Resistance movement in European countries. French resistance in the second world war. Other European countries

Resistance movement

nationally - the liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War 1939-45 (See World War II 1939-1945) against the German, Italian and Japanese occupiers and the local reactionary elements collaborating with them. Workers and peasants, patriotic urban petty and partly middle bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia and part of the clergy took part in the DS. In Asian countries, some groups of landowners, to one degree or another, joined the struggle against the Japanese colonialists. In almost all the countries occupied by the fascists, and in DS, there were two main trends: 1) the democratic, led by the working class headed by the communist parties and putting forward the demand not only for national, but also for social liberation; 2) right-wing, conservative, led by bourgeois elements, which limited its tasks to the restoration of the power of the national bourgeoisie and the order that existed before the occupation. The communists collaborated with those right-wing elements in the ranks of the D.S. who were ready to wage an active struggle against the occupiers. S. established cooperation against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.), the emigration bourgeois governments, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created their own organizations on the territories of their countries occupied by the fascist bloc states, which, formally advocating liberation from the German-fascist occupation, in fact, they fought primarily against the communist parties and other democratic organizations that participated in the D.S..Being deeply national in character in each individual country, D.S. was at the same time an international movement, since. had a common goal for all the fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, liberation from the invaders of the territories of the occupied countries. D.S.'s internationalism manifested itself in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the wide participation of anti-fascists from various countries in the national D.S.In many European countries, Soviet people who fled from fascist concentration camps fought in the D.S. Many Soviet patriots were leaders of anti-fascist groups, commanders of partisan detachments. In the DS, the struggle against fascism and for national liberation was closely intertwined, as a rule, with the struggle for democratic transformations and the social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries, with the struggle against imperialist and colonial oppression. In a number of countries at the entrance to the DS, people's democratic revolutions unfolded (see People's Democratic Revolution). In some countries, the people's revolutions that began during the DS period were successfully completed after the end of World War II.

DS was distinguished by a variety of forms of struggle against the occupiers. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at factories producing products for the occupiers and in transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, collection of intelligence information for the anti-fascist armies coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of DS was a nationwide armed uprising in which the leading role was played by the working class.

In some countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, the Philippines), DS developed into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In Yugoslavia and Albania, the national liberation war against the occupiers merged with the civil war against the internal reaction, which opposed the liberation struggle of their peoples. In countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, the main forms of DS were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of DS were the carefully covert activities of underground anti-fascist groups to involve workers in the struggle against fascism, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and in the army, assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war driven into Germany, etc.

The first period of the DS (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational and propaganda preparation of the mass struggle, the creation and strengthening of illegal anti-fascist organizations with the leading participation of the Communist Parties. In Poland, in September - October 1939, small partisan detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population took part in the struggle against the German-fascist occupation troops. The main nucleus of the first partisan groups were workers, and their vanguard was the Polish communists, who, despite the dissolution of the Communist Party of Poland (CP) (1938), continued to carry out revolutionary work. During the autumn of 1939 and the summer of 1940, DS encompassed a large part of Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage has been carried out spontaneously at enterprises and railways. transport. Polish peasants sabotaged food supplies and refused to pay numerous taxes. The progressive Polish intelligentsia was drawn into the struggle. In Czechoslovakia, in the initial period of the German-fascist occupation, an important form of struggle was political demonstrations, a boycott of the fascist press, and there was also a strike movement (in 1939 there were 25 strikes at 31 factories). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC), Czech and Slovak patriots began to create groups that began to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage in factories, transport, etc. occupation of the country (April 1941), consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the DS were the workers of the Paris region, the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, and other industrial centers. One of the first large demonstrations organized by the communists against the invaders was a demonstration of thousands of students and young workers in Paris on November 11, 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War 1914-18. In May 1941, a powerful strike took place, involving over 100,000 miners in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. At the call of the French Communist Party (PCF), thousands of French intellectuals joined the working class in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the PCF, a mass patriotic association was created - the National Front, which rallied French patriots of various social strata and different political views. The embryo of a military organization - the "Special Organization" was created by the communists at the end of 1940; in 1941 she joined the organization "Frantiers and Partisans" (FTP). The peoples of other European states also rose to fight against the invaders - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German fascist army in May 1940), Greece (occupied in April - early June 1941), etc. During this period, the liberation struggle of the Chinese people against the Japanese imperialists, which began before World War II, reached. In the course of the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies led by the Communist Party and the partisan detachments in the rear of the Japanese grew. August 20 - December 5, 1940, units of the 8th Army carried out an offensive on the Japanese position in North China. In the liberated regions, democratic transformations were carried out, democratic bodies of power led by the communists were elected.

The second period of D.S. (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by its strengthening in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45 (See the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45) . Under the influence of the courageous struggle and the first victories of the Red Army over the German fascist troops, especially the historic battle near Moscow, DS in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a national movement. The liberation struggle of the peoples was led by mass patriotic organizations - the National Fronts in Poland and France, the Anti-Fascist Veche of People's Liberation in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece and Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed the General Staff of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments (since September 1941 - the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia). On July 7, 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), an armed uprising began in Serbia, on July 13 - in Montenegro, at the end of July armed struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of 1941, 44 partisan detachments, 14 separate battalions and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80 thousand people in total) were operating in the country. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated the entire territory of Yugoslavia. On November 26-27, 1942, the Anti-Fascist Veche for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOYU) was formed, which elected an Executive Committee; it included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascist groups. In Poland, an important role in the further development of the liberation struggle was played by the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), created in January 1942, which acted as the organizer and leader of partisan detachments that united into the Ludov Guard. Following the example of the Ludova Guards, many detachments of the "Cotton Battalions" and the Home Army, created by the emigre government of Poland, took the path of armed struggle, in essence, not to fight the occupiers, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. In Czechoslovakia, the first partisan groups were created in the summer of 1942. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the Fatherland Front was created underground in 1942, uniting all anti-fascist forces led by the communists and starting a wide partisan anti-fascist war. To direct the armed struggle against fascism, the Central Military Commission was created, which was transformed in the spring of 1943 into the General Staff of the People's Liberation Partisan Army. The partisan struggle of the Albanian people, led by the Communist Party (CPA), created in November 1941, expanded. In Greece, the liberation struggle was led by the National Liberation Front (EAM), created in September 1941 on the initiative of the Greek Communist Party (KKE), whose core were workers and peasants. The partisan detachments that emerged at the beginning of 1941 were united in December 1941 into the People's Liberation Army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE.

The struggle against the German fascist invaders intensified in other European countries: France, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the second half of 1941, the anti-fascist and anti-war actions of the working people in Italy took on a wider scale. On the initiative of the Italian Communist Party (ICP), in October 1941, the Action Committee for the Unification of the Italian People was created in the country, and in November 1942 in Turin - the National Front Committee, which consisted of representatives of the anti-fascist parties. The same committees were created in other cities. In Germany, despite the repressions of the Gestapo, in late 1941 - early 1942, much more underground anti-war and anti-fascist printed materials were distributed than in the first days of the war. The organizers of the anti-fascist struggle were underground communist groups.

D.S. of the peoples of the countries of East and Southeast Asia, which were subjected to Japanese occupation, especially in China, expanded. In 1941-1942, the Japanese army launched a "general offensive" against the liberated regions, but was able, at the cost of heavy losses, to seize only part of their territory in North China; the territory of the liberated regions of Central and South China continued to expand during this period.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indochina Communist Party, the League of the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisan detachments were formed and fought. DS also developed in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In Malaya, at the end of 1942, on the basis of the first partisan detachments formed by the communists, the anti-Japanese army of the peoples of Malaya was created. An anti-Japanese alliance was organized among the civilian population.

In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, the liberation struggle of the Indonesian people began to unfold. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were organized at enterprises and transport, peasant uprisings arose. All these anti-Japanese demonstrations were brutally suppressed by the occupiers. In 1942, the struggle against the Japanese invaders began in Burma, especially in the west and in the central regions, where the communists who were underground created partisan detachments and groups. The anti-Japanese struggle in the Philippines, where a united anti-Japanese front of patriotic forces was created, took on a large scale. In March 1942, in addition to the anti-Japanese organizations led by representatives of the national bourgeoisie, the People's Army Hukbalahap was created on the initiative of the Communist Party.

The third period of the DS (November 1942 - late 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war caused by the historical victories of the Red Army at Stalingrad and Kursk; DS in all the occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fascist bloc (including in Germany itself), has increased dramatically. At this time, in a number of countries, basically the national unification of patriotic forces was completed and united national fronts were strengthened. On the basis of partisan detachments, the people's liberation armies were created in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria. In Poland, the Ludov Guard acted, captivating by its example the detachments of the Home Army, which was hindered in every possible way by the reactionary leaders of the latter. On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began (see Warsaw Uprising of 1943) , brutally suppressed after weeks of heroic struggle. New partisan detachments arose in Czechoslovakia. The Patriotic Anti-Hitler Front was founded in Romania in June 1943. The liberation struggle expanded in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, whole areas were liberated from the occupiers, on the territory of which the organs of popular power created by patriots operated. The actions of the Soviet partisans were an inspiring example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world (see Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). In China, the people's revolutionary army, partisans, and militia units not only returned the territories of the liberated regions lost in battles with Japanese troops in 1941-42, but also expanded them. In Korea, the number of strikes and acts of sabotage increased sharply in 1943. In Vietnam, by the end of 1943, numerous partisan detachments had driven the Japanese invaders from many areas in the north of the country. Here committees were created, which became the embryo of a new, democratic system. In Burma, the center of the country's patriotic forces was the Antifascist League of People's Freedom, formed in 1944, which included the Communist Party, trade unions, and other patriotic forces of the country. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified.

