Cathedral of the immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Matrix of the Universe Sacred Base of Internal Layout of Catholic Cathedrals The structure of the Catholic Temple

The main church of the city or the monastery is usually called the Cathedral (Cathedral Temple); The cathedral is customary called the temple where the department of the ruling bishop is located (bishop).

In addition to stationary there are still mobile churches.

Device of the Orthodox Church

In the architecture of the Orthodox churches, the number of domes (chapters) is sometimes assigned symbolic importance: one dome is the unity of God, three - in honor of the Holy Trinity, five - in honor of the Savior and 4 Evangelists, seven - in honor of the seven sacraments, thirteen - Savior and Twelve apostles.

Catholic church device

Fig. one. The figure shows the internal layout of the Catholic church. In particular, Prieste: Prieste - either specially selected part of the main building of the temple, or an extension (usually from the South or Northern side) to accommodate an additional altar with a throne for worship services. The attacks are arranged, in particular, to install in the church of the additional throne (throne) so that in one day in one temple you could make more than one liturgia, since in the Orthodox Church it is customary to perform no more than one liturgy in one day on one throne.

Consider in more detail the individual details of this layout.

Fig. 2. Altar apse in the Western European temple ( highlighted color). Apse (from Dr.-Greek. ἁἁίς, born. Padege ἁψῖΔος - Vault), axida (Lat. ABSIS) - the protrusion of the building, a semicircular, faceted or rectangular in the plan, overlapped with a semi-buoy (horse) or closed only. For the first time apsides appeared in the ancient Roman basilica. In christian temples apse As a rule, is an altar ledge, east oriented . At the same time, the appointment of the apse can be other, utilitarian or decorative. So, the Cathedral of Peter Metropolitan of the High-Petrovsky Monastery is surrounded by apsides from all sides. In Catholic temples in apcils could be placed Capelles.

The Orthodox Church is usually the odd number of apse - three or one. The Konstantinople churches of the IX-XI centuries often had three apses, originally used as three independent altars. By the XIV century, there are three apse in the three altars in the altar in the middle apse, prosthesis (Russian altar") In Northern Apsid and Daistnik (or Risnica) for the storage of liturgical purposes and liturgical books in the Southern Apsid.

In the Western European architecture, apse can be referred to as a part of the inner room of the temple, containing the altar part, although not an external protrusion.

Fig. 3. Crown Capel (highlighted color) - A number of chapel surrounding apse, outgoing rays and separated from the choir bypass. They appeared due to an increase in the number of altars, which is stimulated by the popularity of the cult of the relics stored in the church, the mass character of pilgrimage and arranged solemn services.

Fig. four. Deamboulatorium (highlighted color) (from lat. Deambulo from Lat. De " per"And lat. Ambulo " go", Lat. AMBIO - bypass, go around something) - the semicircular bypass gallery around the altar part of the temple formed by the continuation of the side oils; A typical element of the Romanesque and Gothic Temple Architecture. According to this gallery, the flow of people without leaving the temple fell to a small apse-challam in the eastern part of the temple - the semicircle apseidol in some cases framed by the crown of deambulatoria (see the Crown Capell). In Kapellah, small altars were placed, parishioners and pilgrims could overlook the relics there and worship them. ... In addition to access to Chapels, the deambulatorium allowed pilgrims to contemplate shrines, stored in the altar part of the cathedral, and often represented the main goal of pilgrimage. At the same time, the altar part was filled against the deambulator, as a rule, not a wall, as a figured through grid.

Fig. five. Khor. (highlighted color) (Greek. χορός - choir, group Dance) - In the early Christian temples, space before the main throne, where the chorus choir was placed; Later in the Western European countries, the whole Eastern (altar) part of the church building began to be called the choir, to apse. Thus, the choir began to include presbytery. See also - choirs.

Fig. 6. Naos. (from Greek. ναός - temple, sanctuary) (highlighted color) - The central part of the Christian temple, where during worship are those who came to the temple praying. From the east to Naos, the altar is adjacent - the most important placement of the temple, where the throne is located and liturgy is performed. The altar in Orthodox churches is separated from the Sawa curtain and iconostasis. From the West to Naos joins the bee, in Greek Nartex or Proneos. In some Russian temples, the attendant is absent and the entrance door of the temple leads directly to naos.. From the opposite side to Naos, it is adjacent to the separated wall by the wall, a closed room for storing values.

Fig. 7. Narters On the conventional scheme of the Western European temple ( highlighted color). Focus - an extension in front of the entrance to the temple (the same as Pronaos in the Greeks, the front passage of the ancient temple). It can be arranged from the Western, South and North Parties of the Temple. Usually separated from the temple with a wall with a doorway. The origin of the term is usually derived from pretoria (Lat. Praetorium) - In ancient Rome, a platform for a presthor, a place for a tent commander, later - the central square of the city, a residence, a country house. Hence the ancient Russian word rozhia.and then focus. Pretakes usually distinguish from natrex (from Greek. νάρθηξ - lark, casket), the latter is located on the west side and from the inside is fully opened in the main volume of the temple. This part of the temple corresponds to the yard of the Old Testament Tabernacle, where they could include, except for Jews, also pagans. The adder of the Christian temple could include not only the announced and swarming, known under the name of the listening, but also Jews (at least from the IV century), heretics, splitters and pagans, for the hearing of the Word of God and teaching. In antiquity in the focus was arranged baptism, That is, the font for baptism.

In antiquity in Russian temples, it was often not at all. This is due to the fact that by the time of the taking Russia of Christianity in the church was already strictly separated, that is, preparing to accept baptism, and coming by. By this time, people were already baptized, as a rule, in infant age, and the baptism of adult foreigners was not so often to make the focus. Those Christians who for sinful behavior or misconduct received church punishment - the Epitimia, stood some part of the church service at the western wall of the temple or on Parity.

In the future, the mass construction of the River renewed again. The own name of this part of the temple is a meal, since earlier treats were arranged for begging on holidays or the days of remembering the departed. Now almost all Orthodox churches have a focus.

