What berry is called deaf raspberry. Unusual raspberries: photo and description, varieties and types. The chemical composition of blackberries

When we talk about raspberries, each of us imagines a shrub with red fragrant berries growing on personal plot or in the forest. In fact, the variety of raspberries is amazing. This is a “multi-colored” raspberry with yellow, orange, black, purple berries, and a raspberry “tree” with a strong trunk, and a variety of cranberries, and very unfamiliar exotic plants, including ornamental ones. We invite you to get acquainted with the most curious representatives of the raspberry kingdom.

So the family pink (Rosaceae), genusRubus. Representatives of this genus grow in the arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. They are absent only in desert regions.

Raspberry subgenus (Idaeobatus) includes more than 120 species. All of them are united by features of growth. These are semi-shrubs or shrubs with a perennial rhizome, from which stems grow with a two-year development cycle. On the second stems, generative shoots (laterals) appear, on which flowers and fruits are formed. After fruiting, the stems die off, and new replacement shoots grow from the buds of the rhizome. Flowers and fruits are located on the tops of the stems and laterals singly or in small brushes of several pieces. Petals of various colors - from white to blue and red. The fruit is a complex drupe, consisting of fruitlets, to varying degrees separated from the conical or spherical fruit-bearing.

As a result, a large breeding work numerous varieties of raspberries have been bred with different color fruits.

yellow raspberry

yellow raspberry occurred due to a natural mutation of red raspberries, and as a result of further selection, its modern varieties were obtained. Excellent taste, original color, high yield and healing properties of berries are the main characteristics of modern yellow raspberry varieties. Worth paying attention to Pineapple Vigorova. Runaway, White Spirin, Yellow Giant, Yellow Miracle. Yellow Spirin, Honey, Sweet yellow. Chelyabinsk yellow, as well as varieties of foreign selection - Amber, Champagne, Alt Gold, Valentine, Golden Queen. Finnish yellow.

Frost resistance is different Ana-nasnaya Vigorova, Fugitive, White Spirina, Yellow dessert, Amber, Honey, Morning dew, Chelyabinsk yellow, transportability - Amber, Alt Gold, Morning Dew.

Many remontant yellow-fruited varieties have been bred, which are of the greatest interest to the middle lane and especially to the south: Apricot, Golden Domes, Orange Miracle, Golden Autumn, Amber Sadko; foreign - Czech variety Yesenna Pozlata, Polish Morning Dew (Porana Rosa), Finnish - Fallgold, Ukrainian Yaroslavna (Yellow Brusvyana) and etc.

Highly transportable Orange Wonder, Golden Autumn, Morning Dew.

Large-fruited raspberry varieties (with the L1 gene). Today, only these varieties are capable of producing very large berries(up to 12 g and above) and high productivity. Here are some of them: Arbat, Tarusa, Biryusinka, Maroseyka, Abundant, Countertop, Stolichnaya, Terenty, Reward, Beauty of Russia.

Repair raspberry.

On the basis of interspecific hybridization using red raspberry, black raspberry (R. occidentalism wonderful (R. spectabilis), hawthorn (R. crataegifolius), fragrant (R. odoratus) and princess (R. arcticus), remontant raspberry varieties have been identified: early ripe Indian Summer -2, Eurasia, Penguin, Snezhet, Poklon Kazakov; high-yielding berries weighing up to 6-12 g Atlant, Hercules, Bryansk wonder, Orange miracle, Ruby-new necklace, Snezhet, Inaccessible (P-34); varieties with large dessert berries and complex resistance to diseases of foreign selection - Polish Shelf, Polana, Pokusa, Morning dew (Porana Rosa), Swiss John Jay, Algold, Sugana (Zyugana), Rafzaku. According to the test results of the East Malling Institute (Scotland), the Polka variety was recognized as the best remontant variety based on the combination of positive characteristics.

Raspberry tree. This is the name of raspberry varieties of the standard type with strong thickened shoots that do not require supports. The height of the bushes reaches 1.3-1.5 m. In the second year, the shoots are covered with fruit twigs with berries densely located on them due to shortened internodes. These varieties include Tarusa, Tale, Fortress, Galaxy, Kalenda, Surprise, Stamp-22, Stamp-24, Bogatyr.

Remontant standard and semi-standard varieties - Atlas, Hercules, Penguin.

Raspberry black.

