Clay and ceramic dishes in ancient Russia. Russian folk art. Wooden dishes made dishes in Russia

Today it is difficult for us to present your life without dishes. The ancient people had to do without her for a long time. Primitive man began to make his first dishes from the bark and tree, the basket was splintered from the rod. But all this dishes were uncomfortable, it was impossible to cook in it, it is impossible to store liquids.

People tried to use all the well-handed materials for storage for food: shells, shells of large nuts, made bags from the skin of the beasts and, of course, hollow out the vessels of the stone.

And only in the Neolithic era - in the last era of the stone age (approximately the VII millennium BC) - the first artificial material was invented - a refractory clay, from which ceramic dishes began to do.

It is believed that the ceramic dishes invented a woman. Women were more engaged in the economy, it was them that they had to take care of the preservation of food. At first, the wicker dishes were simply wondered by clay. And, probably, by chance, such a dishes turned out to be near the fire. Some way, people noticed the properties of burned clay and began to make dishes from it.

So that the clay is not cracked, sand, water, crushed stone, chilled, was added to it. There was no pottery circle. From the clay they did harnesses, put them on each other along the spirals and squeezed. For the surface of the dishes turned out to be smoother, her grass was burned. Crude dishes were laid out with some flammable material and ignited. Thus managed to burn dishes from all sides.

The oldest ceramic tableware is simple in shape: the bottom of the pointed, the walls are expanding and resemble an egg that is cut off the upper part. The walls of the vessels are thick, coarse, unevenly burned. But, already having such a dishes, the person was able to significantly diversify his food, learned how to cook porridge, soups, soup, fry on fat and butter, choke vegetables.

Gradually, primitive potters improved their dishes, it became more subtle and perfect in shape. Ancient people sought to make it not only comfortable, but also beautiful. The dishes began to apply a variety of drawings. The coarse dishes were covered with liquid clay, painted with mineral paints. Sometimes the pattern was filled with special chopsticks.

Most often, dishes were decorated with a variety of ornaments, these were geometric shapes, dancing, flower sockets, animal figures.

In addition to dishes, primitive people have learned to make ovens and foci. In the furnaces began to prepare bread. Inside the clay furnace was bred by fire. The walls of the furnace were rapidly, and when the fire was faded, her bread pellets put it.

The dining room under the royal and princely courtyards in Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries was mostly silver and gold. The excellent and silverware, decorated with precious stones and pearls, was only to know. However, the dishes who used ordinary people had exactly the same form, although it was made of less noble materials - wood and clay.

Cookware from precious metals, crystal, glass and pearls made up the richness of the house,

and after the icons, it is hardly the first place in the decoration of the home. The dining room was the subject of the scope and at a convenient case at a convenient case appeared as evidence of the owner's wealth. Peters and techniques were liftedly furnished. Everyone knows the phrase "Running a feast to the whole world."

K.E. Makovsky 1883. Boyarsky Wedding Pier in 17Vek.

Ladle

Bucket Ivan the Terrible 1563 year. Gold, mobile, sapphires, pearls.

Silver bucket, partially gilded end 16-beginning 17th century

Good treats in Russia has long been made to accompany his hint beating. This custom has been going on with the times of the pagan, and Vladimir Red Solnychko became famous for memorable words: "Russia has fun in the merchant, it can not without that being." The honey died from the buckets in Russia. It is necessary that the buckets come from the north of Russia. The ancient buckets were cut out of the tree and had the type of vintage snow or waterfowl - swans, geese, ducks. The first metal buckets, according to some researchers, were manufactured in the XIV century by Novgorod masters.

Korch

Kichik 17th century. Russian enamel .novgorod XVII century.
Silver, chasing, carving, casting, precious stones.

Miniature silver crops designed to drink strong drinks were widespread in Russian everyday life. They appeared in Russia in the XVII century with the advent of the first strong drinks - cognac and vodka. With her form, the crust is close to the traditional Russian bucket and, like him, goes back to the image of waterfowl. The internal and outer walls of the crust abundantly decorated with a chased pattern in the form of images of the inhabitants of the seabed, figurines of animals and birds, coat of arms. The raised spout ended with a molded ball, a bud or maskaron - a sculptural decoration in the form of a person or the head of an animal, cut back and resembling a mask. In the wint of the crust, inscriptions with the name of the owner, the wish of health or moralization were often cut.

Charca

Charca Peter 1, which he pulled out his own self and presented it with Matvey Gagarin to the Moscow Governor. 1709

Charca golden, decorated with a black, enamel on the scaffold and pearl. 1515 year

Charca 1704

Chard Silver 1700 g

Chard, a round vessel for drinking, belongs to the old form of dishes, has long been existing in Russia. They poured a strong drink - "Sovereign Vino", as it was called in those times. The charms were made of silver and other metals. Decorated with chased vegetable patterns, birds and marine animals. Often the ornament covered Tulovo and the pallet of the charm. Personal inscriptions were made by the crown. In the 17th century, the shape of the chapters is changing. They become higher, with a narrow bottom. Special attention is paid to the decor. The charmings are decorated with precious stones, multicolored enamel. Much distribution in the 19th century received chambers made of pearl and various rocks of stones - carnelian, jasper, mountain crystal, often in silver rims with precious stones. Such charms were valued very high.

Charca Medo.K.E. Makovsky

Bowl

Bowl gilded 17th century.

A bowl, ancient deep drinking vessel without a handle, extended in Russia in the XI-XVIII centuries. In the word "bowl" in Russia, not only the subject sense was invested, it meant and the custom of proclamation of a festive table of toasts - Cool bowls. To drink a cozy bowl meant toast toast for someone's health or someone's honor. For the health of the sovereign, the "sovereign" bowl, for the health of the patriarch "Patriarchase Bowl", in honor of the Virgin, "Bogoroditsyna Bowl", etc. In the first half of the XVII century, the form and decoration of cups clearly change. They become higher, placed on the pallet. Much attention is paid to the decor. Bowls are decorated with multicolored enamels, precious stones.

Bratin

Clinton Broyles.

Since ancient times in Russia, there was a custom of proclaiming behind the female table "Cool Bowl." In ancient times in the XI century, there were three bowls in the monasteries after the meal: in the glory of God, to Check the Virgin, for the health of the prince. This custom also existed with a grand car, and later under the royal yard, carrying the name "Chin Bowls". For the "rank of the bowl", especially elegant spherical vessels-bowls were performed on a small pallet, sometimes with a lid. During the feast, they were transferred from the neighbor to the neighbor, it was broken in this way. From here them and the name - brita. The first written mentions of Bratines belong to the XVI century, but in the most numerous copies to this day the brothers of the XVII century reached. They were made of gold, silver, bone stone and even from coconut walnut, in precious rims. The surface of the Tulova was decorated with a chased or engraved plant ornament, decorated with stamps and "spoons", enamel, and an aircraft with a picture of biblical scenes. The lid of the brother had the shape of a helmet or dome of the church. And the most interesting part of the brother - ornament and inscriptions going through the crown. Usually this is the name of the owner, any wise saying or moral. For example, the most common inscriptions are: "Bratina good man of Potion from nee on health ...", "dismissed wine, yes drunkenness".. Picatini was used both as memorial bowls, they were filled with full-water with honey, and put on the graves and tombs.

Endowa

The brother is close to another type of dishes - Endow, which was widely used in everyday life until the end of the XVII century. In shape, it was a vessel in the form of a wide brother with a spout on the vents. The owners were made of silver or copper: Tulovo was decorated with chased "spoons" and vegetable patterns, inscriptions were located on the crown. Endow was used as dining room. They brought drinks to the table - beer, braga, honey - and spilled them into drinking vessels. The funds were different sizes and contained from two to three to twelve liters. On holidays, it is elegantly dressed mistresses with jeks in their hands, they treated passersby drinks.

Stoves

Among the Old Russian dishes are there are small cylindrical bowls with covers called stakes. The appointment of such dishes to the present is not exactly clarified. It is known that wooden stars were intended for liquid foods: semat, ears, outstanding (compote). Stavtsy were widely used in monasteries. There was even a saying "how many elders, so many stans" or "every older in the staple". For the royal and boyars, they were made of silver and used for dessert. The owner was a personal dishes. So Peter I belonged to the Stalar in the form of a silver gilded bowl with a lid decorated with a black. The surface of the stacker is covered with a carvings depicting gilded double-headed eagles. On the crown there is an inscription: "The Great Sovereign and the Grand Damaz Peter Alekseevich All Great and Small and White Russia Avtozhda."

Cup

Since ancient times, another form of dishes is known in Russia - a cup, an old vessel for wine. The form of cups was different and was determined by the form of Tulov: in the form of a glass, bells, brothers, various types of fruits: pumpkins, grapes, etc. There were curly cups in the form of birds, animals. Standing cups were made in the form of a leg, cast human figurines, wood, accused branches, balusters (column). The pallet had the shape of an inverted bowl or saucer. Cups were almost always with lifting lids. Cups made of gold, silver, decorated with relief, cast and engraved, enamel ornament, overhead medallions, precious stones. On the Cup covers were placed cast figures. Cups are mentioned from colored stones, coconut nuts, pearlescent shells, horns of various animals, from the cabin - woody influx. Such cups were often skillfully recovered by silver, decorated with precious stones. To the XVII century, the Cups are mainly foreign work, which were brought from Europe merchants or foreign guests as gifts or diplomatic gifts. In Russia, the Cups appeared mainly in the second half of the XVII century, Russian masters Begin to create vessels, in the forms of which the influence of Western European utensils is felt. They were presented to family celebrations, anniversary dates, as well as at the end of the throne. Silver Cups accounted for pride of owners, they were exposed to foreign guests and ambassadors.

Old dishes attracts us with their diversity, unusual, beauty. She opens us the curtain over the life of the ancient peoples, because how much imagination, creativity, souls are invested. Such dishes can now be seen in museums, at exhibitions, at collectors or connoisseurs of vintage things.

Vintage kettle

Tableware

Old dishes in ancient times was mainly made of wood. Russian masters created real works of art. The dishes were decorated with carvings, painting, patterns, drawings. Most often for its creation used birch, aspen, spruce, rhizomes. Tableware from Kapa - a spring on the tree - considered the most expensive.

Types of the ancient wood dishes:

• ladle;
• bread bag;
• solonitsa;
• britina;
• cups;
• stars;
• spoons.

1) Vintage buckets.

In the old times, the bucket was considered a festive kitchenware, decoration of the table. It was used for drinking, it was served honey, beer, kvass. In the north they made buckets-pops. They were made from the root of a tree in the form of a bowl with two handles. The latter were performed in the form of waterfowl. For the supply of beverages, large and medium buckets used, and small buckets used to drink.

In the Tver province were the popular bunchy stables. They were made from the root of the tree. The form resembled a bowl with bent inside the edges. On the nose, the bucket portrayed the horse's head.

Little buckets - left - used to pour drinks from buckets-pops. They were hanging on big buckets. Delivered in the form of a rook with a round bottom.

All the buckets painted with patterns, decorated with carvings, ornaments.

Vintage bucket

2) Lubble.

Because the bread has always been read, kept it in bubble boxes. They were made from the Luba, which defended the product from mold and outlook.

3) Solonitian.

Solon was used to storing salts in the form of a chairs or clarification. She was decorated with carvings, patterns, painting. Now the old Solonitian refers to the antiques and is very valued.

4) Plate.

A wide, oblong dishes with small edges was called a bang. They were served fried, baked dishes, as well as punctures, pies. In the modern world, the bloose is known as a frying pan.

5) Endov and Cups.

One of the drinking vessels was a round bowl, which was called Endova. They were pulled out on the machine, and the nose did manually. Later began to make the Cups that were used during the holidays. It is very beautiful dishes, painted with painting, thread, unusual drawings. Endovists were made of oak, linden, birch, maple, and more expensive were made from Kapa.

6) Stavtsy.

Stans were pulled out on the machine. This type of dishes was two bowls, one of which served as a bowl or a plate. They served fruits and vegetables.

Vintage spoons are very beautiful, they are degraded with drawings, ornaments, thread. Different motifs and forms depending on the region. Each spoon had its own purpose and name:

• A spoon-puddle was intended for communion. It was made with a cross on the handle.
• Mezheumok is a simple spoon of medium size.
• Bottle. The largest, burlack spoon. She mixed up a large amount of food.
• The bathspoon was deserted beautifully, festively.

The most expensive there were tea, creamy, mustard spoons, as well as made of maple and fruit trees.

Cookware from clay

At the end of the IX - early X century, the potted period began in ancient Russia, dishes from clay appeared. It was made using a pottery circle in the form of an oval, cone or cylinder. From clay did: jugs, spoons, pots, cups, roofs, bowls.

The jugs made an oblong shape with a spout. They were used to storing milk and other fermented dairy products.

The utensils for the chill and the filler fish were also made of clay. It was made of a variety of shape, decorated with colored glaze and drawings. The latter were not only on the side, but also at the bottom of the dishes.

In clay kashniki they were preparing porridge and served her on the table. Clay skiddes called walkers. Kvas was prepared in special Korchaghah from clay, and kept it in a tree barrels.

For church holidays, special jugs were used with the throat, and the pot of spherical shape was intended for the bun.

Clay dishes

A variety of old dishes

Glassware did not become popular. At the beginning of the twentieth century, copper and cast-iron dishes began to make, as well as glasses from zinc.

Know used porcelain dishes, tea sets. Gradually, the assortment of dishes expanded. Mixtures, korchags, quashers, barrels, and so on appeared. Even later, whole plants were built, which created a variety of porcelain and faience dishes.

From the XIII century, sets of table silver appeared. They were very valued, were the subject of luxury, were transmitted from generation to generation. Silver utensils were decorated with patterns, family inscriptions. Such dishes were diverse, interesting. Each spoon had its purpose, they were made separately for jam, honey, coffee, salt, tea. Service items decorated with leaves, figures, patterns.

Silver utensils were considered a symbol of wealth, a good taste, grace.

Old utensils are peculiar, each has its own history, depending on the region, it displays the spirit, creativity, fantasy of the ancient people. Modern people do not cease to admire the art of making antique dishes, drawings, fine work and unusual, original paintings.

Ceramics and dishes from another material

Praslavyansky ceramics is still unknown, as it has not yet been possible to determine what is actually Slavic in prehistoric cultures of Central and Eastern Europe.

Slavic ceramics are clear and defined to us only in the findings of the IX-XI centuries, to which the latest studies have attached and more ancient period of the VI-VIII centuries. Everything that belongs to an earlier period is completely vague, and there is no point in considering the theories here, attributing various ancient cultures to the Slavs, and with them and various types of ceramics.

Slavic ceramics of the X and XI centuries is very interesting, although it is easy. As a rule, it is a well-burnt dishes made on a circle in the form of pots (other forms, such as a jug's shape with a narrowed throat, are rarely) without pens, with a bent wedge, under which a characteristic ornament was applied in the form of a series of repetitive horizontal straight lines or wavy bands or A number of embedded oblique lines, points and circles. The youngest of the utensils, the rejected crown is more developed and strongerly profiled. At the bottom, as a rule, there were pottery stamps. When in archeology speaks about Slavic ceramics, they mean the type called Gorodishchensky; The name is given to him by German archaeologists, as it is usually found in the cultural layers of the ancient Slavic settlements. Indeed, such a type of ceramics is always found where in the X and XI centuries they lived and built their settlements of Slavs, on the entire space from Main and Saale and from Sava and the Danube to the Oka and Lake Ladoga in the north of Russia.

Fig. 92. Early Slavic ceramics VI-VIII centuries. 1 - Varin; 2 - Mistelbach; 3 - Bogoz (Tank); 4-6 - Ford; 7 - Neuendorf; 8 - art. Zhukov (Volyn); 9 - Roskovo (Plock); 10-12 - nestovo; 13 - Lesnig near Stshelin on the Elbe; 14 - climbing (roller); 15 - Svann (Mecklenburg); 16 - TCHEBOOL (Czech Republic).

Fig. 93. The main types of Slavic Gorodishchenskaya ceramics 1, 4 - Michelsdorf; 2 - Bobzin (Mecklenburg); 3, 9, 11 - sharer (Czech Republic); 5 - Skaznigi, Ladget; 6 - Pushta Selip (Novograd); 7 - Nestovo; 8 - Nonchitsa (Moravia); 10 - New village (Vladimir Lips.); 12 - Bileo Brad; 13 - Roudnice.

However, it is extremely interesting that this Slavic type was in essence not anything else, as decorated with a wavy ornament of Roman dishes, widespread in the Northern Roman provinces from the Lower Danube to the Rhine. Obviously, the Slavs had to communicate with the Romans at the border territories in the Danube, when this type of ceramics was used in the I-IV centuries, which was borrowed by Slavs. He was late as a result of a replacement process and a new favorite type as a result of the replacement process and displacement. Ancient Slavic ceramics, which we meet in finds of the VI-VIII centuries, also has the shape of a high pot, but without a bent whisk; A wavy ornament occurs on it is still rare, but the horizontal linear ornament and parts of the belt of various beveled and crossed lines are common, located under the throat. We became acquainted with this ceramics recently on well-studied finds in Germany and also in Russia.

Fig. 94. Samples of stamps on the bottoms of Slavic vessels from the Czech Republic and Russia 1-6 - a jawset; 7 - Melnik; 8-16 - nestovo; 17 - Tver lips.; 18-22 - left gradic; 23-29 - Sklav; 30-34 - Cranes of Grades; 35 - Chawl.

From the dishes made from another material, it should be primarily mentioned by drinking horns made from a tour of the horn and often counted silver, then the metal dishes, which is rarely found and we have already spoken about above, and finally, glass dishes occurring in Some cases and imported from foreign, since until the X century Slavs did not produce glass things. Single phenomenon were also mentioned by the sources of bowls from human skulls, sometimes hidden by silver or gold. For this small dishes there were many Slavic terms ( gRN - pot; sH? Dъ - vessel; cheban - Juban; latvi. - Wide vessel; chief - scoop; cube - Cup; grotto - a pointed book of dishes) and inrogenous ( lag - From Lat. Lagena - bottle; chebr - Of it. ZWIBAR; zubar. - ears (chan); krchag - From the tour. KOR? AG - jug; dish - From Gothsk. BIUPS - Wide dishes, dish, bowl; misa - From Gotsk. Mes and lat. MENSA - bowl; bowl - From Iranc. ? ISE; kony - Of it. Kanne - Jug; krina. - From Greek. ????? - Bowl).

Fig. 95 and 96. Tour Rog from the black grave in Chernigov and its silver

All large vessels were usually made of wood; They were either crushed out of a solid chumbach, or were made from individual rivets, pulled by hoops, or from wood bark, while the dishes from the inside were always well smirded so that she would miss the water. Coopers and resin crafts were widespread. The forms and names of these large vessels were different. Slavic names were: deja (barrel), bucket, Okov (tub), cortex (Koret, quarter), lucno (Lukoshko), kage (Kadlub - Chan); Inrogen names were: bychvy, Bechka (BE? VA, BE? KA - Barrel) from it Boteche or Greek. ??????? (hence the artisan is called bečvar); rather (k ??) from Greek. ?????; kabl (kbel) it. k? bel; nits (Necky) of it. Nuosk et al. From these vessels, wooden, hidden buckets with an iron handle are most used. These things constantly accompanied the Slavic burials of the X-XII centuries.

Fig. 97. Holded wooden buckets from Slavic burials 1 - Nestovo; 2 - led. Goritsa; 3 - Volyn; 4 - chalk; 5 - naked; 6 - Islands, a bucket.