The concept of field moisture in the physiology of plants determines. Types of soil moisture capacity The moisture capacity of the soil-property to accommodate and hold a certain amount of water. Water properties of soils

The moisture capacity of the soil is equipped with the soil to hold Alagu; It is expressed as a percentage of volume or by the mass of the soil. [...]

Full moisture intensity (PV) is the largest amount of water that can accommodate the soil with full filling of all pores with water. If the gravitational water is not supported by groundwater, it flows into deeper horizons. The greatest amount of water, which remains in the soil after abundant moistening and flowing down all gravitational water in the absence of soils of soil and supporting groundwater, is called the smallest or extreme field moisture intensity (HB or PPV). [...]

Forest fitting and soil have high moisture intensity. The smallest water permeability is characteristic of solingent soils, as well as strongly podzolic drum and clay, the greatest - dark gray soils and especially chernozem. [...]

The lowest moisture capacity (HB) is the maximum amount of capillary-suspended moisture, which is capable of holding the soil after its abundant moisturizing and free flow of water, subject to the exclusion of evaporation and capillary moistening due to groundwater. [...]

Under the dynamic moisture capacity, the amount of water held by the soil is understood after complete saturation and flow of free water at a given level of groundwater. Dynamic moisture-container is closer to the limiting field, the deeper from the day surface there is a groundwater mirror. Dynamic moisture and container is advisable to determine on monoliths when groundwater standing at a depth of 45-50 cm, 70-80 and 100-110 cm. [...]

Due to the high moisture intensity and absorption capacity, peat is an excellent material for use on the litter of animals. It can absorb water several times more than its weight. Particularly valuable to the litter, horse peats with a degree of decomposition of up to 15% and ash not higher than 10%. The moisture content should not exceed 50%. [...]

The total capillary moisture capacity of sand or soil is the amount of water held by the capillary forces in 100 g of absolutely dry sand or soil. To determine moisture intensity, special metal cylinders with a diameter of 4 cm are used, 18 cm high. The cylinder has a mesh bottom located at a distance of 1 cm from its lower edge. The bottom of the cylinder is laying a double circle of wet filter paper, weigh the cylinder on the technical scales and pour into it almost the top of the sand, slightly tapping along the cylinder walls, thanks to which the sand will lie more tightly. Cylinders put on the bottom of the crystallizer with a small layer of water. The water level in the crystallizer should be 5 - 7 mm above the level of the mesh bottom. To reduce the evaporation of water, the entire installation or only the cylinders are closed with a glass cap. After the water rises to the sand surface, which is noticeable to change its color, the cylinders are removed from the water, dry outside and put on the filter paper. As soon as the water stops dragging, the cylinders are weighed on technical scales and are placed on a crystallizer under the hood and weighed again. This operation is repeated until the weight of the cylinder with the soil, absorbed water, will not be permanent. It is impossible after the first weighing to put a cylinder into water for a long time, since then a strong soil seal may occur. Determination of moisture capacity is carried out in double repetition. At the same time take two samples to determine the humidity. [...]

Full (maximum) moisture complex (PV), or water-bridge, is the amount of moisture held by the soil in the state of complete saturation, when all the pores (capillary and non -papillary) are filled with water. [...]

The maximum molecular moisture complex (MMB) corresponds to the greatest content of roar water, held by the sorption forces or molecular attraction forces. [...]

Common (according to N. A. Kachinsky) or the smallest (according to A. A. Rode) the moisture capacity of the soil or the limiting field (according to A. P. Pink) and the field (according to S. I. Dolgov) - the moisture of moisture that the soil holds after Moisturizing with free outflow of gravitational water. The variability of this important hydrological constant contributes a lot of confusion. The term "lowest moisture intensity" is unsuccessful, since it contradicts the fact of maximum content with moisture in the soil. Other terms are not entirely successful, but since there is no more suitable name, in now we will use the term "total moisture intensity". The name "General" N. A. Kachinsky explains that the soil moisture in this hydrological constant includes all major categories of soil moisture (except gravitational). The constant characterizing the overall moisture content is widely used in ameliorative practice, where it is called field moisture intensity (PV), which, along with the general moisture intensity (OB), is the most common term. [...]

With a long state of saturation of soils with water to complete moisture intensity, anaerobic processes develop in them that reduce the fertility and the productivity of plants. Optimal for plants is considered the relative humidity of soils in the range of 50-60% PV. [...]

The soils of the studied groups of TLU groups and the total moisture capacity of the main rooted layer are significantly different: in the I group, the field or smallest moisture intelligence is 50-60 mm, in II - 90-120 mm, in III - 150-160 mm. The range of available moisture is equal to 39-51 mm, 74-105 mm and 112-127 mm. This difference is related both to the power of soils, and to a greater extent with an increase in the moisture capacity of the upper horizons. The highest moisture intensity has the upper 10-santome meter layer of the soil. With depth moisture, as a rule, decreases, and the range of available moisture decreases in all cases. In soils I, the TLU group in the upper 10-centimeter layer contains up to 60% of all moisture reserves under field moisture intensity, and in the soils of the group III, this share is reduced to 30%. [...]

Preparatory work is to determine the hygroscopic water and moisture in the soil. [...]

Humidity in vessels with holes in the bottom is maintained at the level of complete moisture in the soil. For this, the vessels are poured daily before leaking into the subdomain of the first dripping of the liquid. During the rain, it is not necessary to water; It should even take care that the rain does not overflow the sovereign, because then the nutrient solution will be lost. That is why the volume of the saucer must be at least 0.5 l, better - up to 1 l. Before watering the vessel, it is overflowing all the liquid from the saucer. If evi too much, overflows before leakageing the first drop. [...]

At the bottom of the vessel layer 1-1.5 cm placed clean sand, moistened to 60% of its moisture intensity (15 ml of water per 100 g). On the vessel take about 200 g of sand. [...]

If in the heavy-chipped soil, the moisture of the excavation is 12%, and the total moisture intensity is 30%, then the range of active moisture "(¥ \u200b\u200bgiving \u003d 30 - 12 \u003d 18%. [...]

For soils of normal moistening, the state of the humidity corresponding to the complete moisture intensity may be after the snowy, heavy rains or when watering with large water standards. For excessive wet (hydromorphic) soil, the condition of complete moisture intensity can be long or constant. [...]

It was established that the optimal humidity for nitrification is 50-70% of the total moisture in the soil, the optimal temperature is 25-30 °. [...]

Use peat on litter. Peat - beautiful underlining material. His high moisture capacity causes the maximum absorption of liquid animal secretions, and the acidity and large absorption capacity - preservation of ammonia nitrogen. [...]

