Who actually built the Chinese wall. The Great Wall of China: history of creation, length and interesting facts. Wall protective function

Who built the wall and why?

Since we have here began to appear, with noticeable regularity, articles on the topic “Are they presenting a true story to us?”, I consider it necessary to speculate on the topic - who built the Great Wall of China.

The Chinese are very proud of the Great Wall of China and will gladly tell and show you this sight. Only bad luck, they will show only that part, a small branch, which has recently been restored, but all other parts of the wall have been destroyed almost to the foundation or are in the process of destruction, but the Chinese will keep silent about this.

Many scientists are skeptical about the myth about the wall that it has been in this form for 2000 years and they are doing it right, the wall has long crumbled, and for tourists it is just a reconstruction.

According to the official historical version, the Great Wall began to be erected in the 3rd century BC in order to protect the country from the raids of nomadic peoples.

But the fact is that under the name of the Great Wall of China they mean at least three projects built in different historical eras. The wall is not homogeneous, all these three projects that make up it are scattered at different distances from each other and have many branches, in total, the total length of different parts of the wall is at least 13 thousand km.

And no one is embarrassed that there are huge gaps between these three projects, through which the nomads, from whose raids, according to the official history, the wall was built, could easily enter and leave China without paying attention to any walls there.

So the Chinese excuse about nomads and barbarians does not find proper confirmation.

At the time of the construction of these walls, China did not have the required amount of military forces; it was unrealistic not only to defend, but also simply to control the entire wall along its entire length.

And here is another confirmation that the wall was most likely built for any, perhaps even fantastic, purpose, but not for defense: if you look closely, you can see that the wall branches out, forming some completely meaningless loops and ramifications. Moreover, it is not built in a straight line, but along some kind of winding trajectory. And the features of the relief have nothing to do with it, because even in flat areas the wall “winds”. How can such a construction be explained?

So it turns out that there are many hypotheses and guesses around the construction of the Chinese wall. Now I will tell you about some of them.

Or maybe it wasn't the Chinese who built it?

In 2006, the president of the Academy of Fundamental Sciences, Andrei Alexandrovich Tyunyaev, in his article "The Great Wall of China was built ... not by the Chinese!" put forward the assumption that it is not the creation of the Chinese, but their northern neighbors. Let's return to the story about Tartary, by clicking on the link you can see that until the middle of the 18th century, the present northern part of China was part of Tartary, or more precisely, it belonged to the Slavs living in this territory. Please note that the border of Tartary ends exactly where the Chinese wall is. As proof of this, I provide you with a map below, on which not only is there a border between China and Tartary, but also the wall itself is shown (the map can be enlarged).

It turns out that the Chinese have appropriated the achievement of another civilization and changed the wall's task in history: initially the wall was the protection of the north from the Chinese, and not vice versa, as they now say. The loopholes, which are directed towards China, and not towards the north, can serve as proof of this. China could not build a wall and direct the loophole to its own territory - it is not logical. Ancient loopholes aimed at China can be seen in ancient Chinese drawings, in old photographs and on the wall itself, but only in non-modernized parts that are not intended for tourists. According to Tyunyaev, the last sections of the Great Wall of China were built similarly to Russian fortifications, the main task of which is to protect against the effects of guns. The construction of such fortifications did not begin until the 15th century, when cannons became widespread on the battlefields.

To prove his hypothesis, Tyunyaev cites the following facts.

The architectural style of the Great Wall of China showed very clearly the handwriting of its creator. The same features of the elements of walls and towers can be found only in the architecture of ancient Russian defensive structures in the central regions of Russia.

For example, compare two towers - from the Chinese Wall and from the Novgorod Kremlin. The shape of the towers is the same: a rectangle, slightly narrowed upwards. From the wall to the inside of both towers there is an entrance, covered with a round arch made of the same brick as the wall with the tower.

Each of the towers has two upper "working" floors. Round-arched windows are made on the ground floor of both towers. The number of windows on the first floor of both towers is 3 on one side and 4 on the other. The height of the windows is approximately the same - about 130-160 centimeters.

The loopholes are located on the upper (second) floor. They are made in the form of rectangular narrow grooves about 35–45 cm wide. The number of such loopholes in the Chinese tower is 3 deep and 4 wide, and in the Novgorod tower - 4 deep and 5 wide.

On the top floor of the "Chinese" tower, there are square holes along its very edge. There are the same holes in the Novgorod tower, and the ends of the rafters protrude from them, on which the wooden roof is held.

The situation is the same when comparing the Chinese tower and the tower of the Tula Kremlin. The Chinese and Tula towers have the same number of loopholes in width - there are 4 of them and the same number of arched openings - 4 each. On the upper floor between the large loopholes there are small loopholes - near the Chinese and Tula towers. The shape of the towers is still the same. In the Tula tower, as in the Chinese one, white stone is used. The vaults are made in the same way: at the Tula - gate, at the "Chinese" - the entrances.

For comparison, you can also use the Russian towers of the Nikolsky Gate (Smolensk) and the northern fortress wall of the Nikitsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky, 16th century), as well as the tower in Suzdal (mid-17th century). Conclusion: the design features of the towers of the Chinese Wall reveal almost exact analogies among the towers of the Russian Kremlin.

Moreover, the fact that quite recently Chinese archaeologists found ancient Slavic burials in the north, almost near the wall itself, may confirm that the construction of the wall is most likely by the hands of the inhabitants of the north, and not by the Chinese.

Second hypothesis. Why the wall was built.

A. Galanin, a famous botanist, suggested that the wall was built not only for the purpose of defense. This researcher believes that the Great Wall of China was built to protect the Ala Shan and Ordos deserts from sandstorms. He drew attention to the fact that on the map compiled at the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian travelers P. Kozlov, one can see how the Wall runs along the border of moving sands, and in some places has significant branches. But it was near the deserts that researchers and archaeologists discovered several parallel walls. Galanin explains this phenomenon very simply: when one wall was covered with sand, another was erected. The researcher does not deny the military purpose of the Wall in its eastern part, but the western part of the Wall performed, in his opinion, the function of protecting agricultural areas from natural disasters.

This hypothesis can explain the presence of a wall in Mongolia and recently found by British researchers.

There are other hypotheses for the construction of the wall, some are even very fantastic and so far it is hard to believe in them. But who knows exactly where the truth is hidden. So far I have limited myself to only these two hypotheses and I will be glad if you express your point of view.

Destroyed parts of the Great Wall of China.

In China, there is one more material evidence of the presence in this country of a highly developed civilization, to which the Chinese have nothing to do. Unlike the Chinese pyramids, this evidence is well known to everyone. This is the so-called The great Wall of China.

