes the same position with the personal verb, forming a compound verb predicate with it, but only if this personal verb is auxiliary (phase, modal or emotional), as in sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people sometimes want to cry ... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - I stopped thinking, I want to cry, I was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicative and the predicative adverb, for example: But, however, you cannot put on shoes without expense. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive to put on depends on the predicative cannot be and forms a predicate with it; the infinitives to stand and sit form predicates with the predicate can. In a sentence I am ashamed to shake hands To flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels ... (A. Tarkovsky) The infinitive to reap depends on the predicative adverb shame and forms a predicate with it.

The subjective infinitive is associated with a personal verb that does not belong to the category of auxiliary ones, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but takes other positions, which are also determined by substituting a question. Consider the proposals. Small children! Don't go to Africa, go for a walk in Africa for the world! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, do not go for a walk, a personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary ones, therefore it is a simple verb predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal: do not go (for what purpose?) To go for a walk. We ... will walk in Africa Forever forget! (K. Chukovsky) - let's forget (about what?) To walk.

Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. the subjective infinitive in speech does not seem clear enough. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when the predicate follows it and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subject function of the subjective infinitive.

Infinitive predicate

The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We asked with surprise: will Silvio not fight? (A. Pushkin); ... during a thunderstorm, clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); A month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory, and only occasionally would she dream with a touching smile, as others dreamed. (A. Chekhov); We will play a wedding, I will crawl on my knees ... (K. Serafimov). I will speak to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I do not yet know what I will write myself. (K. Paustovsky).

The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of the widely used compound verbal predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the ligamentous auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, can, continue, stop, etc .; For example: Everyone began to furtively interpret, joke, judge not without sin, Tatiana read the groom. (A. Pushkin); ... I could not look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying ... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Klavdin. (Panova); Let him just try to come up! (K. Paustovsky).

The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a complex predicate. The last infinitive expresses in it the lexical meaning of the predicate, and the preceding infinitive of the type decide, wait, endure, start, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective of the type ready, much, must, must, capable, etc. as a semantic complicator together with with an auxiliary verb (materially expressed or "null") forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world ... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya ... could not make up her mind to leave him alone and for the first time in her life allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); But still he could wait to boast about the rules in his men's school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare to tell you about it. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).

We also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the subject-infinitive. Wed:

To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);

To teach is like sharpening the mind;

To teach is to sharpen the mind.

These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection between the predicate and the infinitive subject. It cannot be called grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot be adequate to them. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical agreement.

Object infinitive

The object infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verb predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, suggested, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), is associated with this predicate by the method of adhesion.

The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of the activity of someone, something that is not a subject. The object infinitive never occupies the same position with a personal verb, i.e. cannot be predicate. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to bother me - the infinitive takes the position of the complement. Similarly: We offered our readers to work as private detectives ... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers the questions of the complement (semantic questions, homonymous to the questions of indirect cases).

The object infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with an object noun (prepositional-substantive combination) in the complement function. Infinitive complement is a kind of atypical, i.e. non-morphologized complement. For example: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village in the N county. (A. Pushkin). The falling rain made me return to the tent. (Arseniev); ... my grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some offense. (M. Gorky); She kind of asked her not to call her and not to shame her, because she herself is not good at heart ... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person look for the imaginary in life, fight for its embodiment, go to the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Wed: Domestic circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village ... Cf. See also: He will teach you to save words, conciseness, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He'll bring you some vodka to eat. (M. Gorky).

Here, in the same context, the infinitive and the usual (substantive) additions are used in parallel.

In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive addition, depending on a complex predicate, for example: Nobody dared to suggest Sobol to correct him [the story]. (K. Paustovsky).

The object infinitive can take the position of the circumstance of the goal: He willingly gave them (books) to read. Wed also a replacement: gave for reading.