The amount of gravitational water is determined as a difference between the water and the total moisture intensity (No.Nh). [...]

At first (a few days), the plants are watered in all vessels with an equal amount of water, in the future - up to 60 - 70% of the moisture capacity of absolutely dry sand. Knowing the weight of absolutely dry sand in the vessel, calculate how much water should be in it. The vessel label is written for watering. It is the sum of the following values: the weight of the tarized vessel, the weight of absolutely dry sand, water weight. [...]

Suppose that on the square in 1 hectare density (specific ¡mass) of the soil with a layer from 0 to 10 cm into depth is 1100 ¡kg / m3, and the moisture intensity is at least 27.4 weight percent. For one hectare, this corresponds to 301 m3 of water. If the available moisture in this case is 19.8 weighing a percentage, for the soil layer under consideration, it will correspond to 218 m3 of water (such an amount of water is 21.8 mm available precipitation). The superficially made herbicide, dissolving in additional precipitation and the soil solution, penetrates into the soil due to the diffusion transfer of the latter, i.e., this-process contributes ¡soil moisture. In the soil, where the water content is much lower than the capillary moisture intensity, the dissolution and penetration of herbicides is hampered. Conversely, if the soil is saturated with moisture and its top layer is not drying, to ensure penetration and diffusion of herbicides, there is enough precipitation less than the current level. [...]

Gravel (3-1 mm) - fragments of primary minerals, water permeability failure, water supply ability is absent, the moisture intensity is very low ([...]

The maximum amount of capillary moisture, which may be contained in the soil above the groundwater level, is called capillary moisture intensity (KV). [...]

There are two types of vessels: the vessels of Wagner and the vessels of Mitrycale. In the metal vessels of the first type, watering is carried out by weight up to 60 - 70% of the total moisture content of the soil through the tube, in the glass vessels, through the glass tube inserted into the vessel. In the vessels of Mitrycali, there is an oblong hole, closed on top of the chute. [...]

The deterioration of aeration as a result of improving the soil moisture leads to a decrease in OB potential. It drops the most sharply during humidity close to complete moisture intensity (\u003e 90% PV), when the normal gas exchange of soil air with atmospheric is strongly disturbed. With increasing humidity from 10 to 90% PV, the reduction in potential in most soils occurs slowly. [...]

For plants, the total amount of soil moisture as accessibility is not so important. The level of water plants available is between the point of sustainable installation and field moisture intensity. This water is often called capillary. In the soil, it is held in thin pores, where the capillary forces are hampered, as well as in the form of films around soil particles (Fig. 60). Soils differ in their ability to retain moisture, which is associated with their mechanical composition (Table 8). Although sandy soils are better drained and aerated, but they have a lower water-holding ability than clay soils. The total amount of capillary water in sandy soils can be increased by increasing the content of organic matter in them. The amount of water available for plants depends on many factors, including from the type and depth of the soil, the depth of the root system of culture, the speed of water loss to evaporation and transpiration, temperature and speed of additional water. In addition, the content of available water plants is in itself. The smaller the water in the soil, the stronger it is held. Strength is measured in the atmospheres of pressure required for extending water. With field moisture intensity, water is held by the force of about 15 atm. [...]

The experimental data found that due to the introduction of humate into the soil from 0.1 to 3%, the weight of the soil is formed during 2 weeks to 3 months a characteristic soil structure. The moisture complex in clay soil increases by 15-20%, in thin - by 20-30%, in the sandy and sandy soils are 5-10 times. The stability of soils to water erosion increases 4-8 times with good vegetation development. [...]

To explain the terms used in Table. 5.2.1 And when describing the water of soil, the brief characteristic of the established categories of soil moisture is shown below. The smallest moisture intensity (HB) is the largest amount of water absorbed into the soil held in the soil capillaries after the flow of free gravitational moisture. The capillary moisture contained in the soil at HB has a high degree of mobility and availability for plants. With a humidity of 80-100% of the HV in the soil, the most favorable conditions for the moisture supply of plants are folded. [...]

In the structureless sprayed soil of a heavy mechanical composition, an unfavorable physical mode is formed. Water and air in it are antagonists. Porosity and moisture content are presented with low values. Due to poor water permeability, the structural soil is poorly absorbing the water, the flow of it over the surface leads to erosion. Bad water permeability, low moisture intensity do not provide sufficient water reserves. In the spring and autumn of the pores in such a soil are filled with water, and there is no air in them. With the increase in the same temperature due to tone-frosted addition, there is an intensive evaporation of water and drying the soil to a greater depth. Plants in this period suffer from drought. After the rain or irrigation, the surface of the structured soil swims, stickiness sharply increases. When drying, such a soil is strongly compacted, dense crust is formed on the surface of the field, which makes it difficult to grow and develop plants. With severe drying, deep cracks are formed and the roots of the plants can be broken. Repeated loosening after rain and irrigation. Sprayed soils are easily subjected to wind erosion. [...]

Green fertilizer, like other organic fertilizers, smelled into the soil, slightly reduces its acidity, reduces aluminum mobility, increases bufferiness, absorption capacity, moisture intensity, water permeability, improves the structure of the soil. The positive effect of green fertilizer on the physical and physicochemical properties of the soil is evidenced by the data of numerous studies. Thus, in the sandy soil of the Novosybkov experienced station by the end of four rotations of the crop rotation with alternation of steam - winter - Potatoes - Oats, depending on the use of lupine in the form of independent culture in a pair and a fresh culture after winter, humus content and the magnitude of the capillary moisture content of the soil were different ( Tab. 136). [...]

It is very important when carrying out experience to maintain in all vessels the same (and sufficient) moisture of the soil. To establish the desired humidity, it is necessary to know the aqueous properties of the soil, in particular its moisture intensity and humidity when packing vessels. The soil moisture in the vessels is usually adjusted to 60-70% of its capillary moisture intensity and maintain at this level during the entire vegetation of plants. Its regulation in vessels is carried out by daily watering plants in the weight of the vessel. [...]

The amount of water in the soil can be expressed in various ways. For some purposes, the soil moisture is determined in millimeters per hectare. When determining the physical conditions of the soil, the humidity is expressed by the term "field moisture", which is of great importance for agriculture. Under the field moisture intensity, the maximum amount of water, held by the soil after the flow of the water deposited on its surface and after the unaptive (free water) under the action of gravity will be removed from the soil1. [...]