Let's see what Orthodox historians have to say about this major architectural landmark, which has recently become a major tourist attraction in China. The wall is located in the north of the country, stretching from the sea coast and going into the depths of the Mongolian steppes, and according to various estimates it has a length, taking into account the branches, from 6 to 13,000 km. The thickness of the wall is several meters (on average 5 meters), the height is 6-10 meters. The wall is said to have included 25,000 towers.

A brief history of the construction of the wall today looks like this. Allegedly, they began to build the wall. in the 3rd century BC during the reign of the dynasty Qin to defend against the raids of nomads from the north and clearly define the border of Chinese civilization. The initiator of the construction was the famous "collector of Chinese lands" Emperor Qin Shi-HuangDi. He rounded up about half a million people for construction, which, with 20 million of the total population, is a very impressive figure. Then the wall was a structure mainly made of earth - a huge earthen rampart.

During the reign of the dynasty Han(206 BC - 220 AD) the wall was extended to the west, fortified with stone, and a line of watchtowers was erected that extended into the depths of the desert. Under the dynasty Min(1368-1644) the wall continued to be built. As a result, it stretched from east to west from the Bohai Bay in the Yellow Sea to the western border of the modern Gansu provinces, entering the Gobi Desert. It is believed that this wall was already built by the efforts of a million Chinese from bricks and stone blocks, which is why these sections of the wall have survived to this day in the form in which a modern tourist is used to seeing it. The Ming dynasty was replaced by the Manchu dynasty Qing(1644-1911), which did not build the wall. It limited itself only to maintaining in relative order a small area near Beijing, which served as a "gateway to the capital."

In 1899, American newspapers spread a rumor that the wall would soon be torn down and a highway would be built in its place. However, no one was going to demolish anything. Moreover, in 1984, a program for the restoration of the wall was launched at the initiative of Deng Xiaoping and under the leadership of Mao Tse Tung, which is being carried out now, and is financed from the funds of Chinese and foreign companies, as well as private individuals. How much Mao drove to restore the wall is not reported. Several sites were repaired, in some places they were erected altogether. So we can assume that in 1984 the construction of the fourth Chinese wall began. Usually, tourists are shown one of the sections of the wall located 60 km northwest of Beijing. This is the region of Badaling Mountain, the length of the wall is 50 km.

The wall makes the greatest impression not in the area of ​​Beijing, where it was erected on not very high mountains, but in remote mountainous regions. There, by the way, it is very clearly visible that the wall, as a defensive structure, was made very thoughtfully. Firstly, five people in a row could move along the wall together, so it was also a good road, which is extremely important when it is necessary to transfer troops. Under the cover of the battlements, the guards could covertly approach the area where the enemies planned to attack. The signal towers were located in such a way that each of them was in line of sight of the other two. Some important messages were transmitted either by drumming, or by smoke, or by the fire of bonfires. Thus, the news of an enemy invasion from the farthest lines could be transmitted to the center per day!

During the restoration of the wall, interesting facts were revealed. For example, its stone blocks were held together by sticky rice porridge mixed with slaked lime. Or what loopholes on her fortresses looked towards China; that on the north side the height of the wall is small, much less than on the south, and there are stairs... The latest facts, for obvious reasons, are not advertised and are not commented on by official science - neither Chinese nor world. Moreover, during the reconstruction of the towers, they try to build loopholes in the opposite direction, although this is not always possible. These photos show the south side of the wall - the sun is shining at noon.

However, the oddities with the Chinese wall do not end there. Wikipedia has a complete wall map showing a different color for the wall that we are told was built by every Chinese dynasty. As you can see, the great wall is not one. Northern China is often and densely dotted with the "Great Walls of China" that extend into the territory of modern Mongolia and even Russia. Shed light on these oddities A.A. Tyunyaev in his work "The Wall of China - the Great Barrier from the Chinese":

“It is extremely interesting to trace the stages of the construction of the“ China ”wall, based on the data of Chinese scientists. It can be seen from them that the Chinese scholars who call the wall "Chinese" are not very concerned about the fact that the Chinese people themselves did not take any part in its construction: every time the next section of the wall was built, the Chinese state was far from the construction sites.

So, the first and main part of the wall was built in the period from 445 BC. to 222 BC It runs along 41-42 ° north latitude and simultaneously along some sections of the river. Yellow River. At this time, naturally, there were no Mongol-Tatars. Moreover, the first unification of peoples within China took place only in 221 BC. under the kingdom of Qin. And before that there was the Zhangguo period (5-3 centuries BC), in which there were eight states on the territory of China. Only in the middle of the 4th century. BC. Qin began fighting against other kingdoms, and by 221 BC. conquered some of them.

The figure shows that the western and northern border of the Qin state by 221 BC. began to coincide with the section of the "Chinese" wall, which began to be built more in 445 BC and was built exactly in 222 BC

Thus, we see that this section of the "Chinese" wall was not built by the Chinese of the Qin state, but northern neighbors, but precisely from the northward Chinese. In just 5 years - from 221 to 206. BC. - a wall was built along the entire border of the Qin state, which stopped the spread of its subjects to the north and west. In addition, at the same time, 100-200 km to the west and north of the first, the second line of defense from Qin was built - the second "Chinese" wall of this period.

The next construction period covers the time from 206 BC to 220 AD During this period, sections of the wall were built, located 500 km to the west and 100 km to the north of the previous ones ... from 618 to 907 China was ruled by the Tang dynasty, which did not mark itself with victories over its northern neighbors.

In the next period, from 960 to 1279 in China, the Song empire was established. At this time, China lost dominance over its vassals in the west, in the northeast (on the territory of the Korean Peninsula) and in the south - in northern Vietnam. The Song Empire lost a significant part of the territories of the Chinese proper in the north and north-west, which went to the Khitan state of Liao (part of the modern provinces of Hebei and Shanxi), the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia (part of the territory of the modern province of Shaanxi, the entire territory of the modern province of Gansu and Ningxia Hui) autonomous region).

In 1125, the border between the non-Chinese kingdom of the Jurchen and China passed along the river. Huaihe is 500-700 km south of the places where the wall was built. And in 1141 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Chinese Song Empire recognized itself as a vassal of the non-Chinese state of Jin, pledging to pay him a large tribute.

However, while China itself huddled south of the r. Hunahe, 2100-2500 km north of its borders, another section of the "Chinese" wall was erected. This part of the wall built from 1066 to 1234, passes through the Russian territory north of the village of Borzya near the river. Argun. At the same time, another section of the wall was built, 1500-2000 km north of China, located along the Great Khingan ...

