Ancient Greek philosophy. Periodization and features. Philosophy in ancient Greece

Among all humanities, the philosophy is called the most insidious. After all, the name she asks humanity such complex, but also important questions as: "What is being?", "What is the meaning of life?", "Why do we live in this world?". Each of this topic is written hundreds of volumes, their authors tried to find the answer ...

But most often they confused even more when searching for truth. Among the numerous philosophers noted in history, the 10 most important can be distinguished. After all, they precisely they laid the foundations of future thinking processes, over which other scientists already fought.

Parmenid (520-450 BC). This ancient Greek philosopher lived even before Socrates. Like many other thinkers of that era, he was distinguished by incomprehensibleness and even some madness. Parmenid became the founder of a whole philosophical school in Elea. It was reached by his poem "On Nature". In it, the philosopher argues about the issues of knowledge and being. Parmenid argued that there is only forever and the constant being, which is identified with thinking. According to his logic, it is impossible to think about non-existence, and therefore it does not exist. After all, the thought is contradictory. "There is something that is not." The chief student of Parmenis is considered Zenon Elayky, but the works of the philosopher influenced Plato with Melissa.

Aristotle (384-322 BC). Along with the Aristotle Pipples of Antique Philosophy, it is considered also Plato with Socrates. But it was this person who was also different and his educational activities. Aristotle's school gave a great impetus to him in the development of creativity of numerous students. Today, scientists cannot even understand what exactly from the work belongs to the Grand Thinker. Aristotle became the first scientist who was able to create a versatile philosophical system. Later she will form the basis of many modern sciences. It was this philosopher that created a formal logic. And his views on the physical foundations of the Universe noticeably changed the further development of human thinking. The central teachings of Aristotle was the doctrine of the root causes - matter, form, cause and goal. This scientist laid the concepts of space and time. Aristotle paid much attention to the state theory. It is no coincidence that his most successful student is Alexander Macedonian, so much has achieved.

Mark Azeri (121-180). This man entered the story not only as the Roman emperor, but also as an outstanding philosopher's humanist of his era. Under the influence of another philosopher, his teacher Maxim Claudia, Mark Arellium created 12 books in Greek, united by the common name of "reasoning about himself." The work of "meditation" was written for the inner world of philosophers. There, the emperor told about the beliefs of the stoic philosophers, but not all of their ideas took. Stoicism was an important phenomenon for the Greeks and Romans, because he determined not only the rules of patience, but also indicated the ways to happiness. Mark Azeri believed that all people through their spirit are involved in ideologically common, which has no restrictions. Proceedings of this philosopher are easily read today, helping to solve some vital problems. Interestingly, the humanistic ideas of the philosopher did not interfere with him to pursue the first Christians.

Anselm Canterbury (1033-1109). This medieval philosopher made a lot for Catholic theology. He is even considered the father of Scholastics, and the most famous work of Anselma Kenterbury became "Proslogion". In it, with the help of ontological evidence he led the unshakable evidence of the existence of God. The existence of God spacing the very concept. Anselm came to the conclusion that God is perfection, existing outside of us and outside of this world, surpassing all the imaginable. The main statements of the philosopher "Faith, requiring understanding" and "believe in understanding" then became peculiar devices of the Augustinian philosophical school. Among the followers of Anselma was Thomas Akvinsky. Pupils of the same philosopher continued to develop his views on the attitude of faith and mind. For his work for the benefit of the church in 1494, Anselm was canonized, becoming sainted. And in 1720, Pope Clement XI proclaimed the Holy Teacher of the Church.

Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677). Spinosa was born in a Jewish family, his ancestors after the expulsion from Portugal deliced \u200b\u200bin Amsterdam. In his youth, the philosopher studies the works of the best Jewish minds. But the spinosa began to express orthodox views and became close to the sectarians, which led to the excavation from the Jewish community. After all, his advanced views were in a contradiction with northern public glances. Spinosa fled to Hague, where he continued to improve. He earned his life with grinding lenses and private lessons. And in the free time from these ordinary classes, Spinosa wrote his philosophical works. In 1677, the scientist died from tuberculosis, his short-circuited disease was also aggravated by inhalation of dust lenses. Only after the death of Spinoza came out his main job - "Ethics". The philosopher's works were synthesized together the scientific ideas of ancient Greece and the Middle Ages, the works of the Stoikov, Neoplatonists and Scholastics. Spinosa tried to move the effect of Copernicus on science into the scope of ethics, politicians, metaphysics and psychology. Metaphysics Spinoza was based on the logic that it was necessary to determine the terms, formulate axioms and then with the help of logical consequences to output the rest of the provisions.

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). The contemporaries of the philosopher remembered him as a small ugly pessimist. He spent most of his life with his mother and cat in his apartment. Nevertheless, this considerable and ambitious person was able to make themselves among the most important thinkers, becoming the most striking representative of irrationalism. The source of Schopenhauer's ideas served as Plato, Kant and Ancient Indian Treaty of Upanishads. The philosopher became one of the first who dared to combine Eastern and Western culture. The difficulty of synthesis was that the first is irrational, and the second, on the contrary, is rational. The philosopher paid a lot of attention to the issues of the will of a person, his most famous aphorism became the phrase "will - a thing in herself." After all, it is she determines the existing, affecting him. The main work of the whole life of the philosopher became his "Peace, like will and idea." Schopenhauer outlined the main ways of decent life - art, moral asceticism and philosophy. In his opinion, it is art that the art can free the soul from life suffering. To others it is necessary to treat how to yourself. Although the philosopher sympathized with Christianity, he remained an atheist.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). This man, despite the relatively short life, was able to achieve a lot in philosophy. Nietzsche's name is customary to associate with fascism. In fact, he was not a nationalist as his sister. The philosopher was generally interested in life around him. Nietzsche was able to create a distinctive teaching, which has nothing to do with academic character. Proceedings of the scientist questioned the generally accepted norms of morality, culture, religion and socio-political relations. What is only the famous phrase Nietzsche "God is dead." The philosopher was able to revive the interest in philosophy, blowing up the stagnant was the world with new views. The first work of Nietzsche, "Birth of the tragedy", immediately awarded the author with a label "terrible child of modern philosophy." The scientist tried to understand what Moral was. According to his views, it is not necessary to think about her truth, it is necessary to consider its service ministry. Nietzsche pragmatic approach is also noted in relation to philosophy and culture at all. The philosopher was able to withdraw the formula of the superhuman, which will not be limited to morality and morality, becoming aside from good and evil.

Roman Ingand (1893-1970). This Pole was one of the most prominent philosophers of the last century. He was a student of Hans-George Gadamera. Ingaden in Lviv survived the fascist occupation, continuing to work on his main labor, "dispute about the existence of the world." In this two-volume philosopher talks about art. The basis of the activity of the philosopher has become aesthetics, ontology and epistemology. Ingaden laid the foundations of realistic phenomenology, which is relevant so far. He studied the philosopher also literature, cinema, theory of knowledge. Ingaden translated into Polish philosophical work, including Kant, a lot was taught in universities.