Gravel (3-1 mm) - consists of fragments of primary minerals. The high content of gravel in soils does not interfere with the treatment, but gives them adverse properties - the failure of water permeability, the absence of water lifting capacity, low moisture intensity. Gravel moisture intensity ([...]

To ensure the constant performance of the drying agent, it is necessary to remove part of the saturated air moisture from the chamber, and instead of the fresh air, which when heated becomes more dry and, mixing with the working drying agent, increases the latter's moisture content. It must be accomplished continuously during the entire drying process, with the exception of the initial stage - the period of warming the material and heat treatment. [...]

For HB in the soil, 55-75% of the pores are filled with water, the optimal conditions of water and ambulance of plants are created. The value of HB depends on the granulometric composition, the content of humus and the addition of the soil. The heavier the soil according to the granulometric composition, the larger in her humus, the higher its smallest moisture intensity. Very loose and severe soils have less moisture intensity (HB) than the soil of average density. For thin and clay soil, the NV value ranges from 20 to 45% of the absolute moisture content of soils. The largest values \u200b\u200bof the HB are characteristic of the humounded soils of a heavy granulometric composition with a well-pronounced macro and microstructure. [...]

In conclusion, it can be noted that the physical properties of the litter on inadequate cutting and on the cuttings of the initial stage of the fever (the thickness of the litter up to 13-15 cm) is very close. But at this time, strong differences in the water and air regime are created. Peat-bearing litter under the cuccushkina, due to greater moisture, it has a less favorable air regime, especially in the spring, and a much higher moisture supply. [...]

With the increase in soil moisture, the herbicidal activity of drugs, as a rule, increased, but to varying degrees to a certain limit. The greatest phytotoxicity of drugs during their sealing into the soil was manifested with a humidity of 50-60% of the total moisture content of the soil. [...]

DTCE and DDD (Fig. 2) discovered the tendency I disappear from the soil regardless of its humidity. Under the conditions of the Bay of Soil with Water or Insufficient Aeration, the products of the initial decay of DDG - DSE and DDD turned out to be more resistant than 4,41-DDT. Na-, against, with soil moisture, optimal for the development of plants and aerobic microflora (60% of the total moisture intensity), 4,41-DDT turned out to be more resistant compound. [...]

Typical black soils have most of the clay and heavy-chipped mechanical composition. The specific weight of the solid phase in them ranges in the interval of 2.38-2.59 g / cm3; bulk weight - 0.93-0.99 g / cm3; The total treatment is relatively high, it comes to 63%, and more than 50% falls on non-pepillary. Typical black soils are characterized by good water permeability. The field moisture content of these soils is 39-41% (Garifullin, 1969). [...]

Abiotic factors in ecosystems - the factors separated by radiation (cosmic, solar) with its age-old, annual and daily cyclicity: on zonal, high-altitude and deep factors of heat and light distribution with gradients and the patterns of air mass circulation; Lithosphere factors with its relief, various mineral composition and granulometry, heat and moisture intensity; Factors of hydrosphere with gradients of its composition, regularities of water and gas exchange. [...]

One of the most important physical properties of the soil is its mechanical composition, i.e. The content of particles of different sizes. Four graduation of mechanical composition are installed: sand, soup, loam and clay. From the mechanical composition depend on the water permeability of the soil, its ability to retain moisture, penetration of plants and other roots into it, etc. In addition, each soil is characterized by density, thermal properties, moisture intensity and abnormability. Aeration is of great importance, i.e. Saturation of soil by air and the ability to suit such saturation. [...]

The intensity of absorption depends not only on the water properties of the soil-soils, but largely determined by their humidity. If the soil is dry, it has a large infiltration ability and in the first period of time after the start of the rain, the intensity of absorption is close to the rain intensity. With an increase in the moisture content of the soil-soil, the intensity of infiltration is gradually decreasing and when fully moisture consumption is reached at the filtering stage, it becomes a constant equal to the filtration coefficient (see § 92) of this soil-soil. [...]

A very important operation on the care of plants in the vegetation experience is watering. The vessels are watered daily, in the early morning or evening hours, depending on the topic of experience. It should be noted that watering with tap water is not suitable when experiments with limeting. Watering is carried out by weight to the optimal humidity set for the experience. To establish the necessary moisture content of the soil, the complete moisture intensity and the humidity of it when the vessels are stuffing. The weight of the vessels to the watering is calculated, based on the desired optimal humidity, which is usually 60-70% of the total moisture content of the soil, summing the weight of the tarized vessel, sand added from below and on top of the vessel with a padding and crop, frame, dry soil and the required amount of water. The weight of the vessel to the watering is written on a label pasted on a case. In hot weather you have to water the vessels twice, once giving a certain volume of water, and another time arguing to a given weight. To have more identical lighting conditions for all vessels, they are changed in places daily during watering, and also move to one row along the trolley. The vessels are usually placed on trolley; In clear weather, they are rolled out onto an open air under the grid, and at night and in bad weather are taken under the glass roof. Mitrycalic vessels are installed on fixedly fixed tables under the grid. [...]

A significant part of the peat swamps of the North arose on the place of the former pine and fir forests. At some stage of leaching of forest soils of woody vegetation begins not enough nutrients. There is no moss-demanding moss vegetation, gradually displacing wood. Water-air regime is broken in the surface layers of the soil. As a result, under the forest canopy, especially with a flat relief, close to the waterproof and moisture soils, are created favorable conditions for warming conditions. The harbingers of the febrilization of forests are often green mosses, in particular Cukushkin Len. They are replaced by various types of sphagnum moss - a typical representative of marsh moss. Old generations of trees are gradually die away, a typical swamp wood vegetation comes to replace them.

In several (4-5), typical places for this field, if it was not done in advance, in the irrigation band, closer to droppers (at a distance of 30-40 cm from them), tick samples in a layer of 0.2-0.3 m and 0.5-0.6 m.) Samples from each depth are mixed between themselves and two medium samples are obtained from a depth of 20-30 cm and 0-60 cm. Each average sample with a volume of 1.5-2.0 liters of soil sieves After a small drying from the roots and other random inclusions.

Then the sifted land in the above volumes are placed in the drying cabinet for 6-8 hours at a temperature of 100-105 ° C until complete drying.

It is necessary to prepare a cylinder without a bottom with a set of 1 liters of soil (you can use a bottle of PET from under the water, gently cutting off the bottom and the upper neck) and weigh the empty vessel. The bottom of the vessel is tied with a cloth (gauze in several layers), put on a flat surface and filled with a volume of 1 liter, slightly tapping along the walls to eliminate emptiness, then weighed and write the weight of the soil with a volume of 1 liters.