The next section of the wall was built between 1366 and 1644. It runs along the 40th parallel from Andong (40 °), just north of Beijing (40 °), through Yinchuan (39 °) to Dunhuang and Anxi (40 °) in the west. This section of the wall is the last, the most southern and the most deeply penetrating into the territory of China ... During the construction of this section of the wall, the entire Amur region belonged to the Russian territories. By the middle of the 17th century, on both banks of the Amur there were already Russian fortresses-forts (Albazinsky, Kumarsky, etc.), peasant settlements and arable lands. In 1656, the Daursky (later - Albazinsky) voivodeship was formed, which included the valley of the Upper and Middle Amur on both banks ... Built by the Russians in 1644, the "Chinese" wall passed exactly along the border of Russia with Qing China. In the 1650s, Qing China invaded Russian lands to a depth of 1500 km, which was secured by the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties ... "

Today, the Wall of China is inside China. However, there was a time when the wall meant border of the country.

This fact is confirmed by ancient maps that have come down to us. For example, the map of China by the famous medieval cartographic book of Abraham Ortelius from his geographical atlas of the world Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 1602. North is on the right on the map. It clearly shows that China is separated from the northern country - Tartaria by a wall.

On a map of 1754 "Le Carte de l'Asie" it is also clearly seen that the border of China with Great Tartary runs along the wall.

And even a map from 1880 shows the wall as China's border with its northern neighbor. It is noteworthy that part of the wall extends far enough into the territory of China's western neighbor - Chinese Tartary ...

Interesting illustrations for this article are collected on the website "Food of RA" ...

Fake antiquity of China

"Long wall of 10,000 li" - this is how the Chinese themselves call this miracle of ancient engineering. For a huge country with a population of almost one and a half billion, it has become an object of national pride, a visiting card that attracts travelers from all over the world. Today, the Great Wall of China is one of the most popular attractions - about 40 million people visit it annually. In 1987, the unique site was included by UNESCO in the list of world cultural heritage.

Locals also like to say that the one who did not climb the wall is not a real Chinese. This phrase, uttered by Mao Zedong, is perceived as a real call to action. Despite the fact that the height of the building is about 10 meters with a width of 5-8 m in different areas (not to mention not very comfortable steps), there are no fewer foreigners who want to feel like true Chinese at least for a moment. In addition, a magnificent panorama of the surroundings opens from above, which you can admire endlessly.

One involuntarily wonders how harmoniously this creation of human hands fits into the natural landscape, making up a single whole with it. The solution to the phenomenon is simple: the Great Wall of China was laid not in a desert area, but next to hills and mountains, spurs and deep gorges, smoothly bending around them. But why did the ancient Chinese need to build such a large and long fortification? How did the construction go and how long did it last? These questions are asked by everyone who is fortunate enough to have been here at least once. The answers to them have long been received by researchers, and we will dwell on the rich historical past of the Great Wall of China. She herself leaves an ambiguous impression on tourists, since some sites are in excellent condition, while others are completely abandoned. Only this circumstance in no way diminishes the interest in this object - rather, on the contrary.

History of the construction of the Great Wall of China

In the III century BC, one of the rulers of the Celestial Empire was the Emperor Qing Shi Huang. His era fell on the Warring States period. It was a difficult and controversial time. The state was threatened from all sides by enemies, especially aggressive Xiongnu nomads, and it needed protection from their treacherous raids. So the decision was born to build an impregnable wall - high and long, so that no one could disturb the peace of the Qin empire. At the same time, this structure was supposed, in modern terms, to demarcate the boundaries of the ancient Chinese kingdom and contribute to its further centralization. The wall was also intended to resolve the issue of the "purity of the nation": having fenced off from the barbarians, the Chinese would be deprived of the opportunity to enter into marriage with them and have joint children.

The idea of ​​erecting such a grandiose border fortification was not born out of the blue. There were already precedents. Many kingdoms - for example, Wei, Yan, Zhao and the already mentioned Qin - tried to build something similar in themselves. The Wei State erected its wall around 353 BC. BC: adobe construction shared it with the Qin kingdom. Later, this and other border fortifications were connected with each other, and they formed a single architectural ensemble.

The construction of the Great Wall of China started along Yinshan - a mountain system in Inner Mongolia, this is in the north of China. The emperor appointed the commander Meng Tian to coordinate its course. The front of the work was going to be big. The previously built walls had to be strengthened, connected with new sections and lengthened. As for the so-called "internal" walls, which served as boundaries between the individual kingdoms, they were simply demolished.

The construction of the first sections of this grandiose object took a whole decade, and the construction of the entire Great Wall of China took two millennia (according to some testimonies, even as much as 2,700 years). At its various stages, the number of people simultaneously involved in the work reached three hundred thousand. In general, the authorities attracted (more precisely, forced) about two million people to them. They were representatives of many social strata: slaves, peasants, and military personnel. The workers worked in inhuman conditions. Some died from backbreaking labor as such, others became victims of severe and incurable infections.

The terrain itself did not dispose to comfort, at least relative. The structure ran along the mountain ranges, skirting all the spurs extending from them. The builders moved forward, overcoming not only high rises, but also many gorges. Their sacrifices were not in vain - at least from the standpoint of today: it is precisely this landscape of the area that has determined the unique appearance of the miracle structure. Not to mention its size: on average, the height of the wall reaches 7.5 meters, and this is without taking into account the rectangular teeth (with them all 9 m are obtained). Its width is also not the same - at the bottom 6.5 m, at the top 5.5 m.

The Chinese call their wall the "earth dragon" in everyday life. And it is by no means accidental: at the very beginning, during its construction, any materials were used, first of all, rammed earth. It was done this way: first, shields were woven from reeds or twigs, and between them clay, small pebbles and other improvised materials were pressed layer by layer. When the Emperor Qin Shi Huang got down to business, they began to use more reliable stone slabs, which were laid close to each other.

However, not only the variety of materials caused the heterogeneous appearance of the Great Wall of China. The towers also make it recognizable. Some of them were built even before the wall itself appeared, and was built into it. Other elevations appeared at the same time as the stone "border". It is not difficult to determine which ones were before and which ones were erected after: the former have a smaller width and are located at an unequal distance, while the latter organically fit into the building and are exactly 200 meters apart from each other. They were usually erected rectangular, in two floors, equipped with upper platforms with loopholes. Observation of the enemy's maneuvers, especially when they were advancing, was carried out from signal towers located here on the wall.

When the Han dynasty came to power, which ruled from 206 BC to 220 AD, the Great Wall of China was extended westward to Dunhuang. During this period, the facility was equipped with a whole line of watchtowers that extended deep into the desert. Their purpose is to protect caravans with goods, which often suffered from the raids of nomads. To this day, mainly sections of the wall have survived, erected in the era of the Ming dynasty, which ruled from 1368 to 1644. They were built mainly from more reliable and durable materials - stone blocks and bricks. During the three centuries of the reign of the named dynasty, the Great Wall of China "grew" significantly, stretching from the coast of the Bohai Bay (Shanhaiguan Outpost) to the border of modern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province (Yumenguan Outpost).