Adverbial infinitive

He performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstances of the goal. It spreads the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (go, come, sit down, put, come, sit down, gather, etc.), depends on this predicate, connects with it by the method of adhesion, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, one must remember about the ambiguity of words. So, for example, the verb go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning "to move", it can realize the figurative - "start doing something, begin to exercise", in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and together with the infinitive forms a compound verb predicate, cf.: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Let's go laughing means starting to laugh, this is a compound verb predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of an action.

The adverbial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with an infinitive turnover, which has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the explained part by a subordinate union so that. For example: It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to his place for dinner.

Infinitive attributive

Is a minor member in a sentence - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by the way of adjoining. The attributive infinitive answers what questions? which? which? what? coming from the noun being defined. Along with the basic, definitive meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with the prepositional-nominal combination corresponding to the meaning. For example: Zurin was ordered to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion to contradict. (Lermontov); [Compare: order to cross ...; an innate passion for contradiction ...].

Finally, the infinitive is often used in the function of the principal term of a one-part sentence.

The main term of a one-part sentence, expressed by the infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. There are such varieties with the main term - the infinitive.

1. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main term in the predicate form.

I like to sleep for a long time, but I am ashamed to get up late.

2. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is a composite component of the analytical structure.

The good ones are not given away, but the bad ones do not want to be taken.

3. The infinitive is the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this use, it is absolutely grammatically independent, it expresses a potential procedural meaning, which is usually correlated with the dative case of the subject.

Russian infinitive Dagestan school

You cannot catch up with the mad three.

The subject's dative may not be present. Wed:

It is a good deed to speak the truth boldly.

In linguistic analysis, a particular difficulty is caused by cases when several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially multifunctional ones). These are examples of the type. The habit of wandering around the maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps to see them correctly in reality.

Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed a complex system of syntactic properties that are found in a phrase, sentence, and text. So, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - seeks to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to inquire, invited to talk; combinations with participles - seeking to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the category of condition - you can not be late, you can study, you must announce. Of all the named combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the category of state.

Infinitive sentences

Infinitive sentences are one-part sentences with a leading predicate, expressed by an infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example:

Do not turn a stone from the path by thinking. (M. Gorky);

Be a great thunderstorm! (A. Pushkin);

The clouds of the sun cannot hide, the world cannot be won by war. (Proverb).

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in the composition of the predicative stem. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate necessarily includes a verb or a word of the category of state, to which the infinitive adjoins: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frosts, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches with life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey it in semantic and grammatical terms: You cannot catch up with the mad three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed See also: Don't (shouldn't, don't, don't) rush to answer! - Do not rush to answer!

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in their general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent, then in infinitive sentences the actor is prompted to active action, desirability, the need for active action is noted. The character of the agent (a definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic and stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of an action has a structural and syntactic meaning.

Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means for expressing modal values. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed "by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, and is strengthened and differentiated by particles."

Infinitive sentences without a particle would express modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Do not grow grass after autumn. (A. Koltsov).

Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-doer are often used in the titles of articles that are in the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a high harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed See also: Don't be late for class! Do not talk during class! No smoking at the institute!

Often, the infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how not to please a dear little man! (Griboyedov).

Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its commission or warning, unfulfilled action, etc .: I would mow, plow, sow, ride horses ... (A. Chekhov). To pick up a large, large bouquet here and quietly bring it to the headboard. (A. Surkov); Oh, if it rained down on my livestock, I would not consider my life wasted! (V. Soloukhin); Not to be late for the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); See at least one lousy partridge. (V. Sanin).

Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often "fit" into the semantics of the sentence with the subject pronoun: Wait? It was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering in the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your shoulders, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun ... Is it really going to be? (L. Volynsky). Such sentences on the semantic-functional role are close to the so-called "nominative representation", the structural core of which is formed by nouns.

The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the name. Approaching one side with impersonal, the other with nominative, infinitive sentences form a special kind of one-part sentences.

Determination of the place of infinitive sentences in the system of simple sentence types and in modern linguistics is controversial. Some scholars distinguish them into a special kind of one-part sentences, others include them in the composition of impersonal ones. In a school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal ones.

Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:

1) inevitability: to be in trouble;

2) desirability: Sleep for at least an hour;

3) must: for you to walk;

4) opportunity: Now only and live;

5) impossibility: You can't drive here;

7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know !;

8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse the operation! How could such a thing come to your mind !; Retreat? Give up? Never!

The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences (How to get to the library?), As well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate purpose: I came to talk; in the clause: If I could talk to him, I am sure that he would have changed dramatically; in subordinate tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.

Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: It was impossible to drive through here (and today the boards were laid); There will be no way here; It would not have been possible to drive here (if the boards had not been laid).

Thus, in this paragraph we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both major and minor.

As for infinitive sentences, we can again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scholars, form a special kind of one-piece sentences. Other scholars include them as impersonal. In the school textbook, they are considered as part of the impersonal.

The syntactic role of the infinitive

Among the verb forms infinitive occupies a special place, because can act as any member of the proposal.

The main goal of this article - a generalization of information about the syntactic function of the infinitive.

The infinitive as the main members of the sentence

Acting as subject, the infinitive names an action or state as the subject of a statement.

The options are: 1. Both main members are verbs in an indefinite form: Repeat and teach - sharpen the mind. 2. One is a noun in the nominative case, the other is an infinitive: Learning is our task. Chess is his main occupation in life.

What may arise difficulties when parsing a sentence?

It is not always obvious which member of a sentence is a verb in an indefinite form. ... Independent infinitive, first in a sentence, intonationally separated from the predicate and calling an independent action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate, is subject: It was not easy to convince him of anything. Living on earth is a glorious occupation. Loving you is a great challenge.

But the subject infinitive can stand and after predicate, if it has an estimated value: The worst thing in our work is to stop growing. His business was to take care of the younger and take care of the elders. It is wasted labor to fish without a hook and study without a book.

If one of the main members has a bunch of IT, it is clear that before us is the predicate, and the infinitive is the subject: It is against our law to remember the old. What a happiness it is to respect your parents.

The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it, if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms: Stealing from a thief is just time to waste. To teach a fool - what to heal the dead. To play a song is not a field to yell. Doing nothing is hard work. To lead the house - do not shake your beard. Drink tea - do not chop wood. To talk about a decision is only to be confused.

Combination of an infinitive with words ending in -O:

If the infinitive is in the first place in the sentence, and then the word in -O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject - the infinitive: It is useful to run in the morning. It's dangerous to joke with the enemy.

Rearranging the infinitive in second place after the word -O, which is a category of state, turns the sentence into impersonal: It is useless to argue with it. It was not easy to get to work that day due to a blizzard.

The presence with the infinitive of the words of the category of state is necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, possible, etc. indicates that this is a predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You can get lost here. It was impossible to ask about it.

Independent infinitive can act as a predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a kind of impersonal constructions): Get out of order! Who to argue with?

The use of the infinitive in compound verb predicate... It has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, time, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) - the main lexical meaning: Athletes began to compete. We want to meet again.

Attention! In the presence of two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate if actions refer to one person- to the subject of the action: Ranks are given by people, and people can be deceived. (Griboyedov) If actions are performed by different persons, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verb predicate, but acts as a secondary member: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot. (Griboyedov)

Infinitive as minor members of a sentence

Inconsistent definition.

The infinitive explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc.: There was an urgent need to talk. Suddenly there was an opportunity to quickly leave this city.

Sometimes the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: I am annoyed by your way of constantly arguing. The travelers did not abandon the thought of returning to the island.

Addition.

If the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs refer to different persons: As a child, my father taught me to fish. I advise you to read this book.

The circumstance of the goal.

If the infinitive refers to verbs of movement: Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash. In the evening we went out to the embankment to look at the ships.

Slotina Nadezhda Stanislavovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, KGOAU KFML

The infinitive in a sentence can be dependent or independent.

Dependent the infinitive is adjacent to another word, it can be in a sentence:

1) a simple verb predicate: Pug well on him rush up;

2) the main part of a compound verb predicate in a two-part sentence: Already you have become a little to fade;

3) the main member of the impersonal sentence and depend on the words of the category of state: Sad sit houses in winter. Necessary to go to work.

