GDR decoding abbreviation in Russian. GDR. Eastern Germany. State GDR device. Territory and population. Political basis. Folk Chamber. State Council and Government. Creation of the German Democratic Republic

The former Nazi Germany was divided into several. Austria has departed from the empire. Alsace and Lorraine returned to the patronage of France. Czechoslovakia received back the sundel region. Statehood was restored in Luxembourg.

Part of the territory of Poland, annexed by the Germans in 1939, returned to its composition. The eastern part of Prussia was divided between the USSR and Poland.

The remaining part of Germany was divided by allies into four occupation zones, where the Office was carried out by Soviet, British, American and military authorities. Countries who participated in the occupation of German lands agreed to carry out a coordinated policy, the basic principles of which were denazification and demilitarization of the former German Empire.

FRG education

A few years later, in 1949, in the territory of the American, British and French occupation zones was proclaimed Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany, which Bonn became. Western politicians thus planned to create a state in this part of Germany, built on a capitalist model, which could become a bridgehead for a possible war with the communist regime.

The Americans provided a significant new bourgeois German state. Thanks to this support, Germany quickly began to turn into an economically developed power. In the 50s, they even talked about the "German economic miracle."

The country needed cheap working strength, the main source of which Turkey became the main source.

How did the German Democratic Republic originated

The answer to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany was the proclamation of the Constitution of another German Republic - GDR. This happened in October 1949, five months after the FRG formation. In this way, the Soviet state decided to resist the aggressive intentions of former allies and create a peculiar stronghold of socialism in Western Europe.

The Constitution of the German Democratic Republic proclaimed democratic freedoms to its citizens. This document also enshrines the leading role of the Socialist Unified Party of Germany. For a long time, the Soviet Union provided a political and economic assistance to the GDR government.

However, in terms of industrial growth of the GDR, which staging on the socialist path of development, significantly lagged behind its western neighbor. But this did not prevent East Germany to become a developed industrial country, where agriculture also developed intensively. After a number of stormy democratic transformations in the GDR, the unity of the German nation was restored, on October 3, 1990, Germany and GDR became a single state.

GDR (German Deutsche Demokratische Republik) was created on October 7, 1949 on the territory of the Soviet occupation zone as an answer to the creation of Germany from three Western zones. Unlike West Germany, the Unitary Principle enthusiasmed in the GDR and focused on the creation of a centralized state. With the active participation of the USSR in the GDR on the basis of the German Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (its eastern part), the Socialist Unified Party of Germany (SEPG) was created led by V. Ulbricht. The German People's Council of People's Representative Office was the German People's Council, the majority in which subsequently had ever had segg. In March 1949, the People's Council adopted the GDR Constitution, and in October officially announced the creation of an East German state. The Communist V. Peak became President of the GDR, and the government was headed by the former Social Democrat O. Ghotvol. In 1952, the course of the construction of socialism was proclaimed in the GDR.

In 1953, in East Berlin and other GDR cities, natural speeches against the communist regime were occurred, which primarily caused by the heavy economic situation in which the GDR was. They were toughly suppressed with the participation of Soviet troops, but to exit the crisis, the so-called "new course" was proclaimed, which meant a more flexible economic policy. As a result, the economic situation in the country as a whole has stabilized.

In response to the introduction of Germany to NATO, the Soviet Union initiated the signing in May 1955, Warsaw agreements, which created a new military unit in Europe - the organization of the Warsaw Agreement (ATS). She entered her USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Albania and GDR. Thus, two Germany turned out to be included in two warlord opposing each other.

Concerned about the problem of migration (flight) of the population from the GDR in Germany, the border between which in the 1940-1950s. It was open, the authorities of the GDR and the USSR began to look for a decision. The flow of emigrants was going through Berlin, so it was clear that it was necessary to somehow close the border between the eastern and western part of the city. As a result, on August 13, 1961, the construction of the Berlin Wall, dividing the city and became one of the most noticeable symbols of the Cold War.

According to the Constitution of the GDR, adopted in 1968, the Supreme Body of Legislative Power was operating in the country - the People's Chamber, which consisted of 500 deputies elected by popular voting with the participation of citizens over 18 years. Her deputies elected members of the Council of Ministers (governments - formally the highest state authority) GDR for a period of 4 years, as well as the Chairman and members of the State Council (in the period between the sessions of the People's Chamber, performed tasks arising from the laws and decisions of the Chamber; considered the bills presented in The People's Chamber, adopted decrees to be approved by the Chamber, carried out supervision of the legality of the activities of the Supreme Bodies of Justice and had the right of amnesty and pardon and the like), which was actually a central body in the country's political system. The chairman of the State Council represented the GDR in the world. Local power in the regions acted in the form of people's representative offices, which formed local executive bodies (tips). The country's judicial system consisted of the Supreme Court, District, District and Public Courts; The judges were elected by popular offices. The real power remained in the hands of the SEPG Politburo. Since 1971, the party was headed by E. Honekker.

Gradually, the relationship between the GDR and Germany was normalized, in 1972 a contract was signed between two Germany, in 1973 both countries were adopted in the UN. But, despite the fact that the Western powers, as well as the Soviet Union, tried to consolidate the established separation of Germany and give it an objective historical nature, the links between the two parts of the German people were too strong. The weakening of the influence of the USSR in the 1980s led to the fact that centripetal trends in Germany prevailed, and she again arose on the map of Europe as a single state.

In Central Europe in 1949-90s, in the territory of modern lands Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Front Pomeranburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia of the Federal Republic of Germany. Capital - Berlin (East). The population is about 17 million people (1989).

GDR originated 10.10.1949 in the territory of the Soviet area of \u200b\u200bthe Occupation of Germany as temporary public education in response to the establishment in May 1949 on the basis of the American, British and French occupation zones (see Tritony) of the Separate West German State - Germany (Look More In Articles of Germany, Berlin Crisis , German question 1945-90). In administratively since 1949, it was divided into 5 lands, and from 1952 to 14 districts. East Berlin had the status of a separate administrative and territorial unit.

In the political system of the GDR, the Socialist Unified Party of Germany (SEPG) was played in 1946 as a result of a merger in the Soviet area of \u200b\u200bthe Occupation of the Communist Party of Germany (CPG) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDPG). The GDR also acted traditional for Germany for Germany: the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany and the newly created National Democratic Party of Germany and the Democratic Peasant Party of Germany. All parties were combined into a democratic unit and declared the commitment to the ideals of socialism. Party and mass organizations (combining free German trade unions, the union of free German youth and others) were included in the National Front of the GDR.

The Supreme Legislative Body of the GDR was the People's Chamber (400 deputies, 1949-63, 1990; 500 deputies, 1964-89), which emitted by universal direct secret elections. The head of state in 1949-60 was the president (this post occupied the co-chairman of the SEPG V. Peak). After the death of V. Peak, the presidential post was abolished, the collective head of state was elected by the People's Chamber and the State Council accountable to it, headed by the Chair (Chairmen of the State Council: V. Ulbricht, 1960-73; V. Shtof, 1973-76; E. Honekker, 1976-89; E. Krenz, 1990). The highest executive authority was the Council of Ministers, who was also elected by the People's Chamber and was subdist for her (Chairmen of the Council of Ministers: O. Ghotvol, 1949-64; V. Shtof, 1964-73, 1976-89; H. Zinderman, 1973-76; H. Modrov, 1989-90). The People's Chamber elected the Chairman of the National Council of Defense, the Chairman and members of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor General of the GDR.

