Encyclopedia of fire safety

Profiling methods in modern society. Profiling: definition, directions, training


The concepts invested in the term "" are often diametrically opposed, so the uninitiated person often does not understand what this means. In today's article, we will try to dot the i in this matter: we will understand the definition, talk a little about its history, types and applications, and also talk about how to learn it.

Profiling: definition and background

To begin with, let's say that the concept of "profiling" comes from the English word "profile" ("profile") and it can be translated as "profiling". In fact, this means that a person determines the signs of behavior, emotional response, speech and appearance in those around him. These signs were initially set by the profiling model, and their identification allows, with a high degree of probability, to establish the type of person, and then refine it and supplement it with some psychological characteristics.

As a result, a profiler (a person using profiling methods) can calculate the likely behavior of a particular person in situations of interest, as well as understand how to influence him most effectively. Note that the definition of a person's type is called basic profiling (profiling), and its refinement is called deep profiling.

As a result, the profiler, having spent a quick, but detailed analysis human behavior, his emotional manifestations, speech, thinking style, facial expressions and pantomimics, as well as appearance gets his detailed psychological profile. And already on this profile, you can get an idea of ​​personal characteristics, such as interaction with others, role models, motivation, values ​​and beliefs, etc. In general, all this makes it possible to predict the actions of other people, to establish their preferences and inclinations in various areas of life, and to obtain a lot of other useful information.

As for the emergence of profiling, to one degree or another, its components have been traced for more than a decade. They can be seen, for example, in the many classifications of people that exist today and based on different signs and criteria. And some elements of profiling, in particular those that are more practical, are in the field of security and medicine.

If we talk about the formation of scientific profiling, here we can safely mention world-famous scientists, including:

  • (he developed his concept of archetypes);
  • (has done a lot of research on psychological protection personality);
  • Alfred Adler (made a serious contribution to the study of a person's lifestyle and its impact on areas of interaction with others);
  • Karen Horney (studied behavioral strategies and their dependence on the characteristics of upbringing and relationships with loved ones in early years life).

By the way, interesting fact: Initially, profiling was used in forensics - when a search psychological portrait of a criminal was compiled on the tracks at the crime scene. And today it is in service with many of the world's intelligence agencies involved in the investigation of terrorist acts, fraudulent machinations and other criminal acts. However, this is not the only area where profiling is used. So, for example, now it is relevant in the field of business and management.

However, this topic is worth talking about separately, but first, so that you have a clearer idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat profiling is, watch this short video.

Profiling: directions and scopes

Initially, historically there were several main areas of profiling:

  • Forensic direction. The main task is to compile psychological portraits of people who have committed serial crimes. Mostly, we are talking about serial killers and maniacs. The direction itself includes the use of forensic, psychiatric and psychological knowledge. This type of profiling is used by such operational services as the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB (Russia), the FBI and the CIA (USA), etc.
  • Special direction. In this case, we are talking about the activities of state intelligence services. For example, the KGB of the USSR was engaged in the development of models of persons potentially involved in intelligence and subversive activities on the territory of the Union. Experts have compiled criteria for identifying such people and have identified tools for predicting enemy actions. Today, due to the increased threat of terrorist attacks, the tasks of profiling people who may be prone to commit crimes (terrorism, extremism) are also relevant.
  • Aviation direction. This is specifically about safety in civil aviation. First, specialists developed a technology for interviewing passengers undergoing pre-flight inspection. The purpose of the survey is to prevent persons planning to commit a terrorist act from entering the aircraft. One of the first airlines to use this technique was the Israeli airline EL AL. And today, already modified aviation profiling techniques are used by the security services of almost all airlines in the world.
  • Research direction. This direction is closely intertwined with the research of the famous American psychologist Paul Ekman, who studies microexpressions and determines emotions. Thanks to the symbiosis of theory and a survey script, profiling has reached a new level of development and has begun to penetrate into the economic sphere, in particular into banking structures. Ekman developed a special training program for specialists in the security services of legal, lawyer, banking and government organizations.
  • Medical and psychological direction. The direction is based on the work of the Soviet and Russian psychiatrist Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin in the field of psychopathy typology, as well as the work of the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard, who studied and described accentuated personalities. The techniques developed on the basis of these studies are now used in the field of psychology and psychiatry.
  • Psychotechnological direction. TO this direction include the works of specialists from the field relating specifically to the description of the metaprogram profile of a person, the system of his values ​​and beliefs, as well as determining the specifics of receiving, processing, analyzing, interpreting and evaluating information and positions of perception. Information about a person obtained with the help of psychotechnological profiling improves a person's understanding of others and increases the effectiveness of his communication.

Over time, everything that has accumulated in the practice of applying the above areas has become the basis of modern profiling. It includes the following types:

  • Transport profiling. The task of the direction is to prevent and prevent illegal actions at transport infrastructure facilities, in particular at railway and bus stations, platforms and bus stops, as well as in trains and buses.
  • Hotel profiling. The purpose of this direction is the prevention and prevention of terrorist acts and illegal actions on the territory of hotel complexes and hotels.
  • Business profiling. In this case, we mean the support of business negotiations by trained specialists, the establishment of the reliability of information provided by counterparties, its analysis, followed by the adoption of the most effective and profitable decisions.
  • Audit profiling. This type of profiling is typical for audit companies. Profilers study documentation and people who provide important documents. Audit profiling also belongs to the field of accounting - it is used to prevent theft of funds and other material assets.
  • Personnel profiling. Serves to help managers and specialists of the personnel departments of organizations in the selection of employees for vacant positions and the elimination of unsuitable candidates, as well as in solving other personnel problems. Applicants are screened for criminal history and negative addictions such as drugs, gambling, etc.
  • Bank profiling. Designed to minimize losses when banks issue loans. Here, two types of profiling are simultaneously involved - audit profiling and business profiling, due to which financial losses are prevented even at the stage of considering an application or when communicating with a client.
  • Insurance profiling. By analogy with other types of profiling, insurance profiling allows you to determine fraudulent intentions and identify appropriate schemes for insured events and insurance payments.
  • Family profiling. Used in family therapy to determine the level of trust in a partner. It is relevant in cases where people need to make sure that the feelings of their partners are reciprocated.

In addition, we note that the prospects for the use of profiling methods are also opening up in the field of preventive medicine, which makes it possible to prevent the development of ailments through psycho-corrective methods.

In any direction of profiling, the leading role is played by specialists who are able, in the process of communicating with a person, to decipher information received in the form of verbal and non-verbal signals. By participating in working meetings, interviews, etc., profilers are very likely to receive reliable and objective data about the “objects”, their attitude to the subject of the conversation, the topic of negotiations, etc.

Given these perspectives and opportunities, people learning about profiling for the first time, in most cases, want to immediately learn how to learn it, how to become a profiler, what skills, abilities and knowledge you need to have for this.