The prepared water container is lowered by 1 -2cc below the bottom of the vessel with the soil for the capillary volume of water. After appearing on the surface of the soil in the vessel, the water-raised vessel in it is carefully taken out of the water, so as not to drop the bottom closed with a cloth, then they suck out excess water. Weighing a vessel with soil and determine the amount of capillary water in grams per 1 liter of soil (1 ml of water \u003d 1 g).

The level of evaporation of water from the soil is a factor that determines the rules and irrigation intervals. The volume of evaporation depends on two factors: evaporation from the surface of the soil and evaporation of water by the plant. The larger the vegetative mass, the greater the magnitude of water evaporation, especially with significant dryness of air and high air temperature. The relative dependence of these two factors gives greater evaporation of water for the growing season. Especially it increases during the increase in the mass of the mass of fruits and their maturation (see Table 12.23). Therefore, when calculating the irrigation norm, the evaporation coefficient, taking into account these factors.

The evaporation coefficient by plants (to PC) is the ratio between the actual transpiration and potential evaporation from the unit of the water surface per unit of time.

The daily evaporation e is defined as evaporation with an open water surface with an area of \u200b\u200b1 m 2 per day and is expressed in mm, l / m 2 or m 3 Yes.

The daily evaporation of E day is determined by the formula:

E day \u003d e and x to

For example, 9 l / m 2 / day x 0.6 \u003d 5.4 l / m 2 / day. This is one of the ways to determine the daily irrigation rate or the magnitude of evaporation.

In an aluminated soil, the mineral part is approximately 45%, the organic substance of the soil is up to 5%, water - 20-30%, air - 20-30% of the soil volume. From the moment of saturation of the soil moisture (irrigation, precipitation) in a rather short period, often within a few days, as a result of evaporation and drainage, it opens many pores, often up to 50% of the total in the root zone.

On different soils, these indicators are different. The higher the bulk density of the soil, the higher the supply of water at HB 100%, it is always larger on heavy soils than on the lungs. The use of drip irrigation systems determines the soil distribution in them in various mechanical composition. On heavy soils there is a stronger horizontal distribution of water, a wet "bulb" - the form of water propagation from one dropper is more widely, the ratio of width and depth is approximately equal, while on the light soils of the "bulb" has a vertical

form, its width is less than a length of 2-3 times; On medium in mechanical composition, the soils of the "bulb" has an intermediate form.

The estimate of the reserves of productive moisture in millimeters is carried out taking into account the limited depth of the soil layer (see Table 12.24).

Methods for determining the irrigation norm

It is necessary to organize daily accounting of water evaporation from a unit of the square. Knowing the reserve of productive water in the soil on a specific date and its daily consumption for evaporation, determine the irrigation rate for a certain period of time. This is usually 1-3 days for vegetable crops, 7 or more days - for fruit and grapes, which is specifically calculated for each culture. Usually, two methods for determining the irrigation norm: evaporimetric and tenziometric are used in the practice of fermentation.

Evaporimetric method. On meteoposts install special

the device is an evaporimeter to determine the daily evaporation from a unit of water surface area, for example 1 m 2. This indicator is a potential evaporation E and from the 1st m 2 in mm / day, l / day. However, to recalculate on the actual evaporation of plants from the area of \u200b\u200bthe area, the coefficient of recalculation is introduced to ras, the value of which takes into account the evaporation of plants in the periods of their growth, i.e., taking into account the degree of plantability, as well as the soil (see Table 16). For example, for tomatoes in July e n \u003d 7.6 l / m 2, to ras \u003d 0.8.

Daily evaporation of plants in these conditions is equal:

E day \u003d e and x to ras, \u003d 7.6 l / m 2 x 0.8 \u003d 6.1 l / m 2

On 1 hectare area it will be 6.1 mM. \u003d 61 Water Mug. Then they recalculate on the actual moisture band within 1 hectare.

This is the standard method of determining the irrigation norm, adopted by FAO -

international Agricultural Organization. This method is highly accurate, but requires meteopost equipment in farm and daily accounting.

Theeisiometric method. Currently, introducing new systems

drip irrigation on various cultures, begin to use different types of foreign production of foreign production, determining the moisture content of the soil anywhere in the field and at any depth of the active layer of the soil. There are water, mercury, barometric, electrical, electron-analog and other tensiometers. All of them are equipped with a tube that turns into a ceramic porous vessel through which water in the pore goes into the ground, creating a vacuum in the tube, hermetically connected with a watering device - mercury or other barometer. With full filling of the tube with water and hermetically inserted on top of the tube-insert, a mercury barometer or an air pressure gauge shows zero (0), and as water evaporates from the soil, it moves from a ceramic tube into the soil, creating a vacuum in the tube, which changes the pressure in the tube device

according to which they judge the degree of humidity in the soil.

The degree of pressure reduction of the pressure gauge is determined in such units: 1

Bar \u003d 100 centibar - approximately 1 atm. (More precisely, 0.99 bar).

Since part of the soil volume must be filled with air, then taking into account this interpret the instrument indicators as follows:

* 0-10 centibar (0-0.1 atm.) - Soil mooring;

* 11-25 Centibar (0.11-0.25 atm.) - Optimal humidity conditions,

there is no need for irrigation;

* 26-50 Centibar - There is a need to replenish water stocks in the soil, in the zone of the main mass of the roots, taking into account layer-by-layer moisture.

Since with a change in the mechanical composition of the soil, the lower limit of the necessary moisture is not significantly changed, then in each case, the lower, but sufficient, degree of maintenance of soil moisture is determined within 30 centibar (0.3 atm) and make up a nomogram for operational calculation irrigation norms or enjoy as indicated above, the daily evaporation of water, taking into account the transpiration coefficient.

Knowing the source moisture of the soil, i.e. since the beginning of the reference - 11 Centibar

(0.11 atm,), daily reduction of the indicator of the tenziometer to 26-30 centibar

(0.26-0.3 atm.) On vegetables, and slightly lower, up to 0.3-0.4 atm. On grapes and fruit, where the depth of the rooted layer reaches 100 cm, determine the irrigation rate, that is, the amount of water required to bring to the top level of optimal soil humidity. Thus, the solution to the control of the drip irrigation regimen based on the tenziometrial method is reduced to maintaining the optimal moisture content of the soil during the growing season and the corresponding absorbent pressure range. The magnitudes of the suction pressure are established for fruit cultures according to the testimony of a tensiometer with different thresholds of a prepolyne humidity in the moisture circuit at a depth of 0.3 and 0.6 m at a distance from the dropper by 0.3-0.4 m.