4) by definition: Nastenka took from him O promise to come behind her;

5) addition: He ordered the coachman lay down droshky(object infinitive) ;

6) circumstance: In the morning went breakfast to the nearest cafe. The infinitive in the role of the circumstance of the goal is adjacent to verbs with the meaning of movement, as well as to verbs of biological meaning: live, be born etc.: went for a walk, went to study, ran to swim(subjective infinitive).

The infinitive can be subjective and object. Subjective the infinitive denotes the action of the same person as the auxiliary verb ( Already you have become a little to fade ). Object the infinitive denotes the action of another person ( He ordered the coachman lay down droshky).

Independent the infinitive is possible in two cases:

1) when it performs the function of the subject: Wanders b through the woods - the best rest.

2) when it is the main member of an infinitive sentence: To you not to see such battles!

Subject infinitive:

1. The infinitive in the position of the subject does not receive a subject meaning, does not

substantiated;

2. With an infinitive subject, there cannot be a verbal predicate,

only various forms of the nominal predicate are used;

3. The infinitive as a subject occupies a preposition relative to the predicate:

Schemes:

– infinitive – infinitive: Play in cards means to rob comrades.

– infinitive – noun: To carry forest and poles were not considered a sin.

– infinitive – adjective: Stay in Bogucharovo it became dangerous.

– infinitive – phrase: Issue it would be an unworthy deed.

The difference between a compound verbal predicate and verb combinations with an object and subjective infinitive:

It is necessary to distinguish from a compound verb predicate combinations that include an infinitive in their composition, which performs the role of an addition, definition and circumstance of the goal in the sentence.

The infinitive that plays the role of a complement is called "object", since it denotes the action of another person (not the "subject" of the conjugated verb form): advised to look, asked to take care, ordered to send etc. For example: He[Stendhal] taught me to understand war(L. Tolstoy); Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge(End).

The infinitive that plays the role of the circumstance of the goal is easily differentiated using questions why, for what, for what purpose?: Ran(for what purpose?) swim on the river. Let's compare:

1. I will not let it(what?) it's bad in your presence respond (additional) about the life for which friends died(Lukonin).

2. And for some time now I am afraid stay one(compiled verb narration) (Dostoevsky).

Morphological analysis of the verb

Parse order
I. Part of speech. Overall value. Initial form (infinitive).
II. Morphological signs.
Permanent signs: a) species; b) transitivity; c) repayment; d) conjugation.
Irregular signs: a) mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) person (if any); e) genus (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Initial verb form

Remember: the infinitive may be any member of the proposal .

However, the definition of the syntactic function of the infinitive is often difficult.

In order not to be mistaken in the definition of the syntactic function of the infinitive, it is necessary to carefully study the theoretical material on this issue.

The infinitive as the main members of the sentence

v Independent infinitive standing at the first place in the proposal and intonationally separated from the predicate, is an subject ... He calls an action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate. Moreover, it, as a rule, contains a definable concept about which some kind of judgment is expressed:

Live - means to work.

Play hockey is his main hobby.

Create happiness is high work.

Everything exaggerate was his passion.

v The subject infinitive can occupy and postposition if the second principal term at the beginning of the sentence has explicit estimate:

The worst thing in our work is stay in its height.

His business was patronize junior and take care about the elders.

Wasted labor - to fish without a hook and study without a book.

v The presence of one of the main members of the bundle THIS IS indicates that we have a predicate in front of us, and infinitive - subject :

It's against our law - commemorate old.

This is the most affordable way to exalt yourself in your own eyes - another humiliate .

What happiness it is - respect parents.

v Sometimes the word order is decisive in determining the principal members:

Become a sailor - his dream . His dream – become a sailor .

v A subject infinitive, like a predicate infinitive, can include dependent words if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs, aphorisms:

Steal from a thief - only time to waste .

To teach the fool – what is the dead to treat .