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). This philosopher loves and popular in France. This is the brightest representative of atheistic existentialism. His positions were close to Marxism. At the same time, Sardr was also a writer, playwright, an essay and teacher. The work of philosophers is the concept of freedom. Sartre believed that she was an absolute concept, a person was simply condemned to be free. We ourselves must form themselves, responsible for their actions. Sartre said: "A person is a future person." There is no point in the surrounding world, it is the person who changes it with its activities. The work of the philosopher "Genesis and Nothing" became the most real Bible for young intellectuals. The Nobel Prize in Literature Sartre refused to accept, because I did not want to question my independence. The philosopher in its political activities has always defended the rights of disadvantaged and humiliated person. When Sartre died, 50 thousand people gathered him in the last path. Contemporaries believe that no other Frenchman gave the world as much as this philosopher.

Mauris Merlot-Ponti (1908-1961). This French philosopher one time was like-minded Sartra, being a supporter of existentialism and phenomenology. But then he moved away from communist glances. The main thoughts of Merlo-Ponti outlined in his work "Humanism and Terror". Researchers believe that it has features related to the fascist ideology. In the collection of their works, the author rigidly criticizes the supporters of Marxism. The influence of the philosopher was influenced by the influence of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Freud, he himself was fond of the ideas of Gestalt Psychology. Based on the work of the predecessors and working on unknown works by Edmund Gusserly, Merlot-Ponti was able to create his body phenomenology. This teaching states that the body is not a clean creature nor a natural thing. This is just a turning point between culture and nature, between your own and strangers. The body in his understanding is a holistic "I", which is a subject of thinking, speech and freedom. The original philosophy of this Frenchman forced to rethink traditional philosophical themes in a new way. It is no coincidence that he is considered one of the main thinkers of the twentieth century.

A combination of philosophical teachings developed in the ancient Greek society of the end of the VII century. BC. - The beginning of the VI century. AD As a holistic and distinctive phenomenon, a peculiar pattern of not only the spiritual culture of ancient Greece, but also the philosophical thought of mankind in general. Features of the emergence and formation of G.F. A certain extent is due to the influence of the philosophical ideas of the peoples of Africa and the anterior Asia, to a greater extent - Babylon and Egypt, in less

Lydia, Persia, etc., the entire period of existence G.F. It is possible to divide into three stages. On the first (Dosokratov) - the end of the VII century.

Mid V c. BC. - dominates naturophilosophical issues; On the second (the middle of the V c. - IV century BC), starting with Sofists as a transitional link to the second stage, and Socrates, the focus is shifted to a person. In addition, G.F. Gradually turns from the monocentric on the center field. Thus, Plato and Aristotle philosophy is no longer only human-centered, but also sociocentric and (already on a new comparison with the commandments and in another sense) of the cosmocentric. Finally, at the third stage, which began after Aristotle, in the city of P. The priority becomes philosophical and historical, anthropological, moral and ethical and religious and spiritual problems. Philosophy begins in various regions of ancient Greece not suddenly and develops unevenly. It arises in a millet as a nodal Ionian city.

Asia Minor, and not in the autochthonic Greek agricultural communities of the South of the Balkan Peninsula. The combination of favorable material (then the city of Millet is a rich industrial and shopping center) and spiritual (proximity to Eastern philosophy and culture as a whole), the intensity, tension and clarity of the manifestation of social processes also caused substantial saturation, the speed of development, diversity and classical perfection of the forms of the city F. . On the periphery - Miret School (Falez, Anaximander, Anaximen), immigrants from Ephesus (Heraclit), Kolofon (Xenofan), Samos (Pythagoras, Melissa), Eleia (Parmenid, Zenon), Claladome (Anaxahor). Only from the middle of the V c. BC. (as the attics turns from the backward agricultural to the economically powerful and politically advanced country, headed by such a powerful economic, socio-political and spiritual center, such as Athens) focus of the development of philosophical thought shifts to his own Greek land, however, and currently outside the Balkans Multiple cells are preserved. - Abders (Levkipp, Democritus, Protagor), Sicily (Empedocl, Sophistic School), etc.

Significantly changing at this stage and the meaning orientation of representatives G.F. The cosmological problems dominate in the commanders, the thinkers of this period arise in the role of peculiar dedicated to the sacred prophets, and philosophy has not yet allocated from the syncretic complex of the then human knowledge about himself and the surrounding world. The first representatives of the G.F., starting with Falez, who was another one of the six-year-old seven wise men and at the same time first of the philosophers, focused on the search for the substrate, briefly, with which everything happens in which everything comes back, that is, , existence and changes of all things. Peschonal, the substance was interpreted at the same time not only and not as much as a fixed, dead matter, how much as a substance, alive as a whole and in their parts, a peculiar organic integrity, gifted with soul and movement, is also divided into the same integrity. Among the representatives of the Millet School, Fales, it was written by water, Anaximander - Aleron (indefinite, unlimited, inexhaustible), anaximen air; Herclite from Ephesus - Fire, Anaksagor - Mind (NUS), EmPedocl - all four elements: fire, air, water and land, acquire the status of first elements ("roots of all things"). From the combination of these "roots" in different proportions, thanks to love and hostility, all the manifestations of things are occurring, including living organisms as the highest level of the latter. And finally, Xenophan first source considered "land" or space in general, interpreted as a deity.

Metaphysical monism, outlined in general in the monotheistic theology of the pantheistic sense of Xenophane, found a specific development in the schools of Eleaitov (Parmenid, Zenon Elayky, Melissa), where there was no longer about certain sensually given measurements of the existing (architecture

Tartan), and on its own breathtaking being, and Pythagoreans (Pythagoras, Philolay. Alkmeon), which laid the foundations of monadology, carried out one of the first attempts to systemic analysis of harmony problems, measures, numbers. A peculiar conclusion of Rati Svy Cosmology boards can be considered the atomotics of Levkippa and Democritus, even for several years even under thinning. At the same time, at the final stage of the first stage. In the philosophy of the Sofists (Protigor, Hippius, Gorgii, Prodigar, etc.), an anthropological turn took place, put it in the center of philosophical attention no longer won, cosmos and being as such, and man. Software in this sense the thesis of the protagora about that it is "man there is a measure of all things - existing that they exist, non-existent, - that they do not exist." However, creating opportunities for a cardinal rethinking of the place and role of a person in the union, the nature of the relationship between the subject and the object in the process of knowledge, the sophists of these opportunities have not yet implemented. Focusing the importance of a person, the sophists focus not on the subjective, but on the subjective characteristics of its sensual-subject and cognitive activity, on the relativity of all the ideas and concepts of people about the world of nature and society. The natural consequence of this was the degeneration of compound philosophers in sophistry, in individualism, subjectivism and relativism in all branches of human knowledge and culture as a whole.

Considering (as well as sophists) in the meaning of the fundamental problem of philosophy is not cosmological, but anthropological, Socrates, unlike the Sofists, avoided relativism and individualism, showing precisely that with all the diversity of people, their statuses, lifestyles, abilities and fate unites them It can be expressed by the corresponding single and general concept and reflects the objective meaning of this concept. The main efforts of Socrates are focused primarily on finding out that "what is pious, and what is the wicked, beautiful and ugly, fair and unfair" (xenophon. Memories., 11.16). The path to solving these tasks he saw in overcoming arbitrary interpretation Concepts in the process of comprehending Truth, since it is true knowledge, in his opinion, is a prerequisite for moral behavior and an authentic understanding of the beautiful, that is, a calocy lifestyle, to which everyone should strive for.

