Air humidifiers for laboratory premises. Traditional humidifiers. Overview of air humidification benefits in laboratories and clean rooms

High accuracy of maintaining air humidity, in conditions of maximum hygiene - throughout the whole process of moisturizing.

High accuracy of air and hygiene humidity control.

In the rooms that the cleanliness class is assigned, an impeccable microclimate is required, with accurate control of the temperature and wet mode. It is possible to achieve high hygiene indicators, and with the involvement of steam humidifiers, as well as with adiabatic air humidifiers. For the first (isothermal systems), water quality will play a less significant role for the hygiene of the process, it is rather ensuring the reliability of the steam cylinder and the resource of the heating elements. For adiabatic systems, water quality is the main element, from which maximum hygiene will depend.

Moisturizing systems and air humidity regulations for clean rooms.

30-50% RH. Pharmaceuticals - Production, drugs of drugs.

40-50% RH. Electronics - production or server (data center).

40-60% RH. Medicine - diagnostic centers, hospitals.

40-90 Rh%. Laboratories - research, experienced production.

Today, the clean room can be seen not only in a medical institution or laboratory. The rooms that are assigned the norms and classes of cleanliness in almost every office in the form of a server or on the production of electronic components, in industry or agriculture. Classes of hygiene and purity standards may differ in relation to the content of suspended particles, aerosols or bacteria. High demands of hygiene apply to humidifier systems, where the first, priority requirement will require the quality of water to work with which the moisture unit will operate.

Sterile humidification systems: working in high hygiene mode, use purified water and control the humidity with an accuracy of 1% RH.

The second requirement will be; The process of cooking water vapor and the way they are delivered to the air of clean room. The path from the preparation of water vapor to the saturation of the air mass must be the crude and without congestive zones. Water should not be stated in the air duct or inside the moisturizing unit, as it can cause a rise in the dispute of mold and fungus. Water must be cleaned or completely demineralized.

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One of the most complex and high-tech processes in the field of ventilation and air conditioning is its moisturizing determined by a number of fundamental regulatory documents.

Successful engineering and technical implementation of air humidification systems requires the right choice of the methods and means of generation of steam generation, compliance with sufficiently strict requirements for its distribution within the served room, or inside the supply of the ventilation system, as well as the correct organization of redundant moisture drainage.

Important from the practical point of view of the accompanying work of the humidifier

Of particular importance is the use of the supply water of the relevant quality . Requirements made in this case are radically different for humidifiers, the principle of operation and the design of which are distinguished by a very large manifold. Unfortunately, this issue has not yet found proper coverage in the literature, which in some cases leads to operational errors and premature failure of expensive technical means.

Famous publications It is mostly to water treatment in systems of heating and hot water supply of buildings, which differs significantly from water treatment in air humidification systems. The article proposed by an attempt to explain the essence of the requirements for the quality of the supply water for the main types of humidifiers by analyzing the physicochemical features of the behavior of substances of varying degrees of solubility when moving water to steam, realizable in one way or another. The stated materials are quite general, covering almost all known air humidification methods. However, on the basis of the personal experience of the author, the considered concrete design performances of the aggregates are limited by the nomenclature supplied by Carel, which includes air humidifiers in a wide range of used principles.

Practical application have two main ways to humidify air: isothermal and adiabatic.

Isothermal moisturizing It occurs at a constant temperature (Δt \u003d 0), i.e. With an increase in the relative humidity of air, its temperature remains unchanged. Smitted steam is directly in the air. The phase transition of water from liquid into the vapor state is carried out due to an external heat source. Depending on the method of selling external heat, the following types of isothermal air humidifiers are distinguished:

Co submersible electrodes (Homesteam, Humisteam);
Co electric heating elements (Heatersteam);
Gas humidifiers (Gasteam).

Adiabatic moisturizingOnly on the content of harmful substances in drinking water 724 indicators are normalized . General requirements for the development of methods for their determination are governed by GOST 8.556-91. From the point of view of the use of water in air humidification systems, not all of the above indicators mentioned are essential.