Where the wall begins and ends

The man-made border of Ancient China originates in the north of the country, in the city of Shanghai-guan, located on the shores of the Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea, which was once of strategic importance on the borders of Manchuria and Mongolia. This is the easternmost point of the 10,000 li Long Wall. The Laoluntou Tower is also located here, it is also called the "dragon's head". The tower is also notable for the fact that it is the only place in the country where the Great Wall of China is washed by the sea, and it itself goes deep into the bay for as much as 23 meters.

The westernmost point of the monumental structure is located in the vicinity of the city of Jiayuguan, in the central part of the Middle Kingdom. Here the Great Wall of China has been preserved in the best possible way. This site was built back in the XIV century, so it too might not have stood the test of time. But it survived due to the fact that it was constantly strengthened and repaired. The westernmost outpost of the empire was built near Jiayyoshan Mountain. The outpost was equipped with a moat and walls - inner and semicircular outer. There is also a main gate located on the western and eastern sides of the outpost. The Yuntai Tower proudly stands here, which is considered by many almost as a separate attraction. Inside on the walls are embossed Buddhist texts and bas-reliefs of ancient Chinese kings, which arouse the constant interest of researchers.

Myths, legends, interesting facts

For a long time it was believed that the Great Wall of China can be seen from space. Moreover, this myth was born long before flights to near-earth orbit, in 1893. This was not even an assumption, but a statement made by The Century magazine (USA). Then they returned to this idea in 1932. The famous showman Robert Ripley at the time claimed that the structure could be seen from the moon. With the advent of the era of space flight, these claims have been largely refuted. According to NASA experts, the object is barely distinguishable from orbit, from which about 160 km to the Earth's surface. The wall, and then with the help of strong binoculars, was able to see the American astronaut William Pogue.

Another myth takes us directly back to the time of the construction of the Great Wall of China. An ancient legend says that a powder prepared from human bones was allegedly used as a cementing solution that held the stones together. It was not necessary to go far for "raw materials" for him, given that many workers died here. Fortunately, this is just a legend, albeit a creepy one. The ancient masters actually prepared the adhesive solution from powder, only the basis of the substance was ordinary rice flour.

The legend has survived that a large fiery Dragon paved the way for the workers. He also pointed out on which sections the wall should be erected, and the builders steadily followed in his footsteps. Another legend tells of the farmer's wife, Myung Jing Niu. Having learned about the death of her husband at the construction site, she came there and began to cry inconsolably. As a result, one of the sites collapsed, and the widow saw underneath the remains of her beloved, which she was able to take and bury.

It is known that the Chinese invented the wheelbarrow. But few people know that they were prompted to do this by the construction of a grandiose object that had begun: the workers needed a convenient device with which they could transport building materials. Some sections of the Great Wall of China, which were of exceptional strategic importance, were surrounded by protective ditches, filled with water or left in the form of ditches.

Sections of the Great Wall of China

Several sections of the Great Wall of China are open for tourists. Let's talk about some of them.

The outpost closest to Beijing, the modern capital of the PRC, is Badaling (it is also one of the most popular). It is located north of the Juyongguan Pass and only 60 km from the city. It was built during the era of the ninth Chinese emperor, Hongzhi, who ruled from 1487 to 1505. Signal platforms and watchtowers are located along this section of the wall, which offer a magnificent view if you climb to its highest point. At this point, the height of the object reaches an average of 7.8 meters. The width is sufficient for 10 pedestrians or 5 horses to pass.

Another outpost close enough to the capital is called Mutianyu and is located 75 km from it, in Huaizhou, the city subordinate to Beijing. This site was built during the reign of the Longqing (Zhu Zaihou) and Wanli (Zhu Yijun) emperors of the Ming dynasty. At this point, the wall takes a sharp turn in the direction of the northeastern regions of the country. The local landscape is mountainous, with many steep slopes and cliffs. The outpost is notable for the fact that at its southeastern end three branches of the “great stone border” converge, and at a height of 600 meters.

One of the few areas where the Great Wall of China has survived almost intact is Symatai. It is located in Gubeikou Village, 100 km northeast of Miyun County, Beijing Municipality. This section is 19 km long. In its southeastern part, which is impressive for its inaccessible view even today, there are partially preserved observation towers (there are 14 of them in total).

The steppe section of the wall originates from the Jinchuan Gorge - it is east of the county town of Shandan, in the Zhangye district of the Gansu province. At this point, the structure stretches for 30 km, and its height varies within 4-5 meters. In ancient times, the Great Wall of China was supported on both sides by a parapet that has survived to this day. The gorge itself deserves special attention. At a 5-meter height, if you count from its bottom, right on the rocky cliff, you can see several carved hieroglyphs. The inscription translates as "Jinchuan Citadel".

In the same province of Gansu, north of the Jiayuguan outpost, at a distance of only 8 km, there is a steep section of the Great Wall of China. It was built during the Ming period. It got this look due to the specifics of the local landscape. The bends of the mountainous relief, which the builders had to take into account, "lead" the wall to a steep descent right into the crevice, where it runs smoothly. In 1988, the Chinese authorities restored the site and opened it to tourists a year later. From the watchtower, the panorama of the surroundings on both sides of the wall is superbly observed.

The ruins of the Yangguan outpost are located 75 km south-west of the city of Dunhuang, which in ancient times served as a gateway to the Celestial Empire on the Great Silk Road. In the old days, the length of this section of the wall was about 70 km. Here you can see impressive piles of stones and earthen ramparts. All this leaves no doubt: there were at least a dozen sentinels and signal towers here. However, they have not survived to our time, except for the signal tower north of the outpost, on Mount Dundun.

The site, known as the Wei Wall, originates in Chaoyundong (Shaanxi Province), located on the west coast of the Changjian River. Not far from here is the northern spur of one of the five sacred mountains of Taoism - Huashan, which belongs to the Qinling ridge. From here, the Great Wall of China moves in the direction of the northern regions, as evidenced by its fragments in the villages of Chengnan and Hongyan, of which the first is best preserved.

Wall conservation measures

Time has not spared this unique architectural object, which many call the eighth wonder of the world. The rulers of the Chinese kingdoms did everything in their power to resist destruction. However, from 1644 to 1911 - the period of the Manchu Qing dynasty - the Great Wall was practically abandoned and suffered even more destruction. Only the Badaling section was maintained in order, and that was because it was located near Beijing and was considered the "front gate" to the capital. History, of course, does not tolerate the subjunctive mood, but if it were not for the betrayal of the commander Wu Sangui, who opened the gates of the Shanhaiguan outpost to the Manchus and let the enemy pass, the Ming dynasty would not have fallen, and the attitude to the wall would have remained the same - careful.