Ethics of Socrates rationalistic, knowledge-based, and yet, in Socrates, and the title should include as a constitutive beginning of a moral component, without which they become just thought. Among Socratic schools, Megar (founded by Euclide) and to a certain extent, ELIDO-ERYTRIA received a significant influence of eleans and sophists, but they sought to overcome relativism. Many supporters also have both Socratic schools of Kerenaikov (Aristip, Eugemer, etc.), which professed hedonism and atheism, and novice (Antisphen, Diogen Sinnoschi, Dion Chrysostom), which recognized the autarchy, the internal independence and self-sufficiency of the individual, neglected the achievements of civilization and often led Nushchen existence. Plato, preserving and developing the philosophizing characteristic of Socrates, for the first time in the G.F., made a universal generalizing synthesis of philosophical knowledge, creating their holistic system, differentiated time on a wide set of teachings. All of them are distinguished by a clear anthroposocial determination, which sometimes borders with an anthropomorphism. So, even Plato's cosmogonium, based on a considerable degree on his teaching about the cosmic soul, interprets the last one by analogy with the soul of man, although Plato himself, on the contrary, interpreted the individual human souls as the personification of the cosmic soul, that is, derivatives on it. The unconditional anthroposocycultural conditionality and the focus of the Plato's philosophy manifests itself in his teaching about the breathtaking world of ideas, the comprehension of which makes it possible to know and achieve truth, virtue and beauty, as well as in the first place that occupies the doctrine of society, politics and state in his system.

Plato's teaching was directly developed by his students and supporters who were still united by Platon, which was called the Academy. In addition, the ancient Academy (348-270 BC), there is still an average (315-215 BC, the most important representatives - Arkese-Lai and Carnead) and a new one (160 BC - 529 N ., Cicero, Mark Terency Barron) Academy. As a relatively autonomous formation, there is still "medium" (in contrast to neoplatonism) Platonism (representatives of Plutarch Heronese (approx. 45-120) and Frasill). The sociocultural color is also determined by the peculiarity of philosophy (first the student, and later and the ideological opponent of Plato - Aristotle), one of the main subjects of which is spiritual and spiritual, is primarily the cognitive activity of a person, focused on developing problems of logic as a general scientific knowledge methodologue.

However, the ontological teachings of Aristotle, primarily his "First Philosophy", "Metaphysics", with the rationale, systemic development and application of the principle of form and matter ratio, is permeated and largely determined by the anthroposocial intentions itself. After all, the carrier of the active, leading start, and therefore, the creator of all things arises a subject, which, however, acts at Aristotle not only and not so much in authentic, but in the transformed form, for example, in the form of a leader, demiurge. In addition, it is not the main area of \u200b\u200busing the principle of the ratio of matter and the form of the doctrine of a person, where the soul is interpreted as a form of the body, and the mind is like a form of a soul. This approach in turn is the foundation of the moral and socio-political theory of Aristotle. After all, its ethics is based on a person's interpretation as a substantial, intelligent in nature; Improving the latter is considered as the only way to achieve happiness - the highest good, the main goal of human livelihoods. At the same time, ethical virtues are based on the understanding of the action, diagonetic - on a reasonable thinking, the implementation of both varieties of virtues implies raising of will. With ethics, according to Aristotle, the doctrine of society, politics and the state is inextricably linked, since the person, being "political animals", only in society itself similar, and organized into the state, can achieve moral perfection.

455 BC Aristotle combined his followers to school, called peripatetic, or lika. Among the first peripatetics - Feofrast, Diekarh, Aristochene; Among the later - Straton, Aristarh Samos, Claudius Ptolemy, Galen, andronica Rhodes.

Finally, on the third, final stage. One of the main items of philosophical thinking is already the culture of ancient Greece as a certain integrity with a distinctive spiritual world. Therefore, at this stage, the problems of philosophy of history, spirituality, freedom and morality are issued on the first plan in the general system of philosophical knowledge, after the external conditions of the late history of ancient Greek society, the attention of people, including philosophers, focuses gradually on their internal, spiritual world. It is such a bias that, in particular, for the three main directions of Hellenistic philosophy - epicureism, stoicism and skepticism, - for which not only the occurrence (with the loss of political independence of Greek, in particular Athenian, policies) of new, cosmopolitan thinking, but even more Noticeable predominance of ethical issues. In the context, the last social ethics gradually displaces from the center to the periphery, and its place is occupied by the individual, addressed directly personality. The question of natural philosophy and logic will not be ignored and here, but they, firstly, depart into the background, secondly, to one degree or another are also filled with sociocultural content. So, the epicurian, who founded his own school ("Garden of Epicur") and became the founder of the corresponding direction of the late G.F., being a follower of a democritoma atom, while not only recognizes the movement of atoms free deviation, the freedom of the will of the will is fluid, but also Fills the onesomotik, as young Marx showed well, social sense. Such a tendency is observed at another current later. - Stoicism. If early Stoicism (Zenon Kitionsky, Cleanf, Chrysipp, III-II centuries BC) pays more attention to the theoretical philosophy (logic and physics), although Ethics is central to the central part of the philosophical system, then at the stage of the average Stop (Panesia, Posidochi, II-I centuries. BC) Pania emphasizes the practical nature of the whole philosophy. Representatives of late Stoicism (Seneca, Epicate, Mark Azeri Antonin, Moussers Ruf, Hyerocl-Stoik - 1-II Art. N.E.) Problems of logic and physics themselves are generally quite enough, because they are increasingly sacrament, Moralizing a religious sense or at least strive to console people with means of everyday wisdom.

The third main direction of the Pylistothelivskyi G.F. - Skepticism (Pierron, Arkecilai, Carnead, Enezidim, Agrippa, Sext Empirik - IV centuries. BC - II century. N.E.) generally argued the impossibility of true knowledge and on this basis - the need for content (EPCH) from any -What judgment, the desire for apathy and ataraxia (irrevocability). If a person turns out to be forced to action, they should be based on such "non-stricken" grounds, as a probability, habit and tradition.

Finally, for the final, transitional from the ancient G.F. The medieval philosophy is characterized by dominance is no longer purely philosophical, but religious and philosophical and, actually, religious searches.

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Introduction

1. Philosophy of Sofists and Socrates

2. Plato's philosophy

3. Philosophy Aristotle

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Philosophy is one of the oldest spheres of spiritual life. All multifaceted culture, which causes various civilizations that existed in the past and existing in our days, as the most important component includes one amount of philosophical knowledge.

Greek culture VII - V centuries. BC. - This is the culture of society in which the leading role belongs to slave labor, although in certain industries that demanded highly qualified manufacturers, such as artistic craft, free work was widely applied.

During antiquity, great importance in the educational process was attached to upbringing.

Considering the education as a peculiar fact of human being, the essence of a person was determined in a certain way, which was hardened in the ability to raise themselves and bring up others.

The Athenian education system left a trace in the history of philosophy of education as a predictor of a high spiritual culture, the formation of a harmonious person, the main tasks of which were spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection.

It was in Athens that the idea of \u200b\u200bharmonious development of the personality as a goal of education arose.