The normal functioning of Eastern Germany's military operations is strongly affected, and then the GDR from the very beginning was complicated by the payment of reparations in favor of the USSR and Poland. In violation of the decisions of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference of 1945, the United Kingdom, United Kingdom and France have risen the repair supplies from their zones, as a result of which almost all the severity of reparations fell on the GDR, initially inferior in economic terms. As of December 31, 1953, the amount of reparations paid by the Federal Republic of Germany was 2.1 billion German brands, while GDR repair payments over the same period amounted to 99.1 billion German brands. The share of dismantling industrial enterprises and deductions from the current GDR products reached critical volumes in the early 1950s. Non-promotional load of reparations, along with the errors of the SEPG leadership, headed by V. Ulbricht, which took the course to "the accelerated construction of socialism", led to the overvoltage of the economy of the republic and caused open discontent with the population, which was manifested during the events of 17.6.1953. The unrest, which began as a strike of the East Berlin construction workers against the increase in the rules of development, swept most of the territory of the GDR and acquired the nature of anti-government speeches. Support for the USSR allowed the GDR authorities to win time, rebuild their policies and then independently stabilize the situation in the republic. The "new course" was proclaimed, one of whose goals was to improve the living conditions of the population (in 1954 the line on the predominant development of the heavy industry was, nevertheless, restored). In order to strengthen the GDR economy, the USSR and Poland refused to charge with her the remainder of the reparations in the amount of $ 2.54 billion.

Having supported the Government of the GDR, the leadership of the USSR, however, conducted a course on the restoration of a single German state. In the Berlin Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the 1954, it again made an initiative to ensure the unity of Germany as a peace-loving, democratic state that did not participate in military unions and blocks, and made a proposal to form a temporary general government government on the basis of an agreement between the GDR and FRG and entrusted to it Conducting free elections. The Obserman National Assembly, created by the election results, was to develop the Constitution of United Germans and to form a government to conclude a peace treaty. However, the USSR proposal did not receive support from the Western powers that insist on the membership of the United Germans in NATO.

The position of the US Government, Great Britain and France in the German issue and followed in May 1955, the entry into NATO in May 1955, a fundamentally changed military-political situation in Central Europe, was the reason for the leadership of the USSR line on the issue of combining Germany. The existence of the GDR and the group of Soviet troops placed on its territory in Germany began to be given the importance of the central element in the USSR security system in the European direction. The socialist social structure began to be considered as an additional guarantee against the absorption of the GDR West German state and the development of allied relations with the USSR. In August 1954, the Soviet occupation authorities completed the process of transferring the GDR of state sovereignty, in September 1955 the Soviet Union signed a fundamental agreement on the basics of relations with the GDR. In parallel, the comprehensive integration of the GDR into the economic and political structures of the Commonwealth of European Socialist States was carried out. In May 1955, the GDR became a member of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty.

The situation around the GDR and the inner situation in the republic itself in the 2nd half of the 1950s continued to remain strained. In the West, the circles were activated, which were ready to make the use of military force against the GDR in order to access it to the FRG. In the international arena, the German government since the fall of 1955 insistently conducted a line on the Isolation of the GDR and acted with a claim to the sole representation of the Germans (see "Halstein Doctrine"). A particularly dangerous situation was in the territory of Berlin. West Berlin, which was under the control of the occupation administrations of the United States, Great Britain and France and not separated from the GDR state border, actually turned into a subsequent activity center against it both economic and political. Economic losses of the GDR due to the open border with Western Berlin in 1949-61 amounted to about 120 billion marks. Through the Western Berlin, about 1.6 million people were illegally left over the same period of the GDR. These were mostly qualified workers, engineers, doctors, trained medical personnel, teachers, professors, etc., the care of which seriously complicated the functioning of the entire GDR state mechanism.

In an effort to strengthen the safety of the GDR and discharge the situation in Central Europe, the USSR in November 1958 made an initiative to provide Western Berlin the status of a demilitarized free city city, that is, to turn it into an independent political unit having a controlled and protected border. In January 1959, the Soviet Union presented a project of a peace treaty with Germany, who could be signed by Germany and the GDR or their confederation. However, the Offers of the USSR again did not receive support from the United States, Great Britain and France. 13.8.1961 On the recommendation of the Meeting of the Secretaries of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the Warsaw Treaty (3-5.8.1961), the Government of the GDR unilaterally introduced the state border regime for West Berlin and began to install border barriers (see the Berlin Wall).

The construction of the Berlin Wall made the ruling circles of the FRG reconsider their course both in the German issue and in relations with socialist European countries. After August 1961, the GDR was able to relatively peaceful development and internal consolidation. To strengthen the position of the GDR, its agreement on friendship, mutual assistance and cooperation with the USSR (12.6.1964) was promoted, in which the immunity of the GDR borders was announced by one of the main factors of European security. By 1970, the GDR economy according to the main indicators surpassed the level of industrial production of Germany in 1936, although the number of its population was only 1/4 of the population of the former Reich. In 1968, a new constitution was adopted, which determined the GDR as the "socialist state of the German nation" and secured the leading role of the SEPA in the state and society. In October 1974, refinement was made to the text of the Constitution on the presence of the "Socialist German Nation GDR".

The coming to power in Germany in 1969 by the Government of V. Brandt, who staging on the path of resolving relations with socialist countries (see "New Eastern Policy"), stimulated the warming of Soviet-West German relations. In May 1971, E. Honekker was elected to the post of 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Central Committee, which was expressed for the normalization of the GDR relations with FRG and for economic and social reforms in order to strengthen socialism in the GDR.

Since the beginning of the 1970s, the Government of the GDR began to develop a dialogue with the leadership of the Federal Republic of Germany, which led to signing in December 1972 on the basis of relations between the two states. Following this, the GDR was recognized by Western powers, and in September 1973 adopted in the UN. Significant success, the republic has achieved in the economic and social spheres. Among the CMEA member countries, its industry and agriculture have reached the highest performance indicators, as well as the highest degree of scientific and technical development in the non-military sector; The GDR was the highest consumption of the population in the Socialist countries. According to industrial development indicators in the 1970s, the GDR came out on the 10th place in the world. However, despite significant progress, in terms of living, by the end of the 1980s, the GDR still seriously lagged from Germany, which was negatively reflected in the sentiment of the population.

In conditions of discharge of international tensions in the 1970s and 1980s, the ruling circles of the Federal Republic of Germany conducted a policy of "changes through rapprochement", making the focus on expanding economic, cultural and "human contacts" with the GDR without recognizing it with a full-fledged state. When establishing diplomatic relations, the GDR and Germany exchanged not embassies, as was customary in world practice, and permanent representations with diplomatic status. Citizens of the GDR, falling on the West German territory, still without any conditions could become citizens of Germany, to be designed to serve in the Bundeswehr, etc. For citizens of the GDR, visiting the Federal Republic of Germany, the payment of "welcome money" was preserved, the amount of which by the end of the 1980s Massed 100 FRG brands per family member, including infants. The active antsocialist propaganda and criticism of the policy of leadership of the GDR, the radio and television of the Federal Republic of Germany, whose transmissions were taken almost throughout the GDR. FRG political circles supported any manifestations of oppositionity among the citizens of the GDR and encouraged their flight from the republic.

In the conditions of an acute ideological confrontation, in the center of which was the problem of the quality of life and democratic freedom, the management of the GDR was trying to regulate the "human contacts" between the two states by restricting the citizens of the GDR citizens in Germany, carried out with the help of state security authorities (Staja) increased control over population sentiment, persecuted opposition figures. All this only strengthened the internal tension in the republic since the beginning of the 1980s.