Bottom boundaries of optimal moisture content - 0.7-0.8 (HB) and, Accordingly, tenziometrial indications - ranging from 30-20 centibar (0.3-

0.2 atm.). For vegetable crops, the lower border will be at a level of 0.25-0.3 atm.

When using tenhosiometers, certain rights should be observed.

vila: the location of the tenziometer should be typical for the field. Usually there are 2 tenziometers at one point. For vegetable crops, at a depth of 10-15 cm, and the second is 30 cm, at a distance of 10-15 cm from

dropper. On the fruit and grape, one thosziometer is placed at a depth of 30 cm, and the second is 60 cm, at a distance of 15-30 cm from the dropper.

In order for the performance of the dropper to be within the normal range, it is necessary to regularly ensure that it is not clogged by insoluble salts and algae. To test the performance of droppers, the number of leakage drops in different fields of the field is usually calculated and at the place of installation of the tenziometer.

Tensiometers are installed after watering the site. For their installation, a manual yamobur or a tube with a diameter is somewhat large than the standard diameter of the tenziometer (\u003e 19 mm). By installing a tensiometer on the desired depth, the free space around it is gently seal, in order not to be air cavities. On the heavy soil, a thin tube make a hole to the desired depth, waiting for water, then there is a tensiometer and compact the soil around it.

Remove the testimony of the tenziometer is necessary in the early morning clock when

the temperature is still stable afternight. It should be borne in mind that after watering or rains with high humidity of the soil, the indicators of the tensiometer will be higher than previous indicators. The soil moisture through the porous part (sensor) penetrates the flask of the thosziometer, while the pressure in the tenziometer does not compare with the water pressure in the soil, as a result of which the pressure in the tensiometer decreases, up to the source equal to 0 or slightly below.

The consumption of water from the tensiometer is constantly. However, there may be sharp drops with high evaporative ability of the soil (hot days, sukhov), and a high transpiration coefficient is observed during periods of flowering and ripening fruit.

During watering or after it, water is added to the device to fill before the emerging. For irrigation, it is necessary to use only distilled water, adding 20 ml of 3% sodium hypochloride solution to 1 liters, which has sterilizing properties against bacteria, algae. Pour water into the tensiometer before it began to flow, that is, on the entire volume of the lower tube. Usually requires up to 1 l of distilled water for each tenziometer.

It is necessary to ensure that the dirt does not get into the device, including with the hands. If, according to the operating conditions, a small amount of distillate is tested into the instrument, then 8-10 drops of a 3% sodium hypochloride solution, calcium, which protects the ceramic vessel (sensor) from the harmful microflora, is preylified into the device.

At the end of the irrigation season, the device from the soil is carefully removed by rotational motion, washed under running water a ceramic sensor and, without damaging its surfaces, wipe with a 3% hypochloride solution with a cleaning pad. When washing, the device is kept only vertically sensor down. Store tensiometers in a clean container filled with a solution of distilled water with the addition of a 3% solution of hypochloride. Compliance with the rules of operation and storage of the device - the basis of its durability and correct testimony during operation.

When the tensiometers is running, at first, after their installation, a certain period of adaptation passes, while in the measurement zone is not formed

neviy system and roots will not contact the device sensor. During this period, it is possible to water taking into account the transpiration factors by the weighty method from the water surface.

When the root system (young roots, root hairs) is enough around the device, the device shows the real need for water. At this time, sharp pressure drops may be marked. This is observed with a sharp decrease in humidity and is an indicator for the start of irrigation. If the plants are well developed, have a good root system and are sufficiently designed, then the pressure drop, i.e., decrease in soil moisture, will be stronger.

A small change in the pressure of the soil solution and, accordingly, the strainsiometer indicates a weak root system, weak absorption of the water plant or its absence. If it is known that the place where the tensiometer is installed does not correspond to the typical of the site due to plant disease, excessive salinity, insufficient soil ventilation, etc., then the tensiometers must be moved to another place, and the earlier, the better.

In addition to the tenziometers, extractors of the soil solution should be used. These are the same tubes with a porous vessel below (sensor), but without pressure gauges and without filling them with water. Through a porous ceramic tube, the soil solution penetrates it inside, and then with a syringe-extractor with a long nozzle, descended to the bottom of the vessel, sucking the soil solution for conducting field express definition of pH, the EU (the concentration of salts in millsimenesses for further recalculation of their number in solution ), Determining the number of NA, C1 using indicator rayers. This solution can be analyzed in laboratory conditions. Such control allows you to optimize the conditions of cultivation during

all vegetation, especially during the fertigation. When using ion-selective electrodes or other methods of express analysis, the presence in the soil solution of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and other elements is controlled.

Extraction devices must be installed next to the tenziometers.

Calculation of irrigation norm

The determination of the magnitude of the irrigated norms according to the testimony of the tensions is carried out using the graphs of the dependence of the suction pressure of the device from the soil moisture. Such graphs in specific soil conditions allow you to quickly determine the irregular norms.

For the fruit and grapes, the tensiometer mounted at a depth of 0.3 m characterizes the average moisture value in the soil layer 0-50 cm, and at a depth of 0.6 m - in a layer of 50-100 cm.

The calculation of moisture deficit is carried out by the formula:

Q \u003d 10h (q hv - q pp), mm water column,

where H is the depth of the calculated layer of the soil, mm; Q hv - moisture

soil, nv; Q of PP is a representative moisture of soil,% HB. 459

The irrigation rate, l / plant is determined by the formula:

V \u003d (Q 0-50 + Q 50-100) XS

where V is the irrigation norm; Q 0-50 - soil moisture, mm, in a layer of 0-50 cm,

Q 50-100 in a layer of 50-100 cm; S is the size of the moisture contour, m 2.

For example, 1.5 m x 1.0 m \u003d 1.5 m 2.

Accounting can be held per day or other period of time. A nomogram is used to simplify calculations - a graph, which takes into account the dependence of the suction pressure from the soil moisture separately for each layer. For example, O-25, 26-50, 51-100 cm. On the nomogram along the abscissa axis, the absorption pressure is placed for a layer of 0-50 cm at a point 30 cm (PS 1 and for a layer of 51-100 cm at 60 cm (PS 2) with an interval of 0.1 atm. Along the ordinate axis. The graph will show the calculated amount of water in liters on the plant, l / m 2 or m 3 | ha.

The determination of the irrigation norm with the help of the nomogram is reduced to the calculation of the volume of water V according to the measured tensiometers of the RS values. and PS 2.