Total ten indicators are most important, detailed below:

Fig. one

The total number of solids dissolved in water(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)

The amount of substances dissolved in water depends on their physicochemical properties, the mineral composition of the soil, through which they are infiltration, temperature, contact time with minerals and pH of the infiltration medium. TDS is measured in mg / l, which in weight quantities is equivalent to one part per million (PRM PER MILLION, PPM). In nature, TDS water ranges from tens to 35,000 mg / l, which corresponds to the most saline sea water. According to the current sanitary and hygienic requirements, drinking water must contain no more than 2000 mg / l of solvable substances. In fig. 1 In a logarithmic scale, depending on the temperature of the solubility of a number of chemicals (electrolytes), which is most often present in water in vivo. Attention is drawn to the fact that, in contrast to most salts (chlorides, sulfates, sodium carbonate), present in water, two of them (Caco3 calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH) 2) have relatively small solubility. As a result, these chemical compounds form the main part of the solid residue. Another characteristic feature concerns calcium sulfate (Caso4), the solubility of which, in contrast to most other salts, is reduced with increasing water temperature.

Total hardness (Total Hardness, Th)

The total rigidity of water is determined by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in it, and is divided into the following two parts:

The (uncompaired) rigidity determined by the content of sulfate and calcium chlorides and magnesium remaining dissolved in water at elevated temperatures;
 Forward (carbonate) rigidity, determined by the content of calcium and magnesium bicarbonate, which at a certain temperature and / or pressure participate in the following chemical processes that play a key role in the formation of a solid residue.

Ca (HCO3) 2 ↔Caco3 + H2O + CO2, (1) Mg (HCO3) 2 ↔MG (OH) 2 + 2 CO2.

With a decrease in the content of dissolved carbon dioxide, the chemical balance of these processes is shifted to the right, leading to the formation of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates and magnesium bicarbonates and magnesium hydroxide dropping from water solution to the formation of a solid residue. The intensity of the flow of the processes considered also depends on the pH of water, temperature, pressure and some other factors. It should be borne in mind that the solubility of carbon dioxide decreases sharply with increasing temperature, as a result of which, when water heated, the displacement of the processes of processes to the right is accompanied by the formation as indicated above, solid residue. The concentration of carbon dioxide is also reduced by lowering the pressure, which, for example, due to the above displacement of the considered processes (1), the right is the cause of the formation of solid deposits in the mouth of the nozzles of air humidifiers (atomizers). Moreover, the greater the speed in the nozzle and, accordingly, according to the law of Bernoulli, the vacuum is deeper, the more intensively the formation of solid deposits. In particular, it concerns atomizers without the use of compressed air (humifog), which are characterized by a maximum speed at the mouth of the nozzle with a diameter of no more than 0.2 mm. Finally, the greater the pH of the water (more alkaline), the less solubility of calcium carbonate and more solid residue formed. Due to the prevailing role of Caco3 in the formation of a solid residue, the measure of water rigidity is determined by the content of Ca (ion) or its chemical compounds. The existing variety of stiffness measurement units is reduced in Table. 1. In the United States, the following classification of water hardness is adopted for household needs:

0.1-0.5 mg-eq / l - practically soft water;
0.5-1.0 mM-eq / l - soft water;
1.0-2.0 mM-eq / l - water of weak rigidity;
2.0-3.0 mM-eq / l - rigid water;
3.0 mM-eq / l - very rigid water. In Europe, water rigidity is classified as follows:
TH 4 ° Fh (0.8 mG-eq / l) - very soft water;
Th \u003d 4-8 ° Fh (0.8-1.6 mg-eq / l) - soft water;
Th \u003d 8-12 ° Fh (1.6-2.4 mgq / l) - water of medium hardness;
Th \u003d 12-18 ° Fh (2.4-3.6 mG-eq / l) - almost rigid water;
Th \u003d 18-30 ° Fh (3.6-6.0 mG-eq / l) - rigid water;
TH 30 ° Fh (6,0 mG-eq / l) - Very rigid water.

Domestic water rigidity standards Characterized by significantly different values. According to the sanitary rules and norms of SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control" (p. 4.4.1) is extremely permissible is the rigidity of water 7 mG-eq / l. At the same time, the specified value can be increased to 10 mG-eq / l for the decree of the chief state sanitary doctor in the relevant territory for a particular water supply system based on the results of an assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the settlement and used water treatment technology. According to Sanpin 2.1.4.1116-02 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality, packaged in capacity. Quality control" (paragraph 4.7) The physiological usefulness of drinking water values \u200b\u200bin the hardness indicator should be within 1.5-7 mg-eq / l. At the same time, the quality of the preparation of the first category of the first category is characterized by the magnitude of the stiffness of 7 mG-eq / l and the highest category - 1.5-7 mG-eq / l. According to GOST 2874-82 "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements and quality control" (p. 1.5.2) The rigidity of water should not exceed 7 mgq / l. At the same time, for water supplying water without special treatment, in coordination with the sanitary epidemiological service authorities, water is allowed to 10 mG-eq / l. Thus, it can be stated that in Russia the use of water extreme rigidity is allowed, which is required to take into account when using all types of air humidifiers.