Perestroika in the USSR Most of the GDR population met with enthusiasm, in the hope that it would contribute to the expansion of democratic freedoms in the GDR and withdrawing restrictions on trips to Germany. However, the leadership of the republic negatively reacted to the processes unfolding in the Soviet Union, considering them as dangerous for the case of socialism, and refused to stand on the path of reforms. By the fall of 1989, the situation in the GDR became critical. The passage of the population of the republic began through the open-air government of Hungary, the border with Austria and the territory of the FRG embassies in Eastern European countries. In the cities of the GDR passed mass protest demonstrations. Trying to stabilize the situation, the management of the SEPG 18.10.1989 announced the release of E. Honecker from all positions occupied by him. But also replaced Honekker E. Krenz could not save the situation.

11/09/1989 In the conditions of administrative confusion, it was restored to free movement across the GDR border with Germany and checkpoints of the Berlin Wall. The crisis of the political system is converted into a state crisis. 1.12.1989 From the Constitution of the GDR was removed on the leading role of the SEPG. 7.12.1989 Real power in the republic went to the round table created on the initiative of the evangelical church, in which the old parties, mass organization of the GDR and new informal political organizations were equally presented. At 18.3.1990, the parliamentary elections of the SEPG, renamed the batch of democratic socialism, was defeated. A qualified majority in the People's Chamber received supporters of the entry of the GDR in the FRG. The decision of the new parliament was abolished by the State Council of the GDR, and its functions were transferred to the Presidium of the People's Chamber. The head of the coalition government was elected leader of Christian Democrats GDR L. De Mesiere. The new Government of the GDR declared the laws that have lost their strengths that enshrined the Socialist State Device of the GDR, joined negotiations with the leadership of the Federal Republic of Germany on the conditions for the combining of two states and 18.5.1990 signed a state agreement on the currency, economic and social union with him. In parallel, negotiations of the Government of Germany and the GDR from the USSR, the USA, the United Kingdom and France on the problems associated with the union of Germany were conducted. The leadership of the USSR, headed by M. S. Gorbachev, almost from the very beginning agreed with the liquidation of the GDR and the membership of the United Germans in NATO. On his own initiative, it issued a question about the conclusion from the territory of the GDR of the Soviet military contingent (from the mid-1989 he was called the Western Group of Troops) and pledged to implement this conclusion within 4 years.

1.7.1990 The State Agreement on the Union of the GDR with Germany has entered into force. On the territory of the GDR, the West German economic law began to operate, and the FRG brand became the payment agent. 31.8.1990 The governments of the two German states signed an agreement on the association. 12.9.1990 In Moscow, representatives of the six states (Germany and the GDR, as well as the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France) have put their signatures under the "Agreement on the final settlement in relation to Germany", in accordance with which the Winners - Winner in the 2nd World War They announced the termination of "their rights and responsibility against Berlin and Germany as a whole" and provided United Germans "Full sovereignty over their internal and external affairs." 3.10.1990 The Association of the GDR and Germany entered into force, Westernoberlin police officers took up the protection of GDR government agencies in East Berlin. GDR as a state ceased to exist. Plebiscitis on this issue nor in the GDR, nor in Germany was not carried out.

Lit.: History of the German Democratic Republic. 1949-1979. M., 1979; GESCHICHTE DEUTSCHEN DEMOKRATISCHEN REPUBLIK. V., 1984; Socialism of national GDR colors. M., 1989; Bahrmann N., Links S. Chronik Der Wende. V., 1994-1995. BD 1-2; Lehmann N. G. Deutschland-Chronik 1945-1995. Bonn, 1996; Modrow N. Ich Wollte Ein Neues Deutschland. V., 1998; Wolle S. Die Heile Welt Der Diktatur. Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR 1971-1989. 2. AUFL. Bonn, 1999; Pavlov N. V. Germany on the way in the third millennium. M., 2001; Maksimychev I. F. "The people will not forgive us ...": the last months of the GDR. Diary of the adviser-envoy of the USSR Embassy in Berlin. M., 2002; Kuzmin I. N. 41st year of the German Democratic Republic. M., 2004; Das Letzte Jahr der DDR: ZWISCHEN REVOLUTION UND SELBSTAUFGABE. V., 2004.

State device

Education October 7, 1949 German Democratic Republic was an act of national self-help of democratic forces Germany. It was their answer to split Germany, the expression of which was the creation of September 7, 1949 of the Federal Republic, implemented contrary to the four great powers of the principles of the Potsdam Agreement. Under these conditions, the proclamation of a peace-loving democratic German state has become a matter of vital importance for the German people.

While creating GDR it was about disrupting the attempts of the Western powers to transfer the whole Germany In the hands of Hermann imperialism and to provide democratic forces Germany solid state base. Therefore, state formation GDR relied on a wide folk movement that covered all the layers of our people.

GDR- The state in which the working class in the Union with the class of cooperated peasants and other layers of workers is implementing political power and leads to victory the case of socialism. Workers are the owners of the economy and the state. They direct political economic development in accordance with the will and interests of most citizens. The most important means of production - factory, minerals, means of transport n major estates - belong to the people.

Workers and peasants carry out power through people's offices, government, government bodies, judicial authorities, police bodies, etc. Workers' and peasant power relies on the forces of the national front of the democratic GermanyIntroducing candidates for popular representative offices and supporting a constant connection between the state apparatus and the population. In addition, citizens have broad rights that allow them to be directly involved in state activities.

Victory Premise B. GDR The socialist and democratic forces were the unity of the working class, which found its most vivid embodiment in the creation of uniform trade unions and first of all in the Association on April 21, 1946 two parties of the working class - the Communist Party Germany and Social Democratic Party Germany - in a socialist single party Germany.

German Democratic Republic - A sovereign state decisive independently, at its own discretion of its internal and external affairs and respective rights of other states and generally accepted norms of international law. Thanks to the comprehensive participation of the population in solving all political and economic tasks, due to the impact of the population, the public administration and justice authorities are on legislation, GDR for the first time in history Germany People carry out sovereign rights.

Territory and population

Territory German Democratic Republic It is 107,834 square kilometers. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea; In the east of the Oder and Neurov River form the border of the world with the Polish People's Republic. In the West GDR borders with western Germany; In the south, ore mountains connect GDR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The length of the land borders is in the east of 456 kilometers, in the west - 1381 kilometers and in the south - 430 kilometers.

Elba (1112. km) and Oder (861 km) - The longest rivers GDR. The highest mountain peaks are a fichett of Berg in the ore mountains (1243 liters *) and Brockken in Garza (1142.I). South and Southeast Part GDR It is occupied by the middle-aged mountains, moving on the freshest in a hilly foothill and then to the north-german lowland. Numerous lakes located in the area Berlin And north of him, they give the terrain a special flavor. Territory GDR Covered with a thick modern network of automotive and railways and cut through the inner water highways. Along with this, an increasing importance is becoming increasingly important, carried out by the State Organization "Diece Lamuft Ganza".

IN GDR 17.3 million people live (as of December 31, 1959). The population density is the roommates per square kilometer. Capital GDR Is Berlin. In democratic Berlin Living 1.1 million people. Territory GDR It is divided into 14 districts: Potsdam, Frankfurt-on-Oder and Cottbus in the ground Bran-Denburg; Nebrandenburg, Rostock and Schwerin in the land of Mek-Lenburg; Magdeburg and Galle in the land of Saxony-Anhalt; Erfurt, Zul and Hera in the ground Thuringia; Dresden, Leipzig and Karl Marx Stadt in Saxony Earth. The counties are combined 24. cities District subordination and 192 rural areas with 9556 communities. 213 communities are more than 10 thousand inhabitants each, and 11 cities - Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, Karl Marx Stadt, Galle (Saale), Magdeburg, Erfurt, Rostock, Zvikkau, Potsdam and Gera - more than 100 thousand. GDR - Highly developed socialist industrial country. The share of industry, trade and transport in the total total social product is 90.1 percent, rural and forestry - 9.9 percent. 68 percent of all workers are busy in industry, trade and transport and 18 percent in rural and forestry.

Political foundation

What is the basis of a socialist building?

The socialist system means that man exploitation by man is liquidated and the working people themselves decide their fate. Monopolists and landowners expropriated, their enterprises became the property of the people, and the land belongs to peasants. Therefore, monopolists and landlords can no longer dictate, what should be the amount of wages and what should be the duration of the working day, whom to hire or whom to throw into the street. The labor of millions of workers serves from now on not an increase in the personal wealth and power of individual monopolists. The results of labor are available at the disposal of the workers themselves and their society, the growth of production serves as an increase in personal and public wealth. By honor, those who work are enjoyed by honor and the measure of remuneration.

One of the decisive prerequisites of the socialist building is that the most important enterprises belong to the whole people, and they guide them representatives of the working class. In 1960, the share of people's enterprises in the total industrial output GDR accounted for 89.1 percent. In agriculture, cooperative production won in 1960 a complete victory.

Such transformations are possible only in conditions when the power is in the hands of the people. A guideline is carried out by the working class led by his party - segg. In public offices, in the state office, in the authorities of justice and the economy, in scientific and cultural and educational institutions, leading positions belong to representatives of the working class and the peasantry, intelligentsia and other working layers.

Such an alignment of political forces guarantees systematic development, which is reflected in national economic plans covering all economic, political and cultural life. The plans, for example, establishes which proportion of incomes of national enterprises is sent to the construction of new industrial facilities, to raise the living standards of workers, for the construction of housing and cultural institutions, for social security, etc.

Of course, in a country with a socialist building, internal and foreign policy is characterized by the desire for the world and the welfare of all people. Therefore, the People's Chamber, the State Council, the Government GDR We turned to West German government agencies with a number of proposals that serve the case of the preservation of the world. However, as long as the monopolists who are coming up on the arms race and inspirations of aggression policy are trying to destroy this new socialist system, socialist states will be forced to contain the armed forces equipped with excellent techniques to protect their peoples.

Is the GDR legitimate state?

GDR - Not only legitimate the state, but also the only legitimate German state. This fact follows from many circumstances, rooted partially in history, partly in modern times. The most important circumstances are:

IN GDR The only correct conclusions are made from the past. Weapon manufacturers and Junckers carrying responsibility for the disconnection of the two world wars were expropriated. Together with them lost power and militarists. State power has since been in the hands of workers and peasants who have entered into a durable, reliable alliance with other labor layers. Here, therefore, for the first time a democratic principle was implemented "All state power comes from the people." At the head of state, politicians are standing, which - being worried themselves - all their lives are fighting for the interests of the labor nation.

The principles of the Anti-Hitler Coalition were recorded in Potsdam Agreement, for the implementation of which millions of people of many countries of the world gave their lives in the fight against German militarism and fascism, became GDR reality. The struggle for the preservation of the world is the main content of politics GDR. This is evidenced, for example, the appeal of the Chairman of the State Council GDR Walter Ulbricht to the Government of Germany dated December 18, 1960. In this appeal to the Bonn Government, it was proposed to negotiate with GDR On the preservation of the world at first for 10 years. Thus, there would be prerequisites for peaceful reunion and for conducting peaceful policies to the United Germany. So thanks to my peaceful policy GDR Marst confidence in every German that it is a reliable stronghold< мирного будущего для него и его детей. Уже одно это делает GDR The only legitimate German state. Legacy GDR It is also expressed in its sovereignty. All their internal and external questions, the republic solves independently, without interference from the outside. In the territory GDR no occupying troops, while in western Germany They have extremely wide rights. Participation in the Warsaw Contract does not affect sovereignty GDR. Therefore, the Republic was able to contribute 150 proposals aimed at peaceful reunion Germany. And Western German Government, Bonn and Paris Agreements prohibit whatever independent actions for reunification. therefore GDR - The only German state having a real reunification program and conducting national policies.

Development GDR Replies to the democratic principles of international law, and its policy is the UN Charter.

Chairman of the State Council GDR Walter Ulbricht noted in a program statement of the State Council, made in the People's Chamber on October 4, 1960:

"One who doubts legality GDR, also doubts the legality of the struggle against the bloody regime of the Hitler's fascism, whose policy continues the anti-democratic state of Western Germany».

Otherwise, the federal republic is the case, the government claims that it is the only legitimate state. But how can we consider a legitimate state in which the gloomy past came back again Germany and in which poprano international law?

The same forces that once supported Hitler's regime are now in Western Germany Economic power, even more increased during this time. They prevail again in the state apparatus, using such figures as trusted persons as Strauss and Schroeder. Over thousands of members of the Extraordinary and Military Fields of Hitler, the Bundesser is headed by 140 Hitler's generals, the team posts in the police occupy SSEs and Gestapov's young people. The old, who taught again ruled in the Western Germany. Therefore, elementary rights are depicted, democratic parties and organizations are prohibited. The population, contrary to the Constitution, is deprived of the right to express their opinion on such vital issues as the general military service, equipping the Bundesser atomic weapons, etc. National surveys on these issues were prohibited. ^

International Legal Principles of Potsdam Agreement on Peaceful, Antimylitarian Development Germany Divided in western Germany oblivion; The elimination of monopolies, agrarian, administrative, judicial, school reform, the reform in the field of culture did not put forward on the agenda or were sabotized at the first attempt to conduct them.

Cleaning the West German state apparatus from the brown-air bags is sabotaged. Revenge blossom flourished. Steering circles pursue the same aggressive goals as Wilhelm II and Hitler. Currently, the Politics of the FRG government is entirely subordinate to the plans of nuclear weapons that threaten the lives of the German people and the peoples of Europe.

The Bonn Government preferred to the world and security atomic armament of the Bundeswehr. By concluding the so-called "General Agreement", it thus transferred the case of reunification Germany In the hands of the Western powers. Now it is openly seeking to capture GDR. For this reason, it rejected all offers GDR on the weakening of tension and peaceful reunion. West German citizens wishing to take advantage of their right to self-determination of advocating peace and reunification Germany On a democratic basis, pursue and thrown in prison. So western Germany - The state threatening the life of the people and betraying national interests - can not claim to be considered legitimate.

Is there only one party in the GDR?

IN GDR There are five parties, namely: Socialist Unified Party Germany (Segg), Peasant Democratic Party Germany (KDPG), Liberal Democratic Party Germany (LDPG), Christian Ski-Democratic Union Germany (XDSG), National Democratic Party Germany (NDPG).

Separate parties represent the interests of certain classes or layers of the population. Segg - working class party. KDPG is primarily the interests of cooperated peasants. Christians speaking for peace and progress, are combined mainly in XDSG. The LDPG consists of handicraft production cooperatives and progressive representatives of small and medium bourgeoisie.

The NDPG also appeals to various circles of the middle class and to the former personnel servicemen who broke up with its past.

Why is Segg is the leading party?