In the development of the philosophy of ancient Greece, four main stages are distinguished:

I. VII-V century BC. - Diskratovskaya philosophy

II. V-IV century BC. - Classic stage

III IV-II century BC- Hellenistic stage.

(Decay of Greek cities and the establishment of domination of Macedonia)

IV. I century BC - V, VI century AD - Roman philosophy.

The most significant phenomena of the classic period of Greek philosophy were Sophistic and the teachings of the three greatest philosophers of ancient Greece: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

1. Software philosophy and Socrates

Sofists are the first professional teachers of "wisdom" and eloquence, the center of philosophical studies of which was a person and his attitude to the world.

As the philosophical course, the sophists do not represent a completely homogeneous phenomenon. The most characteristic feature, total all sophistry, is the approval of the relativity of all human concepts, ethical norms and evaluations.

Sofists appeared when the development of Greek democracy has already blocked the borders that existed between estates. It thus washed away the former channels of household economy and value installations. The individual felt herself no longer just a member of his "" shop "," and an independent face and realized that everything previously spent on the faith should be criticized. He considered himself a subject of criticism. In the second half of 5V. BC. In Greece, an intellectual course called sophisticated. The word comes from two words: love and wisdom.

Sofists were fairly called representatives of Greek enlightenment. They not only deepen the philosophical doctrine of the past, as knowledge popularized, spreading their numerous disciples in wide circles what philosophy and science was already acquired by that time. Sofists have created an unprecedented cult of words in Greece and thereby exalting rhetoric. The language was an instrument of influence on consciousness. Block the opponent by any argument - the strategy of Sofists. But on the other hand, Sophistica is a dishonest way to conduct disputes with which the tricks are used, allowing to discourage others, any argument, just to achieve the goal. Sofists laid the beginning of such science as argument. The study of nature Sofists did not pay attention, but they first began to distinguish between the laws of nature, as something unshakable, and the laws of society arising from human establishment. Many sophists doubted the existence of gods or even denied, considering human fiction. Sofists are customary to divide on belonging to the older and younger generation.

Senior group of sophists. It includes Protigor, Gorgii, Fungia and Prodik. Protagor was a materialist and taught about the flow of matter and the relativity of all perceptions. Protagur proved that every statement could be with an equal basis opposed to the statement contradictory. Materialism of the protagon is associated with atheism. Ascribed by the treatise "About the God" begins to think: "I can't know anything about the gods: nothing they exist, nothing they do not have any likeness." According to the preserved information, Protagor was accused of wormless and forced to leave Athens. Most of the thoughts of the protagora refers directly to the person, his life, to practical and cognitive activity.

The concepts of non-existence, movement and many teachings of Gorgia became very famous on the basis of the Elayer criticism. He developed a reasoning in which he argued:

1) Nothing exists;

2) if there is something existing, then it is not known;

3) even if it is also known, then his knowledge is incomprehensible and inexplicable.

Gorgiy very accurately distinguishes the meaning of the words and uses changes to the value in a different context. Manipulation with speech, its logical and grammatical structure is also characteristic of other sophists. He paid great attention to the rhetoric and its theory, on the effect of verbal impact on the listeners. He considered the best and most advanced man's instrument.

The contribution of Gorgia to philosophy is not limited to the rhetoric, his relativism and skepticism, the awareness of the difference between the knowledgeable and knowing, between the thought and its presentation played a positive role in confrontation with the Elaska philosophy.

The fun attracted attention not only to geometric studies of curves, but also reflections on the nature of the law.

Finally, the predica, developed relativistic lesions to the view, according to which people who use things are that they themselves. " Sophisticated senior group were major thinkers in matters of law and socio-political. Protagor wrote the laws that determined the democratic image of the board in the Athenian colony of Furi in southern Italy, and substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200bequality of free people. Influence pointed out in its definition of a law on violent coercion as a condition for the possibility of legislation. The same sophists of the eldest group tried to critically explore religious beliefs. The compositions of the prostagor about the gods were publicly burned and became a reason for the expulsion of the philosopher from Athens, despite the extremely cautious formulation of religious skepticism. Prodict, developing the views of Anaksagora and Democritus, began to interpret the religious myths as an personification of the forces of nature.

Junior Society Group . The most prominent representatives of the younger Sofists include the LicoFro, Alkidamant, traces. So, the liberal and alkidamant opposed partitions between social classes: the liberal arms argued that the knowledge is fiction, and Alkidamant - that nature did not create slaves and that people are born free. Trassims extended the doctrine of relativity on social and ethical norms and reduced justice to useful for strong, argued that each government establishes laws beneficial for her itself; Democracy - democratic, and tyranny - tyrannoe, etc.

For Sofists is characteristic:

· Critical attitude to the surrounding reality;

· The desire to check everything in practice, logically prove the correctness or irregularity of one way or another;

· Rejection of the basics of old, traditional civilization;

· Decitment of old traditions, habits, rules based on unproven knowledge;

· The desire to prove the conditionality of the state and the right, their imperfection;

· The perception of morality norms is not as absolute, but as a subject of criticism;

· Subjectivism in estimates and judgments, denial of objective being and attempt to prove that reality exists only in human thoughts.

Representatives of this philosophical school were proved with the help of soffisms - logical techniques, tricks, thanks to which the correctness was correct at first glance turned out to be false, and the interlocutor confused in his own thoughts.

An example of this conclusion is "horned" Sophism:

"What has not lost, you have, you have not lost a horns; So you have them. "

This result is not achieved as a result of paradoxicality, the logical difficulty of sofism, but as a result of the incorrect use of logical semantic operations. In the specified sofism, the first parcel is false, but it is issued for the right one, hence the result.

Despite the fact that the activities of the Sofists caused the disapproval of both the authorities and representatives of other philosophical schools, the Sofists made a great contribution to Greek philosophy and culture. Their main merit refers to what they are:

· Critically looked at the surrounding reality;

· Have extended a large number of philosophical and other knowledge among citizens of Greek policies (for which they were subsequently called ancient Greek enlighteners).

Currently sofizmamicall usually incorrect reasoning, imaginary evidence issued for the correct.

The most respected of philosophers related to sophistry was reduced.

Socrates were born in 469 BC. e. He was the son of Kamenotes and an obean grandmother. Received a versatile education. He studied science of his time (in particular, mathematics, astronomy and meteorology), and in young years he was fond of sciences about nature. According to the property situation, Socrates rather was poor than rich; He got a little inheritance and led an unpretentious lifestyle and did not complain about his destiny.

During the period of the Peloponess War, Socrates took part in three military operations as a goplit (severe armed infantryman) and showed himself a courageous and endless warrior, which does not lose the presence of the spirit during the retreat of troops and faithful towards combat messages. A year before the start of the Peloponess War, Socrates participated in the siege of the Potideus, which announced his exit from the Athenian Union.

Socrates showed not only the military valor on the battlefields, but also civilian courage in the complex peripetics of the socio-political life of their homeland. True, in the matter of participation in the state policy, in the activities of its institutions, Socrates chose a very peculiar position. He consciously avoided participation in public life, motivating this with a fundamental discrepancy of his inner conviction regarding justice and legality with the observed multiple of injustices and lawlessness, which are committed in the state. At the same time, he did not consider himself to shy away from the implementation of civil duties (visiting the People's Assembly, participation in the court of jury, etc.), imposed on it by the laws of the state.

By nature it was a very kind person. Having taught in the paid focus on the square, he loved to start talking with passersby. And when he was asked why you, Socrates, go Bosa and in such a robe, he answered: "You live to eat, and I eat to live." It would seem what is a simple answer, but how many wisdom in these words.

Socrates did not leave significant philosophical works, but entered the story as an outstanding sphethist, a sage, philosopher-teacher.

Socrates taught that there are no moral laws for all for all, but it is possible to master morality, only a little, which could learn this and follow the knowledge gained. Virtue, Higher and absolute benefit that make up the goal of human life, for only she gives happiness.

Socrates - man, the ancient Greek philosophical teaching of which marks the turn from materialistic naturalism to idealism. He is a representative of an idealistic religious moral worldview, openly hostile materialism. For the first time, Socrates deliberately set himself the task of a justification for idealism and opposed the ancient materialistic world-thundering, natural science knowledge and worm. Socrates historically was the progress of the Plato line in ancient philosophy.

By the most important vocation of Socrates, Socrates considered the "Human Education" meaning he saw in discussions and conversations, and not in the systematic presentation of some kind of knowledge. He never considered himself a "wise" (Sophos), and the philosopher "loving wisdom" (Philo Sofia). The title of sage, in his opinion, will be confirmed to God. If a person is smugly believed that he knows ready-made answers, then such a person for philosophy deceased, he does not need to break his head in search of the most faithful concepts, there is no need to move on in search of new solutions to a particular problem. As a result, the sage turns out to be a "parrot" we have learned several phrases and rushing them into the crowd.

In the center of Socratic thought - the theme of a person, the problems of life and death, good and evil, virtues and vices, the rights and debt, freedom and responsibility of society. And Socratic conversations - an instructive and authoritative example of how to be oriented in more often than these ever-topical issues. Appeal to Socrates at all times was an attempt to understand himself and his time. The main task of his life Socrates considered human training thinking, the ability to find a deep spiritual beginning.

The method that he chose to solve this difficult task - irony, liberating a person from self-confidence, from the non-critical acceptance of someone else's opinion.

The purpose of the irony is not the destruction of common moral lows, on the contrary, as a result of an ironic attitude towards everything external, to prejudiced opinions, a person produces a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe spiritual principle that lies in every person. The mind and morality is basically identical, Socrates considered. Happiness and there are conscious virtue. Philosophy should be a teaching about how to live a person. Philosophy generates a general concept of things, discovers the unified basis of the existing, which is good for the human mind, the highest goal. The unified basis of human life does not exist in the detachment from the spiritual efforts of the person himself, it is not indifferent natural principle. Only when the United States is the goal of a person, will be presented in the form of the concept, it will be its happiness.

In its research, Socrates concentrates on human issues, understanding a person not as a natural being, which has the autonomy of existence, and be referring to a person of a learner who is in a state of knowledge. Socrates changes the focus itself of intelligent searches.

He puts and decides the question: "What is the nature and the last reality of a person, what is the essence of man?" At the same time, Socrates comes to the answer: a person is his soul, but from the moment the soul becomes truly human, mature, capable of being distinguished by a person from other beings. "Soul" is a mind, thinking activity, moral behavior. Soul in this sense is the philosophical discovery of Socrates.

Philosophy, from the point of view of Socrates, is an authentic way to know good and evil. This cognition of Socrates exercises in the process of its conversations. Socrates in them comes from the facts of privacy, from specific phenomena of the surrounding reality. It compares individual moral actions, it allocates common elements in them, analyzes them to detect their contradictory moments preceding them and, ultimately, leads them to higher unity based on the dissection of some significant signs. In this way, it reaches a general concept of good, evil, justice, beauty, etc. The purpose of the critical work of the mind, according to Socrates, there must be a concept based on a strict scientific definition of the subject.

Socrates taught that philosophy - love for wisdom, love for knowledge - can be considered as moral activity in the event that knowledge in itself is good. And this position is the driving force of all its activities. Socrates believed that if a person knows what exactly is good, but what is bad, he will never go bad. Moral evil comes from ignorance, it means knowledge is a source of moral perfection.

Truth and morality, for Socrates - coinciding concepts. It can be argued that there is true morality. By Socrates, the knowledge of what is good, and at the same time, which is useful to man, contributes to his bliss, his life happiness. Socrates called three basic human virtues:

· Moderation (knowledge of how to curb passion);

· Bravery (knowledge of how to overcome the dangers);

· Justice (knowledge How to comply with the laws of Divine and Human).

Thus, Socrates tried to find in consciousness, thinking a solid support, on which the building of morality and all social life could stand, including the state.

The main method developed and applied by Socrates was called "Maevik". The essence of Maja Nathics is not to teach the truth, but in the fact that thanks to the logical techniques that lead to the issues to bring the interlocutor to independently find the truth.

Socrates led his philosophy and educational work in the thick of the people, in the squares, markets in the form of an open conversation (dialogue, dispute), the topics of which were topical problems of that time, current and now: good; evil; love; happiness; honesty, etc. The philosopher was a supporter of ethical realism, according to which:

· Any knowledge is good;

· Any evil, vice comes from ignorance.

The historical importance of Socrates is that he

· Contributed to the dissemination of knowledge, enlightenment of citizens;

· I was looking for answers to the eternal problems of humanity - good and evil, love, honor, etc.;

· Opened the Majaithic method widely used in modern education;

· Introduced a dialogic method of finding truth - by its proof in a free dispute, and not declared, as a number of previous philosophers did;

· Learn a lot of students, continules of their business (for example, Plato), stood at the sources of a number of so-called "Socration Schools".

Socrates were not understood by the official authorities and was perceived by them as an ordinary Sophist, undermining the foundations of society, confusing young people. For that he was in 399 BC. Sentenced to death. According to the preserved certificates, the prosecutors did not "have been craving for blood," they would have enough if Socrates who were not subjected to arrest, voluntarily removed from Athens and did not appear on the court. But contrary to the warning to court, he appeared, quite aware of the danger threatening. The court decision was not in favor of Socrates, he was convicted. Friends of Socrates prepared everything for a successful escape from prison, but he refused, for it believed that escape could mean the refusal of his ideas, from the moral principles that he confessed and who taught other people. After the court sentence, Socrates drank a deadly poison, thereby wanted to prove that the true philosopher should live and die in harmony with his teachings.

2. Philosophy Plato

Plato (427 - 347 BC. Er;) - the greatest ancient Greek philosopher. Genuine name Plato - Aristocle, Plato - nickname, meaning "broadly". He was the son of the Athenian citizen. According to its social situation, it took from the Athenian slave owner aristocracy. In his youth, a listener was a riser of a supporter of Heraclit's teachings - Kratila, where he met with the principles of objective dialectics, he also influenced him and the tendency of choles to absolute relativism. At 20, he was preparing to participate in the competition as the author of the tragedy and accidentally heard the discussion in which Socrates participated. She was so fascinated that he burned his poems and became a student of Socrates.