Fig. 10. Plan of the Cathedral of St. Peter. Almost all the large architects of Italy took turns in turn participated in the design and construction of the Cathedral of St. Peter. In 1506, the project of architect Donato Bramante was approved, in accordance with which the central construction began to build in the form of the Greek Cross (with equal parties). After the death of Bramte, the construction was headed by Raphael, who returned to the traditional form of the Latin Cross (with an elongated fourth party), then Baldassare Peruutsi, who stopped on a centric background, and Antonio da Sangallo, who chose a basilical form. Finally, in 1546, the leadership of the work was instructed by Michelangelo. He returned to the idea of \u200b\u200ba central philosal structure, but his project provided for the creation of a multiscount input portication on the east side (in the oldest Basilica of Rome, as in the ancient temples, the entrance was located with East, and not from the west). Michelangelo's supporting structures made more massive and allocated the main space. He erected the central dome drum, but the dome himself completed after his death (1564) Jacomo della the port, who gave him more elongated outlines. Of the four small domes provided for by the Michelangelo project, the architect of Vigola built only two. The greatest degree of architectural forms exactly as they were conceived by Michelangelo, preserved with altar, west. Significantly note this moment (fact) - the altar part of the Basilica of St. Peter directed to the West?!

Fig. eleven. St. Peter's Basil and Peter's Square in front of her. The total length of the basilica is 211.6 m. On the floor of the central neopa there are marks showing the size of the other largest cathedrals of the world, which allows them to compare them with the Cathedral of St. Peter. In the center of the square there is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, brought to Rome Emperor Caligula in the first century. According to legend, on top of the obelisk, there was a sphere in which the ashes of Julia Caesar was resting. By the way, Obelisk and Round Square is a sundial. Dad asked Michelangelo to drag and install an obelisk opposite the Basilica, but he asked a sacramental question - what if he broke up? After that, the case passed to the architect Domenico Fontanawho installed Obelisk in 1586. And later installed another three similar obelis in different places. The story says that there was a circus on the site of the current Cathedral of St. Peter, in the arena of which in times Nero Predit the martyrdom of Christians. In 67, the Apostle Peter was also given here after the trill.. Peter asked that his execution would not like Christ. Then he was crucified down. In 326, in memory of this, Emperor Konstantin commanded the Basilica in the name of St. Peter. When she dreamed, Pope Nicholas V in 1452 began construction of the cathedral.

Fig. 12. Dome, architecture masterpiece, has a height of 119 m and a diameter of 42 m. It relies on four powerful pillar ( bittering square ). In the niche of one of them there is a five-meter statue of St. Longgin Bernini's work. The role of Bernini in creating the sculptural decoration of the cathedral is very large, he worked here with intervals of almost fifty yearsFrom 1620s to 1670, the masterpiece of Bernini is a huge, 29 m Ballahin (Kivorii) at the four twisted columns, on which the statues of angels are located on the chief altar. Among the branches of Lavra on the upper parts of the columns are visible heraldic bees of the Barberini family. Bronze for the kivoria took from Pantheon, disassembled by order of Pope Urban VIII (Barberini) structures that supported the roof of the portico. Through the Balladakhin is visible in Central Apsid and also created by Bernini Department of St. Peter. It includes the chair supported by four statues of the Church chair. Peter, over which the symbol of the Holy Spirit is ferried. To the right of the department - the gravestone of Pope Urban VIII of the work of Bernini, on the left - the tombstone of Paul III (XVI century) of the work of Gulielmo dellas the port, one of the students of Michelangelo. "

Fig. 13. "Tri-Three Cathedral Plan with Touchy midnorate (bittering square ). Midnoral - In church architecture, the place of intersection of the main nef and the transpetuity forming the cross. With the traditional orientation of the Church through the Middle Industry, it is possible to get into the West Runa, to the southern and northern transpetuits and the choir located in the eastern part of the temple. The mediumland is often crowned with a tower or dome, and the towers are characteristic of Romance and Gothic temples, and the dome is for the cathedrals of the Renaissance. Insofar as midnoral Opened on all four sides, the load from the tower or dome falls on the corners, so the creation of a sustainable design requires from the architect and builders of a fair mastery. In the past century, excessive ambitions of the creators often led to the collapse of this kind of structures. "

"Original Bramte designed the plan of the temple(Basilica of St. Peter) in the form of a Greek booth. After his death under pressure of prelates Raphael voted the Basilica Plan, converting it to the Latin Cross. In 1546, the work was commissioned Michelangelo, he returned to the initial ideas of Bramte, slightly changing the proportions and height of the basilica. After the death of Michelangelo Pavel V. ordered Maderno Complete the cathedral returning to the plan in the form of the Latin Cross».

Further in Figures 14 and 15 we will show the results of combination " plan plan »We will serve as a picture of the internal planning of the Catholic church, which is shown in Figure 8.

Fig. fourteen. The figure shows the results of combination " plan »Basilica of St. Peter with the Mirror Matrix. And the basis for combination " plan red square a place " bribing square middle Engradition plan »Basilica of St. Peter. The details of the alignment are clearly visible in the picture. However, architects of St. Peter's Basilica moved from " standard »The plan of the temple in the form of the Latin Cross. Real picture Combining will be shown below in Figure 15.

Fig. fifteen. The figure shows the results " Real painting»Combining" plan »Basilica of St. Peter with the Mirror Matrix. And the basis for combination " plan »We will serve as a picture of the internal planning of the Catholic church, which is shown in Figure 8. In the center we allocated red square a place " bribing square "Which coincides with the situation" middle Engradition »In a scheme located under" plan "St. Peter's Basilica is a lower red cross with a greater line thick. On the image " Plan »Basilica shifted up so that the upper part" plan "Completed with the 26th level of the upper world of the matrix of the universe. This is exactly the same position as the position in the upper world of the matrix of the universe paintings of the internal planning of the Catholic temple, which is shown above in Figure 14. We showed a red square with a thinner thickline of the line " bribing square » — « middle Engradition " on the " plan »Basilica of St. Peter. At the bottom of the picture is visible part of the internal planning of the Catholic church. On the right shows the position of the two sacred tetractisis at the place of transition between the upper and lower worlds of the matrix of the universe. The remaining details of the alignment are clearly visible in the picture. From the analysis of the results of combination « plan » st. Peter's Basilica with the matrix of the universeIt is obvious that the matrix of the Universe is, and was in the past sacral basis or the "template" on which the "plan" was created, or the internal layout of the church of St. Peter's Basilica.