Profiling: how to learn

What we will say is, of course, very important, but it should not be taken as the ultimate truth. In other words, everything listed below, although very important, is still more of a recommendation than a mandatory one. Why this is so, we will say at the end of the article.

Speaking about how to learn profiling, first of all it is worth saying that the necessary qualities of any profiler include:

  • honesty;
  • skill;
  • competent and delivered speech;
  • clear diction;
  • intelligent manners;
  • stress resistance;
  • the ability to establish, maintain and develop contacts with different people;
  • the ability to obtain information of interest;

However, this so-called minimum is not exhausted by the presented qualities. In addition, it is recommended to have also the relevant knowledge:

  • knowledge that allows you to quickly and effectively separate where the lie is and where the truth is;
  • knowledge in the field of interpersonal communication, allowing you to quickly "deploy" the interlocutor to yourself;
  • knowledge in the field;
  • knowledge in the field (including emotional);
  • knowledge in the field of physiology (including emotional);
  • knowledge in the field of personality typology;
  • knowledge in the field of typology and manifestations of deception.

But the list of "requirements" does not end there. The use of profiling also implies the presence of some skills and abilities:

  • possession of techniques and methods of deception definitions;
  • ability to organize and conduct supervision;
  • the ability to determine the psychotype of a person by external signs and characteristics of behavior;
  • the ability to analyze the statements and speech of the interlocutor to identify true and false;
  • the ability to determine the emotions of the interlocutor by microexpressions;
  • the ability to distinguish between gestures-illustrators and gestures-emblems;
  • the ability to find leaks of reliable information.

Profilers also say that if you want to become a professional profiler, you need to be proficient in a wide range of professional areas, especially those related to psychology and law. Knowledge in the field of modern technologies will also be a significant bonus.

A profiler is a very specific form of activity that combines many branches of the humanities, such as history, art, and others. By the way, profiling also has related professions - professions in which, in one form or another, a person performs functions similar to profiling. Among these professions:

  • polygraph examiner;
  • psychologist;
  • psychiatrist;
  • psychotherapist;
  • educator;
  • investigator;
  • detective;
  • personnel service specialist;
  • security officer;
  • law enforcement officer;
  • traffic police officer.

So if, by coincidence, your activity (including education) is related to one of the above professions, it will be easier for you to master profiling than for anyone else.

But on the other hand, no matter how surprising it may sound, you can learn profiling from scratch. Firstly, the basics of this profession (and now the profiler is considered a profession) are now taught at specialized trainings and courses, at lie detection centers and various academies (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and others). big cities Russia). The profiling learning process includes theory, tests, trainings, business games and practical exercises.

Secondly, in today's world of the ubiquitous Internet, online learning is common. Everyone, being in almost any country and without leaving home, can learn about all the necessary theoretical and practical information, get tasks for self-fulfillment and even take an online test. Education on the Internet is very relevant today, and many companies conducting it, after the student completes the course and passes the exam, issue a certificate or profiler certificate. The possession of such a document can serve its owner well in the professional field.

And here it just makes sense to return to the fact that having a higher education, knowledge and skills suitable for profiling is not necessary at all. Mastering this profession, a person in any case will receive the information he needs and new skills. If his desire to become a profiler is so strong that he constantly practices and gains experience, he will be able to become a highly qualified specialist without any short cuts from institutes and universities. So if you are interested in profiling, but you do not fit the above "criteria", you can safely and doubts, and start practicing.

The third option for learning profiling is learning through books. Today, a lot of interesting books have been written on the topic of profiling (and related to it). One, of course, will not be enough, but if you collect a small profiler library and, most importantly, master it (i.e. read and process all the books), you can achieve the same results as taking online training or attending special courses. And just for those who like to read, we have compiled a small selection of books on profiling.

Profiling: books

You can find almost all the works presented in the "Profiling: Books" block in free access on the Internet and download. But still, we recommend that you look for them in bookstores, because working with "real" books is much more convenient.

With these books, your learning to profiling will be rich and interesting, and its application in practice will be successful and impressive.

If you want to master the skill faster and work with selected information, immediately honing your skills in practice, we recommend that you go through the online program "". It contains detailed information on how to "read" a person, determine emotions, detect lies and resist manipulation attempts, as well as tasks and simulators for practicing skills. Join now!

Profiling ("English.profile" - profile) is a concept denoting a set psychological methods and methods for assessing and predicting human behavior based on the analysis of the most informative private signs, characteristics of appearance, non-verbal and verbal behavior.

Initially, the term "profiling" (profiling) was used in the context of compiling a search psychological portrait(profile) of an unknown person in the footprints at the crime scene.

It is believed that one of the first attempts to compile a psychological portrait belongs to the British surgeon Thomas Bond, which he undertook in 1888 in relation to the personality of Jack the Ripper.

Personality profiling is currently used as part of the ViCAP (English) program for the detention of violent criminals, developed in 1985 by the FBI under the leadership of P. Brooks and R. Roessler to help solve serial violent crimes.

Another meaning of the term "profiling" is used to refer to the technology of observation and questioning of passengers during pre-flight screening in order to identify potentially dangerous persons during air travel.

The training and use of specialists (profilers) in order to identify potentially dangerous passengers from the point of view of the possibility of carrying out illegal actions, primarily of a terrorist nature, were first implemented in Israel by the El Al airline. The use of profiling technology has contributed to the ranking of El Al as one of the safest airlines in the world. The experience of using profiling by the El Al airline is currently being implemented around the world, including in Russia.

The most controversial aspect of profiling is the so-called. ethnic profiling, based on the assumption of a connection between a person's ethnicity and the possibility of illegal behavior.

Recently, an expanded interpretation of the concept of "profiling" includes a number of applied socio-psychological techniques, the purpose of which is to assess the reliability of the reported information on a person's non-verbal behavior, the so-called. non-instrumental lie detection. The methodological foundations of profiling are the studies of P. Ekman, V. Friesen, K. Scherer, M. Zuckerman, B. DePaulo, V. A. Labunskaya, O. Fraya and others.

Non-instrumental assessment of the reliability of information, subject to a number of requirements for the research procedure and the qualification of a specialist with special knowledge, is comparable in accuracy and reliability to instrumental methods based on the use of a polygraph (lay detector, lie detector).

Currently, profiling is used to solve the problems of assessing the reliability of information during personnel checks, internal investigations and within the framework of criminal proceedings, followed by the preparation of procedural documents, expert opinion and specialist opinion.

Secrets of the profession: profiler - a living "lie detector"

What is profiling and how does it help to verify the good intentions of employees, partners, customers? Evgeny Spiritsa, a leading Russian specialist in the field of psychology of lies, shares the secrets of deception detection.