The irrigation rate per 1 hectare is determined:

M (m 3 | ha) \u003d 0.001 V x n,

where M is the irrigation norm; N - the number of plants (droppers) per 1 hectare.

A similar calculation is carried out for vegetable crops, but usually on these cultures, the tensiometers are placed on a small depth and they give rapidly changing soil moisture readings, that is, the watering is conducted more often. The duration of irrigation is determined by the formula:

T \u003d V: G,

where G is the flow of water dropper, l / h; V - irrigation norm, l; T solitivity of watering, h, depending on the volume of water and the productivity of droppers. "

Using certain types of tenziometers, can automate the process of watering. In this case, the disabling pump of the irrigation system is carried out somewhat earlier (which should be programmed) than the upper limit of the necessary humidity is achieved.

To calculate the irrigation interval in days, the irrigation rate V is necessary to divide into the daily irrigation rate (mm / day), determined by tenziometrically. The irrigation rate can be expressed in mm / ha or in L / m 2, within the limits between the maximum and lower thresholds of humidity. The irrigation rate for the period of time within these limits of humidity divided into the daily irrigation rate gives the size of the interval between watering.

Water for irrigation

And regulation of its quality

In irrigation practice, various water sources use. This is primarily water rivers, reservoirs, mine waters, water wells, etc.

Water potential of Ukraine is very rich. 92 rivers flow through its territory, there are 18 very large reservoirs, 362 large lakes and ponds. Three quarters of all water resources of the Dnipro River. Based on the Dneprovskaya water, the largest reservoirs were created: Kiev, Kanemskoye, Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinskoe, Zaporizhia and Kakhovskoe, which are sources of water for various purposes, including irrigation

The magnitude of the pH of the water of the Kiev reservoir affects the Gumousso, the removal of the river. In the summer, in the bottom sediments of the reservoir, 5-10 mg / l CO 2 is frozen, sometimes up to 20-45 mg / l, so the pH indicator is reduced to 7.4. The difference in the pH of the surface and bottom waters can be 1-1.5 pH. In the fall, due to the attenuation of photosynthesis, the magnitude of the pnches is due to the acidification of CO 2 ,. In summer, CO 2 is absorbed in the process of photo-synthesis, therefore pH reaches 9.4. The amount of NH 4 varies from 0.2 to 3.7 mg / l, NO 3 maximum in winter - 0.5 mg / l, p - from 0 to 1 mg / l, as it is adsorbed Fe, total nitrogen - 0, 5-1.5 mg / l, iron soluble from 1.2 mg / l in winter to 0.4 mg / l in summer (maximum), and usually 0.01-0.2 mg / l. Seasonal changes in the size of the pH are mainly due to carbonate equilibrium in water. The minimum indicator of the pH in winter is 6.7-7.0; Maximum summer - up to 9.7.

The Northern Donets and the River Priazia, including the reservoirs of the Northern Donette (Isaakovskoye, Lugansk, Krasnoscol), are characterized by an elevated content of calcium and sodium, chlorine - 36-124 mg / l, with general mineralization - 550-2 000 mg / l. These waters contain NO 3 - 44-77 mg / l (consequence of their pollution). Underground waters are average-maintained -600-700 mg / l, pH - 6.6-8, water bicarbonate-calcium and magnesium.

The wells give water from weakly mineralized drinking to strongly, especially in the coal districts of Donbass.

Water Bug Liman in Nikolaev is characterized by high mineralization - 500-3 000 mg / l, containing NSO 3, 400-500 mg / l, Ca - 50-120 mg / l, Mg- 30-100 mg / l, sum ions - 500-800 mg / l, NA + K - 40-

70 mg / l, C1 - 30-70 mg / l.

In the Crimea, besides the North-Crimean Canal, irrigating the steppe Crimea by the waters of the Kakhovsky reservoir, a row of reservoirs: Chernorechenskoye, Kaczynskoe, Simferopol, as well as the water of the mountain Crimea.

The water of the mountain Crimea has a mineralization of 200-300 to 500-800 mg / l,

NSO 3, from 150-200 to 300 mg / l, SO 4, - from 20-30 to 300 or more mg / l, C1- from 6-10 to 25-150 mg / l, sa - from 40-60 to 100-150 mg / l, mg - from 6-10 to 25-40

mg / l, on + k - from 40 to 100-200 mg / l. Water reservoirs have mineralization from 200 to 300-400 mg / l, NSO 3 - from 90-116 to 220-270 mg / l, SO 4, from 9-14 to 64-75 mg / l, C1 - from 5- 8 to 18-20 mg / l, Ca - 36-87 mg / l, Mg - from 1-2 to 19-23 mg / l, on + K - from 1-4 to 8-24 mg / l.

461 These figures should be taken into account when organizing drip irrigation, it is desirable to analyze water over the above parameters once every 2-3 months. The analysis should include an estimate of the levels of physical, chemical and biological pollution of water. Typically, the water quality laboratories of SanEppstemems are carried out such a standard analysis.

When using water of water bodies, especially the reservoirs of Dneprovskaya water, usually shallow, well-heated in summer, with greater degrees of blue-green and other algae and bacteria in them, which formed a cushion of mucus and clog the nozzles, it is necessary to clean them regularly (see chlorination process active chlorine).

If you need to regulate the amount of algae and bacteria in water, as well as the products of their livelihoods - mucus, should be continuously administered to the watering water of the active chlorine to the output from the irrigation system of irrigation, its concentration in irrigation water was not less than 0.5-1 mg / l, in the working solution - up to 10 mg / l C1. You can use another method - to periodically enter the cleansing doses of the active chlorine 20 mg / l in the last 30-60 minutes of the irrigation cycle.

Plowed in precipitate Sacoo 3, and MGO 3, you can remove the acidification of irrigation water to the pH level of 5.5-7. With such a level of water acidity, these salts are precipitate not fall out and output from the irrigation system. Acid purification precipitates and dissolves precipitation-hydroxicy, carbonates and phosphates resulting in watering systems.

Typically use technical acids, not clogged by impurities and not containing gypsum and phosphate precipitation. For this purpose, technical nitrogen, orthophosphoric or chlorine acid is used. The usual working concentration of these acids is 0.6% according to the active substance. The duration of acid irrigation is about 1 h is quite sufficient.

With a strong pollution of water with iron compounds or iron-kerp, water is treated with an active chlorine in an amount of 0.64 on the amount of iron in water (adopted per unit), which contributes to the loss of iron by precipitate. Chlorine's feed If necessary, spend to the filter system, which should be regularly checked and cleaned.