In particular it concerns adiabatic type air humidifiers , unconditionally requiring appropriate water treatment.

With regard to isothermal (steam) moisturizers, It should be borne in mind that a certain degree of water rigidity is a positive factor contributing to the passivation of metal surfaces (zinc, carbon steel) due to a formed protective film that contributes to inhibiting corrosion developing under the action of present chlorides. In this regard, for isothermal moisturizers of the electrode type, in some cases, limit values \u200b\u200bare set not only at maximum, but also by minimal values \u200b\u200bof the rigidity of the water used. It should be noted that in Russia the water used is significantly different in the hardness indicator, often exceeding the above standards. For example:

 The most high water rigidity (up to 20-30 mg-eq / l) is characteristic of Kalmykia, the southern regions of Russia and the Caucasus;
 In the underground waters of the central area (including Moscow region), water rigidity ranges from 3 to 10 mgq / l;
In the inventory regions of Russia The rigidity of water is small: in the range from 0.5 to 2 mG-eq / l;
 The presence of water in St. Petersburg does not exceed 1 mG-eq / l;
 The tastiness of the rain and melt water ranges in the range from 0.5 to 0.8 mg-eq / l;
 Moskovskaya water has a rigidity of 2-3 mG-eq / l.

Dry residue at 180 ° C(Dry Residue AT 180 ° C, R180)
This indicator quantitatively characterizes dry residue after a complete evaporation of water and heating to 180 ° C , differing from the total amount of solids dissolved in water (TDS) by the contribution that dissociates, volatile and absorbed chemical compounds. Such, for example, are CO2 present in bicarbonates, and H2O contained in hydrated salts molecules. The difference (TDS - R180) is proportional to the content of bicarbonates in the water used. In drinking water, R180 values \u200b\u200bare recommended that do not exceed 1500 mg / l.

Fig. 2.

Natural water sources are classified as follows:

R180 200 mg / l - weak mineralization;
R180 200-1000 mg / l - medium mineralization;
R180 1000 mg / l - high mineralization

Specific conductivity at 20 ° C (Specific Conductivity AT 20 ° C, Σ20)
The specific conductivity of water characterizes the resistance to flowing electric current. Being dependent on the content of electrolyte dissolved in it, which in natural water serve mainly inorganic salts. Unit of measuring specific conductivity serve mximimens / cm (ISS / cm). The specific conductivity of pure water is extremely low (about 0.05 μs / cm at 20 ° C), increasing significantly depending on the concentration of dissolved salts. It should be noted that the specific conductivity is in a strong dependence on temperature, as shown in Fig. 2. As a consequence, the specific conductivity is indicated with the standard temperature value of 20 ° C (less often 25 ° C) and is indicated by the σ20 symbol. If σ20 is known, then the values \u200b\u200bof σt ° C corresponding to the temperature T, expressed in ° C, are determined by the formula: σt ° Cσ20 \u003d 1 + α20 t - 20, (2) where: α20 is the temperature coefficient ( α20 ≈0.025). Knowing σ20, the values \u200b\u200bof TDS and R180 can be estimated to be estimated using empirical formulas: TDS ≈0.93 σ20, R180 ≈0.65 σ20. (3) It should be noted that if the assessment of TDS has a small error, the estimate R180 has significantly less accuracy and significantly depends on the content of bicarbonates relative to other electrolytes.

Fig. 3.

Acidity and alkalinity(Acidity and Alkalinity, pH)

Acidity is determined by H + ions, which are extremely aggressive with respect to metals, especially to zinc and carbon steel. Neutral water is pH \u003d 7. At lower values, acidic properties are manifested, and, on the contrary, at higher values \u200b\u200b- alkaline. Acid medium leads to a dissolution of the protective oxide film, which contributes to the development of corrosion. As shown in Fig. 3, with pH values \u200b\u200bbelow 6.5, the corrosion intensity increases significantly, while in an alkaline medium at a pH of more than 12, the corrosion intensity is also slightly increased. Corrosion activity in the acidic medium increases with increasing temperature. It should be borne in mind that when pH< 7 (кислотная среда) латунный сплав теряет цинк, в результате чего образуются поры и латунь становится ломкой. Интенсивность данного вида коррозии зависит от процентного содержания цинка. Алюминий ведет себя иным образом, поскольку на его поверхности образуется защитная пленка, сохраняющая устойчивость при значениях pH от 4 до 8,5.