Evgeny Spiritsa

Expert polygraph examiner, profiler. Head of the International Academy for the Study of Lies (iarl.ru). The only Russian specialist who conducts training programs based on the methods and models of Paul Ekman, David Efron, L. G. Alekseev and others. Since 1993, he has been advising state and non-state structures on security issues. Since 1994 - conducts individual consultations and psychological diagnostics of the personnel of enterprises. Author of the textbook "Commercial Profiling", a closed collection for employees of the personnel service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, numerous publications in the media on non-verbal diagnostics. Participant of television programs on Channel 1, NTV, Channel 5, etc. as an expert in lie detection.

Three questions instead of exchanging business cards

– Eugene, please name the largest amount of damage that you prevented on the order of your client?

- Recently I helped to find one and a half million dollars stolen from the apartment of a well-known person in Russia. Psychological research pointed to two employees of his company. We conducted additional testing on a polygraph (computer "lie detector"). Recorded the result, reported to the customer. Then law enforcement agencies began to work. The money has been found.

- Are your fees high?

– We try to work in the premium segment, at rates from $10,000 per order. For comparison: ordinary polygraph examiners charge for their services, starting from 1000-1200 rubles. We do not advertise: customers pass us "from hand to hand".

– What orders prevail in your market?

- Among business customers there are oligarchs, banking structures, owners of industrial holdings, and representatives of small and medium-sized businesses. The most popular service is personnel checks. Most often, it is ordered by the owners of companies hiring directors. The price of the issue is high: today the average salary of a top manager in Russia is from $10,000 to $30,000 and more. Even if a person does not get into the pocket of the company - only as a result of an unsuccessful probationary period the company will lose up to $100,000 in a quarter. Other popular topics: loans, investments, corporate fraud. Private individuals are usually interested in either investigating domestic thefts or exposing adultery. In the latter case, the account sometimes goes to many millions of dollars, which one or another party can sue in the event of a divorce. And when investigating home thefts, sometimes you come across real dramas. For example, $ 100,000 is missing from the safe of the head of the family. He blames the driver, the guard, the servants - anyone. And the culprit is his own son, who, in front of his father, spends his life in nightclubs and has been on cocaine for a long time.

Mistakes in the translation of "sign language"

- Many businessmen, trying to catch their negotiating partner in a lie, often use tricks from Alan Pease's popular book "Sign Language" and similar publications. But in your seminars you openly ridicule Pease's approaches. What is wrong with him?

Who is Alan Pease? This is a former insurance salesman who, based on his personal experience and a superficial study of psychology, created a superbly packaged “info product” and made good money on it. Unfortunately, the feedback loops he describes, when applied literally, often lead to erroneous conclusions. For example, Alan Pease writes that if a person touches his nose, then he is lying. If a person crosses his arms on his chest, it means that he is not entirely positive towards you. This is far from always the case: maybe just a person’s nose itches? Maybe he felt cold and wanted to wrap his arms around himself?

– How do your methods differ from those of Pease?

- He has a popular approach, we and my colleagues have a strictly scientific one. I draw on the work of psychologist Paul Ekman, anthropologist David Efron, ethologist Desmond Morris, and other eminent scientists. For example, Paul Ekman, known to the general public as a consultant on Lie to Me and included in the list of 100 most influential people in the world according to Time magazine in 2009, is the world's largest expert in the field of the psychology of emotions and lie detection. He is also one of the main developers of profiling technology. My colleagues at the International Academy for the Study of Lies use this technology in our work, as well as conduct our own scientific research and experiments in the field of profiling and the psychology of lies in general.

– What is profiling?

- In short, this term (from the English "profile" - profile) means a set of psychological methods for assessing and predicting a person's behavior based on an analysis of his appearance, non-verbal and verbal signs. Profiling is actively used by many intelligence agencies of the world, for example, to draw up a psychological portrait of a possible criminal according to his psychological portrait and psychotype, to assess the involvement of a person in terrorist, fraudulent and other criminal acts. For example, Israel's Ben Gurion airport's profiling service is one of the toughest in the world. Perhaps even overly harsh: from communicating with her, many tourists do not always have positive impressions. But the number of terrorist incidents at Ben Gurion Airport is very low. And recently, profiling has been increasingly adopted by businesses, helping owners and top managers of companies to assess the intentions and reliability of the statements of their employees, partners, and customers.

– To what extent is the profiling technology insured against errors compared to the popular approaches of the same Alan Pease? For example, an airline passenger may be nervous not because he has a bomb in his bag, but because of problems in the family or at work ...

– This is one of the strengths of profiling, that it allows you to unambiguously cut off all those who are obviously not involved, thereby sharply narrowing the circle of suspects. So, people who are anxious and suspicious by nature are practically incapable of planning and committing a deliberate crime. For example, recently I was invited to one construction company assist in the investigation of the theft of non-ferrous metals. The customer immediately pointed to three suspects - people from one Central Asian country. However, the tests convincingly showed their innocence - and this result was then confirmed on the traditional "lie detector" - the so-called. polygraph. Well, the intimidated migrant workers, who are even afraid to live in Moscow, cannot decide to take fifty-kilogram rolls of copper out of the fence of the construction site, where any policeman will stop them after a hundred meters!

Live "lie detector"

- Who is "cooler": a traditional computer polygraph - or, so to speak, a live "lie detector" in the person of a profiling specialist?

- The statistics of the special services of Russia, the USA, Israel, etc. demonstrate an approximately 70-80% probability of obtaining an accurate result when using a traditional polygraph. 20–30% are the so-called errors of the first and second order (errors of the first order lead to the accusation of a knowingly uninvolved person, the second - to avoiding punishment of a real criminal).

Where do these errors come from?

- A polygraph examiner usually uses only one - instrumental technology for detecting deception, without resorting to compiling a person's profile and other psychological methods. But the car always has a chance to "deceive" in one direction or another. For example, if you test the accounting department of your company on a polygraph, then the indicators of the most conscientious employees, due to a stressful situation, may well coincide with the reaction of hardened criminals. Unlike a polygraph examiner, a specialist profiler uses at least three complementary methods from the richest arsenal of the psychology of lies. Because of this, real professionals in the field of profiling, not without reason, strive to achieve one hundred percent accuracy of their "diagnoses". They don't say "maybe", "probably", "within 80% accuracy", etc. They say: “no, this person is not involved”, or: “yes, this person is lying.” And they carefully argue their conclusions: if the standard report of a polygraph examiner takes up one page, then the report of a profiler - with a psychological portrait, a description of the motivation and reactions of the person involved, and, often, with his confession! - reaches 20-30 or more pages. However, in order to confirm their conclusions, profilers can resort to additional studies using a traditional polygraph, a lie detector by handwriting, a non-contact lie detector: sometimes the customer is more convinced by the “objective” numbers that an electronic device produces.

How do you get suspects confessed?