Control over hydrogen sulfide bacteria is also carried out using an active chlorine at a concentration, 4-9 times greater than the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in water for irrigation. The problem of excess manganese in water is eliminated with chlorine in a concentration exceeding the concentration of manganese in water 1.3 times.

Thus, preparing for irrigation, it is necessary to assess the quality of the water and prepare the necessary solutions to bring water, if necessary, to certain condition. Sulfur oxide can be chloride by periodic or permanent application of 0.6 mg / l C1 per 1 mg / l S.

The chlorination process is active chlorine. To dissolve the organic matter, the pipe system is filled with water containing elevated doses - 30-50 mg / l C1 (depending on the degree of contamination). Water in the system without leakage through droppers should be at least 1 hour. At the end of the processing, water should contain at least 1 mg / l C1, at a lower concentration to repeat the processing. Increased doses of chlorine are usually used only for washing the system after the completion of the growing season. Under the overdose of chlorine, the stability of the precipitate may be disturbed, causing it to move in the direction of the droppers and their clogging. It is impossible to carry out chlorination if the concentration of iron exceeds 0.4 mg / l, since the precipitate can clog droppers. When chlorination is avoided using fertilizers containing NH 4, NH 2, with which chlorine reacts.

Chemicals for water purification. Various acids are used to improve the quality of irrigation water. It is sufficient to acidify water to pH 6.0, in which the Saco 3 precipitates, calcium phosphate, iron oxides dissolve. If necessary, a special cleaning of irrigation system is carried out by a duration of 10-90 minutes of acidification to pH 2 with water, followed by washing. The cheapest nitric and hydrochloric acid. With significant amounts of iron more than 1 mg / l), it is impossible to use orthophosphoric acid to acidify. Water treatment with acid in the open soil is carried out periodically. At pH 2 - short-term treatment (10-30 minutes), at pH 4 - longer flushing.

At the concentration of iron in water, more than 0.2 mg / l are carried out prophylactic washing of systems. At the concentration of iron from 0.3 to 1.5 mg / l, ferrofackers can develop, which are clogged by nozzles. Candlending and watering water to use improves iron precipitation, it also concerns sulfur. Water aeration and the oxidation of its active chlorine (on 1 mg / l s 8.6 mg / l C1) reduces the amount of free sulfur entering into

calcium reaction.

Drip operation

Irrigation systems

In addition to water filtration, systematic washing of trunk and drip lines are used. Flushing is carried out by simultaneously opening on 5-8 drops of terminating lines (plugs) for 1 min to remove dirt, algae. When chlorination with a concentration of active chlorine to 30 mg / l, the duration of the processing process is not more than 1 hour. With periodic treatment with acid against inorganic and organic sediments in drip irrigation systems, various acids are used. At the concentration of NS1 - 33%, H 3 PO 4 - 85%, the HNO 3 -60% is used by a working solution with a concentration of 0.6%. In terms of the supervisory substance, this will be: ns1 - 0.2% d., N, n, ro ^ - 0.5% d. V. N 3 PO 4 - 0.36% d., What should be considered when Use of acids with different concentration. Duration of acid treatment 12 min, subsequent washing - 30 minutes.

Builtness of soil- The value that quantitatively characterizes the water-holding capacity of the soil. Like moisture, moisture content is determined in% by weight of dry soil. Depending on the forces holding moisture in soils, there are three main categories of moisture intensity: full, smallest and capillary.

Full moisture - This is the maximum amount of water that can hold the soil using all moisture forces.

The smallest moisture content - This is the maximum amount of water that has soil can keep in chemical bonds and colloidal systems.

Capillary moisture - This is the maximum amount of water that the soil can drove in their capillaries.

Materials and equipment

1) glass cylinders without the bottom; 2) march; 3) baths; 4) filter paper; 5) technical scales; 6) Soil samples.

Progress

Glass cylinder without the bottom bind gauze from the bottom end. In a pre-weighted on technical scales, the cylinder puffs, slightly sealing the tapping, the soil at a height of 10 cm. Determine the mass of the cylinder with the soil. Next, the cylinder with the soil is placed in a special bath with water - so that the bottom of the cylinder stood on the filter paper, the ends of which are omitted into the water.

Water in the pore of the paper is transmitted by the soil, producing its capillary saturation. Every day the cylinder is weighed on technical scales until his mass ceases to increase. This will indicate that the soil reached a complete capillary saturation. The capillary moisture is calculated by the formula:

where Kv.- capillary moisture intensity,%; IN- the soil weight in the cylinder after saturation, r;

M.- the mass of absolutely dry soil, G.

Since the cylinder is placed air dry Snack, and calculations are produced for mass absolutely dry Soil, therefore, the mass of absolutely dry soil is pre-calculated using the value of the recalculation coefficient obtained in the previous work (all laboratory work is performed with the same soil sample) by the formula:

where M.- the mass of absolutely dry soil, b. - air-dry soil weight,

k.H. 2 O.- hygroscopicity coefficient.

The results obtained in the table.

Laboratory work number 7

Determination of soil acidity

Basic information on the topic of work

Soil acidity - This is their ability to determine the acid reaction of the soil solution due to the presence of hydrogen cations in it. The most common source of soil acidity is fulvocyusloteswhich are formed during the decomposition of plant residues. In addition to them, many low molecular weight acids are present in the soil - organic (oil, acetic) and inorganic (coal, sulfur, salt).

Acidness is a diagnostic parameter that has a significant impact on the life of the inhabitants of the soil and growing plants on it. For most crops, optimal acidity ranges are close to neutral, however, many natural soils are alkaline or sour, therefore it is necessary to evaluate and, if necessary, correction of their acidity.

Excess acidity directly or indirectly has a negative effect on plants. The acidification of soil leads to a violation of their structure, which in turn causes a sharp deterioration in the aeration and capillary properties of the soil. Excess acidity suppresses the life activity of beneficial microorganisms (especially nitrifers and nitrofixes), enhances phosphorus aluminum binding, which disrupts ion exchange processes in the roots of plants. Ultimately, these processes lead to blockage of root vessels and dying the root system.

There are two forms of acidity - relevant and potential.

Actual acidity It is due to the presence in the soil solution of free hydrogen ions formed as a result of dissociation of water-soluble organic and weak mineral acids, as well as hydrolytically acidic salts. It directly affects the development of plants and microorganisms.

Potential acidity it is characterized by the presence in the soil-absorbing complex of H + and Al 3+ ions, which, when the solid phase interacts with salts cations, are displaced into the soil solution and acidify it.