So, our check was crowned with success. St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican built on " template " or sacral base - Based on knowledge about the matrix of the Universe.

And so, when we have already decided that our studies have fully completed, we suddenly had the following idea. But what if " plan »The Basilica of St. Peter and the plan of Peter's area in front of it make up a single" sacred symbol"?! Yes, " plan "Basilica of St. Peter after analyzing the results of our study became sacred symbol", Reflecting Divine realities in the Universe! Then we went to search unified Basilica Plan with Square. Alas, we faced real problems. We managed to find only the next " single Plan Performance graphic quality. It is shown below in Figure 16.

Fig. sixteen. Picture " unified Plan»Basilica of St. Peter and Petra Square in front of her (1899 - 1900). From this picture we took a fragment " unified Plan", With which we continued our research.

Fig. 17. Figure shows which fragment " unified Plan»Basilica of St. Peter and Petra Square in front of her. A red rectangle in the figure shows a fragment that we will use to align with the matrix of the universe.

Fig. eighteen. The figure shows the result of the combination of the fragment " unified Plan»The Basilica of St. Peter and Petra Square in front of it, which we combined with the matrix of the universe. Red lines at the top in the figure we highlighted the details of the area of \u200b\u200bthe square in front of the Basilica of St. Peter. These details " unified Plan"Within the error, it is well combined with the matrix of the universe at the place of the transition between the upper and lower worlds of the matrix of the universe. No less awesome for us was the fact that Obelisk in the center of Peter Square was almost accurately combined with the central position at the 13th level of the lower world of the Mirror's matrix. You can see this obelisk in Figure 11. As a result, our assumption that " plan"St. Peter's Basilica and Peter Square Plan in front of it make up a single « sacred symbol» successfully confirmed. It follows that The Vatican is familiar with knowledge of the Matrix of the Universe and keeps them.

Sacred meaning The spaces of the lower world in the area of \u200b\u200bthe 13th level of the lower world of the matrix of the Universe are already known to us. According to the ideas of the priests of ancient Egypt in the region of the 13th 16th level of the lower world of the matrix of the Universe " located »Space Goddess Maati – Goddess Truth and Truth. In this space, happened and happening weighing hearts of people "For the degree of gigting" hearts "sins. In detail, we talked about it in our work. section « Author's articles"- and -. Below in Figure 19 will show Egyptian drawing with the weights and goddess of truth and truth - Mat..

Fig. nineteen. Ancient Egyptian drawing of the scene " heart weighing » « AB Mat.. Rod God wisdom TOT. Down below Ammit -« eater "Burdened by sins" hearts " of people. In the well-known Egyptian Myth about Osiris « Board of the Gods"In Sweet Osiris ( Asar) called - " Path – Paut." Their common numbers were - 42. « Board of the Gods"He helped Osiris analyze and evaluate the deeds of a deceased person for the living life. The number 42 exactly corresponds to the sum of the "position" 13, 14 and 15 levels – 13+14+15 = 42 - The lower world of the matrix of the universe. In the same region, the matrix of the universe was located " Double room » Maati. (goddess Pravda and Truth), where on the scales weighed " a heart » – Ab - AB. – (aspects of soul creatures). On one bowl of scales was placed feather Maat.and on another bowl of scales was placed " a heart » Ab.. If a " a heart » Ab. It turned out heavier " pen Maat. ", Or the most Mat. with revealed hands on a scale of scales, ( the creature is a lot of sinry), then this is the heart jet "Creature Amit From the head and a half of the crocodile body, and the rear half is the body of the hippopotamus.

Below in Figure 20 compatible this drawing with " single plan"Basilica of St. Peter and Petra's area in front of her.

Fig. twenty. The drawing is similar to Figure 18 and the ancient Egyptian drawing of the scene has been added to it. heart weighing » « AB" in " hall Mat. " Left - Goddess of Truth and Truth - Maatrod God wisdom TOT. Picture " hall Mat. » « located "In the lower world, the matrix of the Universe under Obelisk, brought by Egypt's emperor Caligule. Obelisk is located in the center of Petra Square in front of the Basilica of St. Peter. This secret ancient sages about the matrix of the Universe along with Vatican Own italian sculptor Antonio Canovawe talked about in work section « Author's articles» — .

Thus, on the basis of the results of our research in this work, we can draw the following conclusions:

1) The matrix of the Universe is a sacred basis internal planning of Catholic cathedrals.In particular, the sacred basis or " template "For which the Italian sculptors and architects created the internal planning of the Basilica of St. Peter and layout Peter's area in front of the basilica in the Vatican.

2) Vatican keeps secret knowledge of the ancients about the matrix of the Universe as a sacral basewhich is created by the Divine Universe and our Universe, in particular. There is no heresy in this, as the Lord himself Jesus Christ in the Holy Gospel from John said ( In. 1. 17.): "17. for the law is given through Moses; grace and truth happened through Jesus Christ" Ancient knowledge is acceptable, and " good news"The Savior is a natural continuation of the divine fishery for us.

More detailed information about the matrix of the universe can be obtained by becoming acquainted with articles on the site in the section " Egyptology"- and forming in terms of

I wanted to refresh the Christmas journey in Europe to refresh in memory, with the help of my old notes and photographs, to walk through the streets of Vilnius, Warsaw, Krakow, Lviv. We had the pleasure of seeing these cities in the most magical time of the year, for New Year's snowfall and christmas felling. Now, the autumn robs the day, it seems so far away, but it was just over six months, it's a pity that much is forgotten, and I have visited such beautiful and historically rich cities that terribly sorry when emotions, impressions and acquired knowledge about These places are erased from memory.

