Words 1 and 2 decline in Latin. System of decline in Latin. Two groups of adjectives

Latin Latin for Medikov: Abstract of lectures A.I. Pen

1. Declination of adjectives. Word shape

Adjectives in contrast to nouns are inclined only by I, II or by III decline.

A specific type of declination that changes something or another adjective is determined by the standard dictionary form in which it is written in the dictionary and in which it should be remembered.

In the vocabulary form of the overwhelming majority of adjectives, characteristic of this or that end of the end in it is indicated. p. h.

At the same time, in some adjectives of the end in them. n. For each kind of absolutely different, for example: recta, recta, rectum - straight, straight, straight; Other adjectives for the male and female kind are one general ending, and for the middle kind - other, for example: Brevis - short and short, breve - short.

Different adjectives are also given in vocabulary form. For example: rectus, -a, -um; Brevis, -e.

Ending -us m. R. Replaced in w. R. on -a (recta), and in cf. R. - on -um (rectum).

Two groups of adjectives

Depending on the type of declination, which adjectives are inclined, they are divided into 2 groups. Belonging to the group is found in standard dictionary forms.

The 1st group includes adjectives that are inclined according to I and II decline. They are easily recognized at the end of them. P. -US (or -Er), -A, -UM in dictionary form.

The 2nd group includes all adjectives with other vocabulary. Their word is caused by III decline.

The memorization of the dictionary form is necessary in order to correctly determine the type of declination and use the appropriate endings in indirect cases.

Adjectives of the 1st group

In the presence of a dictionary form with the endings in it. p. h. -us, -a, -um or -Er, -a, -um adjectives in the form of g. R. inclined according to i decline, in the form of m. r. and cf. R. - According to II decline.

For example: longus, -a, -um - long; Liber, -era, -erum - free. In the genus P. They have, respectively, endings:

Some adjectives that have in m. R. The end of -Er, the letter "E" falls into the m. r., starting with the genus. p. h. and in g R. and in cf. R. - in all cases without exception. Other adjectives do not happen. For example, vocabulary forms Ruber, -BRA, -BRUM, LIBER, -ERA, -ERUM.

Adjectives of the 2nd group

The adjectives of the 2nd groups are inclined by III decline. Their vocabulary is different from the adjectives of the 1st group.

By the number of generic grades in the dictionary form, the adjectives of the 2nd groups are divided into:

1) adjective two endings;

2) adjectives of one end;

3) the adjectives of the three endings.

1. The adjectives of the two endings in anatomy-histological and general in medical terminology are most often found. They have in them. p., units Only two birth endings - -is, -e; -is - general for m. r. and g r., e - only for cf. R. For example: Brevis - short, short; BREVE - short.

Examples of adjectives of two grades in dictionary form:

brevis, E is a short, one;

frontalis, E is the frontal, or.

For the prevailing number of adjectives of two endings found in the nomenclature, the following word-forming model is characteristic.

For example: STEM-AL-IS, E - sneaker, Cost-Al-IS E is an edible, Clavicul-AR-IS is a clavical, Dors-Al-IS is the dorsal, rear.

All adjectives formed by such a suffix acquisition acquired the general meaning "related to what is called the basis" (to the sternum, to the edge, to the clavicle, to the back, rear).

2. The adjectives of one end have one common ending in them for all clans. p. h. Such an end may be, in particular,, or -s, etc. For example: Simplex is a simple, - one; teres - round ,y ,y; Biceps - double-headed ,y ,y.

In contrast to all other types of adjectives, they have the following feature: the basis of the genus. n. And they. P. - Different. This is reflected in vocabulary. For example:

simplex, Icis - Teres, Etis - Biceps, IPITIS;

basis: Simplic- - Teret- - Bicipit-.

3. The adjectives of the three endings have ending: m. R. - -Er, g. p. - -is, cf. R. - -y. For example: Celer, -eris, -ere - fast ,y ,y; CELEBER, -BRIS, -BRE - a healing, - one.