The ancestor of black raspberry varieties is the wild-growing blackberry raspberry (R. occidentals) and purple raspberry (R. neglectus). These are semi-shrubs up to 2.5 m high with arched shoots covered with thick curved thorns. The fruits are black-violet, hemispherical, dense, insipidly sweet. In appearance, black raspberries are very similar to blackberries. The main difference is that black raspberry berries are removed without a white receptacle, in blackberries - only with a fruit and stalk.

Black raspberries are no less tasty than red ones, and even sweeter and more nutritious.

Of the black raspberry varieties, the most famous are American varieties Cumberland, Early Cumberland, Bristol, New Logan and domestic varieties Gift of Siberia, Turn, Ugolek, Luck.

Seductive raspberry (Rubus illecebrosus).

In English literature, it is called strawberry-raspberry, strawberry raspberry. Semi-shrub up to 1 m high with large white flowers and feathery leaves, like rowan. The fruits are located at the ends of the shoots, very beautiful, round, bright red, shiny, sweet and sour, with a slight pleasant aroma. Not bad fresh, although many gardeners rate the taste as watery, so it is better to use the berries to decorate various confectionery and jams.

Blackberry

Blackberry - the closest relative of raspberry, belongs to the subgenus Eubatus. Ripe black berries, consisting of a receptacle and fused small drupes, are separated along with the stalk. Stem shoots erect or recumbent. On this basis, blackberries are divided into two groups: kumanika - actually bushy blackberries with powerful erect stems with slightly drooping tops, according to biological characteristics in many ways similar to raspberries; and dewberry - is a powerful shrub with long creeping stems, from which fruit twigs extend perpendicularly.

Ness blackberry (Rubus nessensis)- a typical representative of the Kumanik. This group includes well-known varieties Agawam, Eldorado, Kittatinny, Lawton, Erie, Darrow. There are thornless varieties - Orcan, Osage, Polar, Arapaho, Navajo, Apache, Asterina, Washita, Ebana, Brzezina. The most winter-hardy were Agawam, Wilson er Lee, Lawton, Erie, Kittatinny, Gazda, Apache, Theodor Reimer, Ebana, Brzezina, Chachanska Bestrna.

Gray blackberry (R. caesius)- a typical representative of the dewdrop. As a result of selection involving the form of blackberry sizoy, numerous varieties have been obtained that are distinguished by good yields, juicy large black berries. These are mainly thornless varieties, relatively frost-resistant, for the most part in need of shelter for the winter. Varieties of this group - Bountiful, Texas, Lucretia, Thornless Evergreen, Helen, Cara Black, Sylvan, Block Butte, Oregon Thornless, Dirksen Thornless.

Along with these two main types of blackberries, there is an intermediate group of blackberries with semi-erect - semi-creeping shoots. It includes varieties Loch Tay, Loch Ness, Black Satin, Thornfree, Chester Thornless, Natchez, Black Diamond, Triple Crown, Smutstem. All of them are thornless. This group of varieties is more technologically advanced, and plants are easier to cover for the winter.

Raspberry-blackberry hybrids are an intermediate subgroup of blackberries, combining the best features of raspberries and blackberries. They are valued for very tasty and large berries with a raspberry-blackberry flavor. Berries come in various colors, but are more like red raspberries. Here are some varieties: Loganberry, Tyberry, Bysenberry, Sunberry, Buckingham Tyberry, Medana Tyberry, Marionberry, Hildaberry, Timmelberry, Weyberry.

At raspberry-blackberry hybrids moderate yield and early term maturation.

The remontant blackberry appeared quite recently and is rapidly gaining popularity. There are varieties with both weak shoot spikes - Ruben, Black Magic (Black Magic), Prime Arc 45, Prime Yang, Prime Jim, and thornless varieties - Prime Arc Freedom, Amara, Camila.

All varieties are high-yielding, with large sweet berries and excellent taste. Features of growth and methods of cultivation are no different from those for remontant varieties red raspberries. They can be grown in a one-year cycle. All shoots that bear fruit during the season are cut off at the root at ground level in late autumn, then the bushes do not require shelter for the winter.