Segg - a working class party, the class that creates the greatest part of the material values \u200b\u200bnecessary for the life. As parties of the most numerous, most progressive and most consistent in the struggle for peace and democracy of the class, it owns a leading role in political life. GDR. And in the number of their members and supporters, it is the most powerful party. Along with the workers who constitute the overwhelming majority of segg members, representatives of all other layers of workers consist in this party. Members of this party lead many decisive sites in state, economic and cultural fields.

Unlike large Western German parties, SEPG has fulfilled its program of 1946. Under its leadership, the working class, the peasantry, the intelligentsia and other layers of the workers committed the greatest revolution in history Germany - Transition from capitalism to socialism. Large economic, social and cultural reforms in GDR Basically held on its initiative. At the suggestion of the SEPG, essential events in economic, cultural and social construction were carried out. GDR. SEPA has developed, for example, projects of successfully completed five-year plans and a current seven-year plan, proposals for the further democratization of public life and the systematic rise in the life level of the population.

On the V Congress of the SEPA in July 1958, the participants of the seven-year plan were presented. Implementation of this plan will prove the superiority of the socialist economic system GDR Over the monopolistic hicy capitalist system of Western Germany. Today there is no doubt that by following this plan, workers will ensure the victory of the case of socialism in GDR.

As a Marxist Party, SEPG personifies the best traditions of the German working class, systematically implementing the old covenants of the socialist working movement. Under her leadership, as well as with the participation of the other four parties, trade unions and other mass organizations in GDR Socialism is built. At the same time, the SEPG policy is aimed at the conviction and show success to involve all layers of workers and private entrepreneurs in the case of socialist construction. As a result, every citizen GDR Sees a reliable perspective in socialism.

SEPG is also a party that has nominated numerous important proposals aimed at universal controlled disarmament, the conclusion of a peace treaty with both German states and for reunification Germany in peaceful way.

The rest of the parties and organizations recognize the leading role of the working class party and, being independent, independent organizations, work closely with it.

Have you been banned in the GDR party?

No in GDR Not a single party was banned. On the contrary, the SDPG, whose activity was permitted in 1945 in the then Soviet occupation zone, after the members of this party conducted at the democratic basis, decided to unite with the CPG. A similar decision to unification with the SDP has also adopted the CPG. Thus, the working class was extracted from the last lesson, which concluded that it was possible to eliminate the threat of fascism and militarism and create a new socialist system only if the workers act in a single building.

Since the discouraging congress held in April 1946, GDR There is a socialist single party. Germany As a combined working class party. IN Berlin The right integration of the CPG and the SDPG prevented the right leadership of the SDPG, acting on the pointer of imperialist occupation powers, contrary to the will of members of the SDPG. - the overwhelming part of the members of the SDPG spoke in favor of cooperation or combining two batches of the working class. Therefore, segg and SDPG exist in both parts of the split capital and have in all areas of the big Berlin Your Board *.

Of course, the creation of militaristic and fascist organizations opposing the peaceful coexistence of peoples in GDR prohibited.

What should be understood under the policy of a democratic bloc?

The policy of the democratic bloc means a joint decision of common tasks with the participation of all peace-loving and democratic forces GDR. It is an expression of cooperation of all segments under the leadership of the working class in the construction of socialism in GDRIn order to solve the national tasks of the German people.

The democratic unit was created on July 14, 1945 to address the occupation of parties in the then Soviet area of \u200b\u200bthe Soviet zone: CPG, SDPG, XDSG and LDPG. Founded by the party and the most important political organizations joined the block, so now it includes: a socialist single nurse Germany (Segg), Christian Democratic Union Germany (XDSG), Liberal Democratic Nature Germany (LDPG), Peasant Democratic Party Germany (KDPG), National Democratic Party Germany (NDP), combining free German trade unions (OSNP), Union of Free German Youth (SSN) and Democratic Women's Union Germany (JSG).

The association was dictated by the desire to

To carry the fragmentation of democratic forces, which had such fatal consequences for Germany In 1933. On the other hand, the OPO was necessary in order to solve the difficult tasks of the post-war period. Over the past time, this union of parties and organizations justified itself that it belongs to the most important political institutions. GDR And it has an invariably increasing influence in all areas of the life of the state.

The block is going to the adoption of all the most important solutions of the government or the People's Chamber on the issues of internal and foreign policy and discusses their future policies. The decision-making is based on the principle of unanimity. This means that the discussion of all issues continues until agreed on principled provisions. Thereby ensuring the participation of all politically active forces in joint creative activities. The vertex of the activities of the Democratic Block was the creation of the State Council German Democratic Republic In September 1960.

What is the National Front of Democratic Germany?

National Front Democratic Germany - this is a wide, not associated with any single game movement covering all Germany. It combines in its ranks of the citizens of Eastern and Western Germany, representatives of all segments of the population, regardless of their worldview, members of a wide variety of parties and organizations, the purpose of which is reunion Germany on the peaceful, democratic foundations. Since such goals contradict the intentions of the Right Circles of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Federal Government and the Government of the West Land Germany banned this movement. Supporters of the National Front pursued and pursue the judicial authorities of the Western zone.

The National Front has existed since January 1950: it originated - while simultaneously expanding the tasks - on the basis of the then People's Committees of the Fight for Unity Germany and a fair peace treaty. The governing bodies of the National Front are

National Council, re-elected in 1958 by the III Congress of the National Front, and the Presidium of the National Council. Chairman of the Presidium again became the laureate of the National Prize Professor Dr. Erich Kor-Rens.

The National Front presents without the organization, but the movement of patriotic forces, he does not keep metering members and does not accept membership fees. Its activities are funded by donations of the population. In the territory GDR There are 15 district, 219 district and about 17 thousand local, urban, district, quarterly and rural committees of the National Front, in which citizens of all segments of the population are represented. In the elected committees of the National Front in GDR There are currently about 300 thousand people.

In western Germany The activities of the National Front, despite the illegal 7 ban, applies to the most different layers of the population. This, in particular, is evidenced by the fact of participation in meetings of the National Council of such prominent political figures of Western GermanyLike a MunsterProfessor Dr. Hageman (former member of XDS), Landtagi deputies from SDG1g Shepereter (North Rhine - Westphalia) and Berg (Hamburg).

What are the objectives of the National Front?

The National Front stands for the conclusion of a peace treaty with two German states, peaceful reunification of our Fatherland and for the democratic development of the whole Germany. In the appeal of the National Front in connection with the elections held on November 16, 1958 in the People's Chamber and the district meetings of the deputies (the III Congress of the National Front was adopted in September 1958) said:

"The National Front of Democratic Germany calls you, citizens German Democratic Republic, to the struggle for the national revival Germany as a peace-loving, democratic state. "

Thus, the National Front introduces the population of both parts Germany With the problems of disarmament, peace treaty and reunification. He supports the speeches of the West German population against remilitarization, fascia and nuclear weapons.

IN GDR The National Front supports the construction of socialism, because it seems the goal of its activities in ensuring life workers in peace and well-being. In order for the construction of socialism to develop even more successfully, the National Front calls for voluntary assistance in this matter. So, clearing the ruins of quarters destroyed by air raids during World War II, the construction of green plantings, the construction of sports grounds, outdoor pools, children's towns, etc.

In 1960, under the national front line, more than 447 million brands were made. If the total cost of work produced is divided into all the workable population (from 15 years of age, including pensioners), then 32.64 brands will have to be 32.64. Such is the voluntary contribution of the population into the construction of capital construction facilities. If you consider all the assistance rendered on a voluntary basis to agriculture and industry, then it will be voluntarily worked out 157 million hours.