Deng Xiaoping, the founder of economic reforms in the PRC, paid great attention to the preservation of the country's historical heritage. It was he who initiated the restoration of the Great Wall of China, the program of which started in 1984. It was financed from a wide variety of sources, including funds from foreign business structures and donations from individuals. To raise money at the end of the 80s, an art auction was even held in the capital of the Celestial Empire, the course of which was widely covered not only in the country itself, but also by the leading television companies in Paris, London and New York. A lot of work was done with the proceeds, but sections of the wall far from tourist centers are still in a deplorable state.

On September 6, 1994, the Great Wall Themed Museum was inaugurated in Badaling. Behind the building, which resembles a wall in its appearance, is itself. The institution aims to popularize the great historical and cultural heritage of this, without exaggeration, a unique architectural object.

Even the corridor in the museum is stylized under it - it is notable for its winding, along its entire length there are "passages", "signal towers", "fortresses", etc. The excursion allows you to feel as if you are traveling along the real Great Wall of China: so much here everything is thought out and realistic.

Note for tourists

The Mutianyu section, the longest of the fully restored wall fragments, located 90 km north of the capital of the PRC, has two funiculars. The first is equipped with closed cabins and is designed for 4-6 people, the second is an open lift, similar to ski lifts. Those suffering from acrophobia (fear of heights) are better off not taking risks and preferring a walking tour, which, however, is also fraught with difficulties.

Climbing the Great Wall of China is easy enough, but the descent can turn into a real torture. The fact is that the height of the steps is not the same and varies within 5-30 centimeters. Descending them should be done with utmost care and it is advisable not to stop, because after a pause it is much more difficult to resume the descent. One tourist even calculated: climbing the wall at its lowest section involves overcoming 4 thousand (!) Steps.

Time to visit, how to get to the Great Wall of China

Excursions to the Mutianyu site from March 16 to November 15 are held from 7:00 to 18:00, in other months - from 7:30 to 17:00.

The Badaling site is accessible from 6:00 to 19:00 in the summer and from 7:00 to 18:00 in the winter.

You can get acquainted with the Symatai site in November-March from 8:00 to 17:00, in April-November - from 8:00 to 19:00.

A visit to the Great Wall of China is provided both as part of excursion groups and on an individual basis. In the first case, tourists are delivered by special buses, which usually leave from Beijing Tiananmen Square, Yabaolu and Qianmen streets, in the second, public transport or a private car with a driver hired for the whole day is available to curious travelers.

The first option is suitable for those who are in the Middle Kingdom for the first time and do not know the language. Or, conversely, those who know the country and speak Chinese, but at the same time want to save money: group excursions are relatively inexpensive. But there are also costs involved, namely the considerable duration of such tours and the need to focus on other members of the group.

To get to the Great Wall of China, public transport is usually used by those who know Beijing well and speak and read at least a little Chinese. A trip by regular bus or train will cost less than even the most attractive group tour. There is also a saving of time: a self-guided tour will allow you not to be distracted, for example, by visiting the numerous souvenir shops where guides love to take tourists in the hope of earning their commissions from sales.

Renting a driver with a car for the whole day is the most comfortable and flexible way to get to the section of the Great Wall of China of your choice. The pleasure is not cheap, but worth it. Wealthy tourists often book a car through the hotel. You can catch it just on the street, like a regular taxi: this is how many capital residents earn by willingly offering their services to foreigners. Just do not forget to take a phone number from the driver or take a photo of the car itself, so that later you will not look for it for a long time if the person leaves or drives off somewhere before your return from the excursion.

The Great Wall of China is a unique structure, as if it looks like the body of a long dragon spread over the territory of northern China. The length is more than 6400 km, the thickness of the wall is about 3 meters, and the height can reach these meters. It is believed that it was in the 3rd century BC that the construction of the wall began, and ended only in the 17th century AD. It turns out that according to the accepted historical version, this construction lasted for almost 2000 years. Indeed, a unique structure. History does not know such a long-term construction. Everyone is so used to this historical version that few people think about its absurdity.
Any construction site, especially a large one, has a specific practical purpose. Who today would think of starting a huge construction that can only be completed in 2000 years? Of course, no one! Because it doesn't make sense. Not only will this endless construction place a heavy burden on the country's population, the building itself will constantly collapse and will have to be rebuilt. This is exactly what happened with the Great Wall of China.
We will never know what the first sections of the wall, supposedly built before our era, looked like. They, of course, collapsed. And those areas that have survived to our time were mainly built during the Ming dynasty, that is, allegedly, in the period from the XIV to the XVII century AD. Because in that era, the building materials were bricks and stone blocks, which made the structure more reliable. So historians are still forced to admit that this "wall", which anyone who wants to see today, appeared not earlier than the XIV century AD. But even 600 years is quite a respectable age for a stone building. It is still not clear why this structure is so well preserved.
In Europe, for example, medieval defensive structures aged and fell apart over time. They had to be dismantled and new, more modern ones built. The same thing happened in Russia. Many medieval military fortifications were rebuilt in the 17th century. But in China, these natural physical laws, for some reason, do not work ...
Even if we assume that the ancient Chinese builders possessed some secret, thanks to which they created such a unique structure, historians have no logical answer to the most important question: “Why did the Chinese build a stone wall with such stubbornness for 2000 years? Who did they want to protect themselves from? " - historians answer: "The wall was built along the entire border of the Chinese empire to protect against the raids of nomads ..."
Against the nomads, such a wall, as much as 3 meters thick, was not needed. The Russians and Europeans began to build such structures only when guns and siege weapons appeared on the battlefields, that is, in the 15th century.
But the point is not even its thickness, but its length. The wall, stretching for several thousand kilometers, could not protect China from raids.

First, in many places it runs at the foot of the mountains and adjacent hills. It is quite obvious that the enemy, having climbed to the neighboring peaks, could easily shoot all the defenders on this section of the wall. From the arrows flying from above, the Chinese soldiers would simply have nowhere to hide.

Secondly, along the entire length of the wall, watchtowers were built every 60-100 meters. In these towers, large military detachments were to be constantly present and watch the appearance of the enemy. But back in the 3rd century BC, under Emperor Qin Shihuang-di, when 4,000 km of the wall had already been built, it turned out that if the towers were installed so often, it would not be possible to provide an effective defense of the wall. All the armed forces of the Chinese empire are not enough. And if you put a small detachment on each tower, then it will become an easy prey for the enemy. A small detachment will be destroyed before neighboring detachments have time to come to his aid. If the defensive detachments are made large, but placed less often, then too long and unprotected sections of the wall are formed, through which the enemy can easily penetrate deep into the country.