The goal, the winter trip, wearing both idle and vacation and educational character. The plans were visiting old cities that are known to be a concentration of architectural monuments and cultural heritage. Tining a long-standing desire to clarify questions about the characteristic features and signs of various architectural styles, as well as formulate the basic principles of medieval urban planning, with the ability to see all this with their own eyes, found information on objects, and went to understand what is called in place.

My guide for Christmas Europe was ren_ar , It is his wonderful photos that now help recall the route and resurrect emotions from what they saw. It all started with Vilnius ...

Having passed through the gate to the old town, the first, for which this church of St. Teresa drew attention to him and headed.

The parish Roman Catholic Church, the first mention of which is found in 1627. The temple is made in the style of an early baroque, some of the details of the facade indicate, for example, sculptures in the deepening of walls, currency (curls, spirals) in the angles of winding forms, pilasters (vertical prototion of the wall, imitating the column), etc. It turned out to determine the style of the building not from the lungs, especially if in front of you the building formed over the centuries. It, as a rule, is a multi-flyil, by virtue of multiple restorations, rearrangements. When identifying style, joy add the same techniques used in different architectural directions. For example, here, I would still notice the presence of a note of classicism.

Analyzing the figurative perception of the church, and indeed any cult facility, came to the conclusion to get a more or less complete picture, it is necessary to be aware of the canonical device of the church or church, have an idea of \u200b\u200ban artistic frame, as well as to remember both its main function, worship .

As for the Church of St. Teresa, then here I will probably pay attention to the first item, the second one can appreciate, looking at the photo, and you will watch the rite in another church.

Correspondence on proportions, proportions, metro-rhythmic patterns, etc. ... Spikes on Masons. I want to stay on the church itself. Catholic temples are most often built in the form of basilica, or as dome temples in the form of the Latin Cross at the base.

Church of St. Teresa, just has the type of basilica, and is a rectangular structure consisting of three non-reels, these rooms can be separated from each other by columns or pillars. The cross, in terms of the temple, symbolizes the atoning sacrifice of Christ. Side oils often serve places for a chapel with independent altars. When building the altar, the foundation is always put by the relics of any saint. In the Catholic church, the altar turned to the West, it was there that, according to the teachings of the Catholic Church, the capital of universal Christianity is located, Rome.

And since I regulated the items for which I spend the analysis, separately, as an exception, it is worth mentioning the subject that unites the rite of worship, the temple device itself and its decoration. This is certainly organ. Everyone knows that, firstly, it is used during the Mass, secondly, a special place is given to him on the balcony opposite the altar, an acoustically building should also be properly designed, so as not to join his majestic sounds, but thirdly, How to do! The body can definitely be called a pearl church.

The next thing struck my imagination is the Unsemble of Vilnius University. Now, when I turn off in myself today, and I try to get into yesterday, the image of this grandiose structure causes me an association with the campaign, the province, which he wrote in his ingenious Roman Hermann, where the highest virtues of man were a mind and scientific knowledge.

The amazing feeling of spiritual enthusiasm and thirst for knowledge is a walk through the quiet and cozy university courtyards, empty due to vacation. But this is nothing, the imagination with joy complements the picture by the presence of the ages of puzzled students, the powerful teachers in the red gowns, the sample of the century is so sixteenth, by the way, it is this time is considered to be the moment of university education.

Now this castles consists of 13 courtyards, church of the saints of John and the bell tower. The formation of the complex passed throughout the centuries, the Academy bounced out all new and new buildings from the bishoprosis, which were given to the apartments to professors and pupils of the university, and all began with a large yard, where the church, the bell tower and the southern corps are located.

The Big Dvor is adjacent to the Observatory courtyard, drug plants were grown in ancient times, in one of the buildings there was a pharmacy, the archive of the Edukament Commission (the governing body of the Commonwealth Speech System), and of course, the building of the Astronomical Observatory, for the frieze of which the inscription in Latin is engraved: " The courage gives the old sky a new light ", with the signs of the zodiac.

Special attention should be paid to the Church of St. John, it is he causes me more interest in comparison with other cult facilities, because the history of its formation is connected not only with religion, but also with the scientific, educational life of the city, and the state as a whole. In addition to traditional fires, ruins, and use not by appointment, the church passed from one owner to another. Initially, he belonged to the government, which apparently from a small desire to restore after the fire of 1530, brought out the church in possession of Jesuits, and since the guys were business, they conducted capital reconstruction and expansion of the temple, built the bell tower, arranged Capella, Crypts, Utility rooms. Here were the meetings of kings, the holidays of the monastic order, disputes and protection of scientific works, for all years, in addition to the frescoes on the walls of the temple, a huge layer of intelligence of many generations was located and this is undoubtedly felt. After the abolition of the Orden of Jesuits in 1773, the church passed into the possession of Vilen University. In 1826-1829, the last large-scale reconstruction and remission of the church was performed. Subsequently, he also passed from one academy to another, and in the Soviet period was used as a warehouse of the paper of the communist newspaper. Now he was returned to the Catholic Church and used as the Non-Church of the Vilnius Dean, managed by the fathers of Jesuits. It pleases that the tradition of holding a ceremonial dedication to students and the presentation of diplomas here is preserved here.

The chief facade of the church turned to the Big University Dvor. The appearance acquired its modern baroque features during the restoration by the architect Johann Glaubitz, after a fire in 1737. The interior decoration also undergone a lot of reconstructions, but contrary to this solemn gothicity with notes of the baroque altar part, was preserved.

The altar complex is an ensemble of ten altars at different levels in different planes. The chief altar is built into between the two massive columns, next to which the sculptures of John of Zlatoust, Pope of the Roman Gregory, St. Anselma and St. Augustine installed.

As a rule, the inner decoration of chostels decorate picturesque and sculptural images. On the walls in the form of reliefs, paintings or frescoes depict the Great Way of Jesus on Calvary. These are 14 stages of the procession. Here the frescoes were painted during the reconstruction in 1820.