Of particular importance is the fact that the National Front plays an important role in conducting elections to the People's Chamber and local folk offices. Together with the block of democratic parties and organizations, he puts forward candidates for deputies, holds meetings in which candidates for deputies meet voters, and deputies and employees of the management apparatus are reported. He organizes discussion evenings on which the population expresses its opinion and makes its proposals on the planned events of the People's Chamber and Government. So, in 1956, in the discussion of the draft law on further democratization (the law on local government bodies of January 18, 1957) was attended by more than 4.5 million citizens GDRwho contributed 10,000 proposals to improve the work of state bodies. These figures were significantly surpassed when discussing the draft of the new Labor Code, held in the late 1960s - early 1961, mainly through trade union.

how implemented Public right to participate in managementstate and economy?

Population GDR It takes not only broad rights to participate in the leadership of all areas of public life, but also the right to actively participate in government and economy management. IN GDR Promotes the slogan: "Together with all, we plan, work, manage." Citizens can have a decisive impact on the development of all social life, trade unions and other organizations in which they consist, as well as through the National Front of Democratic Germany. There are also discussed at meetings and in discussions, for example, important government bills. Such a discussion were subjected to, in particular, the draft law on the socialist development of school and the draft Labor Code. This means that citizens can express their opinions, to make proposals for changing the projects discussed, thereby affecting the final edition of the laws.

The most important form of participation in government management are popular representative offices. The People's Chamber "includes 466 deputies. In local people's representative offices employed 270 thousand citizens who are deputies or deputies. Consequently, each fiftieth citizen who enjoyed by the right to be directly involved in the state management. As representatives of the entire population, deputies are submitted to discuss the wishes and Voter offers. Each voter may contact his deputy and have an impact on government and administrative authorities.

Workers and employees of people's enterprises are actively involved in managing production. An important form of their participation in the management of the enterprise is the permanent production meetings as the elected bodies of the factory trade union organization. They are actively involved in the development of production plans and control over their implementation, express critical comments on the organization of production P represent proposals aimed at achieving the highest production indicators. Such real participation workers in the management of enterprises could have to be founded due to the fact that in the face of the national ownership of Pet of Antagonism between the interests of the enterprise administration and the interests of workers and employees.

Can citizens of the GDR openly and freely express their opinion?

The right to freely express its opinion is provided to all citizens in accordance with Article 9 of the Constitution GDR. This article categorically prohibits the prosecution of citizens for the implementation of such a right. IN GDR Therefore, an unthinkable position in which a citizen criticizing, for example, the work of his boss or minister, which reveals certain shortcomings in the work of agencies or management, etc., would lose its place or even would be arrested. Moreover, it is openly expressing the opinion of the existing shortcomings - not only the right, but also the obligation of citizens. For only this way can open disadvantages and faster to eliminate difficulties, and thus and accelerate socialist construction. At the same time, it does not play roles than a citizen guided, expressing and defending his opinion, - Christian liability, liberal views or Marxist worldview. All citizens have the opportunity to gather for this purpose.

There is only one limitation: the opinions expressed and the collected meetings should serve the cause of peace and democracy. Adjustion against the democratic state and its institutions, incitement to the murder of political figures and other persons, the manifestation of religious, racial and national hatred is prohibited by Article 6 of the Constitution.

From the militarist and military propaganda, the population is protected by the law on the protection of the world. It is excluded that revengers, militarists and the SSS meets and demanded the establishment of a "new order" in Europe, as it takes place in Germany. Such faces B. GDR Immediately they would be arrested and punished by law.

People's Chamber

Does the People's Chamber possesses all the rights of the sovereign body of the People's Representative Office?

The Higher State Body of the Republic is the People's Chamber. Her deputies are elected by citizens through universal, equal and direct elections in secret ballot.

Of all state bodies, the People's Chamber has the master wide and comprehensive rights. No other body has the right to give instructions to this higher authority of the national representation or interfere in its activities. Moreover, for all other government agencies, the decision of the People's Chamber is mandatory. All other bodies are subject to control by the People's Chamber.

IN GDR There is no so-called separation of power, which puts the authorities of justice or control out of control by the chosen by the population of Parliament. No court has the right to revise the laws of the People's Chamber, as it happens with the laws of the Bundestag in Western Germany. The People's Chamber is sovereign.

The competence of the People's Chamber includes a wide variety of tasks. So, the People's Chamber is entitled to: to establish the principles of government policies; approve the composition of the government, to control his activities and, if necessary, refuse to refuse him to be powers;

supervising local people's representative offices and lead their activities; legislate;

make decisions on the state budget, national economic plan, loans and the state loan of the republic, ratify international treaties;

choose members of the State Council and, if necessary, to revoke them;

choosing members of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor General P if necessary to revoke them.

Thus, this chosen by the people Parliament has the widest rights, which ever

in history Germany Parliament was endowed. The People's Chamber personifies the unified state power.

How does the People's Chamber work?

The People's Chamber accepts all important decisions at its plenary sessions. To prepare these decisions and for the best organization of its work, the People's Chamber forms the Commission. These commissions, however, have no right to act independently, replacing the Plenum of the People's Chamber. Their solutions need to be approved at the plenary session of the People's Chamber.

Legislative responding to a democratic nature GDR. The bills can be made by the government or deputies of the People's Chamber. As a rule, two readings are held, between which the draft law is discussed in the respective sectoral commissions of the People's Chamber. Often, the bill before adopting it by the Ground Chamber is discussed at thousands of meetings of the population, as it took place in the spring of 1961 when discussing the draft Labor Code. At the same time, all proposals for the bill made by citizens are carefully considered and, of course, in the case of their usefulness are taken into account.

This makes it possible to understand why the broad legislative activity of the People's Chamber expresses the interests of the population and is an example for the future peaceful, democratic, united Germany. So, in particular, laws were adopted, which, reflecting the change in economic and political conditions, expand the democratic rights of citizens. These include the Labor Code, which guarantees the right to work, the right to the creative participation of workers in managing production and providing for the continuous improvement of the material and cultural conditions of the life of workers and employees. Another 19 January 1957, the People's Chamber adopted a law on reducing working time, which in the entire industry was introduced a 45-hour working week without a decline in wages. Other important decisions of the People's Chamber are: the Law on the Rights of Youth, the Law on the Protection of Mother and Child and the Rights of Women, guaranteeing the full equality of women in all areas of public life, and not least, the law on the protection of the world.

From international treaties ratified by the People's Chamber, first of all, the Warsaw Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance dated May 14, 1955, on the basis of which all socialist countries guarantee security GDR against aggression. A number of legal assistance agreements are concluded with various countries, as well as consular conventions. Recently, numerous trade agreements and shipping agreements were concluded, in particular with the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the People's Republic of China, as well as a cooperation agreement in the field of social security from the USSR.

For any period of its existence, the People's Chamber realized their national responsibility. Again and again she appealed to the West German Bundestagu with proposals aimed at eliminating the split Germany. On July 6, 1961, the People's Chamber discussed the plan of the world of the German people, aimed at the peaceful decision of the German P Westoberlin's issue by concluding a peace treaty. After the adoption of the People's Chamber, he became the basis of the National Policy GDR. However, all these efforts taken in the interests of reunification Germany, Powered support from Bonn.

Is there a folk chamber

decision Pa Government and opposition parties?