Not surprisingly, the appearance of such a fortification did not protect China from raids. But its construction greatly exhausted the state, and the Qin dynasty lost the throne. The new Han dynasty no longer really hoped for a great wall and returned to the system of mobile warfare, but, according to historians, the construction of the wall, for some reason, continued. Strange story ...

It is also interesting that until the end of the 17th century, apart from the Great Wall of China, not a single large stone structure was built in China. But scientists argue that the Chinese population was constantly at war with each other. Why did they not fence themselves off from each other by walls and build stone kremlin in their cities?
Having such experience as the construction of the Great Wall of China, it would be possible to cover the whole country with defensive structures. It turns out that the Chinese spent all their funds, forces and talents only on the construction of, in general, useless from a military point of view, the Great Wall of China.

But there is another historical version of the construction of the Great Wall of China. This version is not as popular with historians as the first, for that it is more logical.
The Great Wall was indeed built along the border of China, but not to protect against nomads, but as a designation of the border between the two states. And its construction began not 2,000 years ago, but much later, in the 17th century AD. That is, the famous wall is not more than 300 years old. An interesting historical fact speaks in favor of this version.
According to the official historical version, by the middle of the 17th century, the northern lands of China were greatly depopulated and in order to protect these lands from the settlement of Russians and Koreans, in 1678 the Kangxi Emperor ordered to enclose this border of the empire with a special fortified line. Its construction continued until the end of the 80s of the 17th century.
The question immediately arises, why did the emperor need to build some kind of new fortified line, if a huge stone wall stood on the entire northern border of China for a long time?
Most likely, there was no wall there yet, therefore, in order to protect their lands, the Chinese began to build a line of fortifications, because it was at this time that China was waging border wars with Russia. And only in the 17th century, both sides agreed on where the border between the two states would be.

In 1689, an agreement was signed in the city of Nerchinsk, which fixed the northern border of China. Probably the Chinese rulers of the 17th century attached great importance to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, and therefore decided to mark the border not only on paper, but also on the ground. This is how a border wall appeared along the entire border with Russia.
On the map of Asia of the 18th century, made by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, two states, China and Tartaria, are clearly visible. The northern border of China runs approximately along the 40th parallel, exactly along the border is the Chinese Wall. Moreover, it is highlighted with a bold line and the inscription: "Muraille de la Chine" - which in translation from French means: "The Wall of China." The same can be seen in many other maps issued after the 17th century.

Of course, it can be assumed that the ancient Chinese foresaw where the Russian-Chinese border would pass 2000 years ago, and in 1689, the two states simply took and drew the border along the wall that stood here, but in that case, it would certainly be indicated in the agreement, however, in the Nerchinsk agreement there is NO mention of the wall.
For several decades, scientists around the world have been sounding the alarm. One of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Great Wall of China, is rapidly collapsing! And indeed, in some places, the height of the wall has decreased to two meters, where the observation towers have completely disappeared, several tens of kilometers of the wall are completely lost, and hundreds of kilometers continue to rapidly collapse. And this is despite the fact that over the past few centuries, the wall has been repeatedly repaired and restored, why has it not collapsed at such a rate before? Why, having stood for more than two thousand years, the wall began to rapidly turn into ruins?

Scientists blame climate, ecology, agriculture and, of course, tourists for everything. 10 million people visit the wall every year. They are taken wherever they can and where they cannot. They even want to see those sections of the wall that are closed to the public. But the point is most likely something else ...
The Great Wall of China collapses in a completely natural way, as all similar structures collapsed. 300 years is a very respectable age for a stone building, and the version that the great Chinese long-term construction is 2000 years old is a MYTH. As is most of China's history itself.
P.S. There is also another version on the Internet that the Great Wall of China was not built by the Chinese at all. In those days, in China, practically nothing was built of stone, except for this wall. Moreover, loopholes on old, not restored sections of the wall are located only on the south side. Unfortunately, I have not been to China and cannot say with certainty if this is actually the case. Photos, which determine the south side by the shade of the sun, cannot be taken as evidence. As you know, the wall does not go in a straight line, the directions are completely different, the sun can shine from both the southern and northern sides of the wall, roughly speaking.

It was suggested that, in fact, the "Chinese" wall was built to defend against the Chinese, who later simply appropriated the achievements of other ancient civilizations. Here, to confirm our scientific correctness, it is enough to cite only one fact. SLOTS on a large part of the wall ARE NOT POINTED TO THE NORTH, BUT TO THE SOUTH! And this can be clearly seen not only in the most ancient, not reconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and in works of Chinese drawing.

Architecture and defensive structures in the territory of modern China

The "Chinese" wall is made similar to the European and Russian medieval walls, the main direction of which is protection from firearms. The construction of such structures began no earlier than the 15th century, when guns and other siege weapons appeared on the battlefields. Before the 15th century, naturally, the so-called "northern nomads" did not have tools.

From the experience of building structures of such a plan, it follows that the "Chinese" wall was built as a military defensive structure, marking the border between the two countries - China and Russia, after an agreement was reached on this border. And this can be confirmed by a map of the time when the border between Russia and China passed along the "Chinese" wall.

Today, the "Chinese" wall is located inside China and testifies to the illegality of the presence of Chinese citizens in the territories located north of the wall.

The name of the "Chinese" wall

On the map of Asia of the 18th century, made by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, two geographical formations are indicated: from the north - Tartarie, from the south - China (Chine), the northern border of which runs approximately along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along "Chinese" wall. On this map, the wall is marked with a bold line and is signed "Muraille de la Chine", now this phrase is often translated from French as "Chinese wall". However, literally, we have the following: muraille "wall" in a nominal construction with the preposition de (n. + Preposition de + n.) La Chine expresses the object and its belonging, that is, the "wall of China."

But in other versions of the same construction, we find different meanings of the phrase "Muraille de la Chine". For example, if it denotes an object and its name, then we get the "wall of China" (similarly, for example, place de la Concorde - Concorde Square), that is, a wall built not by China, but named after him - the reason for the formation was the presence next to the wall of China. A refinement of this position is found in another version of the same construction, that is, if "Muraille de la Chine" denotes an action and the object at which it is directed, then it is "a wall (from) China." The same is obtained with another version of the translation of the same construction - the object and its location (similarly, appartement de la rue de Grenelle - an apartment on Grenelle street), that is, "a wall (in the neighborhood) with China." The causal construction allows us to translate the phrase "Muraille de la Chine" literally, as "wall from China" (similarly, for example, rouge de fièvre - red with heat, pâle de colère - pale with anger).