– Business customers are not interested in psychological portraits per se. They need a result: found money and material resources, exposed insiders and corporate thieves. How do we get results? Sometimes we are asked: perhaps you are handcuffing suspects to the battery? True professionals in the field of profiling never come into conflict with the laws on private security and investigative activities. Their work does not go beyond the scope of counseling psychological assistance.

- So you just talk to the suspect "heart to heart"?

- Actually, yes. You know, lies and the threat of being exposed always cause a huge adrenaline rush, which literally poisons the blood. It is very hard to live in this state forever. Using psychological methods, we bring a person to the fact that he realizes the burden that he has taken on himself, wants to get rid of it, “unravel” his life. And most of those who fall into our careful hands, in the end say: “That's it, I'm tired. I give my confession."

All businessmen do it

- When do our compatriots lie more often: in their personal lives or in business?

Everyone lies, always and everywhere. Not far from the truth is Dr. Lightman from the famous TV series “Lie to me” (“Lie Theory”), which states that each person, on average, lies three times in 10 minutes of conversation. This is not an exaggeration. Indeed, in most cases, the phenomenon of false information arises due to the desire of people for a positive assessment - albeit an overestimated one - from relatives, friends, colleagues, and society as a whole. And only secondarily do people use lies to obtain some material advantage.

– How often, in your opinion, do domestic businessmen resort to deceit to achieve their goals?

- For example, this happens almost every time a company advertises its product or when two businessmen bargain, making a deal. Any transaction is a competition between the seller and the buyer, who are trying to negotiate the best positions for their company, incl. - with the help of various tricks and defaults. In general, lies in the form of embellishment have already become the norm in business: without it, unfortunately, it would be impossible to sell most goods and services.

Have you met businessmen who never lie?

- No, I haven't. Everyone lies, at least on trifles, at least “to save”, at least in the form of default. I myself often resort to lying in the form of default - to save my family from the stresses of the big city. When I don’t want to talk about something, I just say: “Do you know about such a form of lies as silence?”

- And what, there were problems? Have you ever been threatened or retaliated by those whose plans you ruined?

“Because of our understanding of many aspects of psychology, we try to be very gentle and loyal in the examination situation, especially to those who have committed a misdemeanour. We are trying to resolve the conflict, and therefore there were no threats or revenge.

- Eugene, how did the topic of lies “hook” you in general? How did you come to this "gold mine"?

I am a military psychologist by profession. After the collapse of the Union, he worked in the Russian special services. Out of necessity, I met two foreign instructors who told me about the non-verbal communication profiling model. I studied this model and began to apply it rather hastily in my work, solving the set tasks in the field of negotiating with criminals and terrorists. Trained in this direction operational officers, fighters of special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. In 1997, he resigned from the authorities and went to work in the banking sector: in the role of assistant director of one of the branches of Rosselkhozbank, he was involved in negotiating support. Been busy for some time security business, but then I realized that profiler services are much more in demand on the market and cost much more than security guard services. And I myself am much more interested in developing the topic of profiling in the field of state security, banking security, corporate information security in practice.

- Is it strong domestic business changed since the early 1990s in the context of our conversation?

– Of course, there have been dramatic changes. People began to pay more attention to how much they lose - because before it did not take much intelligence and work to quickly restore any losses. Today, competition in the market has become tougher, businessmen are very cautious about investing and lending. In general, business is becoming more civilized, less aggressive, safer and more conscientious. Of course, large-scale scams still take place. Moreover, in such scams there is always a large corruption component - some "state" people who lobby for the interests of a fraudulent persuasion.

- Have you had to deal with Western businessmen? It is believed that they care about their reputation and try to do business honestly. At the same time, in the West, scandals arise every now and then related to fraud and bribes worth millions and billions of dollars ...

- The conditions for doing business differ, the environment - but the businessmen themselves are no different. Any domestic surname can be successfully replaced by a foreign one. For example, we had Sergey Mavrodi, they had Bernard Madoff. Unless Mavrodi acted at his own peril and risk, and state structures loomed behind Madoff's back. In addition, in our country, corrupt clans, if necessary, ignore the letter and spirit of legislation - and in the West, laws have real weight. There are clearly regulated rules of the game. Fraudsters try to learn these rules and find a loophole in them in order to use it to their advantage.

How to make a lie unprofitable

- How big, in your opinion, are the losses that business incurs due to deception of customers, partners, company employees?

- I can say that companies that do not deal with information security, do not implement a system of information control, detect and counteract fraud, constantly lose up to 30 percent of their income. These are my personal measurements - data that I have collected both from my direct clients and with the help of partner consulting companies.

- What lie should be fought, which one can be put up with, since it is unprofitable to fight it, so to speak?

“Of course, you can't put up with lies that harm you and your business. Although the criteria for harm is a subjective thing. For example, I am quite calm about the lies of employees for the sake of small career advantages. For example, if I find out that a person forged references in order to get a good position, but now works for a company with full dedication, then I will probably turn a blind eye to this sin. Although I will continue to read the reports of this person more carefully.

- Please give me your personal definition of a lie. What is its practicality and manufacturability in comparison with the common ideas about lies?

“First, I’ll quote Paul Ekman’s classic definition: “Lying is an act by which one person deceives another, doing it intentionally, without prior notification of their goals and without a clear request from the victim not to reveal the truth.” And now - the definition developed at the International Academy for the Study of Lies. In our opinion, lies or truth are models of our consciousness that arise as a reaction to environmental stimuli and manifest themselves in the form of verbal and non-verbal responses, acts of facial expressions, pantomime, and emotional manifestations. Truth and falsehood have their cause, their positive intention, and their consequences, chief among which is the threat of punishment. With all due respect to the master, our definition is more complete, takes into account all the features of the phenomenon of false information and allows you to more accurately verify a lie. So, Paul Ekman works with the face and body - but does not work with the causes and consequences of false information. And these factors are very important if you want to get a confession from the person involved. Also, in order to understand the nature of lies, it is important to be aware that they only take place in a certain context. As the context changes, so does our understanding of lies. For example, for some, Robin Hood was a deceitful medieval terrorist, for others - a fighter for the people's truth.

- How do professional profilers work, revealing lies?

- The first stage is the collection of information about the incident, about the problem. The second is a deep questioning conversation. The third is instrumental lie detection. It would seem that polygraph examiners also go through these stages. But, unlike them, profilers compile the psychological profiles of the persons involved in the events and make the first probabilistic forecasts. This allows you to clearly separate uninvolved persons and suspects. Next comes mainly work with the suspects, their motives are clarified (I remind you: any liar has his own positive intention). If necessary, professionals resort to the legend of their activities, use the technology of non-contact remote investigation of lies, when a person does not even know that the indicators of his autonomic nervous system are recorded by a polygraph.

- If a company wants to organize a lie detection system - who should do it?