All five parties existing in GDR, and politically influential mass organizations are presented in the government GDR and are therefore government parties. Such a state of law enshrined in the Constitution, where it is established that all political associations presented in the People's Chamber not less than 10 percent of deputies must share the responsibility of the government. Therefore, the central place in the activities of the government occupies a serious business conversation of all the responsibility of the factions. A joint discussion that does not exclude criticism and struggle of opinions when converging opposite points of view, the basis of their work. This method best meets the interests of the case and, consequently, the population. Therefore, there are no people in the People's Chamber, as in the parliaments of imperialist states, showing political battles, designed to foolish an ordinary voter.

It goes without saying that the party of the party is united by a common political goal. For GDR Such a common goal is formulated in the decisions of the block of democratic parties and mass organizations (see page 17 and next.) In which all the anti-fascist, democratic parties and organizations were united after 1945. In subsequent years, such cooperation, serving the good of the population GDR, justified well. The basis of it is: the policy of the world, the rapid economic rise, the continuous improvement in the material situation and, not least, numerous proposals aimed at peaceful reunification Germany. Establishing a socialist social system that guarantees people welfare, peace and faith in the future - this is the common goal of all parties GDR.

In the role of opposition against this progressive policy responsible for the interests of the people, only imperialist and militaristic forces could speak, however, with them in GDR Potted. Their ideas of the preparation of war, criminal incitement, etc. devoid of nutrient soil in GDR.

How are the elections in the GDR?

Deputies of the People's Chamber and local national representative offices are elected, according to the provisions of the Constitution, through universal, equal and direct elections with a secret ballot for a period of 4 years. The right to choose all citizens who have reached 18 years. Every citizen who has reached 21 years has the right to be elected.

It is important to emphasize that already nomination of candidates for deputies occurs with the decisive participation of voters. Initially, democratic parties and mass organizations that united on the basis of a joint time-batch program in the National Front of Democratic Germany, We have candidates for deputies from all parties and mass organizations. Candidates are obliged to personally meet with their voters and tell them about their former activities and their future work as deputies. At the same time, voters have the right to ask questions to candidates for deputies and reject those candidates that they do not trust.

Such a nomination and verification of candidates for deputies Sampmp voters - a fundamentally new phenomenon in the development of German electoral law. Voters, therefore, do not give more their votes to candidates whom they are offered and which in most cases are unknown persons, but they themselves decide who will remain in the lists of candidates for deputies. This method ensures that deputies in GDR are genuine representatives of the people.

The election themselves are held on a democratic basis. Each voter votes secretly. However, such a supply of votes on the election day has a very different meaning than, for example, in bourgeois capitalist countries. It represents the completion of a long democratic election process, approving the voter of the list of candidates for deputies, which he has already checked and approved.

The next elections to the People's Chamber took place on November 16, 1958. The results of the election showed that citizens GDR In its overwhelming majority perceived the program requirements of the national front as their own. The elections participated 98.89 percent of the total number of voters. Of these, for candidates for deputies from the National Front of Democratic Germany They gave their voices of 98.87 percent.

Before whom the deputies are responsible?

Since deputies B. GDR They are chosenses of the people, they are obliged to carry out the will of their voters and are directly responsible only to them. It follows from this that they should support with their voters a permanent and close relationship in order to know their opinion, explain the policies and laws of the state and attract them to active participation in solving public problems.

The deputies are required to regularly receive voters, listen to them, quickly and considerably consider their punishes and tips. They should also periodically report to the citizens of their constituency about all their activities. Repovering, they must, in particular, report on the implementation of voter compasses and the fate of proposals and complaints of the population. Consequently, B. GDR It is unacceptable that the deputies advocate to their election with empty promises that they will not fulfill later. Voters can constantly control their deputies. Having found that the representative elected by them does not justify his confidence rendered to him or does not fulfill his deputy duties, they can at the meeting of voters to demand his recall.

Who is the entrance to the Folk Chamber?

The People's Chamber consists of PZ 466 deputies. 400 deputies are elected in the districts GDR. Capital GDR, Berlin, sends 66 deputies to the People's Chamber.

The People's Chamber at their first meeting elects the Bureau, who headed by the meetings of the People's Chamber headed by his chairman.

Chairman of the People's Chamber - Dr. Johannes Dick-Man (LDPG). His first deputy is Hermann Matern (SEPG). The Presidium of the People's Chamber includes, further, as Deputy Chairman of the People's Chamber: August Bach (XDSG), Friedrich Ebert (SEPG), Ernst Gol denbaum (CDP), Greta Gro-Kummerleov (OSNP), Heinrich Homan (NDPG), Wilhelmina Shirmer Roshcher (JES).

Deputies of the People's Chamber are not professional parliamentarians. All of them work on one or another post. For their rights and obligations as elected representatives of the people, deputies have the necessary time, which is provided by the relevant enterprises and institutions.

The composition of the People's Chamber for the belonging of deputies to parties or mass organizations, according to their social origin, the age groups of the sex is as follows (on Yatgwar 1959):

Belonging to fractions

52 German Culturbund

Social origin

53 29 29 18 12

SEPG LDPG XDSG NDPG KDPG

Workers 286 Peasants 36 employees 57 Representatives of the intelligentsia 41

Craftsmen

Priests

Entrepreneurs

42 2 2

Up to 25 years from 26 to 30 years from 31 to 40 years

Age groups

22 from 41 to 50 years 27 from 51 to 60 years 117 older than 60 years

Among the deputies of the People's Chamber of 95 women, that is, almost a quarter of the total chief of the people. The number of young deputies representing young people's interests is also higher than in any capitalist country.

The composition of the People's Chamber suggests that in the German Democratic Republic, state power - as opposed to Western Germany - Located in the hands of the working class, speaking in the Union with the peasantry and other layers of workers.

State Council and Government

Why did the State Council created in the GDR?

The establishment of the State Council is a completely new phenomenon for Germany. At the post of first president of the German worker, the peasant state rightfully

Before his death, he was all respected by Wilhelm Peak, who was headed by the state of workers and peasants - the German Democratic Republic.

Since the entry into force of the Constitution in 1949 in the territory GDR There were indigenous changes. The Republic for this time turned into a socialist state. Principles of Management of the Socialist State other than bourgeois states. One of these principles is reading:\u003e Socialism to build socialism and to manage the state. In other words, representatives of various parties and mass organizations - workers, employees, peasants, intellectuals and artisans, Christians, liberals, and socialists are collaborated in all state units in the spirit of unanimity. With the election of the State Council, this principle also spread to the highest body of state power. In it, members of all parties and mass organizations, representatives of all segments of the population are working with full responsibility.

The creation of the State Council was also dictated by another consideration - the need to introduce the principle of collective leadership. Everywhere in state bodies and institutions management should carry out colleges, taking into account the responsibility of each individual. Collective knowledge and experience of several persons allow you to take the best solution that takes into account all the circumstances of the case. A group of people knows and sees more than one man. In all areas of public life, the principle of collegiates is carried out for several years. That is why the People's Chamber at its meeting on September 12, 1960 decided to abolish the post of President of the Republic of Public and to create a state council.

Are the powers of the State Council only representing a representative character?

The principle of collective leadership by the state was responsible for providing the State Council GDR broader powers compared to the usual features of the representative offered by the President.