Play the song – do not yell field .

To do nothing – hard work .

House lead – don't shake your beard .

Decided to speak - only confuse .

To drink a tea – do not chop wood .

v Difficulty can arise when the infinitive is combined with words on – O .

Remember:

if the infinitive is at the first place in the sentence, and next is the word on – O , before us two-part proposal with subject - infinitive :

Argue with him useless .

Tell jokes with liberalism dangerous .

Permutation of the infinitive in second place after the word on - O , which is a category of state, turns the sentence into impersonal :

It's useless to argue with him.

It was not easy to get there before work that day because of a blizzard.

It's dangerous to joke with liberalism.

The presence of the words of the state category at the infinitive it is necessary, necessary, necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, etc. suggests that this is a predicate of impersonal sentences (regardless of the word order):

You have here you can get lost .

Ask about it it was impossible .

Need to find another solution.

v Independent infinitive can act as predicate in the so-called one-piece infinitive sentences (a kind of impersonal constructions):

Not to see more luck!

To raise sail!

To all get ready ! To be silent ! Raise no objection commander!

Whom be in love ? To whom believe ?

Such constructions are most often of an ordering nature, differing in their categorical statements.

v The infinitive is most often used in compound verb predicate which has two parts : subsidiary and the main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, time, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) - basic lexical meaning.

An auxiliary verb can have phasic value (start, continue, end of action ( began to gather, began to argue, continued to talk, stopped sawing ) and is used with the infinitive only imperfect:

Sister's began to stick together eyes.

Friendly host started me treat .

Other values ​​- modal: possibility / impossibility of action ( did not dare to confess ), obligation ( forced to endure, must go ), expression of will (desirability, determination, readiness) - changed my mind to buy ; subjective-emotional nature ( loved to eat ); assessing the degree of commonness of the action ( used to command ).

In the presence of two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, if actions include to one person - the subject of the action:

Ranks are given by people, and people may be deceived ... (Griboyedov)

If actions are performed different faces, then the infinitive is not part of a compound verb predicate, and acts as a minor member:

Brother asked Pavka come no matter what. (N. Ostrovsky)

Strictest b banned I will shoot these gentlemen drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)

Infinitive as minor members of a sentence

Ø The infinitive can perform the function uncoordinated definitions ... In this case, he explains nouns with modal value possibility, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc. :

× noun which? × noun which?

solution refuse fear make a mistake

× noun which? × noun which?

need meet a wish to help .

Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns. with a different meaning: manner argue, pleasure hunt, thought to go, refusal submit and etc.:

× noun

Only hope ( which?) to rescue son supported her.

× noun

He was guided by the desire ( which?) to find out the truth.

× noun

Grushenka took a promise from him ( which?) to come behind her at twelve o'clock.

Suddenly there was an opportunity ( which?) as soon as possible to leave from this city.

Ø The infinitive is complementing if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs are to different persons :

I ask you ( about what?) talk on the merits of the case.

Father taught me ( what?) walk on a boat with a pole.

The king deigned to order ( what?) us you to him call ... (P. Ershov)

In these examples, verb actions include to different people (I beg I am , a will speak companion ; learned father , a will go on a boat a son ; ordered Tsar , a came to call him subjects ).

ü Cases when the infinitive complement denotes an action are much less common. the same subject:

Yesterday we agreed ( about what?) to go to the dacha.

In a week he learned ( what?) ride on skates.

Sister quickly got used to ( for what?) look after behind a sick mother.

Ø The infinitive can be circumstance of purpose ... In doing so, he joins only verb ... The ability to carry the infinitive-circumstance is possessed mainly by verbs displacement in space ( lay down relax , sat down to honor , went walk , ran catching up). If the infinitive refers to the verb of displacement, then the subject of the action called by the infinitive and the subject of the action called by the supporting verb are obligatory match :

Summer and autumn we leave for Kama ( for what purpose?) collect mushrooms.

Travelers settled down by the stream ( for what purpose?) rest and feed horses.

The syntactic role of the infinitive

To be continued…