- Of course, the knowledge of profiling methods will be useful for business owners and top managers, as well as for specialists in the company's HR department. After all, the problem begins not when the money is already stolen, but when an employee is hired. If you hire the right person for the right position, you will always get the right result. I say this not only as a specialist in lie detection, but also as a leader own businesses. Even if something was stolen from you, a properly built system will help you quickly make up for the losses. For example, in large shopping malls up to 20 percent of revenue is lost on theft. But they build their system in such a way as to compensate for losses in other ways, for example, to get the maximum discount from suppliers.

– How to reduce the temptation of an employee (client, partner) to lie?

– Peter Drucker also said: “You can only manage what you can measure.” Unfortunately, I often have to tell clients: "I caught your thief, but you yourself are to blame for the fact that the theft became possible." If you fully reflect in information system enterprises the movement of all resources, if you correctly set the control points key indicators You won't care too much how sincere your employees are. You will know it anyway.

– Advise our readers on a simple technique that can be used in an emergency.

– To begin with, try to find out the basic line of behavior of your employee or negotiating partner. The baseline is when the person is relaxed. Observe how a person answers your questions in a normal state, how he behaves while doing so. Then ask a question that really worries you. Observe for 3-5 seconds how the person's reaction changes. The stronger the contrast, the greater the chance that your question hit the mark and the person is hiding something or misleading you.

The ancients spoke. Therefore, before talking about such an interesting topic as “HISTORY of profiling”, I will, of course, start with a definition of concepts. An article for those who want to know more about profiling.

profiling, Wikipedia tells us, profile"- profile) - a concept denoting a set of psychological methods and techniques for assessing and predicting human behavior. All this is done on the basis of the analysis of the most informative particular features. appearance characteristics, non-verbal and verbal behaviour.

At first, the term "" (profiling) was used in the context of compiling a search psychological portrait(profile) of an unknown person. Following the footsteps at the crime scene.

Now the concept of “profiling” has expanded significantly, thanks to the fact that it is used not only in the context of forensics, but also in everyday life, in business. Sometimes this concept includes practical methods. Their purpose is to assess the reliability of the reported information on non-verbal and verbal behavior. But this is not entirely true, it is best to use the term “ verification". What we call instrumentless lie detection.

Profiling - let me remind you that I took as the basis of the article such a topic as: “the history of the emergence of profiling”, this is a set of psychological and forensic methods. A expert profiler- a specialist who determines the area where the person who committed the crime is located.

The profiler draws up a portrait of an unknown criminal. He does this according to the trace picture of the crime, in order to arrest him as soon as possible. Why do we distinguish between the concepts of “profiler” and “verifier”? Because the verifier works with a set of data and with an already existing suspect. During lie detection, we already have a person in relation to which we need to draw a conclusion. The conclusion about his involvement or non-involvement in the event under investigation.

Returning to the question of concepts, consider another term. Some miracle profilers use the name "criminal profiling". They don't think about the meaning. Literally, this phrase is translated as “criminal profiling”, “criminal profiling”. If you think about it, it turns out that we are preparing criminals. In particular, the best way to choose and make a psychological portrait of the victim for the best commission of a crime. Therefore, it would be correct to call “our” profiling “forensic”.

You will say that the term "criminology" is translated from Latin as "criminal". And, nevertheless, it is a science that studies, on the one hand, a crime and its mechanisms, preparation, concealment, and the personality of a criminal. And on the other hand - the investigation of the crime, its methods, techniques, methods. We come to the conclusion that it would be advisable to call the use of profiling in the field of crime investigations “anti-criminal” or “counter-criminal”. But I, nevertheless, like the “forensic” one more.

In the arsenal of profilers-verifiers there is such a thing as a “survey conversation”. Or “veiled polling conversation”. It is used to determine the truth or falsity of statements. Often, it is confused with calibration. These concepts are important to separate. “Calibration” is a Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) toolkit. This is an accurate “reading”, recognition of the state of another person by non-verbal (body language) and verbal signals. This, no doubt, is used during a survey conversation as one of the tools in order to conduct it as efficiently as possible.

It is believed that one of the first attempts to draw up a psychological portrait belongs to the British surgeon Thomas Bond. He made it in 1888 regarding the identification of the serial killer and maniac Jack the Ripper.

However, in the 1950s used psychological profiling as a forensic method to search for an unknown criminal. It described American psychologist Dr. James Brussel as one of the means of preliminary investigation. In New York in the 1950s - 1960s. The “mad bomber” committed a large number of crimes. More than 30 explosions were recorded in different parts of the city. An unknown criminal set them up in crowded places. At Pennsylvania Station, Grand Central Station and Radio City Music Hall. The police turned to psychiatrist Dr. Brassel for help.

The doctor concluded that the offender is paranoid, hates his father, has a manic love for his mother, lives in Connecticut. All this after analyzing photographs of the sites of explosions and letters that the terrorist sent to the newspapers. Brussel made a psychological portrait. He stated that you need to look for a person of normal build who was born outside the United States. Middle-aged (40 - 50), Catholic, living with a brother or sister (or an unmarried aunt). An unmarried man who, as a rule, wears a double-breasted jacket, buttoned up. It seemed likely enough, if one looked closely at the references in some of the letters, that the wanted man was, or had been in the past, one of the disgruntled employees of the city's power supply company.

Shortly after this portrait was made and according to its description, George Meteski (Georges Metessky) was arrested:

  • Middle-aged person (50 years old), born abroad (Slav)
  • Catholic, unmarried, living with his two unmarried sisters (the only discrepancy from the drawn portrait) in Connecticut
  • What is most surprising, dressed in a double-breasted jacket, fastened with all buttons.

To the questions of the amazed police officers, James Brussel replied: “Any psychiatrist always studies personality traits. Tries to predict how a given person might react to specific circumstances.”

In this case, Dr. Brussel simply went from the opposite direction and moved along the opposite path, describing the personality of the criminal in terms of the individual features of his crimes. This was the first described case of the use of a psychological portrait of a criminal by a specialist for search purposes, which received wide publicity.

Although, until the moment indicated by the “first”, the behavior of criminals was also considered from the point of view of psychological analysis, but:

  • They were empirical in nature and based on the enthusiasm of individuals who conducted preliminary investigations.
  • These cases were just attempts
  • Before the case described by Brassell, none of the criminal cases ended with such a grandiose result and did not have such a resonance.

In 1985, the FBI, under the leadership of P. Brooks and R. Ressler, developed a system as part of a search and capture program for criminals. There, profiling is used to improve the detection of serial violent crimes.

In addition, profiling is used to monitor and interview passengers in order to identify potentially dangerous citizens during air travel. During the pre-flight screening, for the prevention and prevention of terrorist attacks on an aircraft.