All adjectives of the 2nd group regardless of the dictionary shape are inclined by III declusions and have a single basis in indirect cases.

For example:

This text is a familiarization fragment.

Morphology- This is a section of grammar, which studies the patterns of existence, education (structure) and understanding the forms of words (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical significance is the content of the word that is generalizing in our consciousness an idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject, phenomenon, property, process (edge, ontogenesis, direct, serous, bending, etc.).

The grammatical value is defined as the categorical affiliation of this word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the value of the substitution among the noun, the value of the attribution value) and the private value, due to the change in the forms of this word (edge, ribs; straight, straight, direct, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changes in the forms of words is called word.

The grammatical categories on which the form of a noun forming in Latin, as well as in Russian, are case and numbers (Vertebra - vertebral, Corpus Vertebrae - the body of the vertebral; Foramen - hole, ForaMina - holes; OS - bone, ossa - bones, Sternum - Greet, Manubium Sterni - sternum handle).

The word-bypass of the existence on cases and numbers is called declining.

In Latin, 6 podges.

Nominativus (NOM.) - Named (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) is a genitive (whom, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) - Current (who, what?).

Accusativus (ACC.) - accusative (who, what?).

Ablativus (abl.) - Ablatives, cool (by whom, what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) - Quiet.

For the nomination, i.e., for naming (calling) of objects, phenomena and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (named) and the PAGITIVE (gen. P.).

The nominative case is called direct case, which means the absence of relationships between words. The value of this case is actually called. Parental case is actually characterized.

In Latin, 5 types of decosals, each of which has its own paradigm (a combination of wordform).

The practical means of distinguishing the decline (definition of the type of declination) serves as a genitory case of a single number in Latin. Forms p. h. In all declines are different.

Sign of the type of leaning noun - the end of the race. p. h., Therefore, in the dictionaries a form genus. p. h. indicated along with the form of them. p. h. And they need to be memorable only together.

The nouns are given in the dictionary and memorize in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the word form in them. p. h.;

2) end of the race. p. h.;

3) the designation of the genus - male, female or medium (abbreviated by one letter: M, F, N).

For example: Lamina, AE (F), SUTURA, AE (F), SULCUS, I (M); Ligamentum, I (N); PARS, IS (F), MARGO, IS (M); OS, IS (N); Articulatio, IS (F), Canalis, IS (M); DUCTUS, US (M); Arcus, US (M), CORNU, US, (N); FACIES, EI (F).

Some nouns of III decline before the end of the race. p. h. -is attributed and the final part of the foundation. This is necessary if the basis of the word in the genus. p. h. Does not coincide with the basis of them. p. h.:

Full form. p. h. These noun are as follows: Corpus, \u003d ORIS (\u003d Corpor - IS); Formen, -inis (\u003d Foramin - IS).

These nouns, the practical framework is determined only from the form of the word in the genus. p. h. By discarding its end. If the foundations in them. p. h. and in the genus. p. h. coincide, then only the end of the genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. h. without end.

Consider examples.

The practical basis is the foundation to which the endings of indirect cases are added when causing (declining); It may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

In one-step nouns with a changing basis in dictionary form, it is indicated entirely of the word form. p., for example Pars, Partis; CRUS, CRURIS; OS, ORIS; CORDIS.

In Latin, as in Russian, the nouns belong to the three kinds: marsculinum - m), female (femininum - f) and medium (Neutrum - N).

The grammar genus of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the genus equivalent on the meaning of Russian words, since often the genus of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine the identity of the Latin noun to one or another clan on the endings characteristic of this kind of endings in it. p. h. For example, words on-and female (Costa, Vertebra, Lamina, Incisura, etc.), words on -um - middle kind (Ligamentum, Manubium, Sternum, etc.).

Sign of the decline of the noun - the end of the race. p. h.; The sign of the kind is the characteristic ending in it. p. h.