Mora fruit (Rubus glaucus) often confused with blackberries. However, it grows in Mexico, America, Peru and other countries with a similar climate. This perennial shrub up to 3 m high, photophilous, aggressive - easily masters new areas. The fruits are similar to raspberries and blackberries - as they ripen, they change color from green through red and purple to black. In terms of nutritional value and taste, they are superior to blackberries and raspberries. They have a unique aroma, very juicy, sweet with a slight tart note. The average size berries do not exceed 3 cm.

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) is a royal berry, “marsh amber” is the northernmost berry and also belongs to raspberries. The cloudberry fruit is a combined drupe with a diameter of 1.5 cm, looks like a yellow raspberry, but has a special smell and taste (spicy-sour). The berries contain from 30 to 200 mg / 100 g of vitamin C, and cloudberries surpass carrots in carotene content. In Norway, cloudberries are also actively attracted to breeding - they cross it with raspberries and blackberries.

Bone (Rubus saxatilis) grows in moist coniferous and mixed forests, on edges, clearings, among shrubs. On each green rosette of leaves, a seed is formed, which consists of 4-6 large bright red drupes, like a peelless pomegranate. Yes, and the taste of stone fruit berries resemble pomegranates - they are juicy with a pleasant sourness.

Princess, polyberry, arctic raspberry (Rubus arcticus).

The pearl of the tundra, sphagnum bogs, peat bogs, wet swampy glades. For which it received the name - polyanka. Blooms with pale pink flowers. On the stems, 1-3 berries are formed, weighing 1-3 g, hemispherical in shape from dark cherry to purple. The fruit is a combined drupe, consists of 25-50 fruitlets and looks like a raspberry. The aristocratic delicate aroma of pineapple and taste were highly valued by the Russian princes. Hence the other name - the princess.

The berries are consumed fresh and they prepare a delicate fragrant jam and a delicious mamurka liqueur.

The princess is widely used in breeding with North American bone. Varieties appeared Anna, Aura, Astra, Linda, Beata, Sofia, Valentina- they have a wonderful taste of ordinary polyberries, but are more productive, they grow like raspberries, although the bushes are more like strawberries.

Finnish breeders crossed common raspberry with polyanka (princess) and got raspberry nectar. The new culture inherited high productivity and large-fruitedness from raspberries, and honey taste and winter hardiness from raspberries. The size and shape of the berries correspond to ordinary raspberries, and the taste - to the princess. Varieties currently in production Merva, Heya, Heysa.

Decorative types of raspberries

Raspberries are also widely used in ornamental gardening.

The most common types are sweet raspberries (R. odoratus) and beautiful (R. deliciosus).

Raspberry fragrant- flowering plant main feature- large flowers up to 5 cm in diameter, pink-purple in color, with a pleasant aroma, single or collected in short paniculate inflorescences. The fruits are hemispherical, flattened, light red, sour, edible, ripen in August. Available cultivar California with beautiful flowers and edible berries - juicy, sweet and sour, pleasant in taste and very large, up to 18 g.

Fragrant raspberry is a donor of resistance to a number of fungal diseases, high winter hardiness, early fruiting on annual shoots. Some hybrids of fragrant raspberry with red raspberry give a crop from annual shoots earlier than remontant red raspberry hybrids.

Raspberry is beautiful - an elegant wide-spread deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall. The leaves are somewhat reminiscent of grape leaves, but smaller and more delicate, dark green, shiny. The flowers are pure white, large, up to 5 cm in diameter, solitary, with a pleasant delicate aroma. Flowering is very plentiful, colorful, lasts up to 20 days. Fruits are hemispherical, up to 1.5 cm, dark purple, dryish, tasteless. A feature of this species is the absence of root offspring. Propagated mainly by layering.

RASPBERRY is a semi-shrub of the Rosaceae family, a fruit crop. OK. 120 kinds. They grow common raspberries, bristly raspberries, western raspberries, etc. In edible fruits, sucrose, organic acids, provitamin A and B vitamins. Productivity is 1.5-2 kg per plant. Honey plant. Big encyclopedic dictionary

Minimum groundwater level:

The soil:

pH: 6.0-7.0

mechanical composition of the soil: light soils

Landing:

planting pattern: 0.8 m between plants in a row for brambles and 2 m for dewberries

Frost resistance:

Critical temperature -30°C;
. most new varieties do not tolerate temperatures as low as -10-15°C, so shelter is needed