Plato is a great student of Socrates, the founder of his own school - the Academy that existed almost a thousand years, deploys the image of a world worthy of a born human person; Puts in front of man a goal, worthy of harmony of space. Being and non-existence in its system is not two equal explanatory principles of the world order, indifferent to man, his goals and hopes. The world "centers" around a person, at the feet of his feet shapeless matter - non-existence, his eyes turned to the sky - the beautiful, good, eternal - being.

Philosophy for Plato is some kind of contemplation of truth. It is purely intellectual, it is not just wisdom, but love for wisdom. Everyone who is engaged in any kind of creative labor is in such a state of the Spirit, when the truth or beautiful seems to be in a sudden illusion.

Plato is the founder of objective idealism. The central place in the philosophy of Plato is the doctrine of ideas. So, ideas are the essence of things, what makes every thing that is "this", given, not the other. Otherwise, ideas are what makes every thing that it is. Plato uses the term "paradigm", thereby indicating that ideas form a timeless (constant) model of each thing. Plato understands supersual reality as a hierarchy of ideas: the lower ideas are subordinate to the top.

At the top of the hierarchy - the idea of \u200b\u200bgood in itself - it is no longer due, therefore, absolute. In the dialogue "State", Plato writes about it as a generating itself. Sensually perceived world (space) is structured by ideas. Physical world comes from ideas. The sensual world of Plato is a perfect order (space), which is an expression of the celebration of Logos over the blind necessity of matter. Matter is a fanger of sensual, in the definition of Plato, is the "choir" (spatiality). It is in the power of a shapeless and chaotic movement.

The main question of Plato's cosmology: Cosmos is born from chaos? Plato is as follows: There is a demiurge (God-Creator, who has the will, thinking, personal), which, taking the world of ideas as a sample, created physical space from matter. At the same time, the reason for the creation of the Universum lies in the pure desire of the demiurge. Plato defines the main motive of creation in the Timkey dialog as follows: "He was a good, and the one who is good, never in any kind of envy. Being alien envy, he wished that all things have become as much likely like him Himself ... God, took care of all the visible things that were not alone, but in a non-stroke and disorderly movement; he led them out of disorder in order, believing that the second, of course, is better than the first. Sophist idealism Aristotle Moralism

It is impossible now and it was impossible since ancient times so that the one who is the highest benefit has made something that would not be the most beautiful; Meanwhile, thinking heed to him that of all things, by nature, his visible, no creation, deprived of the mind, could not be more beautiful than that endowed with the mind, if compared, both as a whole; And the mind separately from the soul can not dwell. Guided by this reasoning, he arranged the mind in the soul, and the soul in the body and thus built the universe, meaning to create creation the most beautiful and nature of its best.

In outer space there is a world soul (spirit). The human soul is independent of the body and is immortal. The longer the soul stays in the kingdom of ideas, the more knowledge she will bring a person. The soul puts up into the body. It consists of 3-parts:

· Passion.

· Sensual desires.

The victory of reason over passion and desires is possible by the right upbringing. The person himself cannot improve. Personal efforts are missing for self-education. The state and laws helps in this person. He wrote the book "State, Politics, Law".

The state is the organization of political figures with the apparatus of coercion, territory, sovereignty, which gives its veneers a common one. He divided the states on positive and negative and identified 4 types of negative states.

· Timocracy is a state that reflects the interests of owners, creates material values. "Power is based on the domination of ambitions. First, the features of the perfect state, then luxury (luxury, as a lifestyle).

· Oligarchy - the domination of a few above the majority, these are a few patrols, rich and drums, generating evil, crime and theft.

· Democracy - it develops from the oligarchy to the worse state form. Democracy is the board and the power of the majority, where contradictions arise between the poor and rich. They are exacerbated and poured into the uprising. The victory of the poor, they ignore the old ruins, then divide power, and cannot manage and give the power to dictators, tyras.

· Tirands - the power of one above all

It offers a new type of state - perfect. The perfect state is the best rule, where few gifted, professional people lead. The main principle of which is justice.

· Perfection of the state in its own organization and in the means of protection.

· The ability to systematically supply the country with material benefits, lead and direct the creativity and spiritual activity of the country.

Plato indicates that citizens live in a perfect state. According to moral deposits and the properties of a person, they are divided into categories:

· Workers of various industries (potters, peasants, merchants, etc.) producing products and products - the lowest class of citizens.

· Warriors - Guards above the first discharge.

· The rulers philosophers, in morality they are higher than warriors, and warriors above manufacturers. The rulers should be guided by the principles that make up the basis of the state: wisdom, courage, restraining measure, justice, uniformity.

The perfect state in Platon has four dus:

· Wisdom,

· Courage,

· Prudence,

· Justice.

Under the "wisdom" Platon means higher knowledge. Only philosophers must rule the state and only under their rule will be bodies.

"Courage" - also the privilege of a few ("the courageous state is only due to some one of its part"). "Courage I consider someone safe, ... that keeps a certain opinion about the danger - what she is and what it is."

The third valor is prudence, unlike the two previous ones, belongs to all state members. "Something like the order is what prudence is."

The presence in the state of "justice" is prepared and determined by "prudence". Thanks to the very equity, each category of society and each separately taken by a person and receives its special business for fulfilling. "This is doing your own, probably, there is justice."

Interestingly, Plato, who lived in the times of the universal slave-owned building, does not pay special attention to the slaves. All production concerns are assigned to artisans and farmers. Here, Plato writes that only "barbarians", neallines, during the war can be converted into slavery. However, he also says that the war - evil arising in vicious states for enrichment, and in the ideal state of war should be avoided, therefore there will be no slaves. In his opinion, the highest discharges (castes) should not have private property to preserve unity.

However, in the "Laws" dialogue, where the problems of the state device are also discussed, Plato shifts the main economic care for slaves and strangers, but condemns the warriors. Philosophers, on the basis of mind, manage the rest of classes, limiting their freedom, and the warriors play the role of "dogs", holding the lower "flock" in obedience. This is exacerbated by the already cruel division on the discharge. Plato wants to achieve the same result, "Communication" not only human property, but also wives, children.

In theory of Plato, men and women should not marry their own whim. It turns out that marriage secretly manage philosophers, copulating the best with the best, and the worst - with the worst. After childbirth, children are selected, and are given to mothers after a while, and no one knows whose child he got, and all men (within the caste) are considered fathers of all children, and all women are common wives of all men.

In Athens, Plato opened school - Academy. The Plato's school name received because classes took place in the gymnasium halls in the vicinity of Athens, called the Academy (named Greek Hero Academa). Near this gymnasium Plato acquired a small plot of land where members of his school could also be collected.

Access to school was open to all. When studying at the Academy, Plato combined the teachings of Socrates and the teaching of the Pythagoreans, with whom he met during his first trip to Sicily. From Socrates, he perceived a dialectical method, Irony, interest in ethical issues; From Pythagora, he inherited the ideal of the livelihood of philosophers and the idea of \u200b\u200beducation with the help of symbols based on mathematics, as well as the possibility of using this science to knowledge of nature.

Plato died in 348 or 347 BC. At the age of eighty, until the end of the life I retain all the completeness of my mighty mind. His body was buried in ceramics, not far from the Academy.