With all the characteristic signs of the genus Latin nouns, you can get acquainted in a number of classes in III decline. In this paragraph, it will only be about signs of the grammatical genus of some groups of words having in it. p. h. Characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

In the belonging of nouns on-to the female genus, and nouns on -um, -on, -en, -u - to the middle can not be doubted.

As for nouns on -us, the answer cannot be unequivocal without attracting additional data and above all information about the declination of the word.

All nouns on -us, if they refer to II or IV decline, necessarily a male race, for example:

lobus, I; Nodus, I; Sulcus, I;

ductus, US; Arcus, US; MEATUS, US, M - Male genus.

If the noun is on -us refers to the III decline, then its belonging to a certain genus should be clarified using such an additional indicator as the final consonant base in the genus. P.; If the final consonant base is -R, then the noun is the average genus, and if the ultimate consonant is different (-t or -d), then to the female genus.

For example:

tEMPUS, OR-IS; Crus, CruR-IS;

corpus, OR-IS - Middle Rod, Juventus, UT-IS - Female Rod.

Nouns III declosion met extremely rarely, for example: OS, Corpus, Caput, Foramen, Dens. Such a methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declination is the most difficult for assimilation and has a number of features that distinguish it from other decons.

1. To the III declination includes nouns of all three clans ending in the genus. p. h on -is (sign III of decline).

2. In them. p. h. Words are not only different clans, but even one and the same kind have different endings peculiar to a certain kind; For example, in the male genus -os, -or, -o, -Eg, -ex, -Es.

3. In most nouns III decline in the foundation in them. n. and in the genus n. do not coincide.

In such nouns, the practical framework is not determined by it. p., and by genus. p. By discarding the end of -is.

1. If in the vocabulary form of any nouns before the end of the genus. p. h. -is is attributed to the end of the foundation, which means such a word the basis is determined by the genus. P.:

The basis of Cortic-.

2. If in vocabulary form before the end of the genus. p. h. -is no registry, it means that this word can be determined by it. p. h., dropping the end of them. P.:

3. Nouns III decline depending on the coincidence or incomprehension of the number of symbols in it. n. and bodies. p. h. There are equilibrium and uneven, which matters to accurately determine the genus in some cases.

Estimible

NOM. Pubes Canalis Rete.

Gen. Pubis Canalis Retis.

Non-aloven

NOM. PES PARIES PARS.

Gen. Pedis Parietis Parti.s.

4. In single nouns in dictionary form in the genus. n. Word is written in full:

The genus is determined by the end of them. p. h., peculiar to a specific family within this decline. Therefore, in order to determine the generation of any nouns of III decline, one must take into account three points:

1) to know that this word belongs to the III decline, and not to some other;

2) know what endings in them. p. h. peculiar to one or another inflation III;

3) In some cases, it is also considered the nature of the foundation of this word.

1) nouns on-and female;

2) nouns on -urn, -en, -on, -u - medium;

3) Most nouns on -us, if they refer to the II or IV decline, is a male race;

4) Words on -us, ending in the genus. p. on -R-IS, - medium kind.

Knowing the belonging to a noun to a certain family, you can correctly agree with it (in kind!) Adjective or form a word form. p. MN. h.

The identity of the word to one or another decline can not serve in most cases by the indicator of the genus, since there are nouns (II and IV IV) or three clans (III decline) in the same decline). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following ratio between the noun and its declination:

1) in I and V declines - only female genus;

2) in the II and IV decons - men's genus and medium genus;

3) In the III decline - all three kinds: male, female and medium.

From the words on -us, most refers to the II decline, only a few - to IV.

It is important to remember that in vocabulary form some of the most frequency nouns - IV decline: Processus, US (M) - process; Arcus, US (M) - arc; Sinus, US (M) - sinus, sinus; Meatus, US (M) - passage; Plexus, US (M) - plexus; Recessus, US (M) - Deepete, pocket.