One of the distinguishing features of the gothic cathedrals are stained glass windows. In the church of St. John, they were created in 1898 and were practically destroyed in 1948. Restored them already in the 60s. As a rule, religious and household scenes are depicted on stained glass. Due to them, the intensity of light in the room is constantly changing, playing with imagination. It is the stained glass windows that create a special emotional atmosphere in the temple, a fantastic feeling of involvement in unearthly.

Also in every Catholic church there are special cabins for confession. Their windows are usually closed with lattices and curtains to ensure the anonymity of repentance. The art embodiment of confessional can put them in one row with works of art.

And the picture, albeit a few amateur analysis of the artistic framing of the church, would not be complete, I do not mention about the authority, whose chorated preludes, will be able to bring anything to God.

Just approached the time to visit the Catholic Mass. Moreover, we, running already in the evening streets of Old Vilnius, completely accidentally went to the church of St. Spirit, where at the entrance is the wonderful fresco, a cheerful inlet of its inhabitant, as if invites you to visit the evening service:
- ABOUT! You just waited, could not start, pass, pass ...

Catholic Mesa corresponds to the divine liturgium of the Orthodox Church. The entire action begins with the exit of the priest, under the sounds of introit (input chasing). The forms of Catholic worship were formed over the past centuries, under the influence of various factors. The formation of theological Catholic dogmaker experienced the struggle with the Hergeles, because each self-respecting heretic was confident in the truth of the wording of his worship. As a result of the attempts of unifying worship, Catholics came to a more stable composition of Mass, rather than Orthodox liturgy. Mesa passes before Altar, the first part of it is called the Liturgy of the Word, it is an analogous to the ancient liturgy announced, that is, members of the community that have not yet adopted baptism. During the liturgy, the Scriptures are read and pronounced sermon. In front of the liturgy, the rite of repentance is committed. On Sunday and holidays, "Gloria" or two sall climbs, a big "glory in heaven are pronounced, and on Earth, the world of goodwill" and small "glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are read and the symbol of faith. The second part of the Mass - the Liturgy of the faithful, which consists of an Eucharistic canon, communion and concluding rites. The communion is the main part of the Mass, it is at this moment that the teachings of the Church, the liberation and wine into the body and the blood of Christ take place. If you continue to talk about the external manifestations of God for Catholics, it is worth noting that the worship service is spent in Latin, or on national compliance with all canonical requirements. The Catholic Messe is inherent in the crankshaft and the rope of hands and eyes to the sky, also Catholics are baptized with five fingers, first on the left, and then on the right shoulder, because in Catholicism, the five perception is made in the name of the five ulcers of Christ.

For the entire period of travel, we managed to visit the set of both the morning and evening messages. And that's what is surprising, we have never seen that the church is empty at this time. Catholic Mass can rightly be considered not only the action of rituals, but also mystical. We experience such an amazing feeling of spirituality and unity with absolutely unfamiliar people, which never happens to the MUP of Orthodox churches, and, in fact, and the desire does not arise to have something in common with our church.

Moscow Roman Catholic Parish

Immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Narget Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Holy Virgin Mary

It all started with the fact that by the end of the XIX century
In Moscow, the number of Catholics increased and numbered about 35 thousand
human. Two Catholic Temples at that time: St. Louisika
French, that on a small lubyanka and the church of the Holy Apostles Peter and
Paul (Currently closed) could not fit so
parishioners Ripe the need to build a new, third
Catholic church in Moscow.

In 1894, the organizational and
Preparatory work to extend a new branch church
SWV Apostles Peter and Paul. In 1897, in the magazine "Builder" was
A project of a new neo-style temple is published, a project that
won the competition announced by Moscow Poles. To start
Construction, it was necessary to consent to King Nicholas II and Synod -
secular body observing the activities of the Russian Orthodox
churches.

As soon as construction permission
It was approved, a numerous Catholic community began collecting funds in
the main donations to the construction of a new temple for which
10 hectares of land on a small Georgian street were bought. Money
collected in the main Poles living throughout the Russian Empire and for
Rubeze (50 thousand rubles came from Warsaw), as well as many
Catholics of other nationalities, including Russians. Sacrificed and simple
Workers, builders, railway workers.

Facade of the temple

Building...

Openwork fence around the future cathedral, and
Also, the first project of the temple was developed by architect L.F. Duchew, No.
Cooked in the project of another architect. Final project
The temple was developed by the famous Moscow architect Foma Iosifovich
Bogdanovich-Nadorazky. The temple is a basilica, which in
The plan has the shape of an elongated Latin Cross. It is famous
Cross-shaped planning in which the image of Christ on the cross
imposed on the plan of a typical church. In this case, the head of Christ is
Presbyteria with altar located in it, torso and legs fill
Nets, and drawn hands turn into a translat. So we see
literal embodiment of the idea that the church represents the body
Christ

The organ of the cathedral is one of the largest in Russia

The main eastern facade of this cathedral
Highly resembles the famous Cathedral in Westminster (England). BUT
The multifaceted dome, crowned with spiers, was inspired by the Cathedral in
Milan (Italy).

According to the laws of the Gothic architecture, the temple is not just a construction for
Prayers. Here every detail is symbolic, and a knowledgeable person coming in
Temple, reads as a book Architectural decoration and ornament of the cathedral.

Here, for example, the steps that lead to
portal (Chief Gate of Temple). They are exactly 11, which means 10 commandments and
The last eleventh, as a symbol of Christ. And only observing these
10 commandments, a person enters the kingdom of heaven, which in this temple
Symbolized by a portal with carved doors. Above the doors are visible golden
A sign in which 4 letters are recognized: VMIC, which are read as Virgo
Maria Immaculate Conception, which is translated as Virgin Mary immaculately
conceived.

The church was built from 1901 to 1911. In December 1911 took place
the solemn opening of the new church, although finishing works continued
until 1917. According to some information, the spiers in the turret of the temple were
Posted only in 1923. On the construction of the temple went in general
The difficulties of 300 thousand rubles are gold, which is equivalent to about $ 7,400,000.

Vague times ...