Compare, in an apartment or in a house, we call the wall that separates us from our neighbors, the neighbor's wall, and the wall that separates us from the outside - the outer wall. We have the same thing when naming borders: the Finnish border, “on the Chinese border”, “on the Lithuanian border”. And all these borders were built not by the states whose names they are named after, but by the state (Russia), which is defending itself against the named states. In this case, adjectives indicate only the geographical location of the Russian borders.

Thus, the phrase "Muraille de la Chine" should be translated as "a wall from China", "a wall separating from China."

Images of the "Chinese" wall on maps

18th century cartographers depicted on maps only those objects that were related to the political demarcation of countries. On the mentioned map of Asia from the 18th century, the border between Tartarie and China (Chine) runs along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along the "Chinese" wall. On the 1754 map "Carte de l'Asie", the "Chinese" wall also runs along the border between Great Tartary and China. In the academic 10-volume World History, a map of the Qing Empire of the second half of the 17th-18th centuries is presented, which shows in detail the "Chinese" wall, passing exactly along the border between Russia and China.

Construction time of the "Chinese" wall

According to Chinese scholars, the construction of the Great Wall of China began in 246 BC. Emperor Shi-Hoangti. The height of the wall is from 6 to 7 meters.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built at different times

L.N. Gumilyov wrote: “The wall stretches for 4 thousand km. Its height reached 10 meters, and watchtowers rose every 60 - 100 meters ”. The purpose of its construction is to protect against northern nomads. However, the wall was built only by 1620 A.D., that is, after 1866 years, clearly delaying the compliance with the goal declared at the beginning of construction.

It is known from the European experience that the ancient walls, more than several hundred years old, are not repaired, but rebuilt - in view of the fact that both the materials and the building itself gain fatigue over a longer period of time and simply fall apart. Thus, many military fortifications in Russia were rebuilt in the 16th century. But the representatives of China continue to assert that the "Chinese" wall was built exactly 2,000 years ago and now appears before us in the same original form.

L.N. Gumilyov also wrote:

“When the work was completed, it turned out that all the armed forces of China were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall. In fact, if a small detachment is placed on each tower, then the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and give help. If, however, sparsely arrange large detachments, then gaps are formed through which the enemy will easily and imperceptibly penetrate into the interior of the country. A fortress without defenders is not a fortress. "

But let's use Chinese dates and see who built different sections of the wall and against whom.

Early Iron Age

It is extremely interesting to trace the stages of the construction of the "China" wall, based on the data of Chinese scientists. It can be seen from them that the Chinese scholars who call the wall "Chinese" are not very concerned about the fact that the Chinese people themselves did not take any part in its construction: every time the next section of the wall was built, the Chinese state was far from the construction sites.

So, the first and main part of the wall was built in the period from 445 BC. to 222 BC It runs along 41 ° - 42 ° north latitude and at the same time along some sections of the river. Yellow River.

At this time, naturally, there were no Mongol-Tatars. Moreover, the first unification of peoples within China took place only in 221 BC. under the kingdom of Qin. And before that there was the Zhangguo period (5th - 3rd centuries BC), in which there were eight states on the territory of China. Only in the middle of the 4th century. BC. Qin began fighting against other kingdoms and by 221 BC. NS. conquered some of them.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall to the beginning of the creation of the Qin state

Sections of the "Chinese" wall at the beginning of the creation of the Qin state (by 222 BC).

The figure shows that the western and northern border of the Qin state by 221 BC. began to coincide with the section of the "Chinese" wall, which began to be built back in 445 BC. and was built exactly in 222 BC.

Thus, we see that this section of the "Chinese" wall was built not by the Chinese of the Qin state, but by the northern neighbors, but precisely from the Chinese spreading to the north. In just 5 years - from 221 to 206. BC. - a wall was built along the entire border of the Qin state, which stopped the spread of its subjects to the north and west. In addition, at the same time, 100-200 km to the west and north of the first, the second line of defense from Qin was built - the second "Chinese" wall of this period.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall in the Han era

Sections of the "Chinese" wall in the Han era (206 BC - 220 AD).

The next construction period covers the time from 206 BC. to 220 AD During this period, sections of the wall were built, located 500 km to the west and 100 km to the north of the previous ones.

Early middle ages

In 386 - 535. 17 non-Chinese kingdoms that existed in northern China have united into one state - Northern Wei.

Their forces and it was during this period that the next part of the wall was erected (386 - 576), one part of which was built along the previous section (probably destroyed from time), and the second part - 50 - 100 km to the south - along the border with China.

Developed Middle Ages

In the period from 618 to 907 China was ruled by the Tang dynasty, which did not mark itself with victories over its northern neighbors.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall at the beginning of the Tang dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built at the beginning of the Tang dynasty.

In the next period, from 960 to 1279. in China, the Song empire was established. At this time, China lost dominance over its vassals in the west, in the northeast (on the territory of the Korean Peninsula) and in the south - in northern Vietnam. The Song Empire lost a significant part of the territories of the Chinese proper in the north and north-west, which went to the Khitan state of Liao (part of the modern provinces of Hebei and Shanxi), the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia (part of the territory of the modern province of Shaanxi, the entire territory of the modern province of Gansu and Ningxia Hui) autonomous region).

Sections of the "Chinese" wall during the reign of the Song dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Song dynasty.

In 1125, the border between the non-Chinese kingdom of the Jurchen and China passed along the river. Huaihe is located 500 - 700 km south of the places of the built wall. And in 1141 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Chinese Song Empire recognized itself as a vassal of the non-Chinese state of Jin, pledging to pay him a large tribute.

However, while China proper huddled south of the river. Hunahe, in 2100 - 2500 km north of its borders, another section of the "Chinese" wall was erected. This part of the wall, built from 1066 to 1234, runs through the Russian territory north of Borzya near the river. Argun. At the same time, another section of the wall was built in 1500-2000 km north of China, located along the Great Khingan.

Late middle ages

The next section of the wall was built in the period from 1366 to 1644. It runs along the 40th parallel from Andong (40 °), just north of Beijing (40 °), through Yinchuan (39 °) to Dunhuang and Anxi (40 °) in the west. This section of the wall is the last, the most southern and the deepest penetrating into the territory of China.

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Ming dynasty

Sections of the "Chinese" wall, built during the reign of the Ming dynasty.

In China at this time, the Ming dynasty ruled (1368 - 1644). At the beginning of the 15th century, this dynasty pursued not a defensive policy, but an external expansion. So, for example, in 1407 the Chinese troops captured Vietnam, that is, the territories located outside the eastern section of the "Chinese" wall, built in 1368-1644. In 1618, Russia managed to negotiate a border with China (I. Petlin's mission).