The fourth period of D.S. (late 1943 - May - September 1945). During this period, the Red Army inflicted crushing blows on the fascist invaders, drove them out of Soviet soil, liberated the peoples of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, completed, together with the Allied armed forces, the defeat of Nazi Germany (on May 8, representatives of the German command signed an act of surrender) and, speaking 9 August 1945 against Japan, played a decisive role in the victory over Japanese militarism.

In the context of the successful offensive of the Soviet troops, the nationwide anti-fascist struggle in a number of occupied countries resulted in armed uprisings, which became important milestones in the struggle of democratic forces, which led to the establishment of a people's democratic system in the course of the people's democratic revolutions (People's armed uprising on August 23, 1944 (see. The People's Armed Uprising in Romania 1944) in Romania, the September People's Armed Uprising of 1944 in Bulgaria, the Slovak National Uprising in 1944, the People's Uprising of 1945 in the Czech lands). The liberation struggle expanded in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, where, like in other countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, patriotic forces under the leadership of the working class created organs of revolutionary power that would solve the tasks of the people's democratic revolution. In December 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, the Craiova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created in the country on the initiative of the PPR, then local Rada Narodovs began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish Committee for National Liberation was formed, which took over the functions of a provisional government ... An attempt by reaction to use the heroic Warsaw Uprising of 1944 to seize political power was unsuccessful. The people's democratic power was strengthening in the country.

In Hungary, under the conditions of the liberation of the country by Soviet troops, on December 2, 1944, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the Hungarian National Independence Front was created, and on December 22, 1944, the Provisional National Assembly in Debrecen formed the Provisional National Government.

In Yugoslavia, on November 29, 1943, the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia was created, which performed the functions of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, and on March 7, 1945, after the country's liberation by Soviet and Yugoslav armed forces, a democratic government. In Albania, a legislative body was created - the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee, endowed with the functions of a provisional government.

In Greece, the patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and achieved by the end of October 1944 the liberation of the entire territory of mainland Greece from the German fascist invaders. However, the forces of Greek reaction, with the help of British troops entering the country in October 1944, succeeded in restoring a reactionary monarchist regime in Greece.

DS achieved great success in France. The National Council of Resistance (NSS), created in May 1943, adopted the DS program on March 15, 1944, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for the prospects for the country's economic and democratic development after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of French internal forces of up to 500,000 men, in which the leading role belonged to the Communists. Influenced by the victories of the Red Army and the landing of Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the occupiers grew into a popular uprising, culminating in the victorious Paris Uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the territory of France on their own, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan army of patriots of the Freedom Volunteers Corps was created, numbering over 100 thousand fighters. The partisan army liberated vast areas in northern Italy from the occupiers. Groups of patriotic action arose in cities and villages. In the winter of 1944-45, mass strikes took place in a number of industrial centers in northern Italy. In April 1945, a general strike began in the northern part of the country, which grew into a popular uprising, which ended with the liberation of northern and central Italy from the occupiers even before the arrival of Anglo-American troops there (see the April Uprising of 1945).

By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were active in Belgium. Thanks to the efforts of the communists, the armed struggle of the partisans and patriotic militia ended in a nationwide uprising that engulfed the entire country in September 1944.

In Germany, despite the brutal mass repressions and executions, the victims of which were the majority of the members and leaders of anti-fascist groups, the surviving communist groups continued to fight against the fascist regime. Resistance groups were created among prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. In July 1943, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany (KKE), a national leading center for the anti-fascist struggle was created in the USSR - the National Committee for Free Germany (NKSG), which united representatives of various political views and beliefs. In France, in November 1943, the Free Germany Committee for the West was formed, which led in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with the help of local communists, the anti-fascist work of it. communists among the occupation troops.

DS achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, the Hukbalahap People's Army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared a number of areas of about. Luzon, where the democratic transformation took place. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people have failed to consolidate the gains they have made. In the Indochina in May 1945, all the liberation armed forces were united into a single liberation army of Vietnam (the Vietnamese People's Army). The D.S. in Asia was especially widespread immediately after the USSR entered the war with Japan, the defeat of the Kwantung Army by Soviet troops (August 1945), and liberation by them of North-East China and Korea. The victories of the Soviet troops allowed the 8th and New 4th National Liberation Armies to clear almost all of Northern and part of Central China from the Japanese invaders. The liberation struggle of the Chinese people laid the foundation for the further development of the people's revolution in China. In August 1945, there was a People's Uprising in Vietnam (see August 1945 Revolution in Vietnam) , which led to the creation of the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia, where DS embraced various social strata, a republic was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. In Malaya, the anti-Japanese people's army liberated a number of regions of the country in 1944-45, and in August 1945 disarmed the Japanese troops even before the British armed forces landed there. In March 1945, a popular uprising began in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese occupiers, and D.S. was one of the essential factors that contributed to the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition. The glorious traditions of the DS are used by the peoples in the struggle against imperialist reaction and for world peace.

Lit.: Antifascist resistance movement in European countries during the Second World War, M., 1966; Boltin E. A., Kunina D. E., Topical Issues of the Resistance Movement, "New and Contemporary History", 1961, No. 5; Heroes of the Resistance, M., 1970; Koloskov I.A., Tsirulnikov N.G. The people of France in the fight against fascism, M., 1960; Boltin E. A., The Soviet Union and the Resistance Movement in Europe during the Second World War, "Questions of history", 1961, No. 9; Semiryaga MI, Soviet people in the European Resistance, M., 1970; Klokov V.I., The struggle of the peoples of the Slavic countries against the fascist oppressors (1939-1945), Kiev, 1961; Pozolotin M., The struggle of the Bulgarian people for freedom and independence during the Second World War, M., 1954; Valev LB, From the history of the Fatherland Front of Bulgaria (July 1942-September 1944.), M. - L., 1950; Nedorezov A.I., National liberation movement in Czechoslovakia 1939-1945, M., 1961; Lebedev N. I., Romania during the Second World War, M., 1961; Gintsberg L.I., Drabkin Ya. S., German anti-fascists in the struggle against the Hitler dictatorship (1933-1945), M., 1961, Maryanovich I., The War of Independence and the People's Revolution in Yugoslavia trans. from Serbian-Croatian., M., 1956; L. Longo, The People of Italy in the Struggle, trans. from ital., M., 1952; Battaglia R., History of the Italian Resistance Movement (8 Sept. 1943 - 25 April 1945), trans. from ital., M., 1954; Secchia P. and Moscatelli C., Monte Rosa descended to Milan. From the history of the Resistance movement in Italy, trans. from ital., M., 1961; Grenier F., This is how it was, trans. from French., M., 1960; Galleni M., Soviet partisans in the Italian Resistance movement, trans. with ital., M., 1970; Cogno J., Communist Parties of Western Europe during the Second World War, "Questions of the history of the KPSS", 1960, no. 3; Sapozhnikov B.G., The Japanese-Chinese War and the Colonial Policy of Japan in China (1937-1941), M., 1970; Dudinsky A.M., The Liberation Mission of the Soviet Union in the Far East M., 1966; European Resistance movements. 1939-1945, First International Conference on the history of the Resistance movements held at Liège - Bruxelles - Breendonk, 14-17 September 1958, Oxf., 1960; European Resistance Movements 1939-1945, v. 2, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the history of the Resistance movements held at Milan 26-29 March 1961, Oxf., 1964; Le Parti Communiste franc ais dans la Resistance, P., 1967; Tito J. B., Fight for Osloboeњe Jygoslavije , 1941-1943, Beograd 1947; Michel H., Les mouvements clandestins en Europe (1938-1945), P., 1961; Laroche G., On les nommait des étrangers, P., 1965. Periodicals: "Revue d" histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiaie "(P., 1941-);" Il movimiento di Liberazione in ltalia "(Roma, 1949- ); "Cahiérs lnternationaux de la Résistance" (Wien, 1959-).

N.G. Tsyrulnikov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

April 10 is the International Day of the Resistance Movement. The resistance movement during World War II was called the underground and insurrectionary struggle of the peoples of Europe against Nazi Germany and its allies. The most widespread forms of struggle against the invaders were: anti-fascist agitation and propaganda, the publication of underground literature; strikes, sabotage and sabotage in transport and at enterprises producing products for the invaders; armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration; collection of intelligence data for the armies of the anti-Hitler coalition; guerrilla warfare. The highest form of the resistance movement was an armed uprising and popular (partisan) war, which covered entire regions and could lead to their liberation from the invaders (as in Belarus, Ukraine and Yugoslavia).

It should be noted that a lot has been said and written about the European Resistance movement, which allegedly caused enormous damage to the Third Reich. Nowadays, highly exaggerated myths about European Resistance have become part of the revision of the Second World War in the interests of the West.

The scale of the European Resistance (excluding the territory of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Greece) was greatly exaggerated for ideological and political purposes even during the existence of the socialist bloc of countries headed by the USSR. Then it was good form to turn a blind eye to the fact that many states were members of the Hitlerite bloc or surrendered to the Nazis practically without resistance. The resistance in these countries was minimal, especially compared to the support they gave to Nazi Germany. In fact, it was the prototype of the modern European Union, headed by Hitler. The economic, demographic resources of Europe were combined with the aim of destroying the Soviet (Russian) civilization. Most of Western Europe simply fell under Hitler, as it was in the interests of the masters of the West, who actually created the Third Reich project.