October revolution overthrow tsarism and
Together with him rejected the church, both Orthodox and Catholic.
The Soviet Union was created as an atheistic state, combating
Religion, along with class struggle, was the main goal of the revolution.
Stalinsky terror reached his apogee in 1937 - a church on a small
Georgian was closed, the last Polish priest about. Michal Takul was
Shot of the NKVD. Thousands of priests and monks were destroyed in camps.

July 30, 1938 Church property
It was cleared or destroyed, including the altar and organ. The facade was also
Spoiled. Organizations faced in a ruined temple rebuilt
Its inside: the temple was divided into 4 floors, dispreded with redevelopment
The interior of this valuable monument of church architecture.

In the first days of the war between Germany and the USSR
In June 1941, when German aviation raids began to Moscow,
the church turrets demolished, because they could serve as guidelines for
German pilots. Sad spectacle represented a church with chopped
turrets, like with cultivations.

After the war, the situation has not changed -
The temple was demolished and the spire, crowned dome and take another part
Territories and attached to the house in a small Georgian street. In the temple
Work hostels, and vegetable stores, shops and offices were located.
The only acting Catholic temple at that time remained a temple
Louis of the French Parisian Diocese.

Fighting and revival ...

The gradual destruction of the temple continued
Until the mid-70s. And here, in 1976, Moscow authorities seem
remembered the existence of the church and was decided to convey it
Culture management to redo it under the room of organ music. But
this did not happen due to the unwillingness to give the placement of the temple
located in the building of organizations, which came in 4 floors
Temple about 15.

After 1989, the Association "Polish"
and Moscow Catholics for the first time raised the question of the transfer of his temple
Owners - Catholics and the Catholic Church. The temple begins to slowly
reborn. With the permission of the Moscow authorities, December 8, 1990
Priest Tadeush Picus serves the first holy Mass on the steps of the temple.
A few hundred people despite the winter stupus prayed for his return
Temple.

Despite the fact that the temple premises have not yet been officially returned
Its true owners, a group of Moscow Catholics establishes the parish
Immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in January 1990.
The peculiarity of this arrival is that it is very closely related to
Catholic monastic Order of the Selezians. This Order was founded in
middle of the XIX century Saint Giovanni Bosco, which is the main goal of his
Life decided to make the ministry of young people and catechization. To this day this day
The Order exists, engaged in modern youth problems.

Modern view of the cathedral, ahead of the new altar

From June 7, 1991 every Sunday in
The courtyard of the temple began to be made saints. From November 29, 1991 in
The temple serves nuns-Saleseian, which conduct catechization,
Teaches the foundations of Christianity. At the same time began charity
Activities, in particular, help with patients and needy.

February 1, 1992 Mayor of Moscow Yu.M.Lugovkov
Signs a document on the gradual liberation of the church church
Requirements (up to 2 years). But evict the church since 1956
"MOSPETSPROMPROEKT" failed. July 2, parishioners entered the temple and
Alone was freed by a small part of the premises. After negotiations S.
Representatives of the mayor's office, the disheveled part of the temple remained for the arrival.

March 7 and 8, 1995, believers secondary
We rose to the struggle for the return of all other premises of the temple.
Parishioners understood that without decisive actions on their part
It is unlikely to change. March 7, after a general prayer for the return of the temple, they
We climbed the fourth floor and began to endure the rhylad's stored there. IN
This time, other parishioners disassembled the wall on the first floor, separated
The arrival from Mospetspromproekt. March 8, the parishioners continued
Liberation of the premises of the temple. However, the militia and riot police intervened: people were
expelled from the temple, while many have received bodily harm
A nun is very beaten, a priest and a seminarist are arrested.

Altar of the Blessed Virgin Mary

After these events, May 9, 1995
Archbishop Tadeush Kondrushevich was forced to turn off open
Letter to the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin about the situation around
Temple. As a result, Moscow Mayor Yu.M. Luzhkov signed a decree on
Translation of "MOSPETSPROMPROECT" in the new room and the transfer of the temple
Believers by the end of 1995

Side view

Finally, January 13, 1996 Association
Mospetspromproekt left the temple building. And February 2 arrival
Immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary received documents for an indefinite
Using the building.

Immediately after the refund of the Catholics Temple,
Restoration work began, the bulk of which took over
Archbishop, abbot, as well as about. Casimir Sidelko, Children's Director
The shelter named Iioana Bosco and many others. Ending with restoration since September
1998 led about. Andrzej Steckevich.

Sculpture inside the temple

Thanks to donations
Charitable organizations of Poland, Germany and Catholics of many others
countries of the world, as well as prayers and disinterested assistance parishioners, the temple again
Bought his original beauty.

December 12, 1999 state
Secretary of the Vatican, Lev Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Angelo Sodano
solemnly consecrated renovated temple, which since then is
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Organ ...

In 2005, a new one was installed in the Cathedral
The body presented by the Lutheran Cathedral of "Basler Munster" Swiss
Basel cities. This company "KUHN" - refers to the number of the largest
organs in Russia (74 registers, 4 manual, 5563 pipes) and allows
Stylishly flawlessly execute organic music of various eras.

January 16, 2005 took place
Solemn Mass with the consecration of the cathedral authority under the Provision
Metropolitan Archbishop Tadeusch Condrushevich, inauguration of the organ and
Opening of the first international festival of christian music "Music
Cathedrals of the world ", in which organists acted on the new body
The most famous temples of the world.

The text is based on materialsthe official site of the cathedral

As already mentioned, Christianity has never been a single current. From the first centuries of its development, various directions coexisted. The largest variety of Christianity is catholicism. Today, more than 1 billion people are adherents of Catholicism. Catholicism is distributed mainly in Western, Southeast and Central Europe. In addition, he covers its influence the majority of the population of Latin America and a third of the population of Africa. Catholicism and in the United States are quite common.

And although Catholicism professes, along with the Orthodoxy, the main Christian provisions of the creed and a cult, at the same time he contributes to their changes. So, the basis of the creed of Catholicism is the general Christian symbol of faith, which includes 12 dogmas and seven sacraments, which we were talking in paragraph about Orthodoxy. However, this symbol of faith in Catholicism has its differences.

In particular, Orthodoxy makes decisions of only the first seven universal councils. Catholicism, continuing to develop its dogmatics at subsequent cathedrals, adopts as a sacred legend 21 Cathedral, as well as official documents of the head of the Catholic Church - Roman Pope. So, already in 589, at Tedalsky Cathedral, the Catholic Church introduces an addition to the symbol of faith in the form dogmata about "Philoca" (literally "and from the Son"). This dogma gives its own original interpretation of the relationship of the Divine Trinity. According to Nikeo-Tsinggrad, the symbol of faith, the Holy Spirit comes from the Father's God. The Catholic Dogmat about Philobod claims that the Holy Spirit also comes from God-Son.

Orthodox teaching proclaims that the soul of a person, depending on earthly existence, falls into paradise or hell. In addition to this, the Catholic Church formulated dogmat about purgatory - Intermediate location between hell and paradise. According to Catholic verbation purgatory - a place of stay of sinners, not burdened with mortal sins. Fire Purgatory removes sins in front of the paradise. Accepted by the Florentine Cathedral in 1439 Dogmat on purgatory was finally confirmed in 1568 by the Tident Cathedral.

In Catholicism, the original teaching about the reserve of good deeds was common, which was proclaimed by Pope by Clement I (1349) and confirmed by the Triedent and I-M Vatican (1870) by the cathedrals. According to this teaching, the church disposes of the "super longitudinal affairs" reserves accumulated by the Church at the expense of Jesus Christ, the Mother of God and the Holy Roman Catholic Church. So, the fate of the soul in purgatory can be facilitated and its stay is reduced there at the expense of "good deeds" (prayers, worship services, donations in favor of the Church, etc.), which in memory of the deceased make relatives and relatives. The church, being a mystical body of Jesus Christ and his governor on Earth, manages this stock. The doctrine of the reserve of good deeds was the basis for widespread in the Middle Ages and existed until the XIX century the practice of sales of indulgences. Indulgence It is a diploma of misunderstanding sins. It is noteworthy that such a diploma could be bought for money. Thus, every sin, with the exception of mortal, had its own money equivalent. Since all priests are eligible to distribute the stock of "super longitudinal cases", their privileged position among believers is due.

Catholicism among other Christian denominations allocates the cult of the Virgin, Mother Jesus Christ Virgin Mary. In 1854, Pope I proclaimed dogmat about her immaculate conception. "All believers," wrote dad, "should be deeply and constantly to confess that the Most Herriad Deva from the first minute of her conception was fenced from the original sin thanks to the special mercy of the Almighty God, which was the sake of the merit of Jesus the Savior of the Savior of Human." In addition to this in 1950, Pope Piy XII established dogmat about the bodily ascension of Our Ladywhere it was proclaimed that the Most Holy Virgin on death ascended to the sky in the unity of the body and soul. In accordance with this dogma in Catholicism in 1954, a special holiday was established.

The feature of Catholicism is also the doctrine of the primacy of Pope of Roman over all Christians. The head of the Catholic Church of Pope Roman is proclaimed by the governor of Christ on earth, the receiver of the Apostle Peter. Developing these claims, at the I-M Vatican Cathedral (1870) was accepted dogmat about the infallibility of Pope Roman. According to this dogma, the gods and morality will say the mouths of the Pope with official performances on faith and morality.

In Catholicism, starting from the XI century acts celibacy - Mandatory celibacy clergy. In other words, all the priests belong to one of the monastic orders (Jesuit, Franciscanians, Dominicans, Kapuchins, Benedictins).

In the cultical activity of Catholicism also manifests itself. So, the sacrament of world-formation in Catholicism called confirmation, accomplished on children and adolescents aged 7-12 years. Different and the process of worship. In a catholic church believers are sitting during worship, with musical accompaniment of the organ or phasharmonium, and get up only when singing certain prayers.

Catholic Bible

The Roman Catholic Church is traditionally used by the Latin translation of the Bible. In the early church in Rome, several Latin translations made from the Septuagints and the Greek New Testament were used. In 382, \u200b\u200bPope Damas instructed Jerome, a major philologist and a scientist, to make a new Bible translation. Ieronim processed the existing Latin versions, based on the Greek script, and edited by the Old Testament, leaning on the Hebrew manuscripts. The translation was completed. 404. Subsequently, he pushed out other Latin translations, and began to be called "Generally accepted" (Vulgata Versio). First printed book (famous Gutenbergova Bible, 1456) was the publishing of Woolgates.

The Catholic Bible contains 73 books: 46 Books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament. Since the Old Testament here goes back to the Septuagint, and not to the Jewish Bible approved by the Yamani Sanhedrin, there are seven books that are not included in the Jewish canon, as well as additions to the books of Esther and Daniel. In addition, the septuagint follows the order of books in the Catholic Bible.

The main canonical edition of Vulgati was released in 1592 by order of the Pope of Clement VIII and was named by the Climate Edition (Editio Clementina). It repeats the text of Jerome (404), with the exception of the Psaltiri, which is presented in the editorial office of Jerome to its processing, taking into account Jewish originals. In 1979, the church approved the new edition of Vulgata (Vulgata Nova), which took into account the latest achievements of biblicalism.

The first translations of the Catholic Bible into English were made directly from Vulgates. The most famous and widely used translation was Due Reims Bible (Douay-Rheims Version, 1582-1610). However, in 1943, PAP PAP XII gave a strict order to biblical scientists in translation activities to rely on only on Vintage Aramaic and Hebrew manuscripts. The result of this was new Bible translations.