The definition of soil acidity is usually carried out potentiometric method. It is based on measuring the electromotive force in the chain consisting of two semi-elements: the measurement electrode immersed in the test solution, and the auxiliary electrode with a constant potential value. The instrument for measuring pH is called a potentiometer or pH meter.

The results of the potentiometric measurement of the soil pH are estimated according to standard scales. In practical soils, the classification of soils in the level of pH of the aqueous exhaust (actual acidity) or salt exhaust (potential acidity) (Table 6) is used.

Table. 6. Classification of soils in the level of acidity

Materials and equipment

1) chemical glasses per 100-150 ml, 2) 1 N solution of KSL, 3) potentiometer (pH meter), 4) technical scales; 5) Soil samples.

Progress

To determine relevant acidity, we should weigh 20 g of air-dry soil on technical scales. Place the hitch in a chemical glass by 100-150 ml and pour 50 ml of distilled water. Content mix 1-2 minutes and leave to stand 5 minutes. Before determining the suspension, mix once again, after which it completely immerses the measurement electrode and the comparison electrode. 30-60 seconds. Sample the pH value corresponding to the measured acidity of the soil suspension on the potentiometer scale.

To determine the potential acidity to the silent of the soil 20 g, 50 ml of 1N R-RA KSL is adhered. Further progress of analysis is the same as in determining relevant acidity.

Work results to be in the table:

Laboratory work number 8

The moisture is necessary for the germination of seeds, without it, the subsequent growth and development of the plant is impossible. With water in a plant from the soil, nutrients enter, the evaporation of water with leaves provides normal temperature conditions of the plant's vital activity.

Moisture in the soil, the value, quantitatively characterizing the water-holding ability of the soil; The ability of the soil to absorb and keep in itself a certain amount of moisture by the action of capillary and sorption forces. Depending on the conditions holding moisture in the soil, there are several species V. P.: Maximum adsorption, capillary, smallest and complete.

Maximum adsorption moisture content of soil, associated moisture, sorbed moisture, indicative moisture - the largest amount of firmly bound water held by the sorption forces. The heavier the granulometric composition of the soil and the above content in her humus, the greater the proportion of the associated, almost inaccessible grapes and others. Moisture cultures in the soil.

Water is a prerequisite for soil formation and formation of soil fertility. Without it, the development of soil fauna and microflora is impossible.

The processes of transformation, transformation and migration of substances in the soil also require a large amount of water.

To determine the needs of plants in water, an indicator is used -Transpiration coefficient - the number of weight parts of water spent on one weight of the harvest.

The degree of availability of soil moisture plants and condition of the water regime, express soil-hydrolytic constants. The following soil and hydrological constants distinguish:

• 1. Maximum adsorption moisture intensity (MA) is the soil moisture content corresponding to the greatest content of the inaccessible plants of the strength of the moisture.
• 2. Maximum hygroscopicity (mg) - soil moisture, corresponding to the amount of water that has soil can sorce from air completely saturated with water vapor. Moisture corresponding to mg is completely unavailable by plants.
• 3. Humidity of sustainable planting of plants (PT), corresponding to content in the soil of water, in which plants detect signs of emerging, not passing when placing plants in a saturated water ferry atmosphere. The moisture content of the excavation corresponds to the humidity of the soil when the moisture from the state inaccessible for plants goes into the available (lower limit of the availability of soil moisture).
• 4. The smallest (field) moisture capacity of the soil (HB) - corresponds to the capillary-suspended plant saturation with water, when the latter is maximized by plants.
• 5. Complete moisture content (PV) - corresponds to such moisture content in the soil, when all its pores are saturated with water.

The ability of the soil to sustainable plants with water depends on agrophysical fertility factors.

The moisture capacity of the soil is called the ability to hold water. There are a capillary, smallest (field) and complete moisture. Capillary moisture capacity is determined by the amount of water contained in soil capillaries, under-through aquifer. The smallest moisture capacity is similar to the capillary, but under the condition of separation of capillary water from the water of the aquifer. Full moisture content - the state of the humidity, when all the pores (capillary and not capillary) are completely filled with water.

The water permeability of the soil is called the ability to absorb and pass through the water. The water permeability depends on the particle size distribution, the structure of the soil and the degree of moisturizing. Determine the water permeability, passing water through the soil layer.

The water supply capacity of the soil is the ability to capillary water lifting.

This property is due to the action of the meniscovic forces moistened with water walls of soil capillaries.

The water regime in the arable ground is constantly changing. The radical method of regulating the water regime is amelioration. Modern techniques of hydraulic land recovery provide the possibility of bilateral water regime regulation: irrigation with discharge of excess water and drainage in a complex with dosage irrigation.

The flow of moisture into the soil is made up of absorption with partial filling of water and water filtration. The combination of these phenomena is combined with the concept " power Permeability of Soil" In the speed of absorption, the soil is well -, medium and weakly produced. Soil filtering, i.e., the downward movement of moisture in soil or soil when filling out all the separation, depends on many factors: mechanical composition, water supply of aggregates, density, addition.

The amount of water characterizing the water-holding capacity of the soil is called moisture accuracyThe dependence on the forces holding the moisture in the soil, distinguish the maximum adsorption moisture intensity (moisture that holds the surface of the particles under the action of the sorption forces), the capillary (water reserve, held by the capillary forces), the smallest (field) and complete moisture intensity or water-capacity (water content in the soil when filling at all pores).

The concept of capillary kayma is connected with the capillary moisture intensity. Capillary Cimea It is called the entire layer of moisture between the level of groundwater and the upper boundary of the soil wetting front.

The smallest (field) moisture - This is the amount of moisture that is preserved in the soil (or soil) in the absence of a capillary fee after the distribution of excessive gravitational water. This is the maximum amount of water held by the soil in natural conditions in the absence of evaporation and water inflow from the outside. The moisture capacity of the soil depends on the mechanical, chemical, mineralogical composition of the soil, its density, porosity, etc.

Aeration, water permeability, moisture intensity and other water-physical properties of soil are important soil characteristics affecting soil fertility, its economic value.

Root allocations. Plants do not remain in debt to microorganisms - live plants feed soil microorganisms with their root secretions,and not only by dying post-harvest residues, although the roots also constitute about a third of the mass of the plant. Tatyana Ugarova gives a digit - up to 20% of the entire mass of plants make up root allocations. The root secretions include organic acids, sugars, amino acids and much more. T. Ugamar strong plant will abundantly feed soil microorganisms, while the mass reproduction of the rhizosphere (root) useful microflora occurs. Moreover, plants stimulate the development of predominantly such microflora, which feeds plants, produces plant growth stimulants, suppresses harmful plants with microflora.