In some states, the appearance of resistance arose only when the Red Army approached (Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic), and when the so-called. The second front, in others it was minimal. However, during the years of the existence of the Soviet Union, they tried not to emphasize this fact, so as not to offend the allies and European "partners", including the fraternal socialist countries.

The only exceptions were Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece (not counting the Soviet Union), where the Resistance took on a wide scale and popular character. However, this was due to the fact that the Balkan region does not quite fit into the Western (European) civilization, preserving the Orthodox and Slavic traditions, the cultural and civilizational type of the Byzantine Empire. In this respect, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula are closer to Russian civilization, especially Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. Although in modern times Westernization has practically won out on the Balkan Peninsula as well.

A woman guerrilla of the Italian resistance movement in the mountains of northern Italy

The Third Reich was the most striking, outspoken manifestation of the Western project. No wonder the German Nazis took the British Empire and its racist order as their ideal. "Eternal Reich" in all colors and very frankly showed the future that awaits all of humanity, if the western project of the New World Order wins. This is a slave-owning, caste civilization, where there are "chosen" and "two-legged tools", slaves, and some of the people are generally classified as "subhumans" (Russians, Slavs), who were sentenced to total destruction. Huge concentration camps, Sonderkommando, total annihilation of any opposition, zombification of people, etc., all this awaited humanity if the USSR had not crushed the "brown plague". Then the West had to disguise its cannibalistic insides.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire in Europe, with varying degrees of success, they tried to recreate the “common European empire” (the European Union) - the empire of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire (since 1512 - the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), the French Empire of Napoleon and the Second Reich. Since 1933, the Third Reich headed the project of a "common European empire". The roots of this German aspiration for imperial primacy go very far in depth. It was not for nothing that Nazi ideologies turned to medieval Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, the empire of Charlemagne, and even further to the Roman Empire. After all, it was the "Germans", however, under the conceptual and ideological leadership of Rome, which was then the "command post" of the Western project, who created what is now called "Europe", "the West" a thousand years ago. It was Rome and the "Germans" (there was no single people at that time) that initiated the process of "Onslaught on the East and North". Therefore, the assignment of the name "Barbarossa" to the plan of war against the USSR-Russia, nicknamed the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1155 to 1190, Frederick I Barbarossa (Red-bearded, from Italian barba, "beard", and rossa, "red"), had a large meaning. After all, it was the "empire of the German nation" that united a significant part of Western Europe and, one way or another, ruled it for several centuries.

The leaders of the Third Reich considered themselves the heirs of this tradition. In 1938, Austria was captured bloodlessly. In accordance with the Munich Agreement, the annexation of the Sudetenland took place. In September 1939, Germany began hostilities, and by July 1940 it had effectively united almost all of continental Europe under its rule. Finland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria became volunteers for the "Eternal Reich". Only the Balkan outskirts - Greece and Yugoslavia - were captured in April 1941.

At the same time, invading the borders of a European country, the Wehrmacht met resistance capable of surprising with its indecision and weakness. This was especially surprising because the Wehrmacht was still in its infancy and reached a good level only by the spring of 1941. So, the invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939, and after a few days, serious resistance was broken. Already on September 17, the Polish military-political leadership fled the country, leaving the troops, which still continued to resist. Denmark on April 9, 1940 threw out the white flag almost immediately. An hour after the start of the operation, the government and the king ordered the armed forces not to resist the German troops and surrendered. Norway, with the support of its allies (mainly the British), held out longer, until the beginning of June 1940. The Netherlands surrendered during the first five days of the war - May 10-14, 1940.The Belgian campaign lasted from May 10 to 28, 1940. France fell almost instantly , especially if we recall the bloody and stubborn battles of the First World War: German troops began to seize the country on June 5, 1940, and Paris surrendered on June 14. On June 22, an armistice was signed. And in the First World War, the German Empire for four years in vain tried to defeat France.

It is not for nothing that the beginning of the German blitzkrieg in Europe received a "strange war" in France, a "sit-down war" in Germany, and "imaginary" or "phantom war" in the United States. The real war, not for life, but for death, began in Europe only on June 22, 1941, when the European (Western) civilization led by Germany and the Russian (Soviet) civilization collided. Short-term battles between the armies of this or that European country with the Wehrmacht were more like the observance of a ritual "custom" than an actual battle for their land. Like, you can't just let the enemy into your country, you need to maintain the semblance of resistance. De facto, the West European elites simply surrendered their countries, since Hitler's Germany was to lead a new "crusade" to the East.

It is clear that the power of the Nazis, somewhere relatively soft and somewhere tough, provoked the resistance of certain social forces and groups in European countries. Resistance to the Hitler regime also took place in Germany itself, in the most diverse social groups - from the descendants of the Prussian aristocracy, hereditary military men to workers and communists. Adolf Hitler has been assassinated more than once. However, this German Resistance was not the resistance of the whole country and the people as a whole. As in most other German-occupied countries. Danes, Norwegians, Dutch, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, French and other Europeans initially felt rather good in the “common European empire”. Moreover, a significant part of the most passionate (active) part of the population supported Hitler, in particular, young people actively joined the SS troops.

For example, the French Resistance movement was absolutely insignificant, with a significant population. Thus, according to Boris Urlanis's careful study of human losses in wars ("Wars and the Population of Europe"), 20 thousand Frenchmen (out of the 40 million population of France) perished in the Resistance movement in five years. Moreover, during the same period, from 40 to 50 thousand French died, that is, 2-2.5 times more who fought for the Third Reich! At the same time, the actions of the French Resistance are often described in such a way that it seems that it is comparable to the battle for Stalingrad. This myth was supported even in the Soviet Union. Like, all of Europe supported us. Although in reality, most of Europe, as well as under Napoleon, opposed the Russian civilization!

Real resistance to the "Eternal Reich" led by Germany was only in Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. True, in the same Yugoslavia there was a powerful collaborationist movement, like the Croatian Ustasha. Resistance on the Balkan Peninsula is explained by the still-preserved deep patriarchal nature of this outskirts of Western Europe. The cultural and civilizational code of the Balkan peoples has not yet been completely westernized, suppressed by the Western matrix. Serbs, Greeks and Albanians were alien to the order that the Third Reich established. These countries and peoples, in their consciousness and way of life, by the middle of the 20th century, in many ways did not belong to European civilization.

Poland is often ranked among the countries with strong Resistance. However, if you carefully consider the situation in Poland, you will have to admit that here, as in France, the reality is greatly embellished. According to the data collected by the Soviet demographer Urlanis, during the Yugoslav Resistance, about 300 thousand people (out of the country's 16 million population) were killed, and during the Albanian Resistance - about 29 thousand people (out of a total of 1 million in Albania). During the Polish Resistance, 33 thousand people were killed (out of 35 million of the population of Poland). Thus, the proportion of the population who died in the real struggle against the Nazis in Poland is 20 times less than in Yugoslavia, and almost 30 times less than in Albania.

Apparently, the weakness of the Resistance in Poland was due to the fact that the Poles had long been a part of European civilization. Catholic Rome has long turned Slavic Poland into a "battering ram" directed against the Russian people. Therefore, for the Poles, although they hated the Germans, dreaming of "Greater Poland" including at the expense of the German lands, joining the "common European empire" is not was unacceptable. Poles have already become part of European civilization. Their consciousness was distorted, suppressed by the Western "matrix". It is not for nothing that the Poles have been the worst enemies of the Russians for almost a millennium, an instrument in the hands of the Vatican, and then France and Britain (now the United States).

The number of those killed in the real struggle does not include people who were destroyed by the Nazis as "racially inferior". In the same Poland, the Germans exterminated 2.8 million Jews out of 3.3 million who lived before the occupation. These people were simply exterminated. Their resistance was minimal. This was a massacre, not a war. Moreover, in the extermination of "subhumans" (Russians, Serbs, Gypsies and Jews), not only Germans intoxicated by Nazi propaganda took an active part, but also representatives of other peoples - Croats, Hungarians, Romanians, Balts, Ukrainian Nazis, etc.

Thus, it is worth remembering that the strong exaggeration of the European Resistance was originally of political and ideological significance. And after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when all sorts of denigration of the USSR-Russia became the norm and a profitable deed, the merits of the European Resistance became even more mythologized in order to belittle the role of the Red Empire and the USSR in the Great War.

In fact, almost all of continental Europe by 1941, one way or another, without any particular upheavals, entered Hitler's empire. Italy, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia (separated from the Czech Republic), Finland and Croatia (separated from Yugoslavia) - together with Germany entered the war with the USSR, sending their troops to the Eastern Front. True, Denmark and Spain, unlike other countries, did this without an official declaration of war.

The rest of Europe, although they did not take direct, open participation in the war with the Soviet Union, one way or another "worked" for the Third Reich. So Sweden and Switzerland economically supported Germany, their industry worked for the Reich, was a place for the "laundering" of gold, silver, jewelry and other goods plundered in Europe and the USSR. Under the Nazis, Europe became an economic whole - the "European Union". France gave the Third Reich such oil reserves that they were enough to start the campaign in the USSR-Russia. Germany received large reserves from France. The collection of occupation costs from France provided an army of 18 million people. This allowed Germany not to carry out economic mobilization before the attack on the USSR, to continue the construction of the road network. The implementation of Hitler's grandiose plans to create a new Berlin - the capital of a united Europe, the "Eternal Reich" began.