Chlorida(Chlorides, Cl-)

Presenting chloride ions are corrosive of metals, especially zinc and carbon steel, entering into interaction with metal atoms after the destruction of the surface protective film, formed by a mixture of oxides, gyroxides and other alkaline salts formed by the presence of dissolved CO2 and the presence of impurities in atmospheric air in water . The presence of electromagnetic fields characteristic of isothermal (steam) humidifiers with submersible electrodes, enhances the above effect. Chlorides are especially active with insufficient water rigidity. It was previously indicated that the presence of calcium and magnesium ions has a passivating effect, inhibiting corrosion, especially at elevated temperatures. In fig. 4 schematically shows the inhibitory effect of time stiffness from the point of view of the corrosion exposure of chlorides on zinc. In addition, it should be noted that a significant amount of chlorides intensifies foaming, negatively affecting the operation of isothermal humidifiers of all types (with submersible electrodes, with electric heating elements, gas).

Fig. four

Iron + Manganese(Iron + Manganese, Fe + Mn)

The presence of these elements causes the formation of suspension suspension, surface deposits and / or secondary corrosion, which implies the need to remove them, especially when working with adiabatic humidifiers using water treatment by the method of reverse osmosis, since otherwise rapid clogging of membranes occurs.

Silica(Silica, SiO2)

Silicon dioxide (silica) may be contained in water in a colloidal or partially dissolved state. The amount of SiO2 may vary from trace amounts to tens of mg / l. Typically, the amount of SiO2 is elevated in soft water and with an alkaline medium (pH 7). The presence of SiO2 particularly negatively affects the operation of isothermal humidifiers due to the formation of solid, difficult to remove the sediment consisting of silica or calcium silicate formed. Residual chlorine (residual chlorine, cl-) The presence of residual chlorine in water is usually due to disinfection of drinking water and for all types of humidifiers is limited to minimal values \u200b\u200bin order to avoid the appearance of sharp odors entering into moisturized rooms together with moisture pairs. In addition, free chlorine by formation of chlorides leads to corrosion of metals. Calcium sulfate (Calcium Sulphat, Caso4) calcium sulfate, present in natural water, has a low degree of solubility, and therefore it is inclined to formulate the sediment.
Calcium sulfate is present in two stable forms:

Asque calcium sulfate, the name of anhydrite;
Caso4 2H2O Calcium Sulfate, known as chalk, which at a temperature greater than 97.3 ° C, dehydrated with the formation of Caso4 1 / 2H2O (semihyder T).

Fig. five

As shown in Fig. 5, at temperatures below 42 ° C, the two-water sulfate has a reduced solubility compared to anhydrous calcium sulfate.

In isothermal humidifiers At water temperature corresponding to the boiling point, calcium sulfate may be present in the following forms:

 POLUGIDAT, which at 100 ° C has solubility of about 1650 ppm, which corresponds to approximately 1500 ppm in terms of calcium sulfate anhydrite;
Nagidritis, which at 100 ° C has solubility of about 600 ppm.

Excessive amount of calcium sulfate is precipitated By forming a paste-like mass, under certain conditions, having a tendency to solidify. Consolidated data on the limit values \u200b\u200bof the above parameters of the supply water for air humidifiers of various types are presented in the next series of tables. It should be borne in mind that isothermal humidifiers with submersible electrodes can be supplied with cylinders designed to work on standard water and water with a reduced salt content. Isothermal electric heater humidifiers may or not have a Teflon coating of the heating element.

Isothermal (steam) humidifiers With submersible electrodes, the humidifier connects to the plumbing network with the following parameters:

 Pressure from 0.1 to 0.8 MPa (1-8 bar), temperature from 1 to 40 ° C, flow rate not lower than 0.6 l / min (nominal value for nutrient solenoid valve);
The presence of no more than 40 ° F (which corresponds to 400 mg / l Caco3), the specific conductivity of 125-1250 μs / cm;
 Listing organic compounds;
Farmers of nutrient water must lie in the specified limits (Table 2)

Not recommended:
1. The use of spring water, industrial water or water refrigeration contours, as well as potentially chemically or bacterially polluted water;
2. Adding disinfectants or anti-corrosion additives into water, which are potentially harmful substances.