3. Philosophy Aristotle

Aristotle was born in Stagir, the Greek colony in Chalkidiki, not far from the Mountain, in 384 BC. Aristotle's father was called Nickname, he was a doctor at the courtyard of Amintes III, Tsar Macedonsky. Noomas took place from the family of hereditary drugs, in which medical art was transmitted from generation to generation. Father was the first aristotle mentor. Already as a child, Aristotle became acquainted with Philip, the future father of Alexander Macedon, which was played not the last role in his future appointment with the teacher Alexander.

In 369 BC e. Aristotle lost his parents. The guardian of the young philosopher became proxy (afterwards Aristotle, the warmth responded about him, and when the proxy died, his son nicanor adopted). Aristotle inherited significant funds from his father, it gave him the opportunity to continue education under the guidance of proxy. The books were then very expensive, but proxed bought him even the most rare. Thus, Aristotle in his youth addicted to reading. Under the leadership of his guardian, Aristotle studied plants and animals, which in the future developed into a separate work "On the occurrence of animals".

The youthful years of Aristotle fell during the beginning of the heyday of Macedonia. Aristotle received Greek education and was a carrier of this language, he sympathized with a democratic image of the Board, but at the same time he was subject to the Macedonian ruler. This contradiction will play a definite role in his fate.

Aristotle is the greatest ancient Greek philosopher. Aristotle was deservedly called the encyclopedist of ancient Greece. Aristotle is the founder of a number of sciences: philosophy, logic, psychology, biology, political science, economics, history, etc., the founder of dualism, "father" of logic, student and decisive opponent Plato.

Education received in Athens, at Plato's school. Criticizing the Platonic Concept of Genesis. Aristotle saw Plato's mistake in the fact that he was attributed to the ideas of an independent existence, by turning and separating them from the sensory world, for whom the movement is characterized, change. Aristotle considered being as an objective world, the actual principle of the thing, inextricing with it, as a fixed engine, the divine mind or intangible form of all forms. Genesis - Live substance, characterized by special principles or four origins (conditions) of being:

· Matter - "What". The diversity of things that exist objectively; Matter is eternal, irrelevant and non-profit; It cannot arise from nothing, to increase or decrease in its quantity; It is inert and passive. Formless matter is non-existence. The primary decorated matter is expressed in the form of five first elements (elements): air, water, earth, fire and ether (heavenly substance).

· Form - "What". Essence, stimulus, target, as well as the cause of the formation of diverse things from monotonous matter. Creates the forms of various things from the matter of God (or the Um-Quality Mother). Aristotle approaches the idea of \u200b\u200ba single being thing, phenomena: it represents the merger of matter and forms.

· The current reason (start) is "then, from where." The beginning of all the God began to be. There is a causal dependence of the existing phenomenon: there is a valid reason - this is an energetic force that generates something in peace of the universal interaction of the events of the existing, not only the matter and forms, the act and potency, but also generating energy-causes having along with the existing beginning and the target meaning, i.e

· The goal is "that, for what". The highest goal is benefit.

Aristotle has developed a hierarchical system of categories in which the main was "essence", or "substance", and the rest were considered its signs.

The basic concepts of space and time begin with Aristotle:

· Substantational - considers space and time as independent entities, originated by the world.

· Relational - considers the existence of material objects.

Space and time categories act as "method" and the number of movement, that is, as a sequence of real and mental events and states, which means organically related to the principle of development.

The concrete embodiment of beauty as the principle of world device Aristotle saw in the idea or mind.

Aristotle created a hierarchy of the levels of all things (from matter as an opportunity to form a single forms of being and further):

· Inorganic education (inorganic world).

· World of plants and living beings.

· The world of various types of animals.

· human.

According to Aristotle, the world movement is a solid process: all of its moments are mutually determined, which assumes the presence and a single engine. Further, based on the concept of causality, it comes to the concept of the first reason. And this is meant. Cosmological proof of God's existence. God is the first cause of the movement, the beginning of all began, since there can be an endless series of reasons or original. There is a reason, itself determining: the reason for all reasons.

The absolute beginning of all movement is a deity as a global ultra-suicide substance. Aristotle denied the existence of a deity with the discretion of space improvement principle. According to Aristotle, the deity serves as the subject of the highest and most perfect knowledge, since all knowledge is directed to the form and essence, and God is a clean form and the first essence.

The ethics of Aristotle is closely connected with his teaching about the soul. The soul, in his opinion, belongs only to living beings. The soul is entelechy. Entelechia is the implementation of a focused process, conditioning through the goal. The soul is closely connected with the body, it contributes to the deployment of all the possibilities that melting in a living being. There are three types of soul. The soul is vegetable (powerfulness to nutrition), soul animal (ability to feel). These two types of soul are inseparable from the body and also inherent in the person. The soul is a reasonable inherent in the only person, it is not an entelech, it is separable from the body, not intense him, is immortal.

The main goal of man is the desire for good. Higher benefit is happiness, bliss. As a man is endowed with a reasonable soul, his benefit is the perfect implementation of reasonable activities. The condition for achieving good - possessing virtues. Virtue is the achievement of perfection in each form of activity, it is art, the ability to find the only right solution. Aristotle allocates 11 ethical virtues: courage, moderation, generosity, splendor, generosity, ambition, evenness, truthfulness, courtesy, friendliness, justice. The latter is the most necessary for living together.

· Reasonable (virtues of the mind) - develop in man due to learning - wisdom, intelligence, prudence.

· Moral (virtues of character) - are born from habits-morals: a person acts, acquires experience and on the basis of this, its traits are formed.

Virtue - is a measure, a gold middle between two extremes: excess and disadvantage.

Virtue - it is "the ability to do the best in everything, as for pleasures and suffering, and the viciousness is its opposite."

Virtue is an internal order or a warehouse of the soul; The order is acquired by a person in a conscious and targeted effort.

In explaining its teaching, Aristotle gives a small essay, representing the "table" of virtues and vices in their correlation with various activities:

· Courage is the middle between reckless courage and cowardice (in relation to the danger).

· Prudence is the middle between the promiscuity and the fact that it could be called "insensitiveness" (in relation to the pleasures associated with the feeling of touching and taste).

· Generosity is the middle between the motorcycle and misfortune (in relation to the material benefits).

· Magnifier is a middle between sneak and explosion (in relation to honor and dishonor).

· Equipment is the middle between angry and "greaziness."

· Truthfulness - the middle between boasting and pretendation.

· Witness - the middle between the junciation and neuralism.

· Friendliness - the middle between the videos and the aspirations.

· Shame - the middle between shamelessness and timidity.

The moral person, by Aristotle, the one who leads the mind conjugate with virtue. Aristotle accepts Platonovsky ideal contemplation, but leads to it, as a person is born not only for cleverness, but also for action.

For Aristotle, a person is primarily a public or political being ("political animal"), gifted by a speech and capable of awareness of such concepts as good and evil, justice and injustice, that is, possessing moral qualities. There are two starts in man: biological and public. From the moment of its birth, the person does not remain alone with himself; It is attached to all the accomplishments of the past and present, to the thoughts and feelings of all mankind. Man's life outside society is impossible.

Aristotle criticized the Teaching of Plato about the perfect state, and preferred to talk about such a political structure that most states can have. He believed that the commonality of property, wives and children offered by Plato would lead to the destruction of the state. Aristotle was a convinced defender of the rights of the individual, private property and a monogamous family, as well as a supporter of slavery. About Aristotle, a person is a political being, that is, social, and he carries an instinctive desire for "joint cohabitation."