When the famous commander (who later became president) of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower entered the war at the head of the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in November 1942, he had to first fight not with the German, but 200 thousand. the French army under the command of French Defense Minister Jean Darlan. True, the French command, in view of the clear superiority of the allied forces, soon ordered the troops to cease resistance. However, about 1200 Americans and British, more than 1600 French have already died in these battles. Of course, honor and praise to de Gaulle's fighters, the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen squadron. But in general, France fell under the Germans and did not suffer much from this.

Interesting information about the "common European army", which fought with the USSR. The nationality of all those who died on the Eastern Front is difficult or almost impossible to determine. However, the ethnic composition of the servicemen captured by the Red Army during the war is known. Of the total number of 3.7 million prisoners, the bulk of them were Germans (including Austrians) - 2.5 million people, 766 thousand people belonged to countries participating in the war (Hungarians, Romanians, Finns, etc.), but also 464 thousand people are French, Belgians, Czechs and representatives of other countries that have not officially fought with us.

The power of the Wehrmacht invading the Soviet Union was provided by millions of highly skilled workers throughout continental Europe. More than 10 million skilled workers from various European countries worked on the territory of the German Empire itself. For comparison: in the USSR-Russia in 1941 there were 49 million men 1890-1926. birth (out of 196.7 million people in the general population). Relying on the whole of Europe (more than 300 million people), Berlin was able to mobilize almost a quarter of all Germans for the war. In the Soviet Union, during the Great Patriotic War, 17% of the population was conscripted (and not all of them went to the front), that is, every sixth, otherwise there would be no qualified men needed to work in industrial enterprises in the rear.

More or less noticeable resistance appeared in Western Europe only when it became obvious that the European hordes led by Germany would not break the USSR, and the main forces of the Third Reich were defeated on the Russian front. Then London and Washington dared the concept: it was impossible to wait any longer, it was necessary to actively intervene in the war in Europe so as not to lose it. The Resistance forces began to activate. For example, the Warsaw Uprising, organized by the Home Army, began in the summer of 1944, when the Red Army was already near Warsaw. The Poles, behind whom the Anglo-Saxons stood, wanted to show their strength in order to take decisive positions in the country. And the uprisings of the French underground began, in the main, after the landing in Normandy of the landing of the Allied countries on June 6, 1944. And in Paris itself, the uprising began on August 19, only 6 days before the forces of the "Free French" under the command of General Leclerc entered the city.

Thus, it is worth remembering that the European Resistance is mostly a myth. The Nazis met real resistance only on the lands of civilizations and cultures alien to them - the USSR, Yugoslavia and Greece. The Resistance Movement in most European countries became an influential factor only towards the end of the war, shortly before the liberation of the insurgent regions by the Allied armies.

Ctrl Enter

Spotted Osh S bku Highlight text and press Ctrl + Enter

Separate detachments, reconnaissance and sabotage and organizing groups for actions in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of Great Britain. The most famous of these units in 1942 made an attempt on the life of the imperial protector of Bohemia and Moravia, R. Heydrich.

The first period (the beginning of the war - June 1941)

The first period was a period of accumulation of human resources, propaganda and organizational preparation for the mass struggle.

• After the German occupation of Poland, an underground "Union of Armed Struggle" was created. In 1939-1940, the movement swept over Silesia. In 1940, there was sabotage at enterprises and railway transport. Polish peasants refused to pay exorbitant taxes and sabotaged food supplies.
• In Czechoslovakia, the formation of groups began, which organized sabotage in factories, transport, etc.
• In Yugoslavia, partisan detachments consisted of soldiers and officers who did not lay down their arms after the end of the war and went to the mountains to continue the struggle.
• In France, the first participants in the movement were the workers of the Paris region, the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. One of the first major demonstrations was dedicated to the end of World War I on November 11, 1940. In May 1941, a strike of over 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments took place. In France, in May of the same year, the National Front was created - a massive patriotic association that rallied the French of various social strata and political views. The prototype of the military organization - "Special Organization" was created at the end of 1940 (later became part of the organization "Frantiers and Partisans").
• Also, Albania, Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and other countries that were occupied by German, Italian or Japanese troops, as well as their satellites, rose to fight.
• The resistance of China against the Japanese imperialists reached a large scale. From August 20 to December 5, 1940, the Chinese army launched an offensive against the Japanese positions.

Second period (June 1941 - November 1942)

The second period is primarily associated with the German attack on the USSR. The heroic struggle of the Red Army, especially the battle of Moscow, made it possible to rally the Resistance movement and make it nationwide. The liberation struggle of many peoples was led by:

• National Front (in Poland, France and Italy)
• Anti-fascist veche of national liberation (Yugoslavia)
• National Liberation Front (in Greece and Albania)
• Independence Front (Belgium)
• Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)

Yugoslavia

On June 27, 1941, the General Staff of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments was formed in Yugoslavia. On July 7, under their leadership, an armed uprising began in Serbia, on July 13 - in Montenegro, after the actions spread to Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of 1941, up to 80 thousand partisans were active in the country. ‽ On November 27 of the same year, the Anti-Fascist Veche of the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia was created.

Poland

The strength of the Polish Resistance was the Home Army. In 1942, the Ludov Guard was also created, and since 1944, the Ludov Army operated in its place.

Bulgaria

Other European countries

In Albania, the scale of the struggle increased. In Greece, the National Liberation Front led the struggle. The detachments that emerged were united in December 1941 into the People's Liberation Army.

Asia

The Resistance movement expanded in the countries of East and Southeast Asia, especially in China. The Japanese launched an offensive, but at the cost of heavy losses they were able to capture only North China.

Third period (November 1942 - late 1943)

Europe

This period is associated with fundamental changes in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition: victory at Stalingrad, at the Kursk Bulge, and so on. Therefore, the Resistance movement has sharply intensified in all countries (including in Germany itself). In Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, the people's liberation armies were created on the basis of partisan detachments. In Poland, the Ludowa Guard acted, thereby setting the example of the Home Army, which could not operate because of its reactionary leaders. An example of resistance is the Warsaw ghetto uprising on April 19, 1943. The movement expanded in Czechoslovakia, and the Patriotic Anti-Hitler Front was created in Romania. The scale of the movement increased in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark; in Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, entire territories were liberated from the invaders.

Asia

More and more territories were liberated in China. In 1943, the movement began in Korea as well, strikes and sabotages began. Vietnam was able to expel the Japanese north of the country. In Burma in 1944, the Anti-Fascist League of People's Freedom was formed. The Philippines, Indonesia and Malaya have become more active.

Fourth period (end of 1943 - September 1945)

This period is characterized by joyful Miha Chirva. the final stage of the war: the cleansing of Europe from Nazism and the victory over militaristic Japan.

Europe

As a result of the apparent collapse of the Nazi regime, a wave of uprisings swept across Europe:

• Romania - uprising on 23 August 1944;
• Bulgaria - uprising in September 1944;
• Slovakia - uprising of 1944;
• Czechoslovakia - Slovak National Uprising in 1944, Prague Uprising in 1945;
• Poland - the organization of the government, the Warsaw Uprising - the summer of 1944, was not crowned with success;
• Hungary - government organization on December 22, 1944;
• Yugoslavia - National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, after March 7, 1945 - democratic government;
• Albania is an organization of a legislature and an interim government;
• Greece - thanks to the advancement of Soviet troops by the end of October 1944, the invaders were destroyed, but because of the British army, the monarchical regime was restored;
• France - in 1943, the movement intensified, the Paris uprising of June 6, 1944 became the top, which brought victory;
• Italy - in the fall of 1943, after Italy's surrender to the British-American allies and the subsequent occupation of the northern half of Italy by German troops, the Italian Resistance intensified, and in the summer of 1944 a partisan army of over 100 thousand people was created, in April 1945 a national uprising began, leading to the complete cleansing of the country from the occupiers;
• Belgium - there were about 50 thousand partisans, in September 1944 an uprising broke out;
• Germany - despite the brutal Nazi regime, the movement has achieved a lot here as well. Communist detachments continued to operate, resistance groups were created in concentration camps, a national committee "Free Germany" was created (with the support of the USSR), similar committees were created with the support of Western Europe.

Asia

• Philippines - the Hukbalahap army cleared the island of Luzon from the occupiers in 1944, but the success could not be consolidated.
• Indochina - unification in the Vietnamese liberation army.
• China - after the USSR entered the war with Japan, the Chinese army was able to completely clear the territory of the invaders.
• Vietnam - uprising in August 1945 and proclamation of a republic.
• Indonesia - Republic proclaimed on August 17, 1945.
• Malaya - liberation from occupation by August 1945.

Motion results

Thanks to the Resistance movement, the defeat of the Axis countries was significantly accelerated. The movement also became a shining example of the struggle against imperialist reaction, against the destruction of civilians and other war crimes; for world peace.

Resistance movement in different countries

Russia (USSR)

Ukrainian SSR: special detachments of the NKVD and Soviet partisans.