History of aviation security - the first attempts to generalize and apply the methodology profiling. They were implemented in the late 1970s by the Israeli airline El Al at Ben Gurion Airport. Objective: countering the terrorist threat. The technique was used during the pre-flight screening of passengers in order to minimize the possible risks associated with air travel. This technique includes a system of seemingly simple questions. They are aimed at identifying non-standard reactions of passengers to them. The method uses basic psychological patterns - stereotypes of behavior - and rather resembles psychological testing or conversation. In our school on the methodology have your own view especially since we looked at it from the inside, having been at Ben Gurion Airport, but that's another story.

The same methodology was “modeled” in 1984 by the English-speaking company ICTS. Began to be used by aviation security services in many European countries and USA. At the same time, the well-known company "Paul Ekman Group" developed computer program, allowing you to "read" the face and emotional states person. They began to be actively used at US airports and in other structures involved in ensuring the security of the state.

Face, hot spots Paul Ekman and microexpressions from the point of view of verification also cause us a considerable number of questions, but this is material for separate article.

History does not stand still. Profiling gradually begins to integrate into economic structures. Including the banking sector. Paul Ekman developed a program that trained specialists in the field of ensuring the security of government, banking, lawyers and legal structures.

In Russia, profiling, like many other things, has its own special history. Naturally, the USSR had a system for preventing crime and terrorist acts. Were professional psychologists who developed systems for conducting complex negotiations, negotiations with terrorists and decoding their emotional states.

Since, as you know, there were no sex, serial killers, maniacs in the USSR, then in instrumental and non-instrumental lie detection (as well as in genetics, cybernetics and other branches of scientific knowledge) we moved much more slowly than the West. There already existed entire departments to investigate serial violent crimes. And if they advanced, then under the cover of night, in closed laboratories. Like, for example, the 30th laboratory of the KGB of the USSR. In it, with great success, she was engaged in instrumental lie detection, which is evidenced by unique polygraph examiners: Valery Vladimirovich Korovin, Leonid Georgievich Alekseev.

Profiling began to be actively used in Russia after a large number of crimes. Aircraft hijackings, terrorist attacks and bank fraud, when the need for crime prevention and control became apparent.

An expert profiler, as a rule, works with the materials of a criminal case. With a trace picture of the crime. He faces a difficult task: to create a psychological portrait of the criminal. A prime example drawing up such a profile, one can cite a psychological and anthropological portrait of Andrei Chikatilo. It was created by Professor A.O. Bukhanovsky, who worked with the materials of the criminal case of the killer.

As I said before, in the case of instrumentless lie detection, we are dealing with a specific person. We know, therefore, naturally, methodological approaches and techniques will differ from the methods of forensic study of personality. Although, it is impossible to set “profiling” separately in case of lie verification. Any verifier is first of all a profiler too.

In profiling, the main tool is familiarization with the materials of the criminal case. In lie detection different kinds conversations and questions. The task of a profiler is to make a portrait of a person, the task of a verifier is to “understand the state” during a conversation, to provoke a person to a careless statement or action (leakage). And, hopefully, to be recognized. But in order to achieve all this, first of all, it is necessary to draw up a psychological portrait, otherwise the “approach” to a person and the structure of the conversation may turn out to be untenable. Therefore, in our school, we do not separate profiling from verification and call a specialist in toolless lie detection profiler-verifier.

The verifier performs calibration every second, and based on its results, makes a decision to change the approach or move from one stage of the conversation to another.

In addition to forensic profiling with a light hand, our country began to develop business profiling. A few more types of profiling, for example, ethnic.

Business profiling, a system for supporting business negotiations, improving the work of organizations and companies, stands apart. If profiling in aviation and banking security can afford directive, strict managerial methods of verification, analysis and collection of information. That business profiling is the highest form of psychological skill.

This direction of profiling is the lot of a select few, as it requires a high level of intelligence. Emotional intelligence. A person must have knowledge in such areas as:

  • Business processes, investment, accounting, finance
  • Negotiations, tough and combat negotiations, soft hard talks, tongue tricks
  • manipulation, recruitment, active events, headhunting
  • Etiquette, business etiquette, image and many others.

Profiling: a subtle and interesting science of human science. It involves continuous learning and self-learning, the development of empathy, the ability to observe and notice the smallest details, and negotiation skills. If you still decide to master this difficult profession, go for it! Amazing discoveries await you!

Used literature for the article “the history of profiling”:

  • Alekseev L.G. Psychophysiology of lie detection.
  • Douglas D. Chasing Evil.
  • Enikolopov S.N. Psychological features of criminal profiling.
  • Leslie J. Brief Psychological and Psychiatric Dictionary.

Profiling (from the English: profile - profile) is the profiling of a person according to verbal and non-verbal signs, that is, assigning him to a certain type of personality. The concept of profiling also includes a system of knowledge and skills that allows you to know and read the "language" of the human body, without the use of instrumental methods, such as a polygraph. And also with the use of a polygraph.

On the present stage profiling is applicable in a variety of cases:

  • - Personnel checks
  • - Investigation of offenses (theft, fraud, sexual crimes, etc.)
  • - If the person is out of reach, the profiler can work with the video material.
  • - If the use of a polygraph is not possible, the profiler conducts a check without a polygraph.
  • - It is possible to use profiling in working with organizations or enterprises under the legend of an employee.

Aviation profiling - the direction of profiling, the purpose of which is to identify, by non-verbal signs, passengers who intend to commit a terrorist act on board an aircraft, in an airport building, to identify signs of concealed weapons and explosives; passengers who, due to their psychological characteristics, are capable of committing an offense or hooligan actions.

Profiling on railways- the direction of profiling, the purpose of which is the prevention and prevention of illegal actions on railway transport, in the building of railway stations, platforms and adjacent territories.

Hotel profiling is the direction of profiling, the purpose of which is the prevention and prevention of terrorist attacks and illegal actions on the territory of hotels and hotel centers.

Business profiling is the accompaniment by a professional profiler of business negotiations. If you need to know what your negotiating partner is really thinking.

Criminal profiling - drawing up a psychological portrait of an alleged criminal for employees of the operational services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation

Audit profiling is the direction of profiling used in the work of audit companies. It is no secret that the work of auditors is connected with the study of not only documents, but also in the study of the personality of those people who provide them with these documents. It is no secret that a number of accountants "suffer" from the desire to ascribe to themselves "not" a lot of money. To understand and prevent the theft of material values ​​and money, this direction of profiling is used.

Personnel profiling - profiling aimed at establishing the compliance of candidates for the position. This area of ​​profiling also aims to establish a candidate for the position of a criminal past, the presence of debts, addiction to gambling, alcoholism and drugs.

Bank profiling is a line of profiling that aims to minimize losses when issuing bank loans. It was created at the intersection of two areas of profiling - business profiling and audit profiling. Allows you to prevent the loss of financial resources at the stage of consideration of an application for a loan and during a short interview with the borrower. In this case, the borrower can be both an individual and a legal entity.