Humidifiers with electric heating elements Nutrient water on which the humidifier works, should not have an unpleasant smell, contained scoriogenic agents or an excess amount of mineral salts. The humidifier can function on tap or demineralized water having the following characteristics (Table 3).

Not recommended:
1. The use of spring water, technical water, water from the gradient, as well as water having chemical or bacteriological pollution;
2. Adding disinfecting and anti-corrosion additives into water, because Air humidification by such water can cause surrounding allergic reactions.

Gas humidifiers
Gas humidifiers can function on water having the following characteristics (Table 4). To reduce the frequency of maintenance of the steam cylinder and the heat exchanger, namely, their cleaning, it is recommended to use demineralized water.

Not recommended:
1. The use of spring water, industrial water or water from refrigeration contours, as well as potentially chemically or bacterially polluted water;
2. Adding disinfectants or anti-corrosion additives into water, because They are potentially harmful substances.

Adiabatic (spray) humidifiers (atomizers), Compressed humidifiers adiabatic type MCs can work both on tap and on demineralized water, in which there are no bacteria and salts available in ordinary water. This makes it possible to use humidifiers of this type in hospitals, pharmacies, operating, laboratories and other special premises, where sterility is required.

1 Adiabatic (spray) humidifiers (Atomizers) working on water high pressure
Humifog humidifiers can only work on demineralized water (Table 5). For this purpose, as a rule, water treatment is used, which is listed below the following parameters. The first three parameters play a primary role and must be respected under any conditions. With the electrical conductivity of water below 30 μs / cm, it is recommended to use a pump unit made completely from stainless steel.

2 Adiabatic Centrifugal (Disk) Humidifiers
Moisturizers of direct action DS do not use water as such. With their help, there is a submission of already existing steam into a section of moisturizing central air conditioners or in supply air ducts. As it is obvious from considering the above information, in some cases it is desirable, and in some of them the corresponding water treatment is obligatory by substitution, transformation or removal of certain chemical elements or compounds dissolved in the supply water. Thus, it is prevented by premature failure of used air humidifiers used, the timing of the service of consumables and materials, such as, for example, steam cylinders, increases, and reduces the amount of work related to periodic maintenance. The main tasks of water treatment is to reduce to a certain degree of corrosion activity and the formation of salt deposits in the form of scale, sludge and solid precipitation. The nature and degree of water treatment depends on the ratio of the actual parameters of the water and required for each of the humidifiers discussed above. Consider successively the basic used water treatment methods.

Softening water

Fig. 6.

This method reduces water rigidity without changing the amount of electrolyte dissolved in water. At the same time, the ions responsible for excessive rigidity are carried out. In particular, calcium ions (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are substituted with sodium ions (Na), which prevents the formation of lime deposits when water heating, since, in contrast to calcium and magnesium carbonates, forming the rigid component variable, sodium carbonate remains dissolved in water Increased temperature. Usually the process of water softening is implemented using ion exchange resins. When using sodium ion exchange resins (RENA), chemical reactions look as follows, constant rigidity:

2 Rena + Caso4 → Re2CA + Na2SO4, (4) Variable rigidity:
2 RENA + CA (HCO3) 2 → RE2CA + NaHCO3. (5)

Thus, it is fixed on ion exchange resins of ions responsible for excess rigidity (given CA ++) and dissolving Na + ions. Since ion exchange resins are gradually saturated with calcium and magnesium ions, the effectiveness of their action is reduced over time and the regeneration is required, which is carried out by reverse washing with a diluted sodium chloride solution (sodium salt):
Reca + 2 NACL → Rena2 + CaCl2. (6)
Food calcium or magnesium chlorides are soluble and carried together with weaving water. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that softened water has increased chemical corrosion activity, as well as increased specific conductivity, which intensifies the electrochemical processes. In fig. 6 is a comparative plan for corrosion exposure to tough, softened and demineralized water. It should be borne in mind that, despite the presence of a patented foaming prevention system (Anti Foaming System, AFS), the use of softened water in the isothermal humidifiers of all types can lead to the formation of foam and, ultimately, to malfunctions. As a result, the softening of water during water treatment in air humidification systems has not so much independent value as it serves as an auxiliary means to reduce water stiffness before its demineralization, widely used to ensure the operation of adiabatic type humidifiers.