Yugoslavia

Greece

Albania

Poland

• Army of Krajov (until February 14, 1942 - Union of Armed Struggle)
• Ludov's army (until January 1, 1944 - Ludov's Guard)
• Union of Independent Socialist Youth "Spartacus"

Malaya

Philippines

• People's Anti-Japanese Army (Hukbalahap)

Italy

France

Czechoslovakia

see also

Write a review on the article "Resistance Movement during World War II"

Notes (edit)

Links

Excerpt from the Resistance Movement during World War II

The next day, Prince Andrei remembered yesterday's ball, but did not dwell on it for long with his thoughts. “Yes, the ball was very brilliant. And yet ... yes, Rostova is very nice. There is something in her that is fresh, special, not Petersburg, that distinguishes her. " That's all he thought about yesterday's ball, and after drinking tea, sat down to work.
But from fatigue or insomnia (the day was not a good one for studies, and Prince Andrey could not do anything), he kept criticizing his own work, as it often happened to him, and was glad when he heard that someone had arrived.
The newcomer was Bitsky, who served in various commissions, who was in all the societies of St. Petersburg, a passionate admirer of new ideas and Speransky and an anxious messenger of St. Petersburg, one of those people who choose a direction like a dress - fashion, but who therefore seem to be the most ardent partisans of the direction ... He anxiously, barely having time to take off his hat, ran to Prince Andrey and immediately began to speak. He had just learned the details of the meeting of the State Council this morning, opened by the Emperor, and was talking about it with enthusiasm. The sovereign's speech was extraordinary. It was one of those speeches that are given only by constitutional monarchs. “The sovereign said bluntly that the council and the senate are the essence of the state estates; he said that government should not be based on arbitrariness, but on firm principles. The sovereign said that finances must be transformed and reports must be made public, ”Bitsky said, striking at famous words and opening his eyes significantly.
“Yes, the current event is an era, the greatest era in our history,” he concluded.
Prince Andrew listened to the story of the opening of the Council of State, which he was looking forward to with such impatience and to which he attributed such importance, and was surprised that this event, now that it had taken place, not only did not touch him, but seemed to him more than insignificant. He listened with quiet mockery to Bitsky's enthusiastic story. The simplest thought crossed his mind: “What does it matter to me and Bitskoy, what does it matter to us what the sovereign was pleased to say in the council! How can all this make me happier and better? "
And this simple reasoning suddenly destroyed for Prince Andrey all the previous interest in the transformations being made. On the same day, Prince Andrew was supposed to dine at Speransky's "en petit comite", [in a small meeting,] as the owner told him, inviting him. This dinner in the family and friends circle of the man whom he admired so much had previously interested Prince Andrey very much, especially since he had not yet seen Speransky in his home life; but now he did not want to go.
At the appointed hour of dinner, however, Prince Andrey was already entering Speransky's own small house near the Tauride Garden. In the parquet dining room of a small house, which was distinguished by its extraordinary cleanliness (reminiscent of monastic cleanliness), Prince Andrey, who was somewhat late, had already found the whole society of this petit comite, Speransky's intimate acquaintances, gathered at five o'clock. There was no one for the ladies except Speransky's little daughter (with a long face like her father) and her governess. The guests were Gervais, Magnitsky and Stolypin. Even from the hallway, Prince Andrei heard loud voices and a clear, clear laughter - a laughter similar to the one with which one laughs on stage. Someone, in a voice similar to Speransky's, distinctly beat back: ha ... ha ... ha ... Prince Andrey had never heard Speransky's laughter, and this ringing, subtle laughter of a statesman strangely struck him.
Prince Andrew entered the dining room. The whole company stood between two windows at a small table with a snack. Speransky in a gray tailcoat with a star, evidently in that still white waistcoat and high white tie, which he wore at the famous meeting of the State Council, with a cheerful face stood at the table. The guests surrounded him. Magnitsky, referring to Mikhail Mikhailovich, told an anecdote. Speransky listened, laughing forward at what Magnitsky would say. As Prince Andrey entered the room, Magnitsky's words were again drowned out by laughter. Stolypin pounded loudly, chewing on a piece of bread and cheese; Gervais hissed with a quiet laugh, and Speransky laughed subtly, distinctly.
Speransky, still laughing, gave Prince Andrey his white, gentle hand.
“I am very glad to see you, prince,” he said. - Wait a minute ... he turned to Magnitsky, interrupting his story. - We have an agreement today: a dinner of pleasure, and not a word about business. - And he again turned to the narrator, and again laughed.
Prince Andrey listened to his laughter with surprise and sadness of disappointment and looked at the laughing Speransky. It was not Speransky, but a different person, it seemed to Prince Andrey. Everything that had previously seemed mysterious and attractive to Prince Andrei in Speranskoye suddenly became clear and unattractive to him.
At the table, the conversation did not stop for a moment and consisted, as it were, of a collection of funny anecdotes. Magnitsky had not yet finished his story when someone else declared his readiness to tell something that was even funnier. For the most part, the jokes concerned, if not the service world itself, then the officials. It seemed that in this society the insignificance of these persons was so completely decided that the only attitude towards them could only be good-naturedly comic. Speransky told how, at this morning's council, when asked by a deaf dignitary about his opinion, this dignitary replied that he was of the same opinion. Gervais told the whole case about the audit, remarkable for the nonsense of all the characters. Stolypin stammered into the conversation and began to speak eagerly about the abuses of the previous order of things, threatening to impart a serious character to the conversation. Magnitsky began to jeer at Stolypin's fervor, Gervais put in a joke and the conversation again took its former, cheerful direction.
Obviously, after work, Speransky loved to relax and have fun in a friendly circle, and all his guests, understanding his desire, tried to amuse him and have fun themselves. But this fun seemed to Prince Andrey heavy and unhappy. The subtle sound of Speransky's voice unpleasantly struck him, and the incessant laughter with its false note for some reason insulted the feeling of Prince Andrey. Prince Andrew did not laugh and was afraid that he would be difficult for this society. But no one noticed his inconsistency with the general mood. Everyone seemed to be having a lot of fun.
Several times he wanted to enter into a conversation, but each time his word was thrown out like a cork from water; and he could not joke with them together.
There was nothing wrong or inappropriate in what they said, everything was witty and might be funny; but something, the very thing that is the salt of fun, not only was not there, but they did not even know that it happens.
After dinner, Speransky's daughter and her governess got up. Speransky caressed his daughter with his white hand and kissed her. And this gesture seemed unnatural to Prince Andrey.
The men, in English, remained at the table and at the port. In the middle of the conversation that had begun about Napoleon's Spanish affairs, all of which approving of the same opinion, Prince Andrew began to contradict them. Speransky smiled and, obviously wishing to divert the conversation from the direction taken, told an anecdote that had nothing to do with the conversation. Everyone was silent for a few moments.
After sitting at the table, Speransky corked up a bottle of wine and saying: "Nowadays there is a good wine in boots," he gave it to the servant and got up. Everyone got up and, talking noisily, went into the living room. Speransky was handed two envelopes brought by a courier. He took them and went into the office. As soon as he left, the general amusement ceased and the guests reasonably and quietly began to talk with each other.
- Well, now the recitation! - said Speransky, leaving the office. - Amazing talent! - he turned to Prince Andrew. Magnitsky immediately took a pose and began to speak French humorous poems, composed by him on some famous persons of St. Petersburg, and several times was interrupted by applause. Prince Andrey, at the end of his poems, went up to Speransky, saying goodbye to him.
- Where are you so early? - said Speransky.
- I promised for the evening ...
They were silent. Prince Andrey looked closely into those mirrored, impermeable eyes and it became funny to him how he could expect anything from Speransky and from all his activities connected with him, and how he could attribute importance to what Speransky was doing. This neat, gloomy laugh did not cease to sound in the ears of Prince Andrey for a long time after he left Speransky.
Returning home, Prince Andrey began to remember his Petersburg life during these four months, as if something new. He recalled his troubles, searches, the history of his draft military manual, which was taken into account and about which they tried to remain silent solely because other work, very bad, had already been done and presented to the sovereign; remembered the meetings of the committee, of which Berg was a member; I remembered how diligently and lengthyly everything concerning the form and process of the committee meetings was discussed in these meetings, and how diligently and briefly everything that concerned the essence of the matter was bypassed. He remembered his legislative work, how he anxiously translated articles of the Roman and French Code into Russian, and he felt ashamed of himself. Then he vividly imagined Bogucharovo, his studies in the village, his trip to Ryazan, remembered the peasants, Drona the headman, and attaching to them the rights of persons that he distributed in paragraphs, he wondered how he could do such an idle work for so long.

The next day, Prince Andrey went on visits to some houses where he had not yet been, including the Rostovs, with whom he renewed his acquaintance at the last ball. In addition to the laws of courtesy, according to which he needed to be with the Rostovs, Prince Andrei wanted to see this special, lively girl at home, who left him a pleasant memory.
Natasha was one of the first to meet him. She was in a blue home dress, in which she seemed to Prince Andrey even better than in the ballroom. She and the entire Rostov family received Prince Andrei, as an old friend, simply and cordially. The whole family, which had been sternly judged by Prince Andrey, now seemed to him to be made up of beautiful, simple and kind people. The hospitality and good nature of the old count, which was especially charming in Petersburg, was such that Prince Andrew could not refuse dinner. “Yes, they are kind, glorious people, thought Bolkonsky, of course, who do not understand in the least the hair of the treasure they have in Natasha; but good people who make up the best background for this especially poetic, overflowing with life, lovely girl! "

The Resistance Movement was one of the most significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the outbreak of World War II, many residents of European countries volunteered for the active army, and after the occupation they went underground. The Resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

Background

1944 g.- created a body of supreme power (Craiova Rada Narodova), which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was suppressed.

France

On the territory of France during the war there were many anti-fascist organizations.

1940 g.- "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944 g.- the army of the French internal forces was created on the basis of the amalgamation of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944 g.- the number of participants in the Resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Participants

As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was located in Germany itself. The Germans, who no longer wanted to put up with Hitlerism, created an underground anti-fascist organization "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, and so on. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), held responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) opened the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being done. The head of the "Red Chapel" H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2) was shot, like many members of the organization.

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

The Resistance Movement reached a special scale in France. The Free France Committee, led by General de Gaulle, led against the Nazis and collaborators(made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) a real war. Armed formations were operating throughout France, organizing military and sabotage operations. When in the summer of 1944 the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy and opened the "Second Front", de Gaulle led his army to help the Allies and, together with them, liberated Paris.

The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was rather complicated and contradictory. In these countries, there were two anti-fascist groups opposing each other. In Poland, such organizations were "Home Army" and "Human Army". The first organization was created by the emigre government of Poland and relied not only on the fight against the fascists, but also against the communists. Created in 1942, with the help of Moscow, the People's Army (People's Army) was the conduit of Soviet policy in Poland and was considered a truly people's organization. There were frequent skirmishes and conflicts between the two armies.

In Yugoslavia, there was, in fact, a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "couple" - a combat unit, a military detachment) led by General Drazhe Mikhailovich who spoke from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of the communist Josip Broz Tito, who took shape in the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Chetniks and partisans, not only fought with the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and vPoland and Yugoslavia were eventually taken over by pro-Soviet forces.

The Resistance Movement was truly massive. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in the concentration camps of death. Underground anti-fascist organizations existed and operated in them. Many prisoners died while trying to revolt in Buchenwald, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in crematoria ovens, gassed and starved (Fig. 3).

In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of members of the Resistance Movement in different countries numbered about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its weighty contribution to the struggle against fascism and to the overall victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. The uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some participants ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya TP, Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and answer questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why exactly Great Britain became the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can you explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?

patriotic, liberation democratic movement against fascist occupiers and regimes during WW II. It developed in the territories occupied by the aggressors and in the countries of the fascist bloc. Its goals are liberation from fascism, restoration of national independence, establishment of a democratic system, implementation of progressive social transformations. Its forms are non-observance of orders of the occupation authorities, anti-fascist propaganda, assistance to persons persecuted by the Nazis, intelligence activities in favor of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan struggle, armed uprisings. Various social forces participated in the Resistance Movement: the working class, the peasantry, the patriotic intelligentsia, part of the clergy, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, prisoners of war, escaped prisoners of concentration camps. In total, 2.2 million people participated in the movement. It made a significant contribution to the defeat of the bloc of fascist states