Winter hardiness in central Russia:

high: Agawam, Flint

medium: Black Satin, Dirksen, Darrow, Smutstem, Thornfree, Hal Thornles, Eldorado, Erie

low: Lawton, Lucrezia

Dimensions and form of growth:

tall varieties: Darrow, Lawton, Snyder, Hal Thornles, Eldorado

medium varieties: Agawam, Flint

Resistance to major diseases:

rust resistant: Eldorado, Erie, Flint

Self fertility:

self-fertile varieties: almost all varieties are self-fertile

Ripening time:

early: late July: Eldorado, Wilson Early

medium: late July-mid-August: Agawam, Flint

late: late August: Lawton, Snyder, Hal Thornles

Large fruit size:

large-fruited varieties: Agawam, Darrow, Thornfree, Early, Lawton, Lucretia, Flint

varieties with fruits of medium size: Wilson Early

small-fruited varieties: snyder

Taste qualities of fruits:

sweet and sour: Snyder

sweet-sour: Agawam, Thornfree, Darrow, Wilson Early, Flint

Fruit use:

general varieties: Agawam, Thornfree, Wilson Early, Flint

Features of varieties:

• varieties with upright shoots (kumaniki): Agawam, Darrow, Kittanini, Lawton, Snyder, Flint, Eldorado, Erie, Wilson Early;
• varieties with creeping shoots (dewberry): Black Satin, Dirksen, Abundant, Lucretia, Texas, Thornfree, Smutstem, Hal Thornles - the winter hardiness of kumanik is slightly higher than dewberry;
• thornless varieties: Black Satin, Dirksen, Smutstem, Thornfree, Hal Thornles;
• cultivars that produce root offspring: Agawam, Darrow, Flint;
• there are raspberry-blackberry hybrids- Tyberry, Tummelberry, Sunberry, Moling Sunberry

More than 50 blackberry species grow on the territory of Russia. The most interesting for fruit growing are 5 species - blackberry or Ozhina(Rubus caesius L.), it grows mainly in the south of the European part of the country, (Rubus fruticosus L.), Caucasian blackberry (Rubus caucasicus), Blackberry bloody (Rubus sanguineus), Blackberry long-fruited (Rubus dolichocarpus). These species are recognized as promising for cultivation for large tasty fruits.

Blackberries are not inferior to raspberries and even surpass them in yield and unpretentiousness in cultivation, in taste and high transportability of fruits, later flowering and fruiting (which serves as an expansion of the range of berry crops), earlier fruiting (on the second, and sometimes on the first year after planting), for ease of reproduction. It should be noted that the berries, leaves and rhizome of blackberries are no less healing than those of raspberries.

And despite all these advantages, this berry crop has not yet received due recognition either from amateur gardens or fruit farms. This is due, to a greater extent, with the prevailing prejudice among the people in the futility and even harmfulness of blackberries. One of its negative qualities is its numerous, sharp and extremely tenacious spikes. In the forest, getting into the brambles, rarely anyone manages to leave without scratched hands and torn clothes. Who would want to have such a "hook" in their garden?

The second, more significant point, which limits its distribution and cultivation, is its low winter hardiness compared to raspberries. This explains the attraction of blackberries to warmer, southern regions Russia, although some species are also found in the forests of the Non-Chernozem zone.

The third point is its extreme fertility, which makes it difficult to eradicate unwanted shrubs from your site. So, in North America, where the cultivation of blackberries began, it has long been considered a harmful prickly weed. Entire treatises were devoted to the fight against blackberries; they can be found in old agronomic publications.

The fourth point is that blackberries quickly overripe, especially if autumn is rainy. And watery, fresh-sour and slightly fermented berries on a bush can hardly be called a delicacy. So it was believed earlier that there was no benefit from blackberries, but only one harm and disorder.

Berries were collected in the forest, thereby satisfying their curiosity and vitamin needs, and up to late XIX th century, it never occurred to anyone to take up the cultivation of blackberries. She would have grown up like a savage if not for William Kenrick. It was he who first expressed surprise that such a productive plant did not find recognition and was not included in the list of berry crops. This fact was the subject of an article published in 1883 in The New American Gardener. Although this is not a completely true statement, because the first mention of the cultivation of blackberries dates back to 1829, a few years before Kenrick's article.

But these were not varieties yet. Just dug out in the forest, blackberries began to be grown in gardens purposefully. Blackberry varieties were created later, in 1841-1848, and already in 1919 in the United States, blackberries were grown on an area of ​​more than 21 thousand hectares. At present, large areas have been given over to commercial blackberry plantations in America.