Grammar Categories named after Latin Latin Labor Noun has:
Three kinds:
Masulīnum m, (Male genus)
Feminīnum
F, (female genus)
N (medium genus)
Neutrum
Two numbers:;
Singulāris (the only one)
Plurālis (multiple);

5 cases:

Vocational Form Noun

General rule Definition of kind

Types of declination

1st decline of nouns

Table of case endings of the first decline

10. 2nd the declination of nouns

11. Exception from the rules about the genus of the second decline

12. Table of case endings of the second declination

13. 3rd decline of nouns

14. National names of the 3rd decline come

15. Word of the nouns of the 3-Ego decline

16. Dictionary form of nouns 3-Ego decline

17. Dictionary form of nouns 3-Ego decline

18. Table of case endings of the third decline

19. 4th decline in nouns

20. Wise form of nouns 4th declination

21. Table of case end of fourth decline

22. 5th decline in nouns

23. Wise form of nouns of 5th decline

24. Table of case end end of fifth declination

In Latin 5 cases:

1. Maldly case - who? what? Nominatīvus (NOM.)

2. Parental case - who? What? Genetīvus (Gen.)

3. Duty case - who? What? Datīvus (Dat.)

4. Request case - who? what? Accusatīvus (ACC.)

5. Delated case, Ablatives Ablatīvus (abl.)

The first 4 cases exactly correspond to the Russians. 5 case - Ablativus.combines the functions of Russian efficient and the proposed case, i.e. Without an excuse, answers questions - who? What?, and with pretexts usually complies with the Russian proposed pelvic.

In Latin 2 numbers: the only one (Singulāris) and multiple

Declination of nouns

The task.1. Repeat the definition of nouns 1 decline.

2. Repeat the noun 1 deposit of the introductory course.

Paddle endings

Greek nouns 1 decline

In Greek, there are 1 declination similar to Latin.

It includes the names of the nouns of the female genus ending on - but And on - e. When these nouns were borrowed by Latin, they received, as a rule, the ending - but. Such, for example, the Words of Greek origin aRTERIA, TRACHEA, CONCHA (Sink), Trochlea (block) etc.

Some words, however, have retained the Greek end - e.And their declination differs from Latin. In medical terminology, except for the nominative case of the only number, the form of a genitive case is found with the end - eS. Therefore, the endings of these two cases must be remembered.

Example: Aloo, ALOES F - Aloe

The task. Learn words on the topic: "Nouns 1 decline" in "benefits".

NB!The names of medicinal plants and their products, as well as the names of the chemical elements are written from the capital letter.

Exercise 25. Translate to Latin:

1. Lower jaw clipping. 2. Fracture of the vertebrae. 3. Fasciaries. 4. Artery partitions. 5. Vienna Knee.

1. Bubble surface. 2. Page almond. 3. Interoperyless seam.

1. Visceral fascia. 2. Parietal pleura. 3. Sagittal seam.

Concept of pretexts

Prepositions in Latin are used only with two cases: Accusatīvus. and Ablatīvus..

NB! Remember the following prepositions:

b - IN (C ABL.): In capsules - in Capsulis,

c - CUM (C ABL): With tincture - Cum Tinctūra.

Exercise 26. Translate the following prescription expressions: in paper, in ampoules, pills, with camphor.

The concept of the Latin part of the recipe

The recipe is a written, compiled according to the established form, the doctor's appeal to the pharmacy for the manufacture and vacation of the patient with a medication indicating the method of its use.

The recipe structure differ the following 9 parts:

1. The name of the medical and prophylactic institution is Inscriptio ("Inscription").

2. Date of recipe statement - Datum.

3. Surname and patient initials - Nomen Aegroti.

4. The age of the patient is AETAS AEGROTI.

5. Surname and initials of the doctor - Nomen Medici.

6. The designation of medicinal substances and their quantities - Designatio Materiārum.

7. Name of the dosage form (ointment, powder, etc.) or others

indications Pharmacist - Subscriptio ("Signature").