Article 106 of the Constitution set forth in the Law on the Creation of the State Council of September 12, 1960,

sets:

"The State Council of the Republic appoints elections to the National Chamber and convenes its first meeting after the elections;

can conduct a nationwide survey; Ratimifies and denounces international treaties German Democratic Republic;

appoints and recalls authorized representatives German Democratic Republic in foreign countries;

accepts credentials and response certificates of diplomatic representatives of foreign states accredited under it;

gives a considerable interpretation of laws; makes decisions that have the power of the law; takes fundamental decisions on the defense and security of the country;

approves the fundamental orders of the National Defense Council German Democratic Republic;

appoints members of the National Defense Council German Democratic Republic;

establishes military ranks, diplomatic ranks and special titles;

awards the Ordenamp and other high awards and assigns honorary titles; Carries out the right of pardon. " State Council GDR It has the right to make important political decisions for which he, however, is obliged to report at any time before the People's Chamber as the supreme body of the People's Representative Office.

Who is part of the State Council?

The State Council includes 24 people. It consists of a chairman, six of his deputies, 16 members and secretary.

Chairman - Walter Ulbricht, First Secretary of the Socialist Unified Party Germany. Vice-Chairmen:

O.tto. Grotevol, Chairman of the Council of Ministers German Democratic Republic, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SEPG;

dr. Johannes Dikman, Chairman of the People's Chamber, Deputy Chairman of the LDPG;

Gerald Gotting, Deputy of the People's Chamber, Secretary General of the CDSG;

Henry Homan, Deputy Chairman of the People's Chamber, Deputy Chairman ^ NDPG;

Manfred Gerlah, Deputy of the People's Chamber, General Secretary of the LDPG;

Hans Ritz, Deputy of the People's Chamber, Head of the Chief Department at the Board of the CDD.

Among the members of the State Council are the famous worker of Louise Erms, an advanced peasant, a member of SHPK Irmodgard Neuman and the famous scientist - Professor Dr. Erich Korrens. So the State Council GDR It personifies the cohesion and the growing moral and political unity of our population. Members of the State Council are elected for a period of 4 years. The Chairman, his deputies, members and the Secretary of the State Council may be withdrawn by the People's Chamber, which they are accountable. And this provision enshrined by law is another evidence that the highest body of the People's Representative Office is the main body of state power, clothed with extensive powers.

Is the government elected by the Parliament?

Yes. According to the Constitution, the most numerous faction of the People's Chamber puts forward a candidate for the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, which then forms the Government. The People's Chamber claims the composition of the government. Members of the government bring the chairman of the State Council on the fact that they will act in accordance with the Constitution. The government should enjoy the trustees of the Folk Chamber, which it is accountable. In accordance with the Democratic Principles, the People's Chamber may refuse to confidence in the Minister or several government members - and not only the Chancellor, as in Germany, and make them resign.

To ensure the participation of all democratic forces of various political areas in the management of state management, all factions of the People's Chamber, which have no less than 40 members, must be in accordance with the Constitution GDRThe government is presented in proportion to their number of ministers or stative secretaries.

Who is part of the government?

The government includes: Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his deputies, chairman of the State Planning Commission, Chairman of the Council of National Economy, Ministers, Statis Secretary for Higher and Special Education Affairs, Statis Secretary of Scientific Research and Technology and Chairman of the Central Commission of State Control.

In accordance with the nature of the state, the government consists of representatives of workers. It contains all parties GDR. Most government members are coming from the working class. Other layers carrying out power in the Union with the working class are also presented in the Government. The composition of the government GDR reflects the whole set of parties and organizations presented in the National Front of Democratic Germany.

The government includes such figures as Chairman of the Council of Ministers Otto Grotevol. Printed by profession, he participated in the work movement for many years, was a deputy of the Reichstag from the Social Democratic Party. After 1933, being underground, fought against fascism, and after 1945, being chairman of the Central Governance of the Social Democratic Party, actively advocated the combination of two batches of the working class.

Paul Scholz, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was Rappe Agricultural Workers. For its underground anti-fascist activity was arrested. After 1945 he worked as deputy chief editor of the newspaper "Der Frey Bauer". In 1948, he participated in the creation of a peasant democratic party Germany.

Here is the current composition of the Council of Ministers GDR:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers for Coordination and Control Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Health Deputy Chairman of the Council

Ministers Deputy Chairman of the Council

Ministers Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Foreign Minister Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers for Coordination of National Economy Questions Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers on Commerce and Agriculture Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers on Culture and Education Chairman of the State Planning Commission and Minister Chairman of the People's Council

economy and Minister of Internal Affairs Minister Finance Minister of National Defense

Minister of External and Intrager

manx Trade Minister of Commerce and Supplies Minister of Rural and Forest

farms and Blanks Transport Minister Minister of Post and Communication Minister of Construction

Otto Grotevol

Willy Shtof

^. Max Zurbir Powl Scholz

dr. Lothar Boltz Bruno Leeschener

dr. Greta Vitkovski

Alexander Abush

Karl Mevis

Alfred Neuman Karl Maron Willy Rumpf General Army Gainz Hoffman

Julius Balkov Kurt-Gainz Merkel

Hans Reichelt Erwin Kramer Friedrich Burmeister Ernst Scholz

Minister of Culture

Minister of People's Education

Minister of Justice Minister of State Security

Stat -Secretary for higher and special educationStatis Secretary of Scientific Research and Technology (Secretary of the Research Council) Chairman of the Central Commission of State Control

Hansa Benthi Prof. Dr. Alfred Lemnitz

dr. Hilda Beniap

Erich Milke Dr. Wilhelm Girnus

prof. Dr. Hans Fryuuf

Hans Endarets

What is the difference between the tasks of the governments of two German states?

Tasks of the Council of Ministers (i.e. governments) GDR More extensive and versatile compared to the tasks of the Bonn government. He is the highest link of government GDR. He is charged in the obligation to maintain government affairs. The Council of Ministers is based on and pursuant to the laws and decisions of the People's Chamber and Decisions of the State Council, the management of socialist construction in political; Economic and cultural fields. He sends, checks and improves the activities of government bodies, providing a harmonious combination of centralized planning and leadership with the widest participation of workers in government and economy. The Council of Ministers presents a republic in the field of diplomatic relations with foreign states. It provides a dealership of calm and order within the country and the protection of the socialist achievements of workers from the encroachment of internal and external enemies. For this purpose, the People's Police, state security authorities and the National People's Army are at his disposal.

In accordance with the policy of the world conducted GDRThe Council of Ministers is primarily entrusted with the task of ensuring the world and the future of the nation. Therefore, he has repeatedly appealed to the West German government with numerous proposals regarding disarmament negotiations, reunification Germany and the conclusion of a peace treaty. Bonn rejected all these suggestions.

Of particular importance are the tasks of the Council of Ministers in the economic, cultural and social regions, fundamentally different from the functions of the former governments in Germany and Bonn * government. The Socialist State is planning M management of all national economy and development in cultural and social areas. It became for the government GDR Possible because the main means of production are in the hands of the people.

Based on the national economic plan adopted by the People's Chamber, the Council of Ministers outlines specific activities for the development of the economy, culture and social security and determines the overall line in raising the living standards of the population. For this, its disposal contains the State Planned Commission, the Council of National Economy, Ministries and other economic, cultural and social institutions.

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According to the Constitution, the Council of Ministers is entitled to represent the Public Chamber of the bills. In addition, the Council of Ministers himself can issue decisions that do not go beyond the laws and decisions of the People's Chamber.

New provisions on the tasks and procedures of the local national representative offices and their bodies developed as a result of the comprehensive exchange of experience with all the segments of the population and government agencies and adopted on June 28, 1961, secure the best methods of public administration. On their basis, the activities of all local authorities are now developing.