In the Soviet Union, I. V. Michurin was one of the first blackberry breeders. He drew attention to the merits of this crop, and in 1904-1908 he developed the varieties Texas, Krasnaya, Abundant, Urania and Enorm. The varieties turned out to be more suitable for growing in the conditions of the Chernozem belt.

The range of blackberries is divided into two groups:

actual blackberry or Kumanika- blackberry with upright shoots;

Rosyanika- blackberry with creeping shoots.

The difference lies in the method of reproduction and in the appearance (habitus) of the bushes.

The upright blackberry (kumanika), as well as raspberries, forms root growth, which reproduces. In addition to root shoots, it can also be propagated by layering.

Creeping blackberry (dewberry) is propagated only by layering of apical buds.

There is also an intermediate group, the so-called Blackberry semi-creeping. It differs from other groups in its strongly drooping shoot tips, due to which it can be propagated by both root offspring and apical buds.

Blackberries are sweet, juicy and fragrant, good for everyone, but there is one problem - it is not easy! So the folk saying reveals the "character" of this berry. Blackberry, possessing many small thorns cunningly arranged by nature, in natural nature forms almost impenetrable thickets in forest clearings and in ravines, along the banks of rivers and streams. It is not for nothing that one of the old Russian names for this berry is deaf raspberry, and among its names there are also such: kumanika, dewdrop, ozhina, hedgehog, chill, sarabalina and even dereza.

Blackberry is a close relative of raspberries, undeservedly overlooked by gardeners. Yielding to raspberries almost only in winter hardiness, blackberries have a number of advantages, in some ways even winning in comparison with their relative. Blackberries are more productive and rather unpretentious, besides, they are no less healing than raspberries. And blackberry is a favorite of bees, a noble honey plant. Blackberry honey is unusually fragrant and healthy, it has a special fruity taste.

Blackberry can successfully act as ornamental plant. Original arches are beautifully formed from its long shoots, forming a truly magnificent sight when abundant berry clusters appear on blackberries. The blackberry will also be good as a single lawn decoration; it also looks harmonious on the southern sides of the arbors.

Interestingly, until the end of the 19th century, blackberries were generally considered a noxious weed that was difficult to get rid of, and blackberries were collected only from wild thickets, which were very extensive.

The first cultivated plantings of blackberries appeared in the United States in the late forties of the nineteenth century. In Russia, one of the first scientists who turned to this culture was I.V. Michurin, who developed and described new varieties of blackberries at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Blackberry. Beneficial features

The biochemical composition of blackberries is close to that of raspberries:

• sugar - an average of 5-8%;
• organic acids - from 1% to 3% (mainly malic acid);
• fiber - 2-4%;
• pectin substances - 0.4 - 1.6%;
• tannins and aromatic substances;
• minerals: potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, nickel, manganese, etc.

The composition of blackberries contains vitamin C, provitamin A, and in terms of the content of vitamins of group P (500-100 mg per 100 g of fruit), it exceeds raspberries by 3-5 times.

Blackberry in medicine

The healing properties of blackberries were known to doctors of the ancient world. Moreover, blackberries are medicinal, not only its berries, but also leaves, branches and roots.

Blackberries strengthen the immune system, improve metabolism and normalize all body functions. Blackberry has a strong antipyretic effect. In addition, its juice perfectly quenches thirst in febrile conditions. Fresh blackberries are good for diabetes and inflammation of the joints, help improve the activity of cerebral vessels, normalize sleep and reduce excitability. Thanks to these properties, blackberries are included in the dietary and children's menus.

Young blackberry leaves, collected at the beginning of flowering, are used as an astringent and fixative for food poisoning, dysentery, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastritis. As a lotion, an infusion of dried leaves is used for eczema, lichen, ulcers and festering wounds, and in the form of rinses and washes - for the treatment of gingivitis, with aphthous manifestations in the oral cavity and throat diseases.

But a decoction of blackberry branches is taken for neurosis and shortness of breath. Tea from blackberry leaves is useful for anemia, as well as for women as a prophylactic against menopausal neurosis. Blackberry root is used for dropsy and weak digestion.

blackberry leaves - good cosmetic product used for bathing, they revitalize and rejuvenate the skin.