Insurance profiling is a line of profiling in the field of insurance. The peculiarity of this type of profiling is to identify fraudulent schemes in insurance when paying out insurance claims.

Family profiling - profiling, which allows you to determine the level of trust in a partner. This is calmness and confidence that your feelings are mutual, that you are not being deceived.

There is no doubt that society has an obligation to protect itself from terrorism without violating the rights of citizens. Recently, one of the most effective means combat threats of a terrorist nature are biometric technologies. At the same time, opponents of the mass use of biometrics argue that the removal and use of biometric characteristics (biometric parameters) of a person infringes on the rights of citizens and is contrary to the Russian constitution.

Biometrics is a science that studies the biological and behavioral characteristics of a person. Biometric technologies use biological and/or behavioral information to identify a person or psycho-emotional state human, and biometric data refers to any data that characterizes some biometric property, such as sensor data or image data.

It is impossible to live in society and be free from society. The work of law enforcement agencies, for example, is not possible without the collection and archiving of such biometric characteristics of a person as his external image (photo) and fingerprints, although it provides for limited access to databases.

Partial validity limited use biometrics is also confirmed by the existing Russian legislation, which determines the procedure for working with biometric information in a number of federal laws, government decrees and orders for ministries and departments. At the same time, until recently, biometric data were divided into behavioral and biological, i.e. according to the temporary principle of their receipt on static and dynamic. There is also a division of biometric data according to the principle of their application, into data for identifying a person (biometric systems of the second generation) and for identifying a person's condition (biometric systems of the third generation).

An important step forward is taken in the recently passed federal law Russian Federation dated July 27, 2006 N 152-FZ "On Personal Data", which distinguishes between the concepts of "personal data" and "public personal data", which can also be attributed to biometric information. However, the interpretation of this concept of “publicly available personal data” in this law allows for various interpretations in other federal laws, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of introducing this term. Publicly available personal data - personal data, access to which is granted to an unlimited number of persons with the consent of the subject of personal data or to which, in accordance with federal laws confidentiality requirement does not apply.

Special attention was paid to the "profiling" technology after the terrorist attacks in August 2004. By order of the head Federal Service of the Transport Supervision Authority, it was recommended to introduce profiling groups into aviation security services even before November 1, 2004.

Profiling already has experience in the Russian Federation and in some CIS countries on international flights to Pulkovo, Sheremetyevo and other airports. This technology, widely used in the world by a number of airlines, primarily in the United States and Israel, is gaining momentum in our country. The profiling system is very flexible and implies the possibility of various modifications in accordance with the architecture and features of the air terminal complex, local conditions, and the specifics of threats.

The concept of profiling is just based on building a passenger profile. The main methodological position is that the persons who have committed a terrorist act or are about to commit it are characterized by the presence of a certain set of suspicious features in their appearance, behavior, travel documents and in the things being transported. The study and systematization of these signs makes it possible to create a passenger profile, on the basis of which each person can be classified as non-dangerous or potentially dangerous. In accordance with this, the entire passenger flow is processed according to a certain scheme, which makes it possible to identify suspicious signs.

The concept of profiling is based on the premise that every passenger can be a terrorist, and every item can be an explosive device or weapon, etc.; therefore, all activities carried out within the framework of the technology under consideration are designed to confirm or refute this statement. Accordingly, profiling refers to the identification of potentially dangerous passengers and situations during pre-flight screening. The profiling system only allows one to make an assumption about the possible involvement of a passenger in an act of unlawful interference. The real threat can be revealed only on the basis of an in-depth personal search of the passenger and the things he is carrying.

Work with a passenger can begin with the collection of preliminary information about him in various databases. Then, according to the current practice, before check-in for a flight, the passenger's travel documents are examined, all things carried by him are examined, the general appearance, behavior of a person and those accompanying him are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the study of documents in order to detect signs of forgery. Most convenient place when profiling during the pre-flight inspection, the area in front of the check-in counters is where the passenger is with all the things he is carrying. The work of the profiler can be carried out at the position of the first number of the inspection officer or next to him.

In profiling, a special baggage control system has been developed, which allows you to identify the possible presence of dangerous or prohibited items carried by a passenger or handed over to him by other people. Emphasizing the passenger's attention that the survey is conducted for their safety creates a positive setting for contact with the profiler. Questions asked in a language understandable to a person usually do not cause any difficulties. A standard survey takes 3-4 minutes. During this period, the employee, analyzing the responses received and the behavior of the person standing in front of him, draws a conclusion regarding his potential danger to the flight. If there are no deviations from the norm for these positions, the passenger is considered not dangerous for the flight and proceeds further to check-in. A passenger qualified as suspicious or dangerous (selected) is sent for a personal search. In this process, the intuition of the profiler and his professional experience are of great practical importance. Standard questions, depending on the situation, may relate to the purpose of the trip, the purpose and place of stay, cultural and historical monuments, etc.

Identification of suspicious moments in the appearance and behavior of people is possible through the use of psychological testing in the work of the profiler, which is understood here as a visual diagnosis of the internal state of a person through visible manifestations of characteristic signs, possibly indicating an impending illegal act. In this case, we are talking about professional observation of a person according to a certain scheme. It has been established that persons who harbor criminal intentions are characterized by a certain psychological state uncontrolled by the subject, which will inevitably have its expression in behavior, in the physiological reactions of the body and in the whole external appearance. These are, for example, all symptomatic manifestations of a nervous state, signs of an affective response to a situation, features of deceitful behavior, as well as characteristic signs of narcotic effects on a person.

also deserve special attention so-called "evidence of criminal behavior". In particular, this is a general inadequacy of the psychological state; unnaturalness and pretense in behavior when dealing with members of the security services (police); detachment from what is happening around (a symptom of a suicidal terrorist). An important aspect psychological testing is to focus on the dynamics of the behavior of the passenger, causing suspicion. So, for example, if during a baggage control survey or during any other contacts with a profiler or a security representative, a person changes his behavior when touching on certain topics (tension, anxiety, fear are observed), then this is a very revealing fact. The psychological testing of a passenger can also include the use of various communication techniques and influence on the interlocutor in order to quickly establish contact and obtain the necessary information.

Identification of potentially dangerous passengers is topical issue in protection against ANV. At present, a terrorist attack is a well-planned event behind which there are weeks, months of preparation, powerful funding. More and more sophisticated methods of concealing dangerous substances and explosive devices are being used, and purposeful work is being carried out to train the direct perpetrators.

In this situation, security officials need to be one step ahead of the terrorists and constantly improve the quality of protection against UA. The main aspect should be the direction towards the creation of highly effective integrated systems that reduce the likelihood of criminal intent. Should rely on modern theories and areas of security, applied in legal terms and taking into account the challenges of modern terrorism.