The position of the Roman Catholic Church regarding the authority of the Bible was formulated on the Triedent Cathedral (1545-1563). In contrast to the Protestant reformers, who saw in the Bible, the only foundation of his faith, the fourth session of the Cathedral (1546) decided to decret that the legend was part of the revelation, not recorded in the Holy Scripture, but transmitted to the teaching of the Church, it has an equal authority with the Bible. Catholics were not allowed to read the Bible in translations not approved by the Church and without commentatively agreed with the church legend. For some time, dad or inquisition permission was required for reading biblical transfers. At the end of the XVIII century. This restriction was removed, and since 1900, the Bible reading was even officially encouraged by the church authorities. On the II Vatican Cathedral (1962-1965) discussed the relationship of Scripture and Tradition: whether they should be considered as independent "sources of revelation" (more conservative point of view) or as sources, complementary by each other, "similar to two electric arcs in one spotlight" .

Catholic church

Catholic temples are usually erected on the basis of the shape of the cross. This form is designed to remind of the redemptive sacrifice of Christ. Sometimes temples are constructed in the form of a ship, as if the delivering people to the quiet pier of the kingdom of heaven. Used in church architecture and other symbols, including a circle - the symbol of the eternity of God - and the star (most often an octagon) - the heavenly luminaire, indicating a man to perfection.

The general device of Catholic temples differs from the Orthodox in that their main part is facing west. In the home prayer, Catholics also usually turn towards the West, which symbolizes the recognition of the capital of all Christianity located in the western European Europe, and the bishop of this city is Pope - the head of the entire Christian church.

By tradition, in the Catholic temple of the altar and the sacrament of the priesthood communion is open there for all those present. The predominant iconic element in the Catholic church are sculptural images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin, the Saints. However, in all Catholic temples on the walls, you can see fourteen icons depicting the various stages of the "Great Path of the Lord".

Holy Thrones in the Catholic Church is allowed to install several, in three sides of the temple - Western, South and Northhis walls.

The thrones here more than in Orthodox churches are open to the eye of those present, as there are no iconostasis.

None in Catholic churches also special altars for the preparation of holy gifts as in Orthodox altars.

Icons in Catholic temples are worshiped, as in Orthodox, but the character of Western, mostly Italian, painting differs from Byzantine. The external form is more elegant in Western icon painting, but due to this, a purely Christian idea is maintained. The unearthly world of saints is depicted in it more similar to earthly with all his unrest and suffering.

Catholic rituals and holidays

Catholic Catholics, mostly, the same Christ and Virgin holidays, as Orthodox, but noted them not in Juliansky, but in the Gregorian calendar (new style), so the time of the celebration is different.

Referring to religious posts, we note that the Roman Catholic Church has long been moved away from the initial strictness of their conduct. During the post, Catholics are allowed to eat fish, milk, eggs and oil. In addition, entire groups of persons are exempt from the post.

The number of strict posts in Catholicism was a tendency to reduce, a strict post is now respected at the beginning of the Great Post, on Friday to Easter and on Christmas Eve. Limited requirements for refraining from meat food. It is preserved almost only against Friday. Provided that the believer read five prescribed prayers, he gets the right not to fast these days. Requirements for the behavior of believers during posts have changed. A visit to theaters and other entertainment institutions is not prohibited, holding a feast of birth days, etc.

Christmas post from Catholics (Advent) begins on the first Sunday after the Day of St. Andrew - November 30th.

Christmas Christ is the most solemn holiday. It is celebrated by three worship services: at midnight, at the dawnand Daythat symbolizes the Christmas of Christ in the Louis of the Father, in the womb of Our Lady and in the soul of the believer. On this day, the temples are exhibiting Nasseli with a baby figure of Christ to worship. The Christmas is celebrated December 25..

In the Christmas dinner, the traditions eat consecrated goose, flour and sweet dishes with the obligatory addition of honey and almonds, which, according to the "main Catholics" - Italians, contribute to the well-being of the family, as well as improved soil fertility and increase livestock.

Many Catholic countries are traditional for Christmas geese, turkey, fuel pig, baked pork head, caploon, blood sausage, etc.

The Epiphany of Catholics is called the holiday of three kings - in memory of the phenomenon of Jesus, the pagans and the worship of him three kings. On this day, tiled prayers are committed in the temples: Jesus Christ is sacrificed as a king - gold, like God - Cadyl, as a man - Miro, fragrant oil.

Catholics have several specific holidays: the holiday of the heart of Jesus - the symbol of hope for salvation, the feast of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary (December 8).

One of the main Virgin holidays is the Ascension of Our Lady - notes August 15 (Orthodox - Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary).

Holiday commemoration of mercy (November 2) Installed in memory of those who have left of life. Prayer for them, according to Catholic teaching, reduces the period of stay and suffering souls in purgatory.

The sacrament of the Eucharist (Communion) The Catholic Church calls the Holiday of the Body of the Lord. They celebrate it in the first Thursday after the Trinity.

In Catholicism, along with Christian rites, many customs have been preserved, associated with an ancient cult of fertility, which is a mandatory sign of which is food. Ritual food accompanies family and calendar holidays. This includes and biting the first fruits of the new crop - Pervinkov, and remembered meals, and abundant treats in special transition periods of the year - on the eve of the New Year, for example, as the symbols of the coming abundance in the future.

Christmas is preceded by a long post, which ends with a Christmas tree. For example, in Italy, by tradition, dinner on this day is lean. On Christmas Eve on the Catholics Table should be seven dishes: lentils, white beans, Turkish peas, beans with honey, cabbage, rice, cooked in almond milk, and pasta with sordankas in sauce from walnuts.Custom is preserved on a Christmas Eve to serve a dinner of acne or cod dishes, oysters and other seafood.

In the New Year holiday a lot of features relating to him with Christmas. The hostess treat guests with pizza, dry dates and bobs. For example, with deep antiquity in Italy for the New Year eating dried in the bunches of grapes, confectionery with honey and nuts, lentils soup, welded by screwing eggs. At the same time, 12 dishes should be present at the Catholics-Poles on the New Year's table, and meat is excluded. Understand the carp roasted or carp of the filler, mushroom soup (borsch), broken, barley porridge with prunes, dumplings with oil and poppy. On sweet - chocolate cake.

Ritual meals accompany other Catholic holidays associated with the annual cycle of agricultural work, and, of course, a very special time in this regard is spring. It is not by chance that the pagan habit of carnavals, similar to the Russian carnival, is timed to this period.