Blackberries in cooking

Juicy, sweet, slightly spicy in taste, blackberries have found their place in cooking. different countries peace. Blackberries are good fresh, perfectly tolerate heat treatment and are used to make juices, jellies, fruit drinks, syrups, jams, jams, marmalade and wine; It goes well with various sour berries and fruits. Blackberry cakes and pastries, pies and puddings, and others confectionery and blackberry desserts have won the hearts of many food lovers on all continents. And blackberry sauces for meat, chicken and fish are already an exquisite delicacy for real gourmets!

Blackberry Recipes:

Harvesting and storage of blackberries

For medicinal purposes, blackberry leaves can be harvested throughout the summer, and the roots are harvested in the fall. Blackberry leaves are dried in the shade, under a canopy or in the attic. The dry leaf should retain its natural color.

For brewing as a tea, blackberry leaves are fermented. To do this, fresh leaves are twisted and put in glassware so that it withers and turns black. After the end of the fermentation process, the blackened leaves are dried, spreading out in a thin layer on baking sheets in the shade.

Blackberries are harvested in August - September as they ripen, in several stages. Ripe berries are covered with a bluish bloom. Blackberries, unlike raspberries, almost do not crumple during harvesting, and are easier to transport. Dried blackberries in the sun or in the oven.

Exists popular belief that you can pick blackberries only until Michaelmas Day (September 29), since on this day the devil was expelled from paradise, and he landed straight on a thorny blackberry bush. Like it or not, we do not know, but it is known for sure that at the end of the harvest season, blackberries become sour, losing their taste.

Blackberries tolerate freezing well. To freeze, arrange ripe, selected berries on a freezing tray in one layer, so that the berries do not touch each other. When the berries are frozen, transfer them to Plastic container or a freezer bag.

It is best to wash blackberries immediately before eating, and it is better to store fresh berries in the refrigerator unwashed, in this form it can be stored there for up to seven days.

To date, there are about 300 varieties of blackberries, mainly bred by breeders in the United States and England. There are already varieties of bush-shaped thornless blackberries. It is in England and the USA that blackberries really enjoy popular love and are rightfully recognized as one of the “queens” of berry desserts. industrial cultivation Bulgaria is also engaged in blackberry, where this berry has found wide application in winemaking. But in our country, blackberries are still waiting for their recognition by gardeners.

(Rubus caesius L.)
Synonyms: dereza, ozhina, deaf raspberry.

Gray blackberry is a semi-shrub of the Rosaceae family, with lying or rising, often arched shoots up to 150 cm long, with a bluish or white bloom on the leaves. Shoots are usually of two types: annual non-lignified vegetative and biennial lignified. Only biennials bear fruit, after which they die. The thorns on the shoots are thin, curved. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate, the lateral leaflets are sessile, the apical ones are on pubescent or spiky petioles. The flowers are quite large (up to 2 cm in diameter), collected at the end of the stem and branches in sparse corymbose brushes. Pedicel with stalked glandules, calyx covered with thin gray felt, corolla white. Flowers appear late and unfriendly. The fruits are large appearance resemble raspberries, but do not separate from the stalks and do not have such a pleasant smell, black, dull, often with a bluish bloom, fleshy, juicy, sweet, consist of a small number of drupes. It blooms from late May to autumn, bears fruit in August - September, the fruiting period is extended. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively (cuttings, layering, offspring). The gray blackberry is distributed throughout the European part of the CIS, in Siberia, Central Asia, the Crimea and the Caucasus. It grows in water meadows, forest clearings, along river banks, near road ditches, over ravines, in wet forests, near swamps. In well-lit places forms dense thickets.
Well known for its medicinal properties from ancient times. It was also mentioned by Theophrastus, Avicenna, Dioscorides. It was introduced into culture relatively recently: in America - at the beginning of the 19th century, in Western Europe from the second half of the 19th century.

Collection and drying of raw materials. Medicinal raw materials are leaves, roots and blackberries. The leaves are harvested during flowering, young shoots with leaves - in the spring, dried on outdoors in the shade, in a well-ventilated area. Blackberry roots are dug up in spring or autumn, dried in dryers. Ripe fruits are harvested in the morning and only in sunny weather, as they are tender and not stale. Collection is carried out as they mature. Dry first in the sun, then in dryers, starting at a temperature of 70-75 ° C and ending at 45-50 ° C. Shelf life of fruits is 1 year, roots - 3 years.

