Ways to level the floor under the laminate with your own hands. Is it necessary to level the floor under the laminate - leveling wood and concrete floors, the necessary materials and optimal technologies Using a self-leveling mixture

Lay the parquet so that it does not start to creak and "walk" in the first month after the renovation, it will only work on a flat floor. The same story with a bathtub on an inclined surface - the wrong slope will not allow water to flow by gravity into the flange drain. There are enough other reasons to correct the geometry of the room, hence the demand for screeds and other approaches to creating a flat floor plane. Consider in which cases it is especially important to spend money on a major overhaul of the floor.

Why you need to level the floor

It is necessary to level the floors so that the finishing coatings lay down neatly, you do not have to put bars and felt scraps under furniture and appliances, and the plumbing does its job. Leveling is not always a struggle with the bumps and pits of the concrete floor slab, sometimes a perfectly flat surface is noticeably inclined, and this is much more dangerous.

Parquet, laminate and other floor coverings do not tolerate sub-layer defects. Parquet without a screed in just six months will begin to loosen and creak, the locks will disintegrate, the board will crack. With a laminate, the situation is similar, unless it will last much less parquet, and flaws visible to the naked eye will appear on pits and bumps without a plywood backing.

In bathrooms and toilets, crooked floors cause problems with plumbing. Bathtubs and showers were originally made with a bowl inclination towards the drain. Water flows by gravity into the drain, and no puddles remain. With an inclined deformation of the floor, gravity may not work due to the lack of the desired angle in the direction of the drain.

In residential and non-residential premises, a crooked floor causes problems with furniture and appliances. A simple task - to install a gas stove or refrigerator - turns into a problem and many hours of torment with pieces of plywood, linoleum, felt under the legs.

Do I need to level the floor under the tiles

It is important to level the floors with a screed under the tiles for the reasons already mentioned above. In addition, when laying tiles on a bumpy surface, you will have to spend a huge amount of glue, otherwise you will not be able to keep the plane even. The screed is usually cheaper, and the thickness of the tile adhesive layer should not exceed 9 mm, otherwise the strength and tenacity of the composition will be lost. It is even worse if the floor is with a slope - in this case, the tile may "float", which will distort the pattern, and cracks and voids will appear in the glue layer. If the tile is laid in a damp room, for example, in a bathroom, fungi and mold will appear in the cracks - it will be very, very problematic to get them out of there.

About leveling the floor in a new building

In 99% of cases, budget apartments from the developer need serious revision. The plane of the floor in neighboring rooms is often a curve, even visually, and when measuring the deviation, it turns out that the slope is much more than the norm of 1 mm per linear meter.

Are you going to lay parquet or laminate flooring? Get ready to do the screed. Self-leveling floors save the situation with drops of 1-2 cm, when a thin layer of coating is enough to smooth out flaws. In other cases, you will have to perform a cement, semi-dry or dry screed.

Under linoleum or carpet, a screed is also required, otherwise the rolled materials will lie crooked, distortions and folds are formed. To prevent all these problems and not to stretch the repair for months (and a wet screed dries out completely for at least three weeks), a dry screed will help. Among the advantages of a dry screed are the simplicity and speed of installation, the ability to hide communications, no need to level the base, the minimum load on the floors and 100% environmental friendliness. The sturdy base of the Knauf prefabricated subfloor will hide unattractive pipes and wires, and it will be easy to get to the communications for repair or replacement.

The screed corrects surface defects, removes the slope, simplifies the laying of fine floor coverings. You can do without it only if the floors are initially flat, without a slope, there are no convex and concave areas on them, but such areas are only found in high-rise residential complexes or expensive country cottages.

Olga Emelyanova

Chief Physician of the International Orthodontic Center Invisalign, Moscow.

If you've ever watched American teen comedies, then staples are probably not associated with the image of a loser and a nerd, and getting rid of them is the first step to turning the ugly duckling into a swan. Alas, the transformation takes place precisely while wearing braces, and this process is quite lengthy. However, technology does not stand still, dentistry today offers many options for aligning teeth.

Is it really necessary to align the teeth?

The current tendency to accept yourself and your body imperfections is certainly very beneficial. Chasing the ideal from the picture, of course, is not worth it. But the curvature of the dentition is both an aesthetic and functional problem.

Crooked teeth are fraught not only with an ugly smile, but also with speech disorders (notorious diction defects), microtraumas of the oral mucosa, improper distribution of the load when chewing, as a result of which excessive abrasion of the enamel occurs, and microcracks form on its surface. Also, curvature of the dentition can provoke migraines, jaw clicks, bruxism (uncontrolled grinding of teeth), problems with the temporomandibular joint due to excessive tension of the lower jaw. In the case of severe curvatures, the quality of chewing food deteriorates, due to which the gastrointestinal tract suffers.

Psychological problems are also likely: low self-esteem, stress due to peers, when it comes to adolescents.

Does the installation of braces help in all cases?

If we are talking specifically about the curvature of the dentition (protruding forward or, conversely, sunken teeth; increased gaps between the anterior (diastema) and lateral (three) teeth; unfolded position of some teeth; crossbite), then any of the alignment methods, be it vestibular, lingual braces or aligners, with a competent approach and compliance by the patient with all the doctor's recommendations, will definitely help.

If problems at the level of the dentition are combined with malocclusion at the level of the jaws, a competent and experienced specialist at the first visit will prescribe additional studies (most often X-ray) and determine which orthodontic system will best cope with your problem. It may be necessary to install additional intraoral traction.

In especially severe cases, combined with malocclusion, the intervention of a surgeon may be required.

Alas, with all the possibilities of modern orthodontics, there are still similar cases when the bite cannot be corrected without maxillofacial surgery. That is why it is so important to contact a trusted specialist who will not waste your money and time (treatment with braces usually takes from six months to two years) and will refer you to another doctor if necessary. However, fortunately, most of the problems with the bite, not to mention the curvature at the level of the dentition, today are successfully solved by installing braces or wearing aligners.

Which orthodontic systems are more effective?

From a functional point of view, all orthodontic systems are equally effective and reliable. The difference between the two lies largely in comfort. The more modern the system is, the more aesthetic and convenient it is. It's not hard to guess that comfort and aesthetics are proportional to cost.

The choice of a particular orthodontic design should be based on the following factors:

How important is appearance to you? (It should be remembered here that even metal braces are not a sentence today, they are much more aesthetically pleasing than their predecessors twenty years ago.)
How long are you ready to wear the structure?
What are your financial capabilities?

When is it too early to put on braces and when is it too late?

We have to admit that the situation in Russia and the world is very deplorable. According to various statistics, up to 80% of the world's population have problems with bite of varying severity. If today you meet a person with an absolutely even dentition, most likely he has undergone orthodontic treatment.

Malocclusion and curvature of the dentition are influenced by many factors from ecology to heredity, but the most serious problems arise from improper bottle feeding and bad habits in infancy, such as thumb sucking.

Therefore, the first visit to the orthodontist should be up to 5 years old.

Braces at this age are not yet put on, but a competent doctor will already be able to determine whether a child will have problems with bite in the future. If serious violations are already observed, removable structures will help: plates or trainers. The doctor will determine what kind of impact is needed.

As for treatment with fixed structures (braces) and aligners, it can be started as soon as the bite is fully formed and the milk teeth are replaced by permanent ones. There is no need to wait for the eights, the so-called wisdom teeth, to erupt.

But the upper bar does not exist. Even for the elderly, teeth alignment is not contraindicated, and successful treatment significantly improves the quality of life.

Do I need to remove teeth, for example, eights to install braces?

Only an orthodontist can answer this question after examination and X-ray examination. However, the extraction of teeth, be it wisdom teeth or canines, is not always required for the sake of installing an orthodontic construction. If there is severe overcrowding, then it may be necessary to get rid of the eights, but most likely they will not interfere with the treatment in any way.

What is the difference between braces and when is each of them preferable?

As mentioned above, the difference lies in the level of aesthetics and comfort. The simplest (and most affordable) braces are metal. Not very conscientious doctors continue to call them the most reliable, but this is not the case: in terms of reliability, the same sapphire braces are in no way inferior to metal braces. But first things first.

Metal braces

Metal braces are more noticeable than others. But if you are not embarrassed by the fact that others will be aware of your treatment, today there are many ways to decorate staples: rhinestones, multi-colored elastic bands of ligatures and much more.

Metal braces are most often recommended for adolescents, since they are not distinguished by their diligence in daily hygiene. As for comfort, you have to get used to metal braces, they can injure the inner surface of the lips (in this case, the doctor will prescribe a special remedy). You will need special V-shaped brushes, as well as single-beam brushes or brushes to clean the braces themselves.

For the period of treatment, some foods will have to be excluded from the diet, and hard fruits and vegetables cannot be bitten off, you will need to cut them into slices.

Ceramic braces

Ceramic braces are more expensive and much more aesthetically pleasing than metal ones. They are less noticeable on the teeth, since they are made to match the color of your enamel, and their arch can be painted.

At first, you will also experience some discomfort, but when the habituation period has passed, you will only be uncomfortable with a restriction in nutrition.

When it comes to caring for teeth with ceramic braces, remember that plaque around them will be much more noticeable than when wearing a metal structure, so you will need more thorough daily hygiene and more frequent professional cleaning sessions.

A special type of ceramic braces is sapphire. They are completely transparent and many people like them more, but there are no fundamental differences from ceramic ones.

It should be remembered that no matter what type of braces you choose together with your doctor, you will have to come to "braces" at regular intervals - adjusting the pressure that moves the teeth in the right direction.

And one more life hack ... Teeth after orthodontic treatment will never return to their previous position only in one case: if, after removing the braces, a retainer is installed on the back surface - a thin inconspicuous wire that prevents the teeth from moving to the previous position.

Doctors still argue about the retainer: is it necessary to wear it for the rest of your life, or is it enough for a period that is twice the period of wearing braces. In any case, without a retainer, freshly moved teeth can by inertia return to their usual position, and the entire treatment will come to naught. By the way, the retainer is not felt at all on the teeth.

But lingual braces - orthodontic constructions installed on the back surface of the teeth - you will feel for the first time. Lingual systems are completely invisible on the teeth and are just as effective as vestibular (attached to the front surface of the teeth), but getting used to them may take a little longer, especially diction will suffer.

Is there an alternative to braces?

There is an alternative to braces, and these are aligners - the most modern and comfortable way to straighten teeth. The main difference between aligners and braces is that they can be removed if necessary.

Aligners are absolutely transparent, completely invisible mouthguards, which you take off at the time of eating. Therefore, no dietary restrictions are needed. If necessary, you can take them off before any important event, but this is an unnecessary precaution: only an orthodontist working with this system can see the aligners in your mouth and only if he specifically looks into your mouth.

Also, transparent trays do not require any additional hygiene devices. You just take them off, clean with a regular brush and paste, and rinse the aligners under running water and, if necessary, clean with the same brush.

In terms of efficiency, aligners are not inferior to conventional braces, but only if two conditions are met:

Mouth guards should be on the teeth for at least 20-22 hours a day.
Kits should be changed in a timely manner. During each visit, your doctor will give you several pairs of mouth guards and tell you when to change them.

Another advantage of aligners is predictable results. Even at the stage of treatment planning, using a special computer program, you can see how your teeth will move. Naturally, treatment with aligners is the most expensive way to straighten teeth, but these investments are justified by comfort, aesthetic appearance and predictable results.

Whatever your financial capabilities and aesthetic requirements, only an orthodontic dentist can choose the orthodontic construction that suits you, determine the exact terms of treatment, and find out if additional surgical interventions are required. It must be remembered that an experienced and competent doctor, even with the most common metal braces, can ultimately achieve an ideal result. This is why it is so important to find a good clinic and a conscientious doctor.

Leveling the floor is optional before installing the laminate flooring. But in most cases, you cannot do without it. To check whether this needs to be done in a particular case, measure the gap between the floor and a ruler with a tape measure over the entire area of the room.

If this figure is more than 2 mm, it is imperative to level the floor. The choice of the technique that will be used for this depends on which floor requires manipulation - wood or concrete. It also matters what materials and tools the master has.

There are also taboo materials that are undesirable to use. These include chipboard sheets. Under the influence of external factors, they release harmful formaldehyde.

It is also important to determine the strength of the floor so that it can withstand the entire structure.

Do I need to level the floor under the laminate?

If you still have doubts about whether you need to spend effort and money on leveling the floor, you should take into account several features of this coating:

Laminate flooring under the weight of a person can easily bend. If there are voids under it due to an uneven floor, over time it can crack.
The locks between the panels may come apart if the floor is uneven. As a result, moisture will get under the laminate and it will deteriorate from the inside.
Large drops on the surface threaten with swelling and cracks.
Panels may creak.
The person will feel the instability of the laminate.

As a result, the laminate will not last long and will soon have to be replaced.

To be sure of the need for a surface leveling procedure, you must first perform several manipulations:

analyze the floor for chips, potholes, obvious irregularities;
identify concrete "waves";
determine if there are raised floor differences.

If one of the listed signs has been identified, then it is imperative to level the surface.

You need to carefully and slowly inspect the floor. If the wrong decision is made, then the floor will either "walk" underfoot over time, or money will be wasted on the purchase of materials and time to level the coating.

Required materials and tools for leveling the floor

The main materials that will allow you to level the floor qualitatively are cement and sand. But the modern building materials market invites craftsmen to purchase ready-made mixtures. They have a number of significant advantages:

have sound insulation properties;
keep warm;
have strong bonding properties.

Distinguish between dry mixes separately for concrete and wood floors. There are also their types:

Primers - designed to prepare the surface for leveling.
Repair - to eliminate serious defects and flaws.
Sealing - for sealing cracks.

Also, the master will need tools:

construction beacons (they need to be placed for the screed);
building level;
mixer for mixing the solution;
container for kneading.

In addition to tools and materials, it is advisable to enlist support. Otherwise, the task may be overwhelming. This is especially true of the period when the screed will be poured.

It is important not to skimp on materials. Then it will be much easier to achieve the result.

How to level a concrete floor under a laminate

Concrete flooring often appears to be the ideal coating for laminate flooring. But even it can be uneven. To level it, you first need to remove the old coating, clean the surface of debris, dust and concrete chips.

There are three ways to level a concrete floor:

With a concrete screed.
Thanks to the self-leveling mixture.
With plywood and chipboard.

Leveling with concrete screed

This method can be called ideal if the floor has serious irregularities and imperfections. To level the floor using this method, you need to install special "beacons". It is also better to do the work with an assistant, because one person cannot cope with pouring a concrete screed.

The algorithm for leveling a concrete floor using a screed is as follows:

Using the level, identify the highest point of the floor. Along the perimeter, mark the line to which the screed will reach.
Pull the cord to mark this line.
Install beacons. They need to be strengthened with slides of concrete mortar. During their installation, you need to constantly monitor their horizontal level. If inaccuracies are revealed, they need to be promptly corrected.
Knead the solution. To do this, you need to mix 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand (necessarily sifted) and water. You need to get a homogeneous mass. To get this, it is best to take a drill with a special attachment and mix the ingredients thoroughly.
Focusing on the "beacons" fill the screed to the level that was noted earlier.
Align the screed. This moment is very important, it depends on it whether the procedure will be performed efficiently.
Remove bubbles from the concrete with a needle roller. They need to process the entire concrete surface.
Now you need to let the floor dry. In the meantime, you need to lubricate it with water for two days. You need to wet it in moderation.
Remove the beacons after two days.
Places where there were "beacons", fill with fresh concrete and wipe to the same level with the floor.
Cover the floor with plastic and do not open it for two weeks.

When this time is up, check if the screed is completely dry. After a positive result, you can start laying the laminate.

Using a self-leveling compound

This option is optimal if the floor does not have serious unevenness. There may be minor defects or differences within 5 mm. The advantage of this method is that you do not need to spend time and effort installing "beacons". This is one of the most modern and effective ways to level the floor.

To complete the task in stages in this case means:

Set the highest point of the floor using a building level.
Mark the line to which the mixture will be poured.
Prime the surface with a special mixture.
4. Waterproof the floor.
Prepare a self-leveling mixture using the information in the instructions.
Pour the resulting mass to the level that was marked.
7. Smooth the surface with a spatula.
Knead a portion of the mixture again, pour it over and level. The work is done in parts due to the fact that the mixture quickly becomes unusable. If you do not immediately fill it, then after 15 minutes you cannot use it.
Leave the surface to dry. This will take about 3 days. At this time, the room should be comfortable: there were no drafts and it was warm.

When the floor is completely dry, you can start thinking about installing laminate flooring. If the humidity of the floor is low (less than 5%), then installation can be done immediately. If this figure is higher, then first you should use waterproofing and a cork backing so that it absorbs moisture.

This method of leveling the floor is also suitable for a single master. All stages of the process are clear, they are easy to execute if you refer to the specified algorithm.

Leveling with plywood or chipboard

This method is suitable for rooms with high ceilings. The essence of the process is that a dry screed is used. Plywood is laid not on the floor, but on the logs, which must first be installed. As a result, the height of the room is reduced by 10 cm.

A positive result in this case is possible only when the logs are located according to the horizontal level. If there are depressions, then you need to put wedges, and excess bulges should be cut off.

To level the floor with such methods, you need to follow the steps:

Using the building level, mark to what level the floor will reach.
Perform preparatory work: lay out waterproofing, soundproofing and shock absorption.
Install lags. They can be purchased ready-made and made by yourself using the uneven bars.
It is imperative to control the distances: there should be 3 cm from the walls, and 40 - 50 cm between the logs.
Fasten the joists with dowels.
Lay out sheets of plywood or chipboard. Leave a gap of 0.2 - 0.4 mm between them.
Fasten the sheets with self-tapping screws. You should adhere to a step of 50 - 70 cm.

The big advantage of this method is that the laminate can be installed immediately. This is a significant time saving, which attracts craftsmen.

There is also another "dry" way to level the floor - to use dry mixes.

The algorithm of actions will be as follows:

Cover the floor with polyethylene to create waterproofing.
Close the corners with an edging tape. It will absorb sound.
A dry screed is made and leveled.
Plasterboard and plywood are laid on top in two layers.
Fasten the sheets with self-tapping screws. If drywall is used, then the optimal step is 50 mm. If other materials are chosen, then the screws can be mounted further from each other.

The dry method also came to the liking of the masters due to the fact that there is no need to waste time preparing the solution. As a result, the floor is leveled, the room is isolated from extraneous sounds, and additional waterproofing will prevent the materials from losing their appearance and properties prematurely.

How to level a wood floor

Leveling a wooden floor can be difficult at times. If the boards are badly damaged, rotten, then they must be replaced. After that, level the surface. You also need to do with lags.

If at first glance the structure seems strong, you still need to rip off the board and check the lags for strength.

In the event that all the elements are in order, then it is enough to use one of the options for leveling the wooden floor:

cycling;
using plywood or chipboard;
puttying.

Scraping is a surefire way to keep your wood floor flat

When it comes to leveling a wooden floor, a proven way to do this is by scraping. To do this, use a special machine that will make the tree smooth and even. The procedure can be carried out without equipment, manually. But this is hard and long work that will take more than one day.

Before treating the surface with a machine, you need to check all the screws and nails that are driven into the tree. Any bulges of this nature must be eliminated: hammer and wipe. Otherwise, the machine may break down.

The point of scrambling is that the machine removes the top layer of the wood, making the surface perfectly flat. It is necessary to perform the manipulation carefully, not missing part of the surface.

The next stage is cleaning the floor from dirt and dust. After that, you can lay the laminate. Scraping allows you to quickly level the floor and get excellent results at the same time. But there is also a minus - the cost of the machine. Not everyone can buy it, given that it is not often useful.

In this case, you should think about renting it.

Using plywood or chipboard

This option is implemented in the same way as when leveling a concrete floor. The main difference is that the logs are laid on a tree and fixed with self-tapping screws.

A layer of waterproofing, insulation and sound-absorbing material should be laid between the lags. So the floor will not only be flat, but also warm. Neighbors will also appreciate this kind of enterprise, then that there will be fewer sounds.

Puttying

This procedure must be carried out with sawdust and PVA glue. This option is considered the most budgetary, but it can only be used if the floor does not have serious irregularities.

Also, the masters are attracted by the fact that the putty does not raise the floor very much, thus the space in the room is not "eaten up".

Puttying with sawdust and glue should be carried out in stages:

Install "beacons", fasten them with nails. Such a device will allow you to monitor the level. If there are no deformed boards and other flaws, then the "beacons" can be abandoned.
Mix sawdust and PVA glue so that the masses resemble thick sour cream.
Fill the space with the mixture.
The mass settles quickly, so you need to fill it at least 2 - 3 times.
Wait until the surface is dry.
Lay thin plywood (5 mm thick) over the dried layer and fix it with self-tapping screws.

It is useful for a novice master to know the features of the procedure for leveling a wooden floor. These recommendations include:

It is necessary to thoroughly clean the floor from dirt and dust. Therefore, it is best to use a vacuum cleaner, brush, and other cleaning devices.
There are many important communications under the floor. In order not to harm, they should be fixed and, if necessary, insulated.
Laminate is laid for many years, therefore it is rational to do everything to make it comfortable to walk on. For this, the floor should be insulated.
All nails must be combed - this is the main point of the preparatory stage.
It is important not to skip the putty and sanding step. Then the surface will become even smoother and more even.
There should be no voids between the floorboards. Otherwise, humid air will flow through them under the floor. As a result, the tree will quickly start to deteriorate and you will have to completely change the flooring. You can close the voids with wooden strips, which must first be greased with glue.
If cycling is chosen for the procedure, then the master must be prepared: have special glasses, a respirator, and earplugs. It is important to close the windows tightly, and it is best to seal them with electrical tape.
Scraping means starting from a corner. You need to move diagonally. After that, go perpendicular to the previous path.
To rub over irregularities, you need to use sandpaper. It is better to opt for fine-grained.

In the event that the wooden floor is completely rotten, then it must be torn off entirely and the concrete base must be leveled. After that, according to the already known scheme, lay the laminate.

Leveling the floor is not easy. The choice of technique depends on many factors: the height of the ceilings in the room, the relief of the surface, its problematic and dilapidated.

You also need to pay attention to the preparation of the master and the presence of assistants nearby. If we talk about durability, then laying the laminate on a concrete floor is considered more reliable. Even after many years passed, this design will hold up. But it is also better to work with this surface with an assistant in order to make everything perfect.

The tree is easier to process, but there is no complete certainty that moisture will not get into the middle and over time will not spoil the base.

Leveling the floor will require additional spending of time and money to purchase materials, but you can be sure that the laminate will fit perfectly and last much longer.

Most of us from school have a clear idea of a perfectly designed page. A uniform scattering of letters, slender lines of words, a strict rectangle of text framed by even margins - this is exactly the picture we see when leafing through any printed edition. It is tempting to depict something like that on a web page, especially since a well-known tool has been proposed for this - alignment of text in width. However, what's good for a typographer is a deadly sin for a web designer. And all because in relation to the layout of the site, this function is overgrown with so many shortcomings that its only advantage in the form of a flat right edge simply fades before our eyes. Here are just a few reasons to move away from width justification in favor of left justification.

Visible mess inside a text block

Yes, the smoother the edges of a text block, the more obvious the mess inside it. In typography, text harmony can be achieved with a whole arsenal of tools: hyphenation, adjusting the spacing between words and the spacing between letters, and even slightly wider or slightly narrower font options. But the layout of the Internet page usually involves only one way to "stretch" a line from edge to edge - an uncontrolled increase in the width of the spaces. Not only does this lead to unsightly gaps between words, but these gaps, as if by the law of meanness, often fall at about the same place in each line, forming the so-called vertical "rivers". All this gives the text a very untidy look.

Unreadability

But if aesthetics could still be sacrificed for neat edges, then the obvious problems with the visual perception of the text are still too high a price for them. And justified text is objectively much less readable than left justified. The main reason lies in the same increased intervals between words: the eye is constantly forced to look for the beginning of the next word, and because of the difference in spaces from line to line, it also has to be rearranged from one distance to another.

The need to work on the length of the string, often to no avail

For the sake of fairness, it should be noted that the indicated disadvantages of aligned text can be reduced by increasing the line length. However, this method will not always be effective. But it can reduce readability with a very high degree of probability: it is difficult for the eyes, having scanned one long line to the end, accurately and quickly jump to the beginning of the next.

Inability for mobile devices

The narrower the column with the text, the less it should be justified in width. And here this format comes into direct conflict with the requirements of mobile devices, for which, on the contrary, the shorter the line, the better. Agree, it's one thing to keep an eye on a long line on a full-screen monitor, and quite another to scroll each line back and forth over and over again. A dubious pleasure, but a surefire way to lose your mobile audience!

It would seem that it is worth adding a word wrap function to the page, and all these problems that arise when aligning text to the width of the page would be solved. But the catch is that HTML markup does not imply such a function. So it turns out that today there is no other way to maintain acceptable spacing between words on a web page, except for aligning the text along the edge.

Thus, when creating a website, it is important to remember the main thing: a website is not a book, and you need to approach its design from those positions that are dictated by technology and the psychology of the event, and not someone's aesthetic views, however, very, very conditional. Believe me, if your text is neatly placed and, first of all, easy and enjoyable to read, no one will pay attention to such a trifle as uneven margins!

By the way, when you read this article, did you notice that the text is not justified in width?

Floor leveling usually means creating a horizontal floor plane. But everything is not as obvious as it seems. After all, the plane of the floor may not be strictly horizontal - one angle may be one centimeter or two higher than the other, but the plane will be even (although not strictly horizontal).

If the floor has no plane at all, then it is simply crooked and it is even inconvenient to walk on it. It is clear that it is necessary to align. But if the plane of the floor is flat, but it is not completely horizontal, is it necessary to level it? Here you have to look at a specific situation. They are leveled strictly horizontally due to the fact that if the floor is "overwhelmed", it can be noticeable from the furniture (for example, it will be visible on the wardrobe, but the legs of the kitchen furniture are adjustable, there it is not scary). But if the floor plane is even, although not strictly horizontal, and there are no long cabinets planned, you can leave it as it is.

However, if you still have to level the floor throughout the apartment, it is better to level it strictly "to the level", so that later the curvature does not surface somewhere. If you need to align only part of the apartment, and in the other part of it it is not required, then everything is a little more complicated. Let's say you need to level the floor in the corridor and in the kitchen under the tiles; and there will be a laminate in the rooms - you don't have to level it there. If you try to level it up, the old floor is probably a little overwhelmed, and you will get a layer of three centimeters on the doors to the rooms. Here it will no longer be possible not to align under the laminate, otherwise there will be a step on the threshold. In such a situation, it is better to align not by level, but to try to make the layer on the thresholds smaller, so that you do not have to raise the floor in the rooms later.

Cases when the floor needs to be leveled

There are concrete slabs on the floor, and there are drops of several centimeters between the slabs.
They removed the old parquet or hardboard on bitumen mastic, leaving large influxes of mastic.
The old wood floor creaks and wobbles.
There is an old coupler, but it is completely crooked.
There will be tiles on the floor.
You want to make a warm floor. The classic warm floor is filled with a screed. Now there are warm floors made of film - they are simply spread under the laminate, but there prices bite.

Other reasons, for example, if it is necessary to hide electrical wires in a screed, cannot be considered a sufficient reason to get involved with leveling the floors. The same wires, for example, can be hidden in a strobe, in extreme cases - in a box.

Another common situation is when there are concrete slabs on the floor. The slabs themselves seem to be even, but they lie unevenly: there are differences between the slabs. In typical houses, the joints of the slabs usually lie on the walls. As a result, the differences are visible only on the thresholds of the doors, the rest is hidden by the walls. Because of this, it is expensive to level the floors throughout the apartment, and there is nothing to do. It is enough to equalize "to zero" the differences on the thresholds.