Terrorism in air transport also strikes at the political prestige of the country. The consequences of terrorist attacks are the strengthening of security measures, the training of relevant employees and the search for new forms of physical protection, technical and other types of control and access control. These are quite expensive events that are noticeable for the country, the Presidential Administration and the AK.

Civil aviation faces a serious task: to create and improve scientifically based diverse systems for the prevention of AE

One of the main tasks of the SAB is to identify a potentially dangerous passenger. Practice has shown that the use of only security measures and screening equipment is not enough to prevent AIA.

Existing tools are aimed at detecting dangerous objects and substances, and criminal intentions and intentions to commit ANV remain beyond their capabilities. To solve this issue, attempts are being made to design devices that determine illegal intentions by reading the internal information of a person. This is an interesting and promising technology, but it is not premature to talk about their mass use in the AP in the context of providing protection against AEs.

It is necessary to take into account specific features - the cost of equipment and training of personnel to work on it.

Today, only a person with a certain degree of probability is capable of reading internal information, responding flexibly to changes in the environment, to the dynamics of other people's behavior and to prompt decision-making depending on this.

The use of technical devices in the SAB does not guarantee a reliable result in identifying a potentially dangerous passenger. The equipment may be faulty, not meet the specific task and working conditions. The operator may be incompetent or dishonest. In some cases, a specialist, specially selected and trained, will surpass the technical device. Emphasis should also be placed on interpersonal interaction, which gives them more opportunity to detect illegal intentions.

Some subjective information can be processed through special methods and technologies aimed at identifying dangerous subjects. Let's consider profiling as a system of actions to prevent illegal acts of GA.

Profiling is a direction that is just beginning to develop in a theoretical aspect. The profiling technique was first formed in the late 70s by the Israeli airline El Al as a response to the increased terrorist activity of Islamic terrorists. In 1984, this technique was formed in the English version. "International Consultation on the Security of Vulnerable Objects", has become applied to the SAB in foreign countries.

The terrorist attacks in 2004 at Domodedovo necessitated a serious analysis of what had happened by the leadership of the Civil Aviation. Immediately after these terrorist attacks, by order of the head of the FNSST, it was recommended to implement the selection of employees in the SAB AP, because. the terrorists showed characteristic suspicious signs that serve as a signal for inspection.

Currently, a number of airlines use profiling technology, which generally improves the quality of AB. In the specialized literature there is no single formulation that reveals the concept of profiling. This word refers to slang terminology and originates from English. profile.

A comprehensive analysis of the terrorist attacks made it possible to create possible model actions of a person who harbors criminal intentions, which should be based on characteristic distinctive features of behavior, signs. The description and details of the features studied make it possible to proceed to the creation of an appropriate classification. Based on this approach, all passengers can be attributed to a certain type of profile, depending on the presence or absence of signs indicating possible criminal intent, that is, profiling.

Profiling technology allows each passenger to be classified according to their potential danger

When determining profiling, it is necessary to proceed from the following provisions:

    Profiling is one of the ways to ensure aviation security, as it allows you to prevent accidents by identifying potentially dangerous passengers and situations

    Potentially dangerous passengers and situations are identified by special technology, which is based on a comprehensive analysis of such significant factors as:

    1. Appearance and behavior of the passenger

      His shipping papers

      Things that are with him

    Profiling as a way to prevent ANV can be used during pre-flight screening, as well as in other places and activities to ensure AB.

As part of profiling, it is necessary to use the methods of psychology in their applied aspect, since in this technology the main emphasis is on the process of interpersonal interaction, on the possibility of human perception to read external and internal information, on the formation and development of such qualities as observation, communication.

Profiling is a technology aimed at preventing UA by identifying potentially dangerous persons and situations, for example, during screening and other security measures, with an emphasis on the application of applied psychology.

The FAP "Requirements for AB to AP", Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 142 dated November 28, 2005 states the need to apply pre-flight psychological testing (survey) of passengers. In the rules for conducting pre-flight and post-flight inspections, the order of the Ministry of Transport of July 25, 2007 is proposed to use a psychological survey to identify potentially dangerous passengers.

The terms psychological "testing" and "survey" used in these documents need clarification and are not synonymous with "profiling".

Profiling is a system of activities that can include psychological testing and a survey as auxiliary methods.

Psychological testing

Psychological testing in the context of the activities of the SAB should be considered as an express diagnosis of the internal state of the subject by characteristic features in external behavior in order to identify illegal intentions.

This diagnosis is carried out by purposefully observing the passenger or visitor and communicating with him. Fixing characteristic deviations in the subject's behavior is an integral part of profiling in identifying potentially dangerous passengers. Testing the behavior (emotional state) of a person should take place at all stages of profiling (when checking documents, checking luggage, hand luggage, survey). Thus, psychological testing should be considered as a structural component of profiling, which allows diagnosing the factors of the passenger's appearance and behavior in terms of his involvement in the planned ANV.

Psychological testing focuses on the behavior, internal state, appearance of the offender; within the framework of the method, the possibilities of observation and communication are considered to identify illegal intentions. The recommendations used to organize the process of observation and communication include a conversation. Psychological testing can be used both during profiling and in other measures to protect against UA.

Psychological survey

It can be described as a special system of interaction between SAB employees and passengers and visitors, aimed at obtaining the necessary information with the possible use of communication technologies. The survey is a structural component of profiling and one of the methods of psychological testing.

To date, there is no uniform terminology on this issue in regulatory documents, there is no clear legal methodological framework that justifies the very essence of profiling and its practical application to identify potentially dangerous persons. Profiling is not regulated as a mandatory event in the inspection structure. In these documents, only the need to apply methods based on a psychological approach with an emphasis on observation and communication is seen to identify potentially dangerous passengers. To date, the question of the practical application of profiling in the structure of the SAB activity has only been raised. To date, the list of positions of the aviation personnel of the Russian Federation No. 749 dated 10.07.98 and additions to it does not contain the position of "profiler".

At this stage, the problems of implementing profiling come down to the following aspects:

    Creation of a legal framework for profiling, including legislative confirmation of the mandatory use of this method to identify potentially dangerous persons

    Determining the role and place of profiling in integrated system AB

    Inclusion of profiling in technical processes for OAB

    Establishing possible areas for profiling, such as:

    1. Entrance to the AV complex

      Waiting room

      Security check point

      boarding gate

      Aircraft board, etc.

    Determine the contingent that will work on these technologies (SAB employees, it is possible to train the basics of profiling for employees of all departments)

Consistent solution of these problems in the future will lead to a clear regulation of profiling as a method for identifying potentially dangerous persons in the integrated concept of SAR. Legislative substantiation of profiling as an important element of protection against UA in the SAB system should be recorded in the relevant resolutions and orders responsible for this area of ​​life support.

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