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

nat.-liberate., anti-fascist democratic. movement of bunk beds. masses during the Second World War 1939-45 against the Germans., Ital. and japan. the invaders and the local reactionaries who collaborated with them. elements. D.S. was one of the creatures. factors that led to the transformation of World War II into a just one, liberate., antifash. war and antifash that contributed to the victory. coalitions; the decisive role of the bunkers was especially clearly manifested in it. masses in the life of society, their increased influence on the fate of the state. By its roots, DS was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the pre-war. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign. interventionists and Franco rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fasc. enslavement. DS was a natural and legitimate struggle against fascism and its "new order" as an undisguised form of nat. and the social oppression of peoples by imperialism. Various classes and strata of the population, regardless of the class, took part in the DS. affiliation, polit. and religion. beliefs: workers and peasants, mountains. small and partly cf. bourgeoisie, democratic. minded intelligentsia and part of the clergy. In Asian countries in the fight against the Japanese. colonialists rallied even more heterogeneous strata of the population. In almost all the countries occupied by the fascists, there were two trends in the DS: 1) the people's democratic, led by the working class headed by the communist. parties that put forward in their programs will release. struggle demands not only national, but also social liberation, and 2) right-wing, conservative, led by the bourges. elements, which limited its tasks to the restoration of power nat. the bourgeoisie and the order that existed before the occupation of the country. Ch. the role in the DS was played by the working class and the peasantry, who were its active forces, especially the working class headed by the communist. and workers' parties. The overwhelming majority of the bourges. org-tions, which were part of the right wing of the DS, sought to keep the bunkers. the masses from the active struggle against the occupiers. In their plans for the liberation of the occupied countries and the seizure of power, they were guided by the victory of the West. powers, hence the characteristic feature of their tactics was passive waiting for the arrival of allied troops, hesitation and inconsistency. She held the same position and hence. some of the leaders of the Social-Democrats and socialist. parties. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, etc.), between the People's Democratic and Rightist currents during D. S. established cooperation against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.), the bourges in emigration. pr-va, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created a fascination in the occupied states. block territories of their countries reaction. org-tions, to-rye, although formally and advocated liberation from German-fasc. occupation, in fact they fought against the nar.-liberate. movement, against the communist parties and other democratic. org-tions, often betraying them to the enemy. The communists collaborated with those elements in the right-wing movement of the D.S., to-rye were ready to conduct action. fight against the occupiers and at the same time resolutely opposed the treacherous activities of the antinar. bourgeois. org-tions and those bourges. representatives in the DS, to-rye destroyed the unity of action in the fight against the invaders, tried to seize the leadership of the national liberation. struggle to weaken the D.S., strike a blow at the Communist Parties and Democratic. org-tions supporting the Communist Party. By its nature, D.S. in each individual country was deeply national, since it pursued the goals of the nat. liberation, which met the fundamental interests of the peoples of the countries occupied by the fascists. At the same time, it was international, since it had a common goal for all the fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries of Europe and Asia from the invaders, and the creation of conditions for a lasting post-war. the world. D.S.'s internationalism manifested itself in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the broad participation of anti-fascists from various countries in each national. D.S.In many European countries, owls fought bravely in D.S. people who fled from fasc. concentration camps. Many owls. the patriots were the leaders of the anti-fascist. groups, partisan commanders. detachments. Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous strata of the population in DS was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fascists. aggressors and restoration of nat. independence. Thanks bunk. the character of DS the struggle for the nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for a democratic. transformation and social demands of the working people, and in the colonial and dependent countries and with the struggle for liberation from the imperialist. and colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of the DS, the narcotics began and defeated. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the DS period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea). DS was distinguished by a variety of forms and tactics used by patriots in the struggle against the occupiers. The most common forms were: antifash. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises producing products for the occupiers, and in transport, arms. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the occupier. administration, partisans. war. The highest and most effective form of DS was vsenar. armed uprising, in which the leading role belonged to the working class. Communist. and the workers' parties, who were the main leaders. organizers and inspirers of D.S., developed national liberation programs for the conditions of each country. anti-fascist struggle. Proceeding from the fact that the root problem in the life of the European countries occupied by the fascists was the destruction of fascists. occupier. regime, program documents nat. - will release. the movement oriented all the patriots of these countries to the deployment of a wide plank. struggle for the overthrow of foreign domination, restoration of nat. independence and the establishment of democratic. freedoms. So, in the Communist Manifesto. Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) on March 15, 1939 it was indicated that the communists "will selflessly and bravely fight in the vanguard of the national resistance for the restoration of complete freedom and independence of the Czech nation." The CPC called on the working people of the city and countryside, all honest patriots of the country to unite in a wide national. front and decide to deploy. fight against fasc. occupiers and their accomplices. The same task of consolidating patriotic. forces was put forward in the proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of France to the government on June 6, 1940 and in its Manifesto to the French people, published on July 10, 1940 in gas. "L'Humanite", in the Address of the Communist Party of Greece of 2 Nov. 1939, in the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indochina (June 1940), in the Directive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of March 6, 1940, in the Proclamation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania of July 8, 1941, in the Proclamation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia of April 15. 1941 and in the program documents of the communist. parties of other countries affected by fasc. occupation. The progressive forces of the fascist countries led by the communists. block his ch. the task was seen to be selflessness. the fight against fascism and reaction to contribute to the victory of freedom-loving peoples in their just war for nat. independence, overthrow the fasc. regime and establish democratic. orders. So, already in the first days of the war (September 1939), the Central Committee of the German Communist Party, which was deeply underground, appealed to the party members, all of them. patriots with an appeal to join efforts in the struggle against fascism and the military unleashed by it. adventures. He made a similar appeal to the Italian. to the people of the Central Committee of the Italian Communist Party (June 1940). The process of the emergence and development of DS in different countries did not take place simultaneously, its scope and forms of struggle were determined by a number of internal. and ext. factors, the ratio of the class. forces, natural and geographic. conditions, etc. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where partisans are widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fasc. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth took place at different stages of the war, over several years, up to and including 1944. In Yugoslavia and Albania, national liberation. the war against the occupiers merged with the citizens. war against internal. the reaction opposed will release. movements of their peoples. Due to a number of military. and internal political. reasons in countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, arms. the struggle was not widely developed. The main and most massive and effective form of DS in these countries was the strike movement, antifash. demonstrations. In Germany, Ch. the form of struggle was the carefully conspiratorial activity of underground anti-fascists. groups for the involvement of workers in the active struggle against fascism, the spread of propaganda. materials among the population and in the army, assistance to foreigners. workers and prisoners of war, etc. DS in its development (hl. arr. in the countries of Western Europe) passed the following basic. periods due to the turning points of World War II and, above all, the situation at its decisive Soviet-German. front. (See the insert map of D.S. between pp. 688-689). The first period (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and the propaganda preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion. Communist. parties in enemy-occupied countries developed anti-fascist programs. will release. struggle, rallied the patriotic. force, carried out will explain. work among the masses, seeking to overcome the confusion and feelings of hopelessness that gripped the meaning. part of the population of the occupied countries, who fell under the yoke of the fascist enslavers. Already from the first days of World War II, antifash began in the occupied districts. performances. In Poland in Sept.-Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fasc. occupier. troops were attended by separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity, and the local population. Main the core of the first partisans. groups and detachments were workers, and their vanguard were the Polish communists, who, despite the dissolution of the checkpoint (1938), continued to lead the revolution. work. During the autumn of 1939 and the summer of 1940, DS embraced the meaning. part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread. Main form of struggle Polish. peasants during this period there was a sabotage of supplies, non-payment was numerous. taxes. Gradually, the non-proletarian strata of the population and the progressive Polish were drawn into the struggle. intelligentsia. However, what has begun will liberate. the movement was still heterogeneous and disorganized, since in Poland in the first years of the occupation there was no political. a party capable of uniting and leading the patriotic struggle. forces. In Czechoslovakia in the initial period, German-fasc. occupation an important form of struggle were political. demonstrations, boycott fasc. press, there was also a strike movement (in 1939 there were 25 strikes at 31 plants). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Czech and Slovak patriots began to create groups to fight against the invaders, which began to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage in factories, transport, etc. in the fall of 1939. The first partisans were in Yugoslavia. detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) ch. arr. on the initiative of the communists, they consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the struggle. Partiz. the struggle in Yugoslavia had intensified by the summer of 1941, but was not yet on a mass scale. In France, the first participants in the DS were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other prom. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage in factories and railways. transport, patriotic. demonstrations and strikes of workers. One of the first large demonstrations organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941, there was a powerful strike that engulfed St. 100 thousand miners from the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. At the call of the PCF, thousands of representatives of the French. the intelligentsia joined the working class in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the FKP, a mass patriotic was created. association - Nat. front that united the French. patriots of various social strata and views. Simultaneously with the creation of the Nat. front, the PCF was preparing the conditions for the widespread deployment of weapons. fight against the occupiers. Already at the end. 1940 the communists created the embryo of the war. org-tion, which received the name. "Special organization", edges was soon renamed into the organization "Frantirers and partisans" (FTP). The peoples of other Europeans also rose to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D.S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization. The attacks on the occupiers and traitors were carried out by individuals or by small groups of patriots. The national liberation, which began before World War II, reached a large scale during this period. whale fighting. people defending their independence from the Japanese. imperialists. After the Japanese attack on China in July 1937. the invaders, encouraged by the ruling circles of the United States, Great Britain and France, opened a new phase in the implementation of their plans to seize all of China, D.S. Kit. of the people took on a mass character. Due to the fact that in China at that time there were two camps - a democratic one headed by the CPC and a bourgeois landowner headed by the Kuomintang, each with its own territory and its own weapons. forces, there actually existed two independently. front: Kuomintang and led by the CPC democratic. front of the liberated districts, the latter being the main one. front anti-jap. D.S. In the period from October. 1938 to Aug. 1945 intense struggle in China was fought by Ch. arr. between japanese. army and liberated districts. The leading force of the national-liberate. war was the CCP. In the course of the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies and partisans led by the Communist Party grew. detachments in the rear of the Japanese. 20 Aug - Dec 5. 1940 units of the 8th Army held in the North. China's offensive against Japan. position, called the battle of the "hundred regiments". In the liberated areas were held democratic. transformations, democratic people were elected through general elections. authorities, the leadership of which the people handed over to the communists. Democratic. the transformations strengthened the anti-Japanese base. struggle and prepared the corresponding. transformations all over China. The second period (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of the D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the entry of the USSR into the war against fasc. Germany and her allies in Europe as a result of the treacherous attack on him by the fasc. Germany and other Europ. state-in-fasc. block. Influenced by courage. struggle and the first victories of the Red Army over it.-fasc. troops D.S. in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a general. struggle against the occupiers and traitors, great success was achieved in rallying the patriotic. forces. Will liberate. the struggle of the peoples was led by the mass patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifash. veche of people's liberation in Yugoslavia, National Liberation. front in Greece and Albania, front of independence in Belgium, Fatherland. front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. the headquarters of the nar.-liberate. partisan. detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on arming. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, at the end of July armed. the fight began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the terror and taken in Sept. and oct. 1941 ct. expeditions with the aim of eliminating partisans. forces and suppress the uprising, the occupiers were unable to strangle liberate. the struggle of the peoples of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1941, 44 partisans were active in the country. detachment, 14 separate battalions and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80 tons in total). The main headquarters of the People's Liberation, who led their struggle. detachments in Sept. 1941 was transformed into the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation. partisas. detachments of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1942, the patriots liberated 1/5 of the territory. Yugoslavia. 26-27 nov. 1942 the Anti-Fascist Veche of the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOYU) was formed, a cut elected Execute. to-t, which actually performed the functions of the pr-va, which included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascists. groups. An important role in the further deployment of the increased struggle in 1941 Polish. the people played created, in January. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which organized the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partisan. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard Ludova. Following the example of the Ludovaya Guards, arms on the path. the struggle became plural. detachments of the "Cotton Battalions" and the Home Army, created by the emigre government of Poland and intended not to fight the occupiers, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. Soldiers and b. h. junior officers of the Home Army were honest patriots and were eager to fight the invaders. The first partisans were formed in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party (BKP) in 1942, the Fatherland Front was created underground, which united all anti-fascists led by the communists. forces and began a wide partisan. antifash. war. For the leadership of the armament. the Center was created by the struggle against the occupiers. military commission, transformed in the spring of 1943 into Ch. the headquarters of the nar.-liberate. partisas. army. In Romania, the Communist Party (CPR) in 1941 developed an antifash program. fight room. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. front, in which, in addition to the CRC, included democratic. cross. org-tion "Front of Farmers", democratic. org-tion Hung. nat. minority "Mados" and others. Partisans expanded. fight of the albs. people, led by the established in November. 1941 by the Communist Party (CPA). In Greece he will. the struggle was led by the one created in Sept. 1941 on the initiative of the Greek. Communist Party (KKE) National-Liberate. front (EAM), the core of which were workers and peasants. Arising in the beginning. 1941 partisans. the detachments were united in December. 1941 in Nar.-liberate. army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE. Fight against German-fasc. occupiers also increased in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 increased anti-fascism. and anti-war. speeches of workers in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the fasc. Germany. On the initiative of the IKP in Sept. 1941 in the country was created "K-t actions for the unification of the Italian people", whose task was to organize the people. fight against war. As a result of the persistent activities of the communists in order to unite the efforts of the nation in November. 1942 in Turin was formed by the Committee of nat. front, consisting of representatives of the anti-fasc. parties. The same to-you were created in other cities. Antifash, which did not stop during the war, intensified. the fight against the Nazis in fasc. Germany. It was conducted in difficult conditions by the communists of Germany jointly. with the best representatives of social democracy and non-partisans. workers. Despite the repression of the Gestapo, at the end. 1941 - early. 1942 in the country, the release of clandestine antiwar wars increased significantly. and antifash. printed materials. Organized by antifash. struggle were underground communist. groups of Urich, Schulze-Boysen, Bestlein-Jacob-Abshagen, Neubauer-Poser, etc. Under the influence of heroic. struggle of the Red Army, the DS of the peoples of the East countries expanded. and South-East. Asia exposed by the Japanese. occupation. The greatest scale in the countries of Asia took on the national liberation. whale fighting. people. In 1941-42 the Japanese. the army undertook a "general offensive" against the liberated districts, but at the cost of heavy losses was only able to seize part of the territory. liberated districts North. China, and the territory of the liberated districts of Central and South. China continued to expand during this period. Inspired Heroic resistance owls. of the people of German-fasc. the invaders launched an active struggle for the liberation of their countries from the oppression of the Japanese. invaders are patriots of Vietnam, Korea, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, the Philippines. In Vietnam in 1941, the communists created the core of the partisans. army. In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League of the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans were formed and fought. detachments. DS also developed in other districts of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia. In Malaya, the first partisans. detachments began to be created by the communists in December. 1941. At the end. 1942 on their basis antiyapons were created. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among citizens. the population was organized anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians. In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese. occupation of Indonesia, began to unfold liberate. wrestling indones. people directed against the Japanese. invaders, against any colonial oppression. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were arranged at enterprises and transport, a cross was raised. uprising (in Singaparna, Indramaya, in the Karo district), there was an uprising of troops in Blitar. All these anti-jap. the speeches were brutally suppressed by the invaders. In 1942, the struggle against the Japanese began. occupiers in Burma. In the north and in some center. In regions of the country, the communists who were underground created partisans. detachments and groups that fought against the invaders and the local military who collaborated with them. administration. Anti-Japon received a large scale. fighting in the Philippines. The Communist Party of the Philippines united and led the working class, the laboring peasantry and part of the nat. the bourgeoisie into a single anti-Japanese. front patriotic. forces. In March 1942, in addition to other anti-Japanese. org-tions, headed by representatives of the nat. bourgeoisie, on the initiative of the Communist Party was created Nar. army Hukbalahap, edges, relying on the support of the population, led the fight against the invaders. DS, which developed in Europe and Asia against the invaders, contributed to the strengthening of the anti-fascist coalition and significantly weakened the forces of the countries of the fascist bloc. The third period (November 1942 - the end of 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war caused by the East. the victories of the Red Army on the Volga and near Kursk; D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fasc. the bloc (including in Germany itself) has grown sharply; ended in the main. nat. association of patriotic. forces and were created by a single community. fronts. DS became more and more widespread. Communists of their courage. through the struggle they won the confidence of the people and became the leading force of the D.S. Partisas reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifash. fight. On the basis of partisas. detachments were created Nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Ludov Guard acted, captivating with its example the units of the Home Army, which was hindered in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. Apr 19 1943 the Warsaw ghetto uprising began in response to the German fascist attempt. troops to take out for destruction the next batch of Hebrews. population. Brutally suppressed after weeks of heroic. struggle uprising contributed to the intensification of the struggle of the Polish. people against the invaders. New partisans arose. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. Released on a wide scale. wrestling in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and North. In Italy, whole areas were liberated from the invaders, on the territory of which the Narc bodies created by patriots operated. authorities. In some countries there are partisans. the struggle grew into a national liberation. war against fasc. invaders and merged with citizens. war against internal. reactions. In a number of countries, preparations were being completed for the implementation of the wsnar. armed uprisings; against the occupiers and traitors. The Soviet partisans were an example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world (see Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). The victory of the Red Army, the struggle of the owls. people on the owls temporarily captured by the fascists. territories - in Belarus, Ukraine, Karelia, the Baltic states, the Bryansk region, Leningrad and other regions of the RSFSR, where the connections of the Sov. The partisans actively assisted the regular troops of the Red Army and had a tremendous impact on the entire further course of development of DS not only in Europe, but also in Asia. Arms acquired a large scope. struggle in China, especially in those districts where it was led by the CCP. 8th and New 4th armies of China together with partisans. detachments and plank beds. militia of the liberated areas not only successfully repelled the attacks of the Japanese. troops, but they themselves went on the offensive. In the battles of 1943, the National Revolution. army and other forces of the whale. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand occupiers and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-v" Wang Ching-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite the persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. In Vietnam, there are many. partisas. detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country. In the liberated districts, instead of the colonial authorities, the patriots created their own to-you, which became the embryo of a new, democratic. building. In Burma, the center is patriotic. Forces of the country was formed in 1944 Antifash. league of people's freedom, which included the Communist Party, trade unions and other patriotic. the strength of the country. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified. The fourth period (late 1943 - May-September 1945). During this period, the Red Army inflicted fasc. will crush the invaders. blows, drove them out of the owls. land, moved by the military. actions on the territory of the East. and South-East. Europe, she played a decisive role in the liberation of these countries from the Nazi occupiers. In the midst of a successful offensive by the owls. troops nationwide antifash. the struggle in many occupied countries resulted in armaments. uprisings that led to the establishment of the People's Democratic. building. After the start of the Jassy-Kishinev operation of the Red Army on 23 August. 1944 antifash happened. bunk bed the uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of the Sov. troops on the territory. Bulgaria began (9 Sept. 1944) armed. uprising of the Bulgarians. people (see the September people's armed uprising of 1944), which opened the era of socialism for Bulgaria. 1 aug. 1944 began lasting 63 days and tragically ended antifash. Warsaw Uprising of 1944.29 Aug. In 1944, the Slovak Uprising of 1944 began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against fascism. invaders. Great help to the uprising was provided by the command of the Red Army and the Sov. partisans. The final event in the liberation of Czechoslovakia was the Czech uprising. people in May 1945, the center of which was in Prague. The formations of the Red Army, which made a swift transition in a short time (see the Prague operation of 1945), came to the aid of the Czechs. to the people. Expelling the occupiers and the traitors who collaborated with them from among the monopoly. the bourgeoisie and landowners, the working masses of Czechoslovakia, led by the working class, took the fate of the state into their own hands and established a People's Democratic Party in Czechoslovakia. system that ensured the development of the country along the path to socialism. With the growth of the military successes of the Red Army in the struggle against fascism, the liberation expanded. wrestling in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania. Patriotic. the forces of these countries, under the leadership of the working class, created the organs of revolution. the authorities who solved the problems of the People's Democratic. revolution. Dec. 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, in Poland, on the initiative of the PPR, the Craiova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created, then local Rada Narodovs began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish Committee of the National Assembly was formed. liberation, to-ry took over the functions of time. pr-va. In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of the Sov. troops on December 2. 1944 on the initiative of the Communist Party, Weng was created. nat. front of independence, and 22 December. 1944 Time. nat. the meeting in Debrecen formed the Time. nat. pr-in. In Yugoslavia, another 29 Nov. 1943 was created by the National. the Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, performing the functions of Temporary. revolutionary. pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and yugosl. armed forces, - democratic. pr-in. In Albania, a legislature was created. organ - Antifash. national-will release. Council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist National Liberation. to-t, endowed with the functions of time. pr-va. In Greece, the patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and achieved the liberation of the entire territory by the end of October 1944. continental Greece from German-fasc. invaders. However, the Greek. the people failed to consolidate the independence they had won and establish the Nar. power. German fasc. occupiers in Oct. 1944 changed the English. troops, to-rye, with the support of the United States, restored reactionaries in Greece. monarchic. mode. DS achieved great success in France. Created in May 1943 Nat. Council of Resistance (NSS) March 15, 1944 adopted the program of DS, edges outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for the prospects of economic. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. int. forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, in which the leading role belonged to the communists. Under the influence of the victories of the Red Army and the landing of the Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the invaders grew into a general war. uprising, the highest point to-rogo was the victorious Paris uprising of 19-25 August. 1944. Franz. patriots liberated most of the territories on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities. In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was formed. the army of patriots of the Freedom Volunteers Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters. Partisan. the army liberated vast areas in northern Italy from the occupiers. In cities and villages, patriotic groups arose and fought. actions. Along with the partisans. fighting in the winter of 1944-45 in a number of prom. centers of the North. There were massive strikes in Italy. In apr. 1945 a general strike began in the north of the country, which grew into a general strike. the uprising, which ended in the liberation from the occupiers of the North. and Center. Italy even before the Anglo-Amer. troops. By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were active in Belgium. Armed. the struggle of partisans and patriotic. militia, thanks to the efforts of the communists, ended the national community. the uprising that engulfed in Sept. 1944 the whole country and contributed to the liberation of many. cities and villages of Belgium. In Germany, despite the brutal mass repressions and executions, the victims of which were the leader of the Germans. communists Ernst Thälmann, most of the participants and leaders of the anti-fascist. groups, the Nazis could not completely suppress DS in the country. The surviving communist. the groups continued to fight against the fasc. regime. Outside Germany, in July 1943, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the KKE in the USSR, a national was created and acted. the leading center of the struggle against Nazi domination is the National Committee "Free Germany" (NKSG), in which representatives of various politicians have united. views and beliefs. The creation of the NCSG was of great importance for the activities of him. anti-fascists who were in Germany itself, in German-fasc. troops, as well as in the countries occupied by Germany. In France in Nov. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed. Him. the communists in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with the help of local communists, carried out anti-fascism. work among him. occupier. troops and actively participated in the organizations and detachments of D.S. in these countries. The NCSG program and its activities provided significant assistance to anti-fascists in Germany itself. Antifash. fight is dumb. Democrats under the leadership of the Communist Party contributed to the struggle against fascism in Germany and played an important role in the formation of the first in the history of it after the war. people of the workers 'and peasants' state-va - German Democratic. Republic. DS achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, Nar. army Hukbalahap in 1944 with the active participation of the population cleared of the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the Democrat were held. transformation. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people have failed to consolidate the gains they have made. In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments was created by the Vietnam Liberation Army. DS was especially widespread immediately after the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Sov. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupying almost the entire North and part of Central China. Will liberate. whale fighting. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistich. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of Nar. revolution in China. In aug. 1945 the victorious Nar happened. uprising in Vietnam (see the August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), a cut led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. In Malaya, antiyapons. bunk bed army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the landing there English. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. the uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers. DS, who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa. In the course of the DS, the peoples of the whole world were again convinced by facts of the truly international character of the Sov. socialistic state-va. The Soviet Union rendered the peoples of all countries fighting against fascism. domination, enormous political, economic. and military. help. The ruling circles of the USA and Great Britain treated DS in a completely different way. Despite some differences, determined by the imperialist. the goals of their policy, pr-va zap. powers in their attitude to the DS agreed on the main point. They feared the growth of politicians. activity bunks. the masses and the outgrowth of the national-liberate. movement in the revolution. the fight against the bourges. regimes, and in the occupied countries of the East and South-East - against the imperialist. and colonial oppression. Throughout the war, formally recognizing will put. role of DS and using its results to achieve victory over the troops of the fasc. coalitions, the United States and Great Britain were guided by the bourgeois. and moderate liberal elements in the DS and together with the émigré governments of the occupied countries of Europe supported only the organizations of the DS, which were under the influence of representatives of the bourgeoisie, and were not intended to drive out the fascists. invaders, and to fight for the restoration of the pre-war. conservative regimes. Based on the reaction. forces in the occupied countries, the USA and Great Britain, tried in every possible way to subjugate D.S. in order to narrow its goals and scope, limiting the participation of narcissists. masses by passive forms of struggle: gathering intelligence. information and the implementation of sabotage in the rear of it. occupiers under the strict control of the Anglo-Amer. intelligence services. Seeking to limit the scope of a truly popular DS, the USA and Great Britain sent their agents into its ranks, sought to oppose the working class and communists with other social groups and politicians. the currents participating in the DS created and armed the reactionaries. antinar. formations, supported the traitors disguised as members of the DS ("Bali Kombetar" in Albania, Draz Mikhailovich in Yugoslavia, etc.), and at the same time refused to support the democratic and especially proletarian elements and together with the reactionaries. the forces of the occupied countries tried to prevent the nat. armed uprisings; they used the presence of their troops in countries freed from fascism. invaders (Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway), and in the West. Germany against the Democratic. forces to restore monopoly power. the bourgeoisie; disarmed participants DS, not stopping before the use of military. forces (in Greece, Indonesia, Malaya, the Philippines); tried to send their troops into Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia in order to establish an antinar there. regimes, which were prevented by the Red Army and the democratic. the strength of these countries. In the struggle against the invaders, many of the heroes of DS were killed. The Communists, who were in the first ranks of the DS, suffered the greatest number of victims. They played creatures. role in the defeat