8. The method of using drugs - Signatūra ("Designation").

9. Signature and personal printing of the doctor.

6 and 7 parts are written in Latin.

6 part of the verb begins Recipe: (Take :). Then follows the list of drug names with an indication of their quantity. At the same time, it is necessary to be guided by the following rules:

1. The name of each means is written from a new row and from the capital letter.

2. The name of each drug is written in the parental case, because It grammatically depends on the dose indication.

Consider the grammatical structure of this part of the recipe on the example.

What? How many?

Take: Valerian tinctures 25 ml

Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae 25 ML

3. Possible recipes of finished medicines (tablets, supositories, etc.). Then in the recipe, the name of the dosage form is in the divergent case of a plural.

Tablets "Ankofen" number 20

Recipe: Tablettas "ANCOPHENUM" NUMERO 20

Take: (what? Request case)

Candles with glycerin 2.75 number 10

Recipe: Suppositoria Cum Glycerino 2.75 Numero 10

4. Drugs are dosed in grams or grams. Gram's share is separated from a whole number of grams of comma. If the share of grams is missing, then it is zero instead.

150 grams - 150.0

5 tenth grams (5 decigramms) - 0.5

5 hundredth grams (5 centigrams) - 0.05

5 thousandth grams (5 milligrams) - 0.005

Liquid drug preparations are dosed in volume units - in milliliters, drops, and sometimes grams.

If the amount of liquid drug is less than 1 ml, it is dosed by drops. The number of drops indicate the Roman numbers that are postponed after the word "drop" (in the vinegenous case).

Take: Mount Oil 15 drops

Recipe: Olei Menthae Guttas XV

5. If two or more drugs are prescribed in the same dose, then the number indicate only once - after the last means name, and before the dose designation put the Greek word ana -by .

Take: Valerian tinctures

Lily of the Lily of Lily of 10 ml

Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae

Tincturae Convallariae Ana 10 ML

Exercise 27.Translate recipes to Latin language:

1. Take: Limonnaya tincture 30 ml

Give. Note.

2. Take: Lily of the Lilyside

Valerian tincture of 10 ml

Tincture handicrafts 5 ml

Mix. Give. Note.

Declination of nouns

The task. 1. Repeat the definition of nouns 2 declines.

2. Repeat the words of 2 deposit of the introductory course.

Note. In the 2nd decline there are Greek nouns of the middle kind with the end -onin NOM. and ACC. Sing. In other cases, they have the same endings as Latin nouns on -um.

Paddle endings

For the endings of 2 decline, the characteristic vowel is - about.

NB! The singularity of the average is the coincidence of the endings in the nominative and vinegenic cases of the only and multiple numbers.

Sample declination

The task. Learn words

Latin, despite the fact that he is dead, still represents a living interest in various fields of human activity, including for lingivilists.

About Latin

Latin language belongs to the Italian branch of Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that Latin is a dead language, interest in his history and study does not fuss in our time.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the Italian branch treated Falskiy, Osksky, Umbra and Latin, but over time the latter outstretched the rest. People who spoke on Latin called Latins, and their area of \u200b\u200bliving was called Lati. The center of it in 753 BC. e. Was Rome. Therefore, Latins called themselves the Romans, the founders of the Great Roman Empire and its culture, which further influenced all areas of the lives of Europe and the world.

Characteristic of grammar

All parts of speech on Latin are divided into variable and immutable. The variable includes a noun, adjective, verb, sacrament, pronoun, gerundium, genth. Unbavnable include adverbs, particles, unions and prepositions. For variable parts of speech, there is a decline system in Latin.

Unchanging parts of speech

The immutable parts of speech include the Union, particle, pretext and interjections.

Changeable parts of speech

The variable parts of the speech are inclined by childbirth, numbers and cases and are hidden on persons, numbers, times, collateral and inclination.

Language should know that in Latin - three kinds (male, female and medium), two numbers (only and multiple), six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, efficient and charming) and five forms of decline.