Chemical composition . Blueberry fruits contain up to 10% glucose, fructose, about 1-2% citric, malic, tartaric, salicylic acids, vitamin B, ascorbic acid, tannins, carotene, potassium salts (200 mg%), copper, manganese. The leaves contain tannins (up to 14%), flavonoids, organic acids; in seeds - up to 22% fatty oil; in the roots - tannins, essential oil, resins.

Pharmacological properties. The plant has a diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic properties, and has a calming effect on the central nervous system.

Application in medicine. Roots. Decoction, juice - diuretic and anti-inflammatory; with ascites, liver diseases and colitis, hemorrhoidal bleeding.

Aboveground part. With colitis, diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves. Decoction, infusion - with gastritis, diarrhea, helminthiasis, to enhance intestinal motility, with anemia; externally - with eczema, chronic ulcers, purulent wounds, tonsillitis and pharyngitis, ulcerative stomatitis. Juice (from fresh leaves) - as a diaphoretic for colds; antihelminthic, tonic and sedative; to enhance intestinal motility; with anemia; externally - for the treatment of wounds, dermatosis - gum disease, trophic ulcers, lichen, eczema, tonsillitis, pharyngitis. Fresh - for the treatment of wounds and dermatoses, with trophic ulcers. They are part of fees for the treatment of hysterical seizures, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Mixed with calendula flowers, they are used for intestinal catarrh.

Leaves, flowers. In folk medicine, decoction, infusion - with diarrhea; infusion - with gastritis.

Leaves, fruits. Juice - for gynecological diseases, colitis, diarrhea, dysentery.

Fruit. Unripe - astringent; mature - mild laxative. They are used for diarrhea and dysentery in children, gastritis, acute respiratory diseases, hemoptysis; as soothing and restorative, especially during menopause. Infusion - with tracheitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis. Tincture is a dietary and medicinal drink for acute respiratory diseases. Juice - to quench thirst in febrile conditions, as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for anemia, for the treatment of tracheitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis; as a sedative and tonic, especially in menopause.

Dosage forms, method of administration and doses.
* Blackberry juice is prepared from ripened, juicy fruits or young fresh leaves, sometimes roots. Take 1/2-1 cup with a tablespoon of honey 3 times a day before meals.
* A decoction of blackberry leaves: 10 g of raw material is poured into 200 ml of boiling water, boiled for 15 minutes, insisted in
for 2 hours, then filter. Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.
* A decoction of blackberry leaves and flowers: 10 g of raw materials are boiled in 200 ml of water, infused for 2 hours, then filtered. Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.
* A decoction of blackberry roots: 100 g of raw materials are boiled in 500 ml of water until the initial volume is reduced by half, then filtered. Take 1-2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day.
* Infusion of blackberry leaves: 20 g of raw materials are infused in 400 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then filtered. Take 1/2 cup 4 times a day 30 minutes before meals.
* Infusion of blackberry leaves and flowers: 10 g of raw materials are infused in 500 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then filtered. Take 1/2 cup before meals.

Contraindications and possible side effects: Some people may be allergic to blackberries. Its symptoms are found after 5-7 minutes, and sometimes even after a few days. At allergic reactions nausea, vomiting, intestinal upset, swelling of the mucous membranes appear (laryngeal edema is especially dangerous, as it can lead to suffocation), and in more severe cases, the work of the heart and breathing is disturbed, loss of consciousness is noted.

Application in other areas. Soil conditioner (planted to secure beams, slopes, ravines). Leaves are a substitute for tea. Dye fabrics in Blue colour. Blackberry flowers with a bluish color of silk in a greenish-yellow color. The fruits are eaten fresh and processed. Fabrics are dyed in blue, purple, brown-violet and dark pink. Honey plant; honey is light, transparent, with a weak aroma. Decorative. Used for breeding winter-hardy varieties of raspberries.

Elements of agricultural technology of cultivation. In culture, blackberries are propagated by apical and stem buds or root suckers, providing a feeding area for one plant of at least 1.5-2.0x0.75 m. In autumn, 2 kg of manure and 45 g of phosphorus and potassium are applied, and in spring 30-45 g of nitrogen per 1 m. During the growing season, the soil is loosened 5-6 times. Blackberries are grown in well-lit areas with fertile, non-marshy, sandy or loamy soils.