During the construction of this section of the wall, the entire Amur region belonged to the Russian territories. By the middle of the 17th century, on both banks of the Amur there were already Russian fortresses-forts (Albazinsky, Kumarsky, etc.), peasant settlements and arable lands. In 1656, the Daursky (later - Albazinsky) voivodeship was formed, which included the valley of the Upper and Middle Amur on both banks.

From the Chinese side - in 1644, the Qing dynasty began to rule in China. In the 17th century, the border of the Qing Empire ran just north of the Liaodong Peninsula, that is, exactly along this section of the "Chinese" wall (1366 - 1644).

In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire tried to seize the Russian possessions in the Amur basin by military force. Christians also sided with China. China demanded not only the entire Amur region, but all the lands east of the Lena. As a result, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Russia was forced to cede its possessions to the Qing Empire on the right bank of the river. Argun and on a part of the left and right banks of the Amur.

Thus, during the construction of the last section of the "Chinese" wall (1368-1644), it was the Chinese side (Ming and Qing) who waged wars of conquest against the Russian lands. Therefore, Russia was forced to wage defensive border wars with China (see S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia from Ancient Times", Volume 12, Chapter 5).

The "Chinese" wall, built by the Russians in 1644, ran exactly along the border of Russia with Qing China. In the 1650s, Qing China invaded Russian lands to a depth of 1500 km, which was secured by the Aigun (1858) and Peking (1860) treaties.

conclusions

The name "China" wall means "the wall separating from China" (similar to the Chinese border, the Finnish border, etc.).

At the same time, the origin of the word "China" itself comes from the Russian "whale" - knitting of poles, which were used in the construction of fortifications; so, the name of the Moscow region "Kitay-gorod" was given in a similar way back in the 16th century (that is, before the official knowledge of China), the building itself consisted of a stone wall with 13 towers and 6 gates;

The construction time of the "Chinese" wall is divided into several stages, in which:

The non-Chinese began to build the first section in 445 BC, and, having built it by 221 BC, stopped the advance of the Qin Chinese to the north and west;

The second section was erected by non-Chinese from the Northern Wei in the period from 386 to 576;

The third section was built by non-Chinese people between 1066 and 1234. two rapids: one at 2100 - 2500 km, and the second - at 1500 - 2000 km north of the borders of China, passing at this time along the river. Yellow River;

The fourth and final section was built by the Russians between 1366-1644. along the 40th parallel - the southernmost section - it represented the border between Russia and China of the Qing dynasty.

In the 1650s and later, the Qing Empire seized Russian possessions in the Amur basin. The "Chinese" wall turned out to be inside the territory of China.

All of the above is confirmed by the fact that the loopholes of the "Chinese" wall face south - that is, at the Chinese.

The "Chinese" wall was built by Russian settlers on the Amur River and in North China to protect them from the Chinese.

Old Russian style in the architecture of the Chinese wall

In 2008, at the First International Congress "Pre-Cyril Slavic Writing and Pre-Christian Slavic Culture" at the Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin (St. Petersburg), a report "China - the younger brother of Russia" was made, in which fragments of Neolithic ceramics from the territory of the eastern part of North China were presented. It turned out that the signs depicted on the ceramics have nothing in common with the Chinese "hieroglyphs", but show almost complete coincidence with the Old Russian runitsa - up to 80% [Tyunyaev, 2008].

In another article - "In the Neolithic, North China was inhabited by Russians" - on the basis of the latest archaeological data, it is shown that in the Neolithic and Bronze Age the population of the western part of North China was not Mongoloid, but Caucasoid. Genetic data clarified: this population was of Old Russian origin and had the Old Russian haplogroup R1a1 [Tyunyaev, 2010a]. Mythological data indicate that the movements of the ancient Rus in the eastern direction were led by Bohumir and Slavunya and their son Skif [Tyunyaev, 2010]. These events are reflected in the Veles book, the people of which in the 1st millennium BC. partially went to the west [Tyunyaev, 2010b].

In the work "The Wall of China - the Great Barrier from the Chinese" we came to the conclusion that all sections of the Chinese Wall were not erected by the Chinese, since there were simply no Chinese at the time of construction in the places where the wall was being built. In addition, the last section of the wall was most likely built by the Russians between 1366-1644. along the 40th parallel. This is the southernmost section. And it represented the official border between Russia and China under the rule of the Qing dynasty. That is why the name "Chinese Wall" literally means "wall separating from China" and has the same meaning as "Chinese border", "Finnish border", etc.

http://www.organizmica.org/arc...

Comparison of these two streams may indicate that there were two massive civilizations of antiquity: northern and southern. The Kremlin and the Chinese Wall were built by the northern civilization. The fact that the walls of the structures of the northern civilization are better adapted for waging battle suggests that in most cases the representatives of the southern civilization acted as aggressors.

On 07.11.2006, the journal "Organizmica" published an article by V.I. Semeiko "The Great Wall of China was built ... not by the Chinese!"

- As you know, to the north of the territory of modern China there was another, much more ancient civilization. This has been repeatedly confirmed by archaeological discoveries made, in particular, on the territory of Eastern Siberia. Impressive evidence of this civilization, comparable to Arkaim in the Urals, not only has not yet been studied and understood by world historical science, but has not even received a proper assessment in Russia itself. As for the so-called "Chinese" wall, it is not entirely legitimate to speak of it as an achievement of the ancient Chinese civilization.

Here, to confirm our scientific correctness, it is enough to cite only one fact. SLOTS on a large part of the wall ARE NOT POINTED TO THE NORTH, BUT TO THE SOUTH! And this is clearly visible not only in the most ancient, not reconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and in works of Chinese drawing. It was also suggested that in fact the "Chinese" wall was built to defend against the Chinese, who subsequently, they simply appropriated the achievements of other ancient civilizations.

After the publication of this article, her data was used by many media outlets. In particular, Ivan Koltsov published an article “History of the Fatherland. Russia began in Siberia ”, in which he spoke about the discovery made by researchers from the Academy of Basic Sciences. After that, interest in reality in relation to the "China" wall has grown significantly.

Literature:

Soloviev, 1879. Soloviev S.M., History of Russia since ancient times, volume 12, chapter 5. 1851 - 1879.

Tyunyaev, 2008.

Tyunyaev, 2010. Tyunyaev A.A. Ancient Russia, Svarog and Svarog's grandchildren // Research of Old Russian mythology. - M .: 2010.

Tyunyaev, 2010a. Tyunyaev. In the Neolithic, Russians inhabited North China.

Tyunyaev, 2010b. About the travel of the people of VK.

The Wall of China is a great barrier from the Chinese, built by the Russians ...

DEMAND, CHINESE TOURS ARE NOT CHINESE TRAVEL OPERATORS! AND YOU WILL SHOW, BUT WHAT? ..