Consider a detail of the decline system in Latin. When declining the word form changes, that is, the ending is changing.

Cade and declination

What is interesting to decline in Latin? For nouns there are five forms of decline, and for adjectives - three.

The first declination includes nouns and adjectives of female genus, having ending-and in the nominative and ending in parental case. For example, Agua - Aguae (water).

The second decline includes nouns and adjective male sodes with the end of -us and the middle kind of C - UM in the nominative case and the end - I in the parent. For example, Albus-Albi (white), Oleum-Olei (oil).

The third declination includes nouns and adjectives, the endings of which are not listed not higher, not lower. This is the largest group of words, as this includes nouns and adjectives of all three clans.

So, in the nominative end of the end in words from:

• male kind - -er, -os. OE, OR.
• female genus - -x, -io, -is;
• middle kind --ur, -n, -ma, -i, -c, -E.

In the parental case, they all have ending -ips, -icis, -tis, -cis, -inis, -is, -eris, -oris, onis.

The fourth declination includes nouns male genus, having the ending -us and not changing in the parental case. For example, Spiritus (Spirit).

The fifth decline includes nouns of female clan with the end of -es in the nominative case and the end of -EI in the parent. For example, Species-Speciei (collection).

Adjective, pronoun and noun in Latin varies 6 cases:

• nominative (who? What?) - In the sentence takes the role of the subject or registered part of the facility;
• pivietary (whom? What?) - In the sentence, it is an inconsistent definition, addition or a logical subject;
• current (to whom?) - The proposal takes the role of an indirect addition, an object or person contributing to action;
• accusative (who? What?) - in the sentence is an object;
• certificate and proposed (by whom? What?) - In the sentence, the role of circumstances adopt;
• the point is not a question, the proposal does not take care of any member of the sentence.

Hiding and times

The verb in Latin has the following characteristics:

• The inclination is imperative, subjunctive and conditional.
• Time - preserved, past (perfect and imperfect), present, pre-imaginary and future.
• Pledge - valid (active) and suffering (passive).
• The number is the only and multiple.
• Face is the first, second and third.
• Hiding, defined by the final sound of the base. Only 4 hides - I - -ā, II - -ē, III - -ĭ, -ŭ, consonant, IV ---ī. Exception - verbs ESSE, VELLE, FERRE, EDERE, NOLLE, who have their own features of the touch.

The preserved time tells about the event that happened earlier than the action that happened in the past. For example, Gracil Loco, Quo Hostem Superaverant, Trophaea Statuebant. - Greeks set trophies (monuments) in the place where the enemy won.

Pre-first time talks about an event that will happen earlier than the person talks about. For example, Veniam, QUōcumque Vocāveris. - I'll go wherever you call.

When determining the surgery of the verb, the form of an infinitive is used in the present time of the actual collateral, which has ending -re and the letter that stands before the specified ending, determines the surgery of the verb. For example, LaboRe refers to the first hiddenness, since before -re the letter a.

Numeral

The numeral in Latin can be ordinal, quantitative, separating and narenly. The endings of ordinal chipping are the same as the adjectives and are consistent with nouns in childbirth, numbers and cases.

Latin has its own system of numbers, which are denoted by the letters of the alphabet.

Proponation

In the Latin pronouns are divided into:

• personal;
• returns;
• assigning;
• index;
• relative;
• questioning;
• indefinite;
• negative;
• determinant;
• placement adjectives.

Nashia

Adcharations in Latin are divided into independent and derivatives and show the features of the process or action.

Latin in medicine

Latin language is required to explore in any medical university, as it is the basic language of medicine around the world. Why? The fact is that in Greece before the conquest of its Romans existed a developed medical system with its terminology of which laid hippocrates. These terms have reached our time without change. The words Derma, Gaster, Bronchus, Dispnoe, Diabetes are familiar to any man Greek. But over time, the Latinization of medical terminology occurred and today it is a pure latin, and a mixture with Greek. There are several objective reasons why Latin does not give up its position: