Personality formation, the process of personality formation. The formation of the human personality: how it happens and what causes it
Development and improvement personal qualities happens throughout life. According to some scientists, the personality is formed in accordance with innate inclinations and abilities, and society plays only a minor role. Representatives of another point of view believe that a person is a product that is formed in the process of interaction with the outside world, and any innate qualities can change under the influence of environmental factors.
Biological factors of personality development
The biological factors of personality formation include features acquired by the child in the process of intrauterine development. They are caused by many external and internal causes. The fetus does not perceive the world directly, but is continuously influenced by the feelings and emotions of its mother. Therefore, there is a "registration" of the first information about the surrounding world.
Genetic factors also play an important role. It is believed that heredity is the basis for the formation of personality. These include:
- capabilities;
- physical qualities;
- type and specificity nervous system.
Genetics explains the individuality of each person, his difference from others.
In the future, after birth, the formation of personality is influenced by crises of age development. It is during these periods that a turning point occurs, when some qualities lose their relevance, and new ones appear in their place.
Social factors of personality formation
The formation of personality occurs in stages, while the stages have common features in all people. First of all, the upbringing that a person receives in childhood has an impact. The further perception of everything around depends on it. D.B. Elkonin argued that already in the first year of life, a child develops "basic trust or distrust in the world around him." In the first case, the child chooses a positive component for himself, which guarantees the healthy development of the personality. If the tasks of the first year remain unresolved, a basic distrust of the world is formed, complexes and shame appear.
Society also influences the formation of personality when there is an acceptance and awareness of one's own role. Socialization lasts a lifetime, but its main stages take place in a young return. The formation of personality in the process of communication is carried out through imitation, the development of ideals and independence. Primary in the family, and secondary - in social institutions.
Thus, the process of personality formation is influenced by hereditary factors and the unique conditions of the microenvironment in which a person is located.
Sources:
- E-library
- Psy-Files.ru
The upbringing of a personality is a long and laborious process, the influence of which is possible up to the age of 23. However, the foundation for education must be laid in the baby up to the age of four. Usually everything invested in a child up to this age comes out already in adulthood.
Process
To provide their children with psychological health, parents need to fully satisfy children's needs in games with adults. Babies from one to two years old should be engaged in any object games (rattles, nesting dolls, etc.). At the age of one and a half to three years, the most useful will be role-playing games, for example care for dolls, toys. Children over three years of age are happy to play role-playing games with a plot (games in a store, hospital, school, or something like that)
Discipline plays a big role in the successful upbringing of children. It is important here to know how to properly raise children without screaming, since babies under the age of three do not understand the meaning of their actions at all. They know the world through their disobedience. That is why any punishments, including cuffs, screams, will not bring positive results, but only on the contrary will provoke the development of aggression and goiter in an older age.
It is also common for parents to be inconsistent in their actions. During a bad mood, the baby flies through the slightest errors, but when the mood is good, then those actions are simply not noticed. Based on this behavior of parents, children cannot learn which of their actions are good and which are bad.
How to properly raise a child?
The first and foremost thing is to never put yourself above your children. Terrible teachers they still have time to see. The task of a good parent is to be a friend and partner. If the child fully respects the parents, then they automatically deserve respect from him, which many want to get with punishments and shouting.
Secondly, it is important to have a huge amount of patience and learn not to yell at children. Remember - for bad deeds you do not need to punish and shout at the top of your voice. It is much better to talk, find out the reasons and why exactly certain actions are considered bad. Most often, children do stupid things just to attract the attention of adults.
And at the end it should be noted main secret successful parenting - inspire your children to believe in yourself. Remember that they need support every second of their lives. Say to them the phrases “I am proud of you”, “I believe in you”, “You can do it” more often, this will help the child grow up strong and confident in himself and his abilities.
The main stage the formation of a person's personal qualities is actually the formation of his personality. Moreover, the formation of a person's personality begins very early, from infancy, and continues throughout life.
You will need
- Books on personality psychology, computer with internet connection.
Instruction
Individuals are not born, individuals are made. Personal qualities are not those qualities that are genetically inherent in a person, but those that are acquired during life in the order of learning, as a result of life experience and social development. These qualities begin to form very early, in infancy and younger years. preschool age, during this period, those properties of a person are laid that will accompany him for the rest of his life and will form the basis of his personality. Further milestone personality formation falls on teenage years, but this process never ends, continuing the entire conscious life of a person. To become and remain a full-fledged personality, you need to constantly work on yourself.
The problem of human development and socialization is devoted a large number of scientific research and works in the field of psychology. In general, scientists agree that there are the following factors in the formation of personality:
- human genotype;
- activity in activity and communication;
- life experience;
- natural factors;
- unique individual experience.
Let's take a closer look at their characteristics.
Genetic factors They are the main ones at the beginning because they were received at birth. The fact is that hereditary features are the basis for the formation of a person. We are talking about such genetic qualities of an individual as abilities, physical qualities, type and characteristics of the nervous system. They, of course, leave an imprint on the character of a person and the way he functions in the world around him. Genetic heredity will largely explain individuality, difference from others, since there are no identical subjects from the position of heredity.
Cultural factors of personality formation. Any civilized society has a specific set of social rules, norms and values. They must be common to all members of a given culture. Therefore, a model personality is gradually being formed, embodying such special principles and values that society must instill in each of its members. Consequently, in any society, with the help of culture, a person will be formed who easily makes contacts and cooperation. If there are no such standards, then this will put the subject in a situation of cultural uncertainty.
Natural factors influence human development. It is obvious that climatic conditions influence constantly behavior, participating in its formation. Many things become important in this process. So, people who grew up in different climates will be different from each other. It is enough to compare the inhabitants of the mountains, steppes and tropical jungle. Surrounding nature influences constantly, due to which the personality structure changes.
The largest group is the formation of personality. The fact is that only they contribute to the fact that a person becomes a person. The social environment affects the process of socialization, through which the individual learns the norms of the group and the formation of his "I" takes place. As a result, the uniqueness of each person is created. But the formation of personality in has several different forms: through imitation, the development of ideals, and so on. It can be both primary, occurring in the family, and secondary, implemented in social institutions (preschool educational institutions, schools, colleges, universities and labor organizations). If there is an unsuccessful socialization of the individual to the existing cultural laws and norms, the latter may develop social deviations that provoke the emergence of internal and external conflicts.
Individual factors in the formation of personality imply the presence of a person's experience. The essence of their impact is as follows: everyone can get into a variety of different situations during which he will experience external influence. The sequence of such moments is unique to anyone. But as a result of going through these situations, each person will then anticipate any events based on negative or positive experience. Therefore, if we consider the main factors of personality formation, then the unique individual experience will become fundamental.
The formation of the human personality is influenced by external and internal, biological and social factors. Factor (from lat. factor - making, producing) - the driving force, the cause of any process, phenomenon (S.I. Ozhegov).
TO internal factors refers to the individual's own activity, generated by contradictions, interests and other motives, implemented in self-education, as well as in activities and communication.
TO external factors include macro-, meso- and micro-environment, natural and social, education in a broad and narrow, social and pedagogical sense.
environment and upbringing social factors, while heredity is biological factor.
For a long time there have been discussions among philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators about the relationship between biological social factors, about the priority of one or another in the development of a person's personality.
Some of them argue that a person, his consciousness, abilities, interests and needs are determined by heredity (E. Thorndike, D. Dewey, A. Kobe and others). Representatives of this trend elevate hereditary factors (biological) to an absolute and deny the role of the environment and upbringing (social factors) in the development of personality. They mistakenly transfer the achievements of the biological science of the heredity of plants and animals to the human body. We are talking about the priority of innate abilities.
Other scientists believe that development entirely depends on the influence of social factors (J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau, K. A. Helvetia, etc.) They deny the genetic predisposition of a person and argue that a child from birth is “pure a board on which everything can be written”, i.e. development depends on upbringing and environment.
Particularly significant is the question of the inheritance of moral qualities and the psyche. For a long time, the assertion prevailed that mental qualities are not inherited, but acquired in the process of interaction of the organism with external environment. The social essence of the personality, its moral foundations are formed only in vivo.
It was believed that a person is born neither evil nor kind, neither stingy nor generous. Children do not inherit the moral qualities of their parents; information about social behavior is not embedded in the genetic programs of a person. What a person will become depends on the environment and upbringing.
At the same time, such prominent scientists as M. Montessori, K. Lorentz, E. Fromm argue that human morality is biologically determined. From generation to generation, moral qualities, behavior, habits and even deeds, both positive and negative, are transmitted (“the apple does not fall far from the tree”). The basis for such conclusions are the data obtained in the study of the behavior of humans and animals. According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlova, both animals and humans, dry the instincts and reflexes that are inherited. The behavior of highly organized living beings in a number of cases is instinctive, reflex, based not on higher consciousness, but on the simplest biological reflexes. Hence, moral qualities, behavior can be inherited.
This question is very complex and responsible. Recently, domestic scientists (P.K. Anokhin, N.M. Amosov and others) have taken a position on the genetic conditioning of morality and social behavior of a person.
In addition to heredity, the environment is the determining factor in the development of personality. Wednesday - it is the real reality in which human development takes place. The formation of personality is influenced by geographical, national, school, family, social environment. The latter includes such characteristics as the social system, the system of production relations, the material conditions of life, the nature of the flow of production and social processes etc.
The question of whether the environment or heredity has a greater influence on human development remains debatable. The French philosopher K. A. Helvetius believed that all people from birth have the same potential for mental and moral development, and differences in mental characteristics are explained solely by the influence of the environment and educational influences. Real reality is understood in this case metaphysically, it fatally predetermines the fate of a person. The individual is regarded as a passive object of the influence of circumstances.
Thus, all scientists recognize the influence of the environment on the formation of man. Only their assessment of the degree of such influence on the formation of personality does not coincide. This is because there is no abstract environment. There is a specific social system, a specific near and far environment of a person, specific conditions of life. It is clear that more high level development is achieved in the environment where favorable conditions are created.
An important factor influencing human development is communication. Communication- this is one of the universal forms of personality activity (along with cognition, work, play), manifested in the establishment and development of contacts between people, in the formation of interpersonal relations.
Personality is formed only in communication, interaction with other people. Outside of human society, spiritual, social, mental development cannot take place.
In addition to the above an important factor, which influences the formation of personality, is upbringing. In wide social sense it is often identified with socialization, although the logic of their relationship could be characterized as the relation of the whole to the particular. Socialization is a process social development a person as a result of spontaneous and organized influences of the totality of factors of social life.
Most researchers consider upbringing as one of the factors of human development, which is a system of purposeful formative influences, interactions and relationships carried out in various spheres of social life. Education is a process of purposeful and consciously controlled socialization (family, religious, school education), it acts as a kind of mechanism for managing socialization processes.
Education allows you to overcome or weaken the consequences of negative influences on socialization, give it a humanistic orientation, attract scientific potential for predicting and constructing pedagogical strategies and tactics. The social environment can act unintentionally, spontaneously, while the educator purposefully directs development in a specially organized educational system.
Personal development is possible only in activities. In the process of life, a person constantly participates in a wide variety of activities: gaming, educational, cognitive, labor, social, political, artistic, creative, sports, etc.
Acting as a form of being and a way of human existence, activity:
Ensures the creation of material conditions for human life;
Contributes to the satisfaction of natural human needs;
Promotes knowledge and transformation of the surrounding world;
It is a factor in the development of the spiritual world of a person, a form and condition for the realization of his cultural needs;
Enables a person to realize his personal potential, to achieve life goals;
Creates conditions for self-realization of a person in the system of social relations.
It should be borne in mind that the development of personality with the same external conditions largely depends on a person's own efforts, from the energy and efficiency that he shows in various types activities.
For the development of personal qualities big influence renders collective activity. Scientists recognize that, on the one hand, under certain conditions, the collective levels out the individual, and, on the other hand, the development and manifestation of individuality is possible only in the collective. Such activity contributes to the manifestation of the creative potential of the individual, the role of the team in the formation of the ideological and moral orientation of the individual, his civic position, and emotional development is indispensable.
The role in the formation of personality is great self-education. It starts with awareness and acceptance objectively! goals as a subjective, desirable motive for their actions. The subjective setting of the goal of behavior generates a conscious tension of the will, the definition of a plan of activity. The implementation of this goal ensures the development of the individual.
Thus, the process and results of human development are determined by both biological and social factors that act not in isolation, but in combination. At different circumstances various factors may have a greater or lesser influence on the formation of personality. According to most authors, in the system of factors, if not decisive, then the leading role belongs to education.
Personality and the process of its formation is a phenomenon that is rarely interpreted in the same way by different researchers in this area.
The formation of personality is a process that does not end at a certain stage of human life, but continues constantly. The term "personality" is a rather multifaceted concept and therefore there are no two identical interpretations of this term. Despite the fact that the personality is mainly formed in the course of communication with other people, the factors influencing the formation of personality are in the process of its formation.
For the first time, the factors of human formation become the subject of philosophical and pedagogical research in the 17th century. At this time, scientific pedagogy was born, the founder of which was Ya.A. Comenius. He proceeded from the idea of the natural equality of people and the fact that they have natural talents that need to be developed. Upbringing and education, according to Comenius, should precisely contribute to the improvement of human nature. J. Locke tried to comprehend the multidimensionality and complexity of the problem of personality development factors. In his philosophical and pedagogical essay "On the Control of the Mind", he recognized the presence of various natural abilities in people. He considered exercise and experience to be the most important means of their development. “We are born into the world with abilities and powers that allow us to do almost everything,” Locke wrote on this subject, “but only the exercise of these powers can give us skill and art in something and lead us to perfection.” Of course, one can disagree with such an opinion, even based on the idea that if there is no voice, then you will become a singer.
Based on this, one of the factors influencing the formation of personality can be identified. This is a biological factor. Many teachings give him a paramount role.
Indeed, the influence of the biological factor on the formation of personality cannot be ignored just because a person is a living organism, whose life is subject to both the general laws of biology and the special laws of anatomy and physiology. But it is not personality traits that are inherited, but certain inclinations. Makings - a natural disposition to a particular activity. There are two types of inclinations - universal (structure of the brain, central nervous system, receptors); individual differences in natural data (features of the type of the nervous system, analyzers, etc.). Such hereditary qualities of a child as abilities or physical qualities leave an imprint on his character, the way he perceives the world around him and evaluates other people. Biological heredity largely explains the individuality of the individual, its difference from others, since there are no two identical children in terms of their biological heredity. Even twins have differences.
Domestic pedagogy does not deny the influence of the biological factor on the formation of personality, but does not assign it a decisive role, as behaviorists do. Whether the inclinations will develop, whether they will become abilities - this depends on social conditions, training and education, i.e. the influence of heredity is always mediated by training, upbringing and social conditions. This thesis is also true of the individual differences underlying individual abilities.
Thus, natural features are important prerequisites, factors, but not the driving forces of personality formation. The brain as a biological formation is a prerequisite for the emergence of consciousness, but consciousness is a product of human social existence. The more complex in its mental structure education, the less it depends on natural features.
Thus, we can single out the next factor in the formation of personality - social. Natural data alone is not enough to become an educated and educated person.
Even Aristotle wrote that "the soul is an unwritten book of nature, experience puts its writings on its pages." D. Locke believed that a person is born with a pure soul, like a board covered with wax. Education writes on this board whatever it pleases (tabula rasa). The French philosopher K. A. Helvetius taught that all people from birth have the same potential for mental and moral development, and differences in mental characteristics are explained solely by different influences of the environment and various educational influences. The social environment is understood in this case metaphysically, as something unchanging, fatally predetermining the fate of a person, and a person is considered as a passive object of influence of the environment.
In the process of interaction with the external environment, the inner essence of a person changes, new relationships are formed, which in turn leads to another change. A child from an early age is greatly influenced by education, training, parents, and society.
The importance of the social environment as a factor in the formation of personality was emphasized by D. Toland. In his opinion, not a single person can live well, happily, or in general without the help and assistance of other people. Toland believed in the power of education and upbringing and offered to provide all people with the same opportunities for education, travel, communication. The ratio of personality formation factors caused controversy between the French philosophers K.A. Helvetia and D. Diderot. In his treatise On the Mind, Helvetius found out what nature and education can do for the development of the mind. He considered nature as a force that endowed a person with all feelings. Differences in the natural organization of people exist only in the sense that their sense organs are organized differently. In people, whom Helvetius called normally organized, mental superiority is not associated with greater or lesser superiority of feelings. More subtle feelings, in his opinion, can affect not the vastness of the mind, but its kind and make one a botanist and another a historian. What actually causes the mental inequality of people "normally organized on average"? Helvetius is inclined to explain the existing differences by the causes of the spiritual order and, above all, by education and the form of government. The result of the philosopher’s reflections on this topic was the well-known formula: “What we are, we owe to education.” J.J. Rousseau singled out three main factors in the formation of personality: nature, people and surrounding things. Nature develops the abilities and senses of the child, people teach how to use them, and the surrounding things contribute to the enrichment of experience.
As a result, we can single out another factor that influences the formation of personality - this is activity and self-development.
Recognition of the activity of the individual as the leading factor in its formation raises the question of purposeful activity, self-development of the individual, i.e. continuous work on oneself, on one's own spiritual growth. Self-development provides the possibility of successive complication of the tasks and content of education, the implementation of age-related and individual approaches, the formation of the creative individuality of the student and, at the same time, the implementation of collective education and stimulation of self-management by the individual through his further development.
Man develops to the extent that he "appropriates human reality", to which he masters the accumulated experience. This position is of great importance for pedagogy. The formative influences of the environment, education and upbringing, natural inclinations become factors in the development of the personality only through its vigorous activity. “A person,” writes G.S. Batishchev, “cannot be “made”, “produced”, “molded” as a thing, as a product, as a passive result of external influence - but one can only condition his inclusion in activity, cause his own activity and exclusively through the mechanism of this activity of his own - joint with other people, he is formed into what this (public, in its essence collective) activity (labor) makes him ... "
The nature of the development of each personality, the breadth, depth of this development under the same conditions of training and education depend mainly on its own efforts, on the energy and efficiency that it displays in various types of activity, of course, with an appropriate adjustment for natural inclinations. It is precisely this that in many cases explains the differences in the development of individuals, including schoolchildren, who live and are brought up in the same environmental conditions and experience approximately the same educational influences.
It can be concluded that all these factors are interrelated. If we exclude at least one, then we will not get an educated and well-mannered person.
Despite the fact that the personality is mainly formed in the course of communication with other people, a number of factors act on the process of personality formation:
First of all, the formation of personality is influenced by the genetic characteristics of the individual, received by him at birth. Hereditary traits are the basis for the formation of personality. Such hereditary qualities of an individual as abilities or physical qualities leave an imprint on his character, the way he perceives the world around him and evaluates other people. Biological heredity largely explains the individuality of the individual, its difference from other individuals, since there are no two identical individuals in terms of their biological heredity.
The second factor influencing the formation of a person's personality is the influence of the physical environment. Obviously, the environment around us natural environment constantly affects our behavior, participates in the formation of the human personality. For example, we associate the emergence of civilizations, tribes, and individual population groups with the influence of climate. People who grew up in different climates are different from each other. Most a prime example this is the comparison of the mountain dwellers, the inhabitants of the steppes, and the people inhabiting the jungle. Nature constantly influences us, and we must respond to this influence by changing our personality structure.
The third factor in the formation of a person's personality is considered to be the influence of culture. Any culture has a certain set of social norms and shared values. This set is common to members of a given society or social group. For this reason, members of every culture must be tolerant of these norms and value systems. In this regard, the concept of a modal personality arises, embodying those general cultural values that society instills in its members in the course of cultural experience. Thus, modern society, with the help of culture, seeks to form a sociable personality, easily making social contacts, ready for cooperation. The absence of such standards puts a person in a position of cultural uncertainty, when he does not master the basic cultural norms of society.
The fourth factor that forms a person's personality is the influence of the social environment. It should be recognized that this factor can be considered the main one in the process of forming the personal qualities of an individual. The influence of the social environment is carried out through the process of socialization. Socialization is a process by which an individual assimilates (internalizes) the norms of his group in such a way that through the formation of his own I, the uniqueness of this individual or personality is manifested. The socialization of the individual can take various forms. For example, socialization is observed through imitation, taking into account the reactions of other people, generalization different forms behavior. Socialization can be primary, that is, taking place in primary groups, and secondary, that is, taking place in organizations and social institutions. Unsuccessful socialization of the individual to group cultural norms can lead to conflicts and social deviations.
The fifth factor shaping the personality of an individual in modern society should be considered individual human experience. The essence of the influence of this factor lies in the fact that each person finds himself in different situations, during which he is influenced by other people and the physical environment. The sequence of such situations is unique to each person and is oriented toward future events, based on positive and negative perceptions of past situations. A unique individual experience is one of the most significant factors in the formation of a person's personality.