The first result of the social life of Aristotle considered the education of the family - husband and wife, parents and children ... The need for mutual exchange led to the communication of families and villages. So there was a state. The state is created not to live at all, but live, mainly happily.

Having identified society with the state, Aristotle was forced to search for the goals, interests and nature of the activities of people from their property situation and used this criterion when characterizing various layers of society. He highlighted the three main layers of citizens: very prosperous, medium, extremely poor. According to Aristotle, the poor and rich "are in the state elements, diametrically opposed to each other, which, depending on the advantage of one or another of the element, the corresponding form of the state system is established."

As a supporter of the slave-owned system, Aristotle closely associated slavery with the question of ownership: in the very essence of things, the procedure is rooted, by virtue of which from the moment of birth, some creatures are intended to be subordinate, others - to the public. This is the general law of nature and it is subordinated to both animated creatures. According to Aristotle, who by nature belongs not to himself, and the other, and at the same time, the person is the slave for its nature.

Aristotle taught that the land, which is the center of the Universe, Sharotrova. The proof of the Sharo-formality of the Earth Aristotle saw in the character of lunar eclipses, in which the shadow, thrown on the moon, has a rounded shape around the edges, which may only be subject to the shag-likeness of the Earth. Stars, according to Aristotle, fixedly fortified in heaven and turn together with him, and "wandering shining" (planets) move along seven concentric circles. The cause of heavenly movement is God.

The abrupt merit of Aristotle remains the creation of science called them ethics. For the first time among Greek thinkers, he did the basis of morality. Aristotle considered the physius-free thinking as the Supreme Beginning in the world - a deity. Although a person will never reach the level of Divine Life, but as far as it is in his power, he must strive for him as an ideal. The approval of this ideal allowed Aristotle to create, on the one hand, a realistic ethics based on the judgment, i.e. On the norms and principles taken from the life itself, what it is in reality, and on the other - ethics, not deprived of the ideal.

In the spirit of the ethical teachings of Aristotle, the well-being of a person depends on his mind of prudence, prudency. Aristotle put science (mind) above morality, thereby making a moral ideal contemplative life.

The humanism of Aristotle is distinguished from Christian humanism, according to which "all people are brothers", i.e. All are equal before God. Aristotelian ethics proceeds from the fact that people are not the same in their abilities, forms of activity and degree of activity, therefore the level of happiness or bliss is different, and some life may not be in general and the unhappy. So, Aristotle believes that the slave can not be happiness. He put forward the theory of "natural" superiority of Hellenes ("free by nature") over "barbarians" ("slaves in nature"). For Aristotle, a person is outside of society is or God, or an animal, but since slaves were an invalid, the prolonged element, devoid of civil rights, it turned out that slaves - no matter how people, and the slave becomes a person, only having freedom.

The ethics and the policy of Aristotle are studying the same question - the question of raising virtues and the formation of habits to live is virtuous to achieve happiness available to a person in different aspects: the first - in the aspects of the nature of a separate person, the second - in terms of the socio-political life of citizens. To upbringing a virtuous lifestyle and behavior of one morality, there is also not enough laws that have forced strength. Therefore, Aristotle declares, "public attention (to upbringing) arises due to the laws, and good attention - thanks to respectable laws"

Conclusion

The specifics of ancient Greek philosophy is the desire to understand the essence of nature, the world as a whole, space. It is not by chance that the first Greek philosophers were called "physicists" (from Greek. Phisis - Nature). The main issue in ancient Greek philosophy was the question of the origin of the world. In this sense, philosophy echoes mythology, inherits its ideological issues. But if mythology strives to solve this issue on the principle - who gave birth to existing, then philosophers are looking for a substance beginning - from which everything happened.

The first Greek philosophers seek to construct a picture of the world, to identify the universal foundations of the existence of this world. The accumulation of the philosophy of knowledge, the development of the toolkit of thinking of a change in public life, under the influence of which the human person is being formed, the formation of new social needs led to a further step in the development of philosophical issues. There is a transition from the predominant study of nature to the consideration of a person, his life in all diverse manifestations, a subjectivist-anthropological trend in philosophy arises.

Starting with Sofists and Socrates, philosophy for the first time formulates the main ideological issue as a matter of attitude to the subject to the object, spirit to nature, thinking to being. For philosophy, it is not a separate consideration of man and peace, but their constant correlation. The philosophical perception of the world is always subjective, painted personally painted, it is impossible to abstract from the presence of a learning, evaluating and emotionally experienced person. Philosophy is a self-visual thinking.

Bibliography

1. Chernyshev N.F Antique philosophy. - M.: Republic, 2012. - 615 p.

2. Albensky N.N. Lect course on ancient philosophy. - M.: Infra-M, 2012 - 519 p.

3. Lomteva A.S. Antique philosophy. - M.: Knorus, 2011 - 327 s ..

4. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Contemporanik, 2010 - 394 p.

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6. Alberts TA The philosophy of the ancient world - St. Petersburg: Peter Trust, 2010 - 575 p.

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The first philosophers of ancient Greece

Early teachings of philosophy originated in 7-5 centuries to R.Kh. During the formation of the first major ancient Greek cities-states. These ancient philosophical schools include such ancient philosophical schools: Miletskaya, Elaska, Pythagoreans, School of Heraclit Efesse. The philosophers of these trends tried to explain the phenomena of the outside world, waved the nature and were looking for the first acquisition of everything, without using the discussion as a means of knowing the truth.
Miletsky school arose in the 6th century BC. in . She was named after a large mite policy, where it was formed. The founder of this flow of philosophy was Fales. Pupil Falez - Alexander for the first time revealed the law of conservation of matter. His follower of Anaximen equated the gods to the forces of nature, planets and stars.
Pythagoreans are followers of the great mathematics of Pythagora. This teaching arose in 6-5 centuries BC. Pythagoreans of the primary origin of the world and all phenomena considered numbers.
The Elais school was born in the city of Eleu in 6-5 centuries BC. The most outstanding thinkers were: Parmenid, Zenon Elayky, Melissa Samos. Eleata became the progenitors of idealism.

Famous ancient philosophers in Greece

Democritus laid the foundations of the flow of materialism in philosophy. He assumed that all the living and non-living around consists of the smallest particles - eternal atoms. It is the movement of these particles - the cause of life.
Socrates - a well-known ancient Greek philosopher, did not support the democratic device of the state. He moved the perspective of knowledge with the surrounding reality on the inner world of man ("Know yourself"). Was executed in 399 BC.
Plato is one of the greatest thinkers in ancient Greece, a student of Socrates. His exercises are based by many European and ancient Greek philosophies. A supporter of idealism believed that there is only the world of ideas, and all the other are only derived from him.
Aristotle is another famous philosopher, wrote such works as "Organon" and "Politics". Later they were guided by.

Philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome

In the 3rd century BC - 6th century AD The main teaching of antiquity was neoplatonism, famous for his pedagogical tradition. This school combined elements of Platonism with other philosophical currents. The center of Neoplatonism Steel

Ancient Greek philosophy. Periodization and features. Philosophy in ancient Greece

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