Polyphosphatate treatment
This method allows for a time to "link" the salt of rigidity, without giving them for some time falling in the form of scale. Polyphosphates have the ability to form connections with Caco3 crystals, while maintaining them in a state of suspension and, thus, suspending the process of their aggregation (the formation of chelate connections). However, it should be borne in mind that this mechanism is operational only at temperatures not exceeding 70-75 ° C. At higher temperatures, there is a mixture to hydrolyze and the efficiency of the method decreases sharply. It should be borne in mind that water treatment with polyphosphates does not reduce the amount of dissolved salts, therefore the use of such water, as in the previous case, in isothermal humidifiers can lead to foaming and, therefore, to unstable their operation.

Magnetic or Electric Air Conditioning
Under the action of strong magnetic fields, an allotropic modification of the crystals of the salts responsible for variable rigidity occurs, as a result of which the salts of the acidifiers are converted into a fine sludge, which is not deposited on the surfaces and is not inclined to the formation of compact forms. Similar phenomena take place when using electrical discharges that reduce the ability to precipitate salts to their aggregation. However, so far there are no sufficiently reliable data regarding the efficiency of such a kind of devices, especially at high temperatures close to the boiling point.

Demineralization
The methods considered above do not change the amount of chemicals dissolved in water and, therefore, do not solve completely emerging problems. With the operation of isothermal humidifiers, they can reduce the amount of solid deposits formed, which relates to the most degree of water softening methods. Demineralization carried out by extracting in one way or another method dissolved in water, has a limited action for isothermal humidifiers with submersible electrodes, since the principle of their action is based on the flow of electric current in saline solution. However, for all other types of air humidifiers, demineralization is the most radical method of water treatment, this is especially true of adiabatic type air humidifiers. It can also be used to fully for isothermal humidifiers with electric heating elements and gas humidifiers, with which other water treatment methods discussed above, reducing the amount of solid deposits formed, create concomitant problems associated with an increase in the concentration of strong electrolytes during water evaporation. One of the negative moments associated with the absence of water demineralization is the formation of a fine salt aerosol when the moisture is submitted to the serviced premises. It is most related to the electoral enterprises ("clean" rooms) and medical institutions (microsurgery of the eye, obstetrics and gynecology). With the help of demineralization, this problem can be completely avoided, except for the use of isothermal humidifiers with submersible electrodes. The degree of demineralization is usually estimated by a specific conductivity, which is approximately proportional to the total concentration of dissolved electrolytes in the following ratios (Table 7).

In nature, water is almost never found with a specific conductivity of less than 80-100 μs / cm. Ultra-high demineralization is necessary in exceptional cases (bacteriological laboratories, crystal cultivation chambers). Most practical applications are quite high and very high degree of demineralization. The greatest degree of demineralization (up to theoretically achievable) is ensured by distillation of water, incl. Double and triple. However, this process is expensive, both from the point of view of capital expenditures and operating costs. In this regard, the following two methods of demineralization were obtained for the purpose of water treatment during air humidification, the following two methods of demineralization were obtained:

Reverse osmosis
In accordance with this method, water is pumped under high pressure through a semi-permeable membrane with pores having a diameter of less than 0.05 μm. Most dissolved ions are filtered on the membrane. Depending on the membrane used and other characteristics of the filtering process, from 90% to 98% dissolved in water ions are removed. The achievement of a higher efficiency of demineralization is problematic. The ability to implement the reverse osmosis process is fully automatically, as well as the absence of the need for the use of chemical reagents make it particularly attractive in the purposes under consideration. The process is economical enough, consuming electricity in the amount of 1-2 kWh per 1 m3 of the treated water. The cost of equipment is constantly decreasing due to the increase in its issue due to the continuous expansion of the areas of use. Reverse osmosis, however, vulnerable if the water being processed is very tight and / or contains a large number of mechanical pollution. In this regard, in order to increase the service life of the membranes used, it is often necessary to preliminary water softening or its polyphosphate treatment or magnetic / electrical conditioning and filtering.

Deonization
In accordance with this method, the layers of ion exchange resins (ionate columns) are used to remove dissolved substances, which have the ability to exchange hydrogen ions per cations and hydroxyl ions on the anions of dissolved salts. Cationic ion exchange resins (cationisites, polymeric acids) exchange one hydrogen ion on a contact cation with a resin solution (for example, Na ++, Ca ++, Al +++). Anionic ion exchange resins (anions, polymeric bases) exchange one hydroxyl ion (hydroxyl group) to the appropriate anion (for example, CL-). Hydrogen ions, spent by cations, and hydroxyl groups released by anionics form water molecules. On the example of calcium carbonate (Caco3), chemical reactions look as follows, in the Kationita column:

Fig. 7.

2 reh + Caco3 → re2CA + H2CO3, (7) in the anionate column 2 reh + H2CO3 → re2CO3 + H2O. (8) As we spend the ion exchange resins of hydrogen ions and / or hydroxyl groups, they must be subjected to the regeneration process, using the treatment of hydrochloric column column (chloride-hydrogen) acid:

RE2CA + 2 Hcl → 2 reh + CaCl2. (9) The anion column is treated with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): RE2CO3 + 2 NAOH →  (10) → 2 reh + Na2Co3. The regeneration process is completed with flushing, which provides deposit deposits formed as a result of the considered chemical reactions. In modern demineralizants, the water flow is organized from top to bottom, which prevents the separation of the gravel layer and ensures the continuous operation of the installation without deteriorating the quality of cleaning. In addition, the ione layer works as a water purification filter from mechanical pollution.

The effectiveness of demineralization by this method is comparable to distillation. At the same time, operating costs peculiar to deionization are significantly lower compared to distillation. Theoretically, water, demineralized by the considered methods (reverse osmosis, deionization), is chemically neutral (pH \u003d 7), but various substances with which it subsequently contacts is easily dissolved. In practice, demineralized water is weakly acid due to the process of demineralization as such. The indicated occurs as a result of the fact that the residual amounts of ions and gas impurities lower pH. In the case of inverse osmosis, this is explained by the differential selectivity of membranes. In the case of deionization, the specified residual quantities are explained by exhaustion or impaired integrity of the ionic columns. In the case of increased acidity, water can dissolve metals, opening the path of corrosion. Particularly susceptible to corrosion turns out to be carbon steel and zinc. A typical phenomenon serves as noted earlier, the loss of zinc brass alloy. Water having a specific conductivity of less than 20-30 μs / cm should not be contacted with carbon steel, zinc and brass. In conclusion in Fig. 7 shows the scheme, mutually linking among themselves the considered water quality indicators, methods of humidification of air and water treatment methods. For each method of moisturizing, black rays define a set of water quality indicators, the quantitative values \u200b\u200bof which should be provided in the specified limits. Color rays identified water treatment methods recommended for each of the considered air humidification methods. At the same time, the priorities of the recommended methods of water treatment are determined. Color arcs also taking into account priorities identified auxiliary methods of water treatment, recommended for pre-reduction of water rigidity, subject to further processing by reverse osmosis. The most critical in relation to the content of salts dissolved in water is an ultrasound of air humidification (Humisonic, HSU), for which the use of distillate is prioritized, or at least the use of deionization or reverse osmosis. Mandatory is water treatment also for atomizers working on high pressure water (Humifog, UA). In this case, satisfactory results ensures the use of reverse osmosis. More expensive methods of water treatment are also possible, such as deionization and distillation. The remaining methods of humidifying air allow the use of tap water without its preparation in case of the entire set of specific water quality indicators, their quantitative values \u200b\u200bare in the specified limits. Otherwise, it is recommended to use water treatment methods in accordance with the designated priorities. As for the direct action humidifiers (UltimateSteam, DS), they feed on the finished steam and in the figured in Fig. 7 Scheme do not have formal links with water quality indicators and water treatment methods.

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Description of the problem

The correct level of humidity in the production medium of clean rooms is important to maintain production standards, research and minimization of waste.

Even small changes in humidity levels can cause accelerated drying of surfaces, substances and materials, as well as lead to the accumulation of static charges that can cause malfunctions in the operation of the equipment or fail.

Clear humidity setting is often able to be achieved using standard moisture equipment that we use in the office or at home, in such cases specialized humidification systems are used.

Laboratory humidifiers

The humidity indicator refers to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

Humidifiers are tools that increase the level of humidity.

There are many types of moisturizers depending on the needs and requirements.

Laboratory air humidifier is an important device used in various laboratories to maintain the desired level of humidity.

In such premises, it is very important to clearly adjust the humidity, as well as the uninterrupted operation of the device, since any deviations or failures can cause distortion in its work, which is not permissible.

Below are some of the important advantages of the laboratory humidifier.

Improves atmospheric conditions

Laboratory humidifiers increase humidity in the laboratory, which is necessary for a number of tests or tasks. Some tests require controlled atmospheric conditions and the required level of humidity. By improving air quality, these humidifiers assistance in conducting experiments and tests in the desired atmospheric conditions.

Reduces static electricity

In the winter season, when the air is dry, there are high chances to feel a static discharge as a result of touching certain objects.

When static electricity is charged with metal furniture and door handles, it can be a very annoying factor. In addition, static charges can damage electrical laboratory instruments.

The use of laboratory moisturizers avoids all these problems, and also provides controlled and favorable air humidity in medical and clinical laboratories.

Reduces the likelihood of disease

People tend to ill and become more susceptible to a number of problems, such as colds, flu, when the level of humidity drops largely. In such a situation, there is a need to increase the level of humidity to a favorable level in order to avoid susceptibility to infection.

Often wooden furniture and wooden techniques come into disrepair due to low humidity level. When using laboratory humidifiers, the problem may be radically reduced.

Thus, laboratory humidifiers prevent wear of wooden appliances and furniture, and also protect a person from diseases.

Increases performance

Often, doctors and other laboratory workers work for a long time, which subsequently causes fatigue.

This may affect the efficiency of work, especially if the level of humidity drops to a significant level.

By increasing the level of humidity, laboratory humidifiers help reduce the amount of fatigue of people employed in the laboratory.

Options for solutions

In small rooms you can most optimally use ultrasound humidifiersThey have a number of advantages:

Ease of operation and maintenance;
Reliability of the design and simplicity of technology;
High-quality fine fog;
The elimination of the likelihood of oil from the splashing water.

High Pressure High Pressure (Humidifiers) Generators

The most advanced technology in agriculture. Its principle is based on sputtering water through the nozzles and their instant evaporation. Their advantages:

Low electrical energy costs;
Uniform moisturizing of the entire room;
The possibility of mounting the system of pipelines and nozzles according to wishes;
The system of pipelines and nozzles is easily disassembled without the use of special tools;
The generated fog cools the room.

High pressure humidifiers. The system of pipelines and nozzles is assembled and mounted under the ceiling, pipelines are connected by collet clamps, without the use of special tools. This allows you to collect moisture system according to the individual sizes of the customer.

The system management can be remotely using an external control module with a remote humidity sensor. Simple assembly instruction allows you to independently mount the moisture installation. The pump is connected to a 220 V network, and water is carried out to it.

When using ultrasonic channel moisturizers, the fog of the air duct is fed. The air duct for the pair is most effectively installed directly under ventilation, as shown in the figure. This contributes to the most efficient moistening of the entire size of the room.

In the high pressure pump, it is required to periodically check the oil level and, if necessary, pour to the required level.

You can use common machine oil. The work of the pump without butter is unacceptable.

Over time, the nozzles will be clogged with salt sediments, so they need soching in a special solution.

Options

It is possible to upgrade the already installed high-pressure humidification system in the future, by connecting additional sections of pipelines with nozzles or installing a more powerful pump.

This can be done in case of expansion of production when the current system performance is not enough to maintain a given level of humidity.

In the room with mushrooms should be supported by sanitary and hygienic conditions, so in conjunction with the humidification system it is possible to install air ozonizers.

Final words

Thanks to the benefits of a laboratory moisturizer, an air humidifier is more and more laboratory to maintain the necessary humidity, improve work efficiency and achieve accurate research results.

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In the city where gas and a raw more than enough, very often can be found in the apartments of air humidifiers. These installations create the necessary degree of moisture indoors, thereby cleansing oxygen from harmful impurities and creating optimal conditions for healthy life.

Air humidifiers are needed in houses with young children, as well as in those places where the elderly people and people with disabilities live with the problems of respiratory tract. The desired humidity in the air will help them overcome the exacerbation in the disease and will help to cope with the ailment.

The importance of air humidifiers

Universal air humidifiers operate from the mains and most of them have a LED backlight that reflects the degree of moisture in the room. The functionality of such devices is diverse:

different design that can be chosen at will;
convenient removable water tank;
built-in timer;
different degree of power of the device, which can be monitored by the situation;
the size of the humidifier depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room;
a variety of models - steam, ultrasonic and mechanical;
air ionization will help protect against harmful bacteria;
automatic shutdown with empty tank.

Very often, air humidifiers are recommended by doctors for children's rooms, especially in winter. If the humidity at this time is not higher than 40%, then the risk of colds and inflammatory diseases arises. When choosing a humidifier, pay attention to the following:

original design and possibly built-in night light will raise the mood to any child and adult;
the function of the ionizer inhaler will allow the use of essential oils, as well as clean the air from the microbes;
be sure to have a hygrostat, which will help estimate